DOCSLIB.ORG

A Chameleon Suit to Liberate Human Exploration of Space Environments

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Chameleon Suit to Liberate Human Exploration of Space Environments 1 NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts Contract # 07600-067 A Chameleon Suit to Liberate Human Exploration of Space Environments Final Report December, 2001 Edward W. Hodgson Jr. Hamilton Sundstrand Space Systems International 2 Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 5 Summary........................................................................................................................................ 7 Concept Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 9 Concept Description and Analysis Approach........................................................................................9 Mission Requirements.........................................................................................................................11 Feasibility Assessment ........................................................................................................................16 Design Analyses and Component Requirements.................................................................................20 Human Interface Implications .............................................................................................................23 Concept Refinement and Evolution...........................................................................................32 Surface Utilization & Internal Heat Transport ....................................................................................32 Thermal Contact Enhancement ...........................................................................................................33 Directional Surface Shading................................................................................................................37 Potential Concept Growth ...................................................................................................................40 System Control and Electronic Integration.............................................................................. 44 Control objectives and technical basis ................................................................................................44 Control zones.......................................................................................................................................45 Control Sensor Interfaces ....................................................................................................................47 Control architecture alternatives and trade-offs ..................................................................................49 Signal Flow and Power Distribution ...................................................................................................50 Effector Drive and Control..................................................................................................................51 Technology Readiness, Development Needs and Outlook.......................................................52 Enabling technologies definition and required characteristics ............................................................52 Variable geometry insulation activation..............................................................................................54 Vacuum thermal contact technologies.................................................................................................55 Infra-red variable emissivity materials................................................................................................57 Wearable sensing and control systems ................................................................................................59 Potential Benefits to NASA Missions......................................................................................... 61 Benefits estimation methodology ........................................................................................................61 Estimated quantitative benefits............................................................................................................61 Other considerations............................................................................................................................64 Conclusions .................................................................................................................................. 66 Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................... 67 References .................................................................................................................................... 68 3 List of Figures Figure 1. HEDS Missions will demand revolutionary thermal control solutions......................................................... 5 Figure 2. Both physical and electro-optical control will modulate space suit insulation. ............................................. 9 Figure 3. Local control of insulation properties supports operation in any environment without constraining activities .............................................................................................................................................................................. 9 Figure 4. The proposed system concept responds actively to wearer activities and changing environments to maintain thermal comfort.................................................................................................................................... 10 Figure 5. A representative EVA mission design reference metabolic rate profile ...................................................... 13 Figure 6. Maximum Radiated Heat Load From PLSS Area ....................................................................................... 16 Figure 7. Maximum Radiated Heat Load From Spacesuit Surface Area .................................................................... 17 Figure 8. Maximum Radiated Heat Load From Combined PLSS and Pressurized Suit Area.................................... 18 Figure 9. Adiabatic equilibrium temperature for lunar and suit surfaces exceed skin temperature at many sun elevation angles................................................................................................................................................... 19 Figure 10. Operation in lunar craters near midday will require directional shading on active radiating portions of the suit....................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Figure 11. Expanded Suit Layers for Maximum Insulation....................................................................................... 21 Figure 12. Collapsed Suit Layers for Maximum Heat Rejection ............................................................................... 