Scientific Name: Anthoxanthum nitens (Weber) Y. Schouten & Veldkamp Family: Poaceae Common Names: sweetgrass, vanilla grass, holy grass

tall, with leafy shoots; blades 2 to 20 cm long, flat to rolled, tapering to a blunt point, dark green; slightly roughened to smooth and shiny beneath, smooth and slightly roughened above; veins prominent on both sides and white mid-vein below; margins roughened; rolled at emergence; sheaths round, split, often purplish at base (Tannas 2004). Fruit/Seed: Three flowered, the terminal floret perfect, the others are staminate or neutral; staminate lemma awnless, firm, brown, boat shaped, hairy (Moss 1983).

Habitat and Distribution Habitat: Wet meadows, around sloughs in fescue and montane grassland (Tannas 1997). Moist to dry, open areas (Moss 1983). Seral stage: Is usually found in mid-successional communities. It can tolerate some disturbance (Rook 2000). Soils: Moist, sandy to heavy clay soils (Walsh 1994). Saline tolerant (Walsh 1994). Distribution: Circumpolar: Alaska, Yukon, District of Mackenzie to Hudson Bay, northern Quebec, Newfoundland south to Oregon, Nevada, Arizona, South Dakota, Great Lakes (Moss 1983).

Phenology Flowers form from May to June and the seed is ripe July to early August (Walsh 1994).

Anthoxanthum nitens rhizome Pollination (1) blade, (2) flowering culm, Wind pollination (NANPS 2003). (3) pistillate flower, (4) and staminate flower (5). Seed Dispersal Plant Description Wind, water and on animal fur (Queensland Perennial, sweet, vanilla-smelling grass with flat Government 2013). leaves, extensive rhizomes and small, bronze-colored spikelets (Moss 1983). Culms tufted, 10 to 40 cm

Genetics Storage: Store dry at room temperature (Smreciu et 2n=28, 42, 56 (Moss 1983). al. 2002). Longevity: Seed maintains viability up to three years Symbiosis (Smreciu et al. 2002). No literature found. Propagation Seed Processing Natural Regeneration: Can produce by seed or Collection: Sweetgrass inconsistently produces seeds. rhizomes (vegetative). New plants are commonly Seeds can be collected in summer by hand picking produced vegetatively as many seeds are non-viable (Winslow 2001). (Rook 2000). Pre-treatment: None required (Smreciu et al. 2002). Anthoxanthum nitens requires a period of cold temperatures before it will germinate from seed (Stevens and Winslow 2010). Royal Botanic Garden Kew (2008) stratified the seed at 6°C for 8 weeks. Vegetative Propagation: Most successful method is by the division of rhizomes (Rook 2000). Germination: Seed germination tests have averaged 25% to 30%. 100% germination with pre-treatments when germinated on a 1% agar media for 2 weeks at temperatures of 23/9°C (12 hrs day / 12 hours night) (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew 2008). Plant late fall, late winter, or early spring while keeping seeds moist until seedling emergence, in about 10 to 14 days (Stevens and Winslow 2010). Seedlings grew and survived well in a greenhouse trial (Smreciu et al. 2002).

Anthoxanthum nitens seed head

Seed weight: 0.41 g/1,000 seeds (Stevens and Winslow 2010). 0.8 to 1.2 g/1,000 seeds (Smreciu et al. 2002). Harvest Dates: Late June to early August (Walsh 1994). Cleaning: Dry seed before crushing. Use blowers or screens to remove chaff from seeds (Smreciu et al. Anthoxanthum nitens seeds 2002).

processing and storage of food products (Grigonis et Aboriginal/Food Uses al. 2004). Food: Seeds are edible though they were not used as food. Essential oils from the leaves were used as a Notes vanilla flavor additive in candy and drinks Synonyms include Hierochloe odorata (ITIS n.d.). (MacKinnon et al. 2009). Medicinal: Made into medicinal tea for treatment of Photo Credits coughs, sore throat, fever, venereal infection, chafing, Photo 1: Prairie Moon Nursery 2011. windburn, internal pains and sore eyes. Also used to Photo 2: Project Runeberg 2009. Wikimedia stop vaginal bleeding and help with childbirth. Commons. Smoke was also inhaled for cold relief (MacKinnon Photo 3: Wild Rose Consulting, Inc. 2010 et al. 2009). Line Drawing: Carl Lindman, Carl Axel Magnus Other: Sweetgrass is a very important plant to the Lindman @ Wikimedia commons 2013 First Nations people in Canada. It is commonly braided and burned as incense; used in ceremonies to References cleanse and purify people as well as to bring Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2012. blessings and protection. Chewed to increase Hierochloë odorata (L.) (Beauv. Sweet Grass). endurance during ceremonial fasting. Used to IN: Canadian Medicinal Crops. National Research perfume clothing, repel insects and leaves soaked in Council, Ottawa, Ontario. water made a sweet hair rinse (MacKinnon et al. http://www4.agr.gc.ca/AAFC-AAC/display- 2009). Grass blades were also used for making afficher.do?id=1300912084291&lang=eng [Last baskets, mats and sewing material (MacKinnon et al. accessed June 12, 2013]. 2009). ANPC (Alberta Native Plant