38 | 1960 2017 war willkill250,000Cambodiansby1975. civil of PrinceSihanoukgrows.Anunfolding Communist Partyoppositiontotheregime 1960 government banspublicdemonstrations. protesters andstrikingworkers.The Security forcesopenfireonantigovernment 2014 continuously tothepresentday. Hun Senwillserveasprimeminister ’sCPPwinsnationalelections. 1998 conflict ends. The KhmerRougecollapse,andarmed 1998 kill 1.2to2.8millionpeopleinfouryears. the KhmerRougebeginagenocidethatwill Envisioning anagrariancommunistutopia, 1975 power. Rouge defeatLonNol’sarmyandseize With supportfromSihanouk,theKhmer 1975 arrrested, accusedoftreason. as itsnewpresidentwhowassubsequently the CNRP.TheCNRPelectsKem Sokha A newlawforcesRainsytoresign from 2017 exchange forelectoralreform. ends itsyearlongboycottofparliamentin After furtherviolentclashes,theCNRP 2014

s

by right-winggeneralLonNol. Prince Sihanoukisoustedinacoupd’état 1970 exile. ,whoremainsinself-imposed arrest warrantisissuedforCNRPleader Amid deterioratingpoliticalconditions,an 2015 a yearlongpoliticalcrisis. parliament asprotestsbreakout,beginning CNRP rejectstheresultsandboycotts widespread irregularities.Theopposition The CPPnarrowlywinselectionsamid 2013 for 20years,killingover86,000. -backed KhmerRougecoalitionlasts regime, butcivilwarwiththeWestern-and invades,endingtheKhmerRouge 1979

* Rankingsarebasedonthelast15yearsandrelativetootherAsiancountries. Cambodia with amaturing“youthbulge” thismaybechanging. their government,but to constructivelyengage reluctant citizens areunderstandably a country dominated by a single party and still suffering from the traumas of genocide, In executive. the within power of onamonopoly thatisdependent system and apolitical system, judicial law, adysfunctional of rule weak to prevails due impunity of A culture are common. violence gender-based of Cases authorities. of mistrust people’s tion and corrup to widespread on crime,due statistics The countrylacksaccurate development. its naturalresourcesforeconomic as thecountryaimstoincreaseexportsandexploit conflicts land and labor mounting faces Cambodia power. hold to legitimacy party’s ruling also aimstounderminethe which strategy, as apopulist Vietnamese ethnic the political conflict. The opposition party continues to use racially charged rhetoric against by exacerbated have been living inCambodia Vietnamese ethnic against attacks cally, Histori leader. and its government the to opposition political or perceived real their of basis on the commentators activists, andpolitical social defenders, human rights as well as supporters and members its targeting opposition, the suppress to efforts its up tional electionsapproachin2018.Thereareallegationsthatthegovernmentisstepping rise, asna are againonthe parties ruling andopposition the victory. Tensionsbetween protests tookplace. Forayear, theoppositionpartyboycottedparliament, claiming sixmonthsofantigovernment 2013 elections, the National Assembly world. Following globalized in the challenges economic and regime, Rouge Khmer civil wars,the past of historicallegacy socialdivisions,aresultofthe anddeepening by risingpoliticaltensions improvedDespite levelsdevelopment of1990s,sincethe characterized is todayCambodia At a glance a At Overview Absent Separatism andautonomy Absent Transnational terrorism Medium National politicalconflict Absent National civilwar Urban crimeandviolence High Local resource conflict but withpotentialtorise Decreasing from mediumtolow Local politicalandelectoralconflict Low Communal/ideological conflict Medium - - -

