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Drogas Sintéticas SERVIÇO PÚBLICO FEDERAL MJSP - POLÍCIA FEDERAL DITEC - INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE CRIMINALÍSTICA SYNTHETIC DRUGS 2018 Report 2018 REPORT – SYNTHETIC DRUGS 1 - GOAL Data collection and systematic analysis are useful tools to understand the illegal drug scenario in Brazil and its impact on public health and public safety. This report aims to describe and analyze information contained in the Forensic Reports issued by the Federal Police in 2018, specifically those in which synthetic drugs were analyzed. Ultimately, the document seeks to be a resource tool supporting the development of informed policies and actions in the battle against the important problem of synthetic drugs. 2 - SIGLAS ANVISA – National Health Surveillance Agency (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária); DEA – Drug Enforcement Administration (USA); SD – Synthetic Drugs; DITEC – Technical-Scientific Board (Diretoria Técnico-Científica); DPER – Forensic Expertise Division (Divisão de Perícias); EMCDDA – European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction; INC – National Institute of Criminalistics (Instituto Nacional de Criminalística); NPS – New Psychoactive Substances; PF – Brazilian Federal Police (Polícia Federal); SISCRIM – Federal Police Criminalistics Information System (Sistema de Informações de Criminalística da Polícia Federal); SEPLAB – Laboratory Expertise Service (Serviço de Perícias de Laboratório); UNODC – United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; UFs – Federation Units (Unidades da Federação). 3 - DEFINITIONS Synthetic Drugs (SD): Traditionally the term "synthetic drug" was used to refer to synthetic substances used for abusive purposes such as amphetamines, substituted amphetamines (MDMA and its analogs) and LSD. With the appearance of so-called designer drugs (one of the first terms used to name what is currently understood by NPS) that concept had to be expanded. In this report, the term synthetic drugs covers those considered “classic” or “traditional” (MDMA, MDA, methamphetamine, amphetamine, LSD, DOB and fentanyl), some pharmaceuticals and substances that are found in the context of parties (clobenzorex, GHB, GBL and 1, 4-butanediol) as well as all new psychoactive substances - NPS. New Psychoactive Substances (NPS): The United Nations [1] and the European Union [2] define new psychoactive substances as of abuse potential, either in pure form or a preparation (mixtures), that are not controlled by the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs [3] or the 1 BRAZILIAN FEDERAL POLICE 2018 REPORT – SYNTHETIC DRUGS 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances [4], but which may pose a public health threat. In this context, the term new does not necessarily refer to substances created or synthesized in recent years, but rather to substances that have recently become available on the market. Both the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances have been updated more frequently due to the emergence of NPS [5]. In the latest updates, substances U-47700, 25C-NBOMe, 25I-NBOMe, 2C-B and ethylone were included. Strictly speaking, they should no longer be called NPS, but their classification as such will be maintained for purposes of comparison with the data obtained in 2016 and 2017 [6,7]. To facilitate the understanding of this report and follow the current UNODC classification, the NPS will be grouped into 10 groups, among them the 9 groups in the Global SMART Program (aminoindanes, synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, phenethylamines, piperazines, plant-based substances, phencyclidine-type substances, tryptamines and other substances). Since the 2017 Report [7], it has been decided to separate synthetic opioids from the other substances group, where they are originally included in the Global SMART Program monitoring. This split intended to enable a more accurate monitoring of the data, in order to observe if there is a possible influence in the country of the opioid epidemic that has been occurring in the United States of America. Mixtures: In some of the examed materials, more than one synthetic drug was identified. In order to keep monitoring these cases, it was decided to create groups referring to mixtures for the collection of data in this report. Mixtures are considered to be only those cases where there was more than one synthetic drug in the same material. The Global SMART Programme: As an answer to the problem of synthetic drugs, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) launched in 2008 The Global SMART Program: Analyzes, Reporting and Trends. The program aims to improve the capacity of targeted Member States to generate, manage, analyze, report and use information on illicit synthetic drugs. National Forensic Laboratory Information System – NFLIS: The NFLIS is a program of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) - Diversion Control Division, which systematically collects drug identification results and associated information from drug cases submitted and analyzed by federal, state and local forensic laboratories in the United States of America. 