22 Figure 13. Comfortable human average skin temperature falls with increasing activity. ...........................................25 Figure 14. Body core temperature is regulated to increase slightly with increasing work rate. (Reference 5) ........... 26 Figure 15. Shivering is triggered by cold skin temperatures and suppressed by warm core temperature. (Reference 8) ......................................................................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 16. Thermal gradients within the body result in varying source temperature and heat transport requirements for different parts of the Chameleon Suit. (Reference 13) ................................................................................. 28 Figure 17. Hypothalamus (Reference 16) .................................................................................................................. 28 Figure 18. Simplified Representation of Thermoregulation (Reference 17)............................................................... 29 Figure 19: Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation of Vessels (Reference 21).................................................................. 31 Figure 20. The EVA life support system backpack can interfere with heat rejection from the suit surface or offer additional heat rejection opportunities. ............................................................................................................... 32 Figure 21. Thermal contact resistance at low contact pressures is a significant challenge for Chameleon Suit implementation.................................................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 22. Fibrous carbon felts can provide substantially improved thermal contact between layers in the Chameleon Suit. ..................................................................................................................................................................... 35 Figure 23. Effective heat transfer is achieved at low contact pressure........................................................................ 35 Figure 24. The Chameleon Suit layer structure is compatible with the use of thermal contact enhancement. .......... 36 Figure 25. The use of thermally conductive felt interfaces to improve maximum Chameleon Suit heat transmission slightly reduces radiated heat loss control authority. .........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Of 13 Human Mars Mission Design – the Ultimate Systems Challenge
    Human Mars Mission Design – The Ultimate Systems Challenge John F. Connolly a, B. Kent Joostenb, Bret Drakec, Steve Hoffmanc, Tara Polsgroved, Michelle Ruckera, Alida Andrewsc, Nehemiah Williamsa a NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, Texas 77058, john.connolly- [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] b Consultant,2383 York Harbour Ct., League City, TX 77573, [email protected] c The Aerospace Corporation, 2310 E El Segundo Blvd, El Segundo, California 90245, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] d NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama 35812, [email protected] Abstract A human mission to Mars will occur at some time in the coming decades. When it does, it will be the end result of a complex network of interconnected design choices, systems analyses, technical optimizations, and non-technical compromises. This mission will extend the technologies, engineering design, and systems analyses to new limits, and may very well be the most complex undertaking in human history. It can be illustrated as a large menu, or as a large decision tree. Whatever the visualization tool, there are numerous design decisions required to assemble a human Mars mission, and many of these interconnect with one another. This paper examines these many decisions and further details a number of choices that are highly interwoven throughout the mission design. The large quantity of variables and their interconnectedness results in a highly complex systems challenge, and the paper illustrates how a change in one variable results in ripples (sometimes unintended) throughout many other facets of the design.
    [Show full text]
  • Isolated and Confined Environments
    17 Isolated and Confined Environments Carole Tafforin Ethospace, Toulouse, France Characteristics of space analogue environments with regard to human per- formance concern the crew adaptation in a socio-psychological context and in a temporal dynamics. Isolation, confinement and time are major features on Earth to reproduce an extra-terrestrial environment for manned mission simulations. In the current space missions (low Earth orbit, LEO) and in the perspective of interplanetary missions (near-Earth asteroid, Moon, Mars), men and women will have to adapt to social constraints (crew size, multinationality, mixed-gender) and spatial restrictions (volume, multi-chambers, life-support) on short-term, medium-term and long-term durations. The crewmembers also will have to perform intra-vehicular activities (IVA)and extra-vehicular activ- ities (EVA). For training, preventing and optimizing such tasks, simulations of living and working together in isolated and confined environments, and simulations of operating with a space suit on geological surfaces are the new requirements. During the two decades (1991–2011), space simulators (confinement) and analogue settings (isolation) were adequately developed on Earth with the ultimate goal of walking on Mars. Time periods extended up to 500 days. Space analogue environments are located worldwide (Canada, United States, Russia, Europe, Antarctica and Arctic). Mission durations in space analogue environments cover days, weeks and years. Isolation and confinement facilities implemented for such simulations are listed in Table 17.1. Over a 7-day duration, the Canadian Astronaut Program Space Unit Life Simulation (CAPSULS) was an Earth-based initiative that simulated a typical space shuttle or space station mission [1]. CAPSULS provided the Canadian astronaut participants with space mission training.
    [Show full text]
  • Questioning the Surface of Mars As the 21St Century's Ultimate Pioneering Destination in Space