39 | Cambodia 40 | Cambodia forces with the Communist Party of Kampuchea, the , and attacked ’s army. forces withtheCommunistPartyofKampuchea, theKhmer Rouge, andattacked Lon Nol’s army. joined followers Vietnam). Sihanoukandhis Vietnam (South of Republic and the States United under General Lon A newauthoritarian wing militaryleaders. leadership Nolwasbackedbythe right- by d’état in 1970acoup ousted prince was Prince Sihanouk’sregime,andthe oppose and an antigovernment coalition by a led bytheKhmerRouge.Theinvasion was precipitated army, Vietnamese Cambodian government,backedbythe anew civil war, of 20 years, between on trialforcrimesagainsthumanity. 1975and1979. starvation between or disease 1.2 the KhmerRougeregimevary,from killed or died were but betweenand2.8 million people to question authority and couldpossibly overthrow theregime. Estimates offatalities during they hadtheintelligence doctors, lawyers,monks, groups, because and membersofopposition eliminated anyonewhocouldthreatentheirrule, especiallyintellectuals, suchasteachers, also Rouge The Khmer spot. on the killed were leave to or refused slow too were who People and children. elderly, sick, the cities, includingthe the to leave was forced Muslims. Everyone minorities suchasChinese,Vietnamese, Thais, Christians, and religious and began withethnic genocide The repression. severe to leading suspended, immediately were liberties and civil rights as laborers.All citizens country intoanorganizationoffarmswith munist utopia,turningthe an agrarian leader, PolPot,envisioned com century. TheKhmerRouge twentieth killings ofthe In 1975,theKhmerRougewoncivilwarandgainedpower. Cambodia The Khmer Rouge regime ended when Vietnam invaded PhnomPenh, regime ended triggering another The KhmerRouge worst mass one ofthe (1975–1979), Cambodiaexperienced regime Khmer Rouge During the deaths. 250,000 to anestimated led civil war(1967–1975) Cambodia’s decades. in recent Cambodia has experienced the turmoil of civil war, genocide, and prolonged conflict National civilwar 1 In the 1960s, several groups in the opposition Communist Party started to Party started Communist opposition in the 1960s, groups several Inthe 2 Today, former membersoftheKhmerRougeare National level - to an end. The conflict caused over 86,000 deaths between 1979 and 1998 ( 1998 and 1979 between deaths 86,000 over caused conflict The end. an to came conflict armed and collapsed, Rouge Khmer the 1998, In substantially. decreased parties Warended, Vietnam withdrew itsforces fromCambodia,and foreign supportwarring tothe Cold the After 1998. until continued conflict the agreement, peace 1991 a Despite region. the in influence Vietnamese and Soviet limit to attempt an in alliance antigovernment the supported and Cooperative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC), ledbySihanouk. Western countries and China of SonSann, Front foran leadership Independent, Neutral,Peaceful, and theNationalUnited noncommunist groups: the ’s National Liberation Front (KPNLF), under the an antigovernment alliance, theCoalition Government ofDemocraticKampuchea, with two forming an armedresistance, started Rouge and Vietnam.TheKhmer state) Rouge-controlled Khmer the of name (the Kampuchea Democratic between 1977, to 1975 from conflict, border National Assembly, but coming within four percentage points of losing the popular vote. The popular the losing of points percentage four within coming Assembly, but National elections were held peacefully, with the ruling CPP claiming victory, winning 68 seats in the and internationalobservers,domestic numberof electionirregularitiesby 2013detected the reconciliation process. peaceful transition of power. This exacerbates the already difficult and complicated postconflict conditionsinplaceforany the nothave andCambodiaarguablydoes uppower, CPP willnotgive ruling that the believes opposition volatile. The to be continues process political However, the peacebuilding. of decade second the during declined significantly elections national of time As shownin elections. 1998NationalAssembly the since ment at least661deaths. thecivilian population, resultingin of guerrillawarfare,theKhmerRougetargeted its strategy Source: The 2013 elections indicated the growing polarization of Cambodian politics. Despite a high the growingpolarization ofCambodianpolitics.Despite indicated The 2013 elections and 1988“UCDPBattle-Related DeathsDatasetv. 5” Prepared basedon estimatesprovided by“PRIOBattleDeathsv. 3.0” 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 5000 People’s Party (CPP), led by Prime Minister Hun Sen, has controlled the govern the by PrimeMinisterHunSen,hascontrolled Party (CPP), led People’s were heldunderUNsupervisionin 1993. Cambodia sinceelections The Cambodia in peacebuilding of decades two in2013marked elections Assembly National National politicalconflict

0 1979 3

1980

Figure 1.