4 - INTRODUCTION New psychoactive substances continue to thrive at an unprecedented rate in Brazil [6, 7]. Although the NPS market is still relatively small, these substances pose a significant risk to public health and new challenges for illicit drug combat policies. 2 BRAZILIAN FEDERAL POLICE 2018 REPORT – SYNTHETIC DRUGS In this context, the Federal Police is able to play a relevant role, being able to provide a national prospect as a result of making seizures in all UFs, in addition to having highly trained laboratories and forensic experts for the identification of NPS. Since the 2017 Report, it has been decided to include synthetic drugs in general. This occurred due to the finding of a sudden increase in certain substances considered as traditional or classic drugs in the forensic reports issued by the Federal Police. In the current year it will be possible to assess this increase in a quantitative manner. 5 - FORENSIC REPORTS ISSUED IN 2018 ON SYNTHETIC DRUGS 5.I - Data collection methodology Data collected for the present work were based on the forensic reports issued by the Criminalistics units of the Federal Police across the country in 2018. After identifying all the reports in which synthetic drugs were analyzed, both the examined substance and its seized amount was verified. In some cases the total amount of seized material was obtained either from preliminary forensic reports or police case documentation. The following categories were extracted from the Reports for the preparation of this report: Document (Report, Instrumental Analysis Report, etc.); Substance (MDMA, 25I-NBOH, etc.); Quantity (tablets, stamps, mass or volume) and Group (phenethylamines, synthetic cathinones, traditional drugs, drugs, etc.). This search turned out a number of entries higher than the number of reports, because, in cases where, in the same Report, more than one synthetic drug was identified in different materials, they have been correspondingly accounted for. As an example, suppose that in a same Report, the substances 25I-NBOH (blotters), alpha-PVP (tablets and powder) and 25I-NBOMe (blotters) were identified. In this case, one Report accounts for four different entries. When more than one synthetic drug was identified in the same material (e.g. MDMA and N-ethylpentylone in a same tablet), category Substance inclued all detected substances (in this case N-ethylpentylone + MDMA) whereas category Group read Mixture. Monitoring of NPS mixtures started in the 2016 report [6]. This monitoring is important both in the assessment of public health risks and in the understanding of the traffickers' modus operandi. Table 01 shows the proposed groups used in the elaboration of this report including drug mixtures. 3 BRAZILIAN FEDERAL POLICE 2018 REPORT – SYNTHETIC DRUGS Table 01 – Proposed groups and mixtures. Group Substances Synthetic cannabinoids AMB-FUBINACA, ADB-FUBINACA e 5F-MDMB-PICA Synthetic cathinones N-Ethylpentylone; 4-Chloro-Dimethylcathinone; 4- Chloroethcathinone; 4'-chloro-PPP; 4Cl-PVP; 4F-PHP; 4-MEAPP; 4- Methylpentedrone; BMDP; Caccure 907; Dibutylone; Dimethylone; Ethylone; Eutylone; MDPHP; MDPPP; MDPT; Methylone; N-acetyl-3,4- MDMC; N-Ethylhexedrone; Pentylone and TH-PVP Traditional drugs MDMA; MDA; LSD; Methamphetamine; Fentanyl; DMT; Amphetamine; DOB; DOET and GHB Pharmaceuticals Clobenzorex and Fluoxetine Phenethylamines 25B-NBOH; 25C-NBOH; 25C-NBOMe; 25E-NBOH; 25H-NBOH; 25I-NBOH; 2C-B; 2C-C; 2C-E; 2C-I; DOC; 25I-NBOMe; N-Acetyl 25I- NBOMe Other synthetic drugs GBL Other substances 4F-EPH Other substances (Opioid) U-47700 Plant-based substances - Phencyclidine-type substances 3-MeO-PCP and Ketamine Triptamines 5-MeO-MiPT Group Substances Mixture: Synthetic cannabinoids - Mixture: Synthetic cathinone 25I-NBOMe + N-Ethylpentylone and Phenethylamines Mixture: Synthetic cathinone N-Ethylpentylone + 3-MeO-PCP ; N-Ethylpentylone + Ketamine and Phencyclidine-type substances Mixture: Synthetic cathinones N-Ethylpentylone + Chloro Ethcathinone; N-Ethylpentylone + Eutylone; 4-MEAPP + TH-PVP; 4-Methylpentedrone + 4-MEAPP; Methylone + Dimethylone Mixture: Synthetic cathinone and - Other substances (Opioid) Mixture: Pharmaceuticals Clobenzorex + Sildenafil; Clobenzorex + Sildenafil + Sibutramine Mixture: Feniletilaminas 25I-NBOH + 25C-NBOH + 25H-NBOH; 25I-NBOH + 25B-NBOH Mixture: Traditional drug N-Ethylpentylone + MDMA; Ethylone + MDMA; Penthylone + MDMA; and Synthetic cathinone N-Ethylpentylone + MDPPP + MDMA Mixture: MDMA and 25I-NBOH
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