    Questioning The Surface Of Mars As The 21st Century's Ultimate Pioneering Destination In Space Small Bodies Assessment Group Meeting #13 Washington D.C. 1 July 2015 Questioning Mars As The Ultimate Pioneering Destination In Space Background And Context • Foreseeable human-initiated activity in space can be divided into two categories - Exploring (e.g. Lewis & Clark ca. 1805): survey foreign territory + A major component of NASA's charter + Can be conducted by humans directly or by robots under human control + Virtual human presence is possible via tele-robotics stationed < 100,000 km away + Mars never approaches Earth closer than 56 million km - Pioneering (e.g. Pilgrims ca.1620): put down multi-generation roots in foreign territory + NOT in NASA's charter + MUST be conducted by humans in situ and ultimately return sustained profits + Any examples to date are dubious and Earth-centered (e.g. communication satellites) • Mars is widely accepted as the ultimate 21st century pioneering destination in space - Why would 202,586* adults volunteer in 2013 for a one-way trip to the surface of Mars? - What are potential obstacles to pioneering the surface of Mars? - Might there be more accessible and hospitable pioneering destinations than Mars? * The number of applications actually completed and submitted to Mars One was reported in 2015 to be 4227. Daniel R. Adamo ([email protected]) 1 1 July 2015 Questioning Mars As The Ultimate Pioneering Destination In Space History† Indicates Humans Pioneer For Compelling Reasons • Escape from war, starvation,
    [Show full text]
  • Design of a Human Settlement on Mars Using In-Situ Resources
    46th International Conference on Environmental Systems ICES-2016-151 10-14 July 2016, Vienna, Austria Design of a Human Settlement on Mars Using In-Situ Resources Marlies Arnhof1 Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, 1040, Austria Mars provides plenty of raw materials needed to establish a lasting, self-sufficient human colony on its surface. Due to the planet's vast distance from Earth, it is neither possible nor economically reasonable to provide permanent, interplanetary supply. In-situ resource utilization (ISRU) will be necessary to keep the Earth launch burden and mission costs as low as possible, and to provide – apart from propellant and life support – a variety of construction material. However, to include outposts on other planets into the scope of human spaceflight also opens up new psychological and sociological challenges. Crews will live in extreme environments under isolated and confined conditions for much longer periods of time than ever before. Therefore, the design of a Mars habitat requires most careful consideration of physiological as well as psychosocial conditions of living in space. In this design for a Martian settlement, the author proposes that – following preliminary automated exploration – a basic surface base brought from Earth would be set up. Bags of unprocessed Martian regolith would be used to provide additional shielding for the habitat. Once the viability of the base and its production facilities are secured, the settlement would be expanded, using planetary resources. Martian concrete – processed regolith with a polymeric binder – would be used as main in-situ construction material. To provide optimum living and working conditions, the base would respond to the environment and the residents' number and needs, thereby evolving and growing continuously.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Mars Mission Architecture Plan to Settle the Red Planet with 1000 People
    Human Mars Mission Architecture Plan to Settle the Red Planet with 1000 People Malaya Kumar Biswal M1, Vishnu S2, Devika S Kumar3, Sairam M4 Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry, India - 605 014 Abstract Exploration is one of the attentive endeavor to mankind and a strategy for evolution. We have been incessantly reconnoitering our planet and universe from Mesopotamian era to modern era. The progression of rocketry and planetary science in past century engendered a futuristic window to explore Mars which have been a source of inspiration to hundreds of astronomers and scientists. Globally, it invigorated space exploration agencies to make expedition for planetary exploration to Mars and Human Mars Missions. Scientists and engineers have portrayed numerous Human Mars Mission proposals and plans but currently the design reference mission 5.0 of NASA is the only mission under study. Here we propose a mission architecture for permanent Human Mars Settlement with 1000 peoples with multiple launch of sufficient cargoes and scientific instruments. Introduction: This paper focuses on design of Human Mars Mission with reference to the instructions by Mars Society. We proposed mission architecture for carrying 1000 peoples onboard spaceship (Marship). Overall mission architecture outline map and Human Mars Settlement Map is provided next to this page. We divided the whole mission architecture into three phases starting from orbital launch of launch vehicles and Mars colony establishment. We proposed novel habitat for protection during robust dust storms, various method to make the colony economically successful, minerals and their applications, administrative methods, water extraction, plantation, landing patterns, estimation of masses of food to be carried out and customizable system for re-use and recycling.
    [Show full text]
  • HI-SEAS Habitat Energy Requirements and Forecasting T ∗ S.T
    Acta Astronautica 162 (2019) 50–55 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Acta Astronautica journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/actaastro HI-SEAS habitat energy requirements and forecasting T ∗ S.T. Englera, , K. Binsteda, H. Leungb a Department of Information and Computer Science, University of Hawaii, POST Building, Rm 317,1680 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, United States b Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Travel to other planetary bodies represents a major challenge to resource management. Previous manned ex- Analog ploration missions of long duration have been resupplied with food, water, and air as required. Manned missions Simulation to other planetary bodies will have durations of years with little to no possibility of resupply. Consequently, Manned missions monitoring and forecasting resource consumption are mission-critical capabilities. The Hawaii Space Exploration Machine learning Analog and Simulation, a long-duration planetary analog simulation, has recently completed its fifth long-term Mars habitat isolation mission conducted to assess the energy, food, and water needs of a six-person long-term planetary Planetary habitat mission. This study presents a novel method for forecasting energy consumption, which incorporates the emotional state of the habitat crew. Gathered data show inhabitants in small environments can be influenced considerably by the actions of a single member. This can result in dramatic changes in consumption that could cause forecasting models to deviate to the point of total failure. Previous work found that inclusion of the daily activities and the psychological states of the crew allows for higher accuracy in long-duration forecasts.