1981 1982

EstimateofbattledeathsinCambodia (1979–1998) 1983

1984 1985

198

1987

1988

1989 1990 5

fortheperiodbetween1989and 1998. 1991

1992

figure 2 1993

4 1994 fortheperiodbetween1979

1995 at the violence , political

199 figure 1 figure

1997 1998 ). As partof

-

41 | Cambodia 42 | Cambodia ty activities that were deemed to incite or promote “secession,” or that could otherwise harm otherwise orthatcould “secession,” to inciteorpromote deemed that were ty activities par political to ban and office for running from offence an of convicted anyone stop to parties political on law the amended parliament the resignation, Rainsy’s Following offenses. criminal of members areconvicted whose parties political to dissolve used be law thatcould a new pass to effort government’s the to response in CNRP the from resigned Rainsy 2017, February In him. against charges new additional faced ashe inFrance exile inself-imposed remained he in jail. years two him to from March2013 sentenced a judicialruling that an arrest warrant was issued for the opposition president, Sam Rainsy, tobelatedly enforce Park. “insurrection” inJuly2014, of Freedom reopening demanding the 14 CNRPmembersandactivistswhowereconvictedofleadingorparticipatinginaviolent 13 against them. andatleast had chargespending pretrial detention in held were members CNRP two least at while 2016, during prison in remained officials and to haveincreased. tion appear scheduled for 2017 and 2018, respectively, politicallymotivatedprosecutions oftheopposi and nationalelections local upcoming of the ahead escalate parties ruling andopposition the its yearlongboycottofparliamentinexchangeforelectoralreform,endingthepoliticalcrisis. shut down in April. After a couple of violent clashes in July 2014, the CNRP finally agreed to end was area fordemonstrations, designated Park, a legally Freedom demonstrations, and public people. five killed and fire opened forces security as deadly, turned supporters opposition and workers antigovernmentthe protests. For example,in early January 2014, strikes co-organized garment by in publicandprivatepropertydamagelossofbusinessinvestments. the 2013 crisis following the yearlongpoliticalelection,costingcountryoverUSD72million deaths and manyinjures. deaths six in atleast unrest,resulting force tosuppress excessive government securityforces,whoused with into violentclashes turned some peacefully, carried out were protests of the most though Even protests. of series a organized and elections the after in parliament participate to refused irregularities. TheCNRP of widespread investigation intoallegations and credible independent for an calling results, election the Party (CNRP)rejected Rescue National Cambodia opposition Since the truce, the political situation in Cambodia has deteriorated. Astensionsbetween Since thetruce,politicalsituationin Cambodia hasdeteriorated. to have also contributed wages labor strikesanddemonstrationstodemandhigher Multiple 8 Following the violent strikes, the Ministry of Interior announced an indefinite ban on ban indefinite an announced Interior of Ministry the strikes, violent the Following 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 50 Figure 2. 0 1993 Killingsofpoliticalactivistsandparty membersinCambodia(1993–2013) 6 The Municipal Police reported 445 protests in during 445protests TheMunicipalPolicereported 1998 9 reported that at least 16 CNRPactivists at least that International reported Amnesty 2002 Source: 2003 COMFREL 2007 13 2008 10 2012 Thosein prison included 7 11 In November 2015, 12 Throughout 2016, Throughout 2013 - - ment. Since 2015, a series of repressive laws has been enacted, including the Law on Associations onAssociations Law the including enacted, hasbeen laws repressive of aseries 2015, Since ment. govern the undermine to are deemed activists, unionworkers,andantigovernmentcritics,who national electionsin2018. Cambodian government’sabilitytoorganizecredible the doubting a statement The USissued the government. to topple States a planwiththeUnited for treason, accusing himofplotting Sokha 2016. 2017, king inDecember to prosecute In SeptemberCambodia’sparliamentvoted the by pardoned was CNRP members,but two of prosecution in the as awitness appear ing to Assembly, National ofthe vice-chairman former Sokha,the Kem CNRPelected The national security. cards. identity Cambodian orVietnamese either hold not do they as stateless, are Vietnamese ethnic prove their Cambodian citizenship. The Minority Rights Organization (MIRO) reports that some authorities regardthemas immigrants or foreign residents unlesstheyhave documentsthatcan to Khmer citizens. Even though many have lived in Cambodia for several generations, Cambodian all legalobligationsforregistration. to support the opposition in the 2018 election. NDI argued it was non-partisan and had fulfilled of planning duties. Theorganization failuretocomplywithlegal was accused of alleged because (NDI), Institute NationalDemocratic NGO,the US-funded the closed government the 2017, participants. InAugust and detained and arrested protests ban the to The authoritiesattempted campaign inMay2016 a “BlackMonday”tocallfortheirrelease. launched arrest, civilsociety their Sokha. Following Kem with have hadanextramaritalrelationship to a womanalleged to detained in April 2016. were Committee, Election National the of general secretary deputy and staffer ADHOC former Association (ADHOC), and NyChakrya, of theCambodianHumanRightsandDevelopment a members foursenior Forexample, harassment. judicial notorious to subjected are organizations ascivilsociety aswell defenders rights Human security.” “national threaten to deemed a manner and record telecommunications activities, and toimprison peoplefor using telecommunications in communication Law givesauthorities orderpowersto telecommunications operatorsmonitor to association. TheTele of right tofreedom on the restrictions new Trade UnionLawimposes the down, while them nongovernmental organizationsregistrationandshut deny to authorities the LANGOallows Law.The Telecommunication Law,andthe Union Trade and NGOs(LANGO),the The CPP-led government is also allegedly cracking down on human rights defenders, social defenders, on humanrights cracking down allegedly government isalso The CPP-led 20 They are often trapped in poverty and face widespread discrimination andexploitation, widespread in povertyandface trapped Theyareoften 14 as a new president. Sokha was also sentenced to five months in prison after refus after prison in months five to sentenced also was Sokha president. new a as Separatism andautonomy There arenoreportsoftransnationalterroristsoperatinginCambodia. Transnational terrorism are vulnerable because the constitution grants political rights and civil liberties only are vulnerable because theconstitutiongrants politicalrights andcivil liberties only country. Most of them live as fishermen in the Tonle Sap River and Lake region. They Vietnamese Ethnic Large-scale communalandideologicalconflicts tional levelinCambodia. subna the at autonomy and separatism to related violence or conflict no is There 17 The case was related to advice and material support provided byADHOC 16 19 are often targeted for harassment and communal violence in the inthe communalviolence and forharassment targeted often are 18 Subnational level 15 - - - -