    [Show full text]
  • Purpose and Process in Teaching Literature Gregory Grene Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requiremen
    Readings of Reading: Purpose and Process in Teaching Literature Gregory Grene Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2021 © 2020 Gregory Grene All Rights Reserved Abstract Readings of Reading: Purpose and Process in Teaching Literature Gregory Grene What do we hope to teach in teaching literature, and how can we best serve that purpose? These are questions that are no less urgent than they are fundamental, and should, in fact, be constantly in our minds as we engage in our practice. This discussion will entail a conversation between the theories behind, and the process of, teaching literature to adolescents, with a series of observations and thoughts rooted in specific texts and classes. I will start by querying how we define our mission, and then situate this debate in its historical context. I will look at how current influences are affecting this mission, before examining in a more granular sense how we attempt to trace progress and process. I will root this discussion in both theory and practice, utilizing my own teaching and extant student artifacts. I will argue that the elliptical nature of the process means that our assessment must be multifaceted, and that a mirror elliptical approach on our end can yield richer understandings, for both teacher and students. Table of Contents Acknowledgments ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Human Exploration of Mars Design Reference Architecture 5.0
    July 2009 “We are all . children of this universe. Not just Earth, or Mars, or this System, but the whole grand fireworks. And if we are interested in Mars at all, it is only because we wonder over our past and worry terribly about our possible future.” — Ray Bradbury, 'Mars and the Mind of Man,' 1973 Cover Art: An artist’s concept depicting one of many potential Mars exploration strategies. In this approach, the strengths of combining a central habitat with small pressurized rovers that could extend the exploration range of the crew from the outpost are assessed. Rawlings 2007. NASA/SP–2009–566 Human Exploration of Mars Design Reference Architecture 5.0 Mars Architecture Steering Group NASA Headquarters Bret G. Drake, editor NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas July 2009 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The individuals listed in the appendix assisted in the generation of the concepts as well as the descriptions, images, and data described in this report. Specific contributions to this document were provided by Dave Beaty, Stan Borowski, Bob Cataldo, John Charles, Cassie Conley, Doug Craig, Bret Drake, John Elliot, Chad Edwards, Walt Engelund, Dean Eppler, Stewart Feldman, Jim Garvin, Steve Hoffman, Jeff Jones, Frank Jordan, Sheri Klug, Joel Levine, Jack Mulqueen, Gary Noreen, Hoppy Price, Shawn Quinn, Jerry Sanders, Jim Schier, Lisa Simonsen, George Tahu, and Abhi Tripathi. Available from: NASA Center for AeroSpace Information National Technical Information Service 7115 Standard Drive 5285 Port Royal Road Hanover, MD 21076-1320 Springfield, VA 22161 Phone: 301-621-0390 or 703-605-6000 Fax: 301-621-0134 This report is also available in electronic form at http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/ CONTENTS 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Mchronicles V.1A
    Issue 5 Contents June 2000 NASA’s Long Term Mars Plans (p1) ~ The Heavy Lift Challenge (p2) ~ The Search Continues (p3) ~ Meet the Scientist - Dr. Chris McKay (p4) ~ Dirt to Build a Habitat (p6) ~ The Recluse - Part IV (p7) ~ Mars Q&A (p8) Dear Reader, This is the newsletter of the Mars Society Youth Chapter and the MIT Mars Society Chapter. The newsletter is intended to excite youth about the The exploration and near-future human settlement of Mars. Please distribute freely!!! To be added to the announce- ment list, or to receive paper copies for distribution, con- Martian tact Margarita <[email protected]>. Send your submissions for the Newsletter! Enjoy The Martian Chronicles! http://chapters.marssociety.org/youth/ Sincerely, Chronicles Margarita Marinova. NASA’s New Long-Term Mars Plans helped to exacerbate the troubles. In the end, the failures David Pinson and the report have resulted in the cancellation of one of NASA has recently announced its revised plans for the two planned missions to Mars in 2001, and a decision robotic exploration of the red planet following last month’s to reduce costs on space probes by using tried-and-true findings regarding the two Mars probe failures in 1999. technology. Those findings, documented in the Young Report, The recent announcement by specifically named poor communications NASA stated that only one mission will between NASA Headquarters, the Jet by launched in 2003, either an orbiter or a Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), and Lockheed lander. In addition to that, if a lander mission Martin Astronautics as the largest cause of is chosen it will use the same airbag landing the failures.