43 | Cambodia 44 | Cambodia the majority of 160,000 immigrants, mainly Vietnamese, living in the country without proper without majority of160,000 country the immigrants, mainlyVietnamese,livinginthe CPP-led government announced in August 2016 that it would offer a path to legal residency for other hand, Vietnamese immigrants,fromKhmervoters. the On the to deport to gainsupport of usingraciallychargedrhetoricagainstethnicVietnamese, andpledging long beenaccused has party them. Theopposition towards and intolerance animosity further has created which since the 1990s. Attacks have been exacerbated by the political conflict in the past two decades, domestic andinternationalcommunities. land ownership, and voting. The issue ofVietnamese marginalization is often ignored bythe housing, security, social system, justice the healthcare, education, to access a lackof including plots of state land (up to 10,000 hectares) to private investors for industrial and agricultural agricultural and industrial for investors private to 10,000hectares) to (up land state of plots large leases guarantees.Cambodia’seconomiclandconcession (ELC)scheme legal to provide efforts government’s the despite tenure, land of security the reducing by vulnerable more poor political tensionsbetweentherulingandoppositionpartiesbutlittlereportedviolence. ( to previouscommuneelections compared significantly decreased cases violent of number The parties. political opposition to Commune, inKandalProvince. Sla in SaAngDistrict,Troeuy votes their from casting prevented physically were Vietnamese from voting. crowds preventingethnicVietnamese observers havewitnessed CADHO), reports that election organizations, theCambodianLeague forthePromotionandDefenseof HumanRights (LI human rights of Cambodia’sleading One elections. of aftermath and the to run-up in the high documentation. Incidents ofseriousviolence,intimidation,andthreats Political activistskilled Anti-Vietnamese harassment and attacks occur more frequently when political tensions are tensions political when more frequently harassment andattacksoccur Anti-Vietnamese The ethnic Vietnamese have been thetarget ofxenophobic attacks bypoliticalparties 22 Global demand for land, accompanied by rapid economic expansion, has made the expansion, hasmade by rapideconomic demand forland,accompanied Global development.resourcesnaturalnational for its exploit and exportsincrease to Conflict over land and forests has emerged in recent years as the government seeks Local conflictover resources andcommunityrights or intimidationin2012. belonged ofthreats killed 39 cases The activistswhowere of murderand in 2002cases three during elections and 2007. COMFREL reported than elections politicalatmospherewaslessunstableduringthe2012commune The Local politicalconflictandelectoralviolence Table 1. The special rapporteur on human rights also noted that ethnic that noted also on humanrights rapporteur special Nations TheUnited 21 ViolentincidentsduringthecommuneelectionsinCambodia(2002–2012) 23 table 1 table Source: ). Commune elections held in June 2017, held saw escalating ). Commune elections COMFREL 24 2002 138 18 2007 127 9 Local level

2012 39 3 - cent) and fighting (22 percent). (23 per valuables of snatching the by followed (32 percent), robbery capital, PhnomPenh,is of urban violence inpublicspaces,themostcommonform of crimeandviolencein Cambodia’s arrested andimprisonedonfraudulentcriminalcharges. came into effect in August 2015, land activists and representatives of affected communities were LANGO the After resolutions. fair andprompt provide to fails system judicial the because tions 3,475 familiesin 2013 and 5,672familiesin 2012. involving 10,625 land disputes families. organization recorded past 13 years. In sharply overthe 2014 have increased across thecountryandcases alone, the 2014. March and 2000 January between conflict land by affected were people million a half than more that estimates LICADHO organization rights human The concessionaires. land and citizens between disputes land increased have will political ingly usedforceagainstthem.Evictionshavesometimesbeencarriedoutwithexcessiveforce. forces haveincreas and cultivators.moreconfrontational, and security Villagers havebecome residents impoverished from land grab to continue investors private influential politically and revoked or reduced insizebyatotalof202,210 hectares in11 provinces. were review, 24concessions the concessions. After of existing for areview ELCs andcalled new granting suspended government 2012 the environment, inMay the and communities on ELCs ones iserodingtraditionalpracticesandbeliefs. rather thancommunalorcollective traditional landsandforests.Awardingprivatelandtitles their to access losing affected, particularly are minorities ethnic and communities Indigenous underthe2001LandLaw. protections legal landdespite losingtheir villagers oftenreport Media andhuman orbasicrelocated,planninglaw settled little processofrights. orrespectforwith due elites. political companies andtowealthy granted throughELCstoforeignanddomestic country, the hasbeen development. Over three millionhectares ofland, approximately 16.6 percent ofthetotallandin Ambiguous land policies and weak implementation of laws due to corruptionandalackof of lawsdue and weakimplementation land policies Ambiguous about thenegativeimpactof Due toconcernsraisedbylocalandinternationalcommunities annual growthrateof3.7 percent. living inurbanareas. population Cambodia’s populationisstilllargely rural, withonlyaround 20 percentofthe Urban crimeandviolence 25 Communities living on the land are often forcibly evicted and involuntarily Communitiesliving re on thelandareoftenforciblyevicted 33 Robbery was significantly higher in Phnom Penh than in other 32 31 Urbanization has occurred very slowly, with an Urbanizationhasoccurredveryslowly, According to an Asian Development Bank survey AccordingtoanAsianDevelopment Banksurvey 29 Land disputes can Land lead toviolentconfronta disputes 27 These conflicts are widely distributed widely are conflicts These 30 28 This is a substantial jump from Thisisasubstantial 26 However, economically However, economically - - - -

45 | Cambodia 46 | Cambodia women towardstheuseandacceptanceofviolence. of many men and by maledominationandcontrol, underpinned continue toshapetheattitudes of men. to 60percent family, compared the tomaintain inorder violence should tolerate thatthey responded two-thirdsofwomen Over than men. views more conservativeorgender-inequitable hold Cambodian women that reports circumstances,unfaithfulness suchas orneglecting thechildren. under certain beating wife violence condone or sexual physical have experienced of womenwho IPV than urbanwomen. to experience in ruralwomen areasaremorelikely behavior (30percent). controlling by followed IPV (32percent), once intheirlifetime. intimate partneratleast an by violence sexual or physical experienced has 15–64 aged Cambodia in women five in one Ministry of Women’s Affairs and the National Institute of Statistics, reports that approximately the by conducted and LifeExperiences, The NationalSurveyonWomen’sHealth derreported. most victimsofcrimeinCambodiadonotreporttheircasestothepolice. that Nations InternationalCrimeVictimSurvey(UNICVS)hasfound United of authorities,the in 2012. 100,000 6.5 per people overall as country while the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) reports the homicide rate in the the capital. in manyruralareasthan higher to be rates tend that homicide show In contrast,statistics under the age of 18, most of them female. them of 18, most of age the under victims were of percent over 70 organization LICADHOfoundthat human rights local 2015, the and 2012 between cases rape 1,000 over of investigation an In crime. this by affected ticularly (1996–1999 and 2001, 2003,to 14.8 per 100,000 rate declined and2005), the but in 2006. years over seven 100,000 provinces. PhnomPenhhadanaveragerateof33.2 per cases people Rape is a grave and widespread problem in Cambodia. Young women andchildrenarepar probleminCambodia.Young Rape isagraveandwidespread 35 FiguresforCambodia’s homicideratesinurbanareasarenotreadilyavailable, to society. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is widespread in the countrybutun inthe (IPV)iswidespread violence partner Intimate to society. and contributions roles women’s denigrate that and attitudes in norms,practices, rooted It is in Cambodiansociety. entrenched culturally is women against Violence Domestic andgender-based violence 43 Perpetrators of rape also start very young.According start also of rape Perpetrators 42 Deeply entrenched and unequal gender relations, and unequalgender entrenched Deeply 38 Emotional abuse is the most common formof isthe Emotionalabuse 36 Due to widespread corruption and mistrust corruption widespread to Due 41 39 A multicountry UNstudyalso The survey also reveals that reveals also survey The 37 40 Nearly60percent 34 - -