    [Show full text]
  • Iranian Targets’ in Syria As F-16 Jet Shot Down Israel Intercepts ‘Iranian’ Drone • Moscow Urges ‘Restraint’
    JAMADA ALAWWAL 25, 1439 AH SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 11, 2018 Max 27º 32 Pages Min 07º 150 Fils Established 1961 ISSUE NO: 17454 The First Daily in the Arabian Gulf www.kuwaittimes.net Top lawmaker stresses Gulf Bank net profit Joint Olympic ice hockey team 3 anti-terror coordination 17 rises 12% to KD 48m 13 makes history for two Koreas Israel pounds ‘Iranian targets’ in Syria as F-16 jet shot down Israel intercepts ‘Iranian’ drone • Moscow urges ‘restraint’ JERUSALEM: Israel struck what it said Russia’s foreign ministry called for were Iranian targets inside Syria yester- “restraint” from all parties, adding it was day in “large-scale” raids after an Israeli “unacceptable to create threats to the lives warplane crashed under fire from Syrian and security of Russian soldiers” in Syria. air defenses in a severe increase in ten- Israeli military spokesman Jonathan sions, the military said. The confrontation Conricus warned that Syria and Iran was the most serious between arch foes were “playing with fire”, but stressed his Israel and Iran since the civil war in country was not seeking an escalation. Syria began in 2011. Israel’s raids came “This is the most blatant and severe after it intercepted what it said was an Iranian violation of Israeli sovereignty in Iranian drone entering its airspace from the last years,” Conricus told journalists. Syria, which it labeled an “attack”. Israel said its reprisals after the It was the first time Israel has publicly exchange were “large-scale” raids that acknowledged attacking what it identi- attacked Syrian air defense systems and fied as Iranian targets in Syria since the Iranian targets.
    [Show full text]
  • Mars Habitat Design
    Mars Habitat Design Objectives Students Will: • Learn about Mars habitat designs • Discuss various human needs during long-term space travel/dwelling • Design and construct a habitat suitable for living on Mars Suggested Grade Level 3rd – 12th Subject Areas Space Science, Technology, Engineering Design, Life Science Timeline One 45-minute session – Multiple sessions/semester-long Standards (NGSS) • 3-5-ETS1-1 Define a simple design problem reflecting a need or a want that includes specified criteria for success and constraints on materials, time, or cost • 3-5-ETS1-2 Generate and compare multiple possible solutions to a problem based on how well each is likely to meet the criteria and constraints of the problem • MS-ETS1-1 Define the criteria and constraints of a design problem with sufficient precision to ensure a successful solution taking into account relevant scientific principles and potential impacts on people and the natural environment that may limit possible solutions • MS-ETS1-2 Evaluate competing design solutions using a systematic process to determine how well they meet the criteria and constraints of the problem • HS-ETS1-2 Design a solution to a complex real-world problem by breaking it down into smaller, more manageable problems that can be solved through engineering • HS-ETS1-3 Evaluate a solution to a complex real-world problem based on prioritized criteria and trade-offs that account for a range of constraints, including cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetics, as well as possible social, cultural, and environmental impacts 05/2020 Confidential and Proprietary to the Space Foundation 21st Century Essential Skills Critical thinking, problem solving, creativity/imagination, collaboration, teamwork, communication, flexibility, leadership, initiative, organizing concepts, construct explanations, design solutions Background The fourth planet from the Sun, Mars is a dusty, cold, desert world with a very thin atmosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • How to Protect Kids from Child Molesters 1
    How to Protect Kids from Child Molesters 1 How to Protect Kids from Child Molesters 2 Back of title page Copyright © 2007 by Lauren Ayers All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Appledorn Publishers, Guilderland, New York. Dear Abby’s column reprinted with permission pending of Dear Abby, Creators and Los Angeles Times Syndicates. Excerpt from Conversations with a Pedophile by John Smith permissions pending Library of Congress Catalogue number 0000000000 ISBN: 0000000000 Cover design by John Smith Cover photograph by John Smith Manufactured in the United States of America How to Protect Kids from Child Molesters 3 Let my little light shine How to Protect Kids from Child Molesters 4 Table of Contents Acknowledgements Introduction Part 1: The Problem Chapter One: Empty Streets The way kids live – Kids as crime targets – Parental confusion Chapter Two: Crisis of Confidence: American Parents at a Loss How parents lost their sense of control over their children’s safety – Blurring the line to hide the crime – Parents under pressure – Have kids have lost faith in their parents’ ability to protect them? – Kids don’t tell their parents about sexual crimes – What determines whether children disclose? – False accusations – Parental ambivalence Chapter Three: American Institutions Under Attack Public and private schools – Religious institutions – Recreational organizations Part 2: The Challenge to Child Protection Chapter Four: The Sexual Con Man Sexual predators as con men
    [Show full text]