the policeorcourtstafftakeacut. victim and rapist paysasumofmoneytothe the inwhich a victimandperpetrator between agreements with inextralegal,out-of-court dealt are often to report,rapecases if theydecide system. legal and the authorities the of andmistrust stigma, and family,social parents of feartheperpetrators,beingblamedbytheir to report, or reporting,because delay national’s in-depth study of sexual violence in Cambodia confirms that victims often choose not of rapeisunknown, to theauthorities.AmnestyInter as onlyafractionofcasesarereported rape isreportedasthemostcommonformofnonpartnerinCambodia. Thetruemagnitude 15. were they rape before committed to themulticountry UNstudy, 15.8 percent ofmalerespondents inCambodiaadmittedtohaving dians vulnerabletohumantrafficking. many Cambo risky labormigrationleave about awareness of levels and low protection, legal of virgin to beaprobleminCambodia. Poverty, women andgirlscontinues lack ofeducation, of sale and the exploitation, sexual to vulnerable particularly are 15 of age the under Children Vietnam. from mainly countries, neighboring from trafficked are who children and women for country concern. Cambodiaisadestination a serious isalso exploitation for sexual and children of women trafficking Internal factories. in as well as sector agricultural and fishery the in labor workers in particular are subjected to sex trafficking, domestic servitude, debt bondage, or forced 272 percent. by Cambodian migrantsincreased registered number of 2004 and2011, the years: between in recent risen dramatically and Qatar.Labormigrationhas Korea, Japan, as , Malaysia, SouthKuwait, overseasinnationssuch employment seek to populations vulnerable push opportunities men, women,andchildren.Povertylackof Another major concern is human trafficking and the sexual exploitation of Cambodian of exploitation sexual the and trafficking human is concern major Another 44 Another notable finding of the UN study was that gang that was study UN the of finding notable Another 46 Undocumented migrant Undocumented 45 Even - -

47 | Cambodia 48 | Cambodia 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 13 1 Notes met International, Amnesty http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/political_prisoners/ Rights (LICADHO) website,accessedJune6,2017, forthePromotionandDefenseofHumanLeague See “Cambodia’s PoliticalPrisoners,” Cambodian aspx?m=107 15, 2014, 6, in Cambodia, Surya P. Subedi ofhumanrights on thesituation Special Rapporteur Nations Human Rights Council, United gov.kh/?p=49234 July31,2014, Presse, Kampuchea Agence PoliticalConflict,” inaYear-Long Protests 445 Records City Vannak, Capital Chea “Phnom Penh documents/asa23/1506/2015/en/ International,2015), 8, of PeacefulAssembly inCambodia International, Amnesty UCDP, “UCDPBattle-RelatedDeathsDatasetv.5.” Melander etal., “Organized violence, 1989–2015”; Combat,” andPRIO,“BattleDeathsDatasetv.3.0.” See Lacina andGleditsch, “MonitoringTrendsinGlobal http://ucdp.uu.se/downloads/ Program (UCDP) website, accessed March 2, 2017, Data Conflict Uppsala Dataset,” Violence “One-Sided on based was calculated number ofdeaths estimated sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022343316663032 of Peace Research Rainsy lost an appeal in2013; Rainsy lost anappeal however, the conviction as aprisoner. held being while Khmer Rouge the with who allegedRainsy had falsely accusedhimofcolluding HorNamhong, Minister Foreign by brought in acase victed andsentencedtotwoyearsinjailfordefamation The former opposition president, Sam Rainsy, was con org/world-report/2016 Human RightsWatch,2016),153, , cambodia/report-cambodia/ www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/ (London: Amnesty International, 2017), 104, Rights Human 2016/17: TheStateoftheWorld’s Themnér, “Organized violence,1989–2015,” (2007); Civilians inWar,” Kristine EckandLisaHultman,“ViolenceAgainst articles/PMC4562795/ 69, no.2(2015), (1975–1979),” Regime Pot Pol the Toll During Death the of Uncertainty the Quantifying Patrick Heuveline, “TheBoundariesofGenocide: Dataset-version-30/ Armed-Conflict/Battle-Deaths/The-Battle-Deaths- March 2, accessed 2017, 3.0,”Research(PRIO)InstitutePeace Oslo website, s10680-005-6851-6 (2005), Deaths,” Battle of Dataset ANew inGlobalCombat: Trends Bethany Lacina andNilsPetterGleditsch, “Monitoring tions bodia (COMFREL), The CommitteeforFreeandFair ElectionsinCam was neverenforced.

Final AssessmentandReport

Erik Melander, Therése Pettersson, and Lotta and Pettersson, Therése Erik Melander, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/ European Journal of Population http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e. . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ Journal of Peace Journal Research . 53, no. 5(2016), ; “Battle Deaths Dataset versionDataset ;Deaths “Battle . 2013 National Assembly Elec World Report 2016 . Taking to the Streets: Freedom Taking tothe Streets: Freedom https://www.amnesty.org/en/ . Amnesty International Report Amnesty InternationalReport https://www.prio.org/Data/ .

(A/HRC/27/70) . . Population Studies Population (London: Amnesty https://www.hrw. http://www.akp. http://journals. (Phnom Penh: Report of the (New York:(New 21, no. 2 44,no.2 Journal https:// , August , August . The - - - . ​ 18 17 16 15 14 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 phnompenhpost.com/national/us-funded-national- The Penh PhnomPost Democratic InstituteaccusedofcolludingwithCNRP,” National ChhengandAnanthBaliga,“US-funded Niem See AmnestyInternational, www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/09/273808.htm Leader -PressStatement,September3, 2017, US DepartmentofState, ArrestofCambodianOpposition globe​ kem-​sokha/article36224850/?ref=http://www.the parliament-votes-to-prosecute-opposition-leader- beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/cambodias- charges,” Sokhaontreason Kem leader opposition prosecute Prak Chan Thul, “Cambodia’s parliament votes to the pro-CPPdemonstration. 2015, following October in late National Assembly the of from thevicepresidency Kem Sokhawasdeposed 2012. in 2002, took place 2007, and commune elections the took placein 1993, 1998, 2003, 2008, and 2013, while catid=121&Itemid=1143 index.php?option=com_mypublications&view=list& COMFREL, 2013), 15, be Addressed Not Denied,” Cambodian League for the Not Denied,”CambodianLeague be Addressed SurgeinLandDisputes Must Renewed “Statement: pressrelease.php?perm=342 April 1, 2014, and DefenseofHumanRights(LICADHO) website, Land Conflicts,” Cambodian League for the Promotion “Statement: _FINAL.pdf wp-content/uploads/2015/07/20152107_Land-Report ADHOC,2015), 1, Land Rights SituationinCambodia Association (ADHOC), Cambodian Human Rights and Development php&p=report_detail.php&reid=104&id=5 cchrcambodia.org/index_old.php?url=media/media. Situation Land the of Overview Conflict—An in Land bodia: for HumanRights(CCHR), Cambodian Center COMFREL, See 27/70) UNHRC, perm=194 18, Review in The Year of Human Rights (LICADHO), Cambodian League for thePromotion and Defense diverge-over-leniancy-for-immigrants-116972/ https://www.cambodiadaily.com/news/parties- for Immigrants,” Leniency Over Narim,“CPP,CNRPDiverge Khuon Stateless%20Vietnamese%20Report%202014.pdf http://mirocambodia.org/download/MIRO’s%20 Cambodia in namese Living Conditions and Legal Status of Ethnic Viet Earth:Investigativeon An theReporton Current Chan, Weill, andJamie Chanrith Ang,Noémie ulation. pop of the 0.4 percent constitute Vietnamese Ethnic democratic-institute-accused-colluding-cnrp http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/reports.php? andmail.com& , 14. GlobalandMail Report ofthe Special Rapporteur (Phnom Penh: CCHR, 2013), 4, .

. 2014New WaveBringsa of Cambodian http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/ 2013 NationalAssembly Elections Cambodia Daily Cambodia http://www.adhoc-cambodia.org/ . (Phnom Penh:LICADHO, 2014), , August 18, 2017, , August (Phnom Penh: MIRO, 2014), MIRO, (Phnom Penh: http://www.comfrel.org/eng/ . National Assembly elections . National Assembly Whose Land? Report ontheWhose Land?Report ,September10, 2017, Report 2016/17 . Human Rights 2013: , August22,2016, , (PhnomPenh: http://www. http://www. .

. (A/HRC/​ . https:// https:// . Limbo Cam . , 26. . - - - ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 33 32 31 30 29 38 37 36 35 34 Municipality of PhnomPenhandAsianDevelopment Municipality 15. Ibid., info/meetings/cambodia/pdf/ci_fn02.pdf 2013), Planning, of Ministry Report Cambodia Inter-Censal Population Survey 2013: Final Ministry ofPlanning, Statistics, of National Institute 167. Human RightsWatch, See Ibid. bodia.org/pressrelease.php?perm=374 February 19, 2015, website, PromotionHuman(LICADHO)Rightsof Defenseand World Health Organization, UN Women Cambodia, Women Organization,UN World Health and LifeExperiencesinCambodia Fulu, Emma andJusticeinCambodia.” See Broadhurstetal.,“Crime 2014), 128, Global StudyonHomicide2013 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Ibid. and SusyanJou(NewYork:Springer,2013),172. of AsianCriminology Keo, “CrimeandJusticein Cambodia,” in Chenda and Bouhours, Thierry Broadhurst, Roderic upgrading-in-phnom-penh/ lence-in-public-spaces-towards-more-effective-urban- wordpress.com/2007/11/20/cambodia-urban-vio Phnom PenhandADB,2005), of pality Upgrading Urban Effective of Urban Violence in Public Spaces: Towards More Bank (ADB), (Phnom Penh: National Institute of Statistics, (PhnomPenh: National Institute https://www.unodc.org/gsh/ National Survey on Women’s Health Workshop Proceedings onthe Study , ed. Jianhong Liu, Bill Hebenton, , ed. Jianhong Liu, BillHebenton, World Report 2017 Report World . http://www.licadho-cam​ (Phnom Penh: Munici (Phnom Penh: http://www.stat.go.jp/ (Vienna:UNODC, (Phnom Penh: . http://rinbo. . . Handbook , 165–​ - ​ 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 46 met International, Amnesty Fulu etal., www.licadho-cambodia.org/reports.php?perm=220 LICADHO November2016, Update,” website, _with_rape www.licadho--cambodia.org/collection/33/get_away System It: The Treatment of Rape in Cambodia’s Justice of Human Rights (LICADHO), Cambodian League for thePromotion and Defense men-and-violence-study partners4prevention.org/about-prevention/research/ Nations,2013),52–53, (Bangkok: United Pacific the and Asia in Violence and Men on Study tative FindingsfromtheUnitedNationsMulti-country It?Quanti andHowCanWePrevent Women Against Emma Fuluetal., 65–67. Ibid., 49. Ibid., 52–53. Ibid., health-and-life-experiences-in-cambodia publications/2015/11/national-survey-on-women-s- http://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/ 55, 2015), Cambodia, of RoyalGovernment the and tion.org/resources/pdfs/1CBtrafficking.pdf 2013, August website, Foundation “Combating Human Trafficking in Cambodia,” The Asia inCambodia,see Program inPersons Trafficking Foundation’sCounter-overviewTheAsia an For of org/en/documents/ASA23/001/2010/en/ International, 2010), Amnesty silence: Sexual violenceCambodia in (Phnom Penh: LICADHO, 2015), 3, Why DoSomeMenUseViolence, ; “Briefing: Getting Away With It – 2016 – It With Away Getting “Briefing: ; Why DoSome MenUseViolence . Cambodia: Breaking the https://www.amnesty. Getting Away With https://asiafounda​ http://www. . . . (London: 43. http:// http:// . - ​ ​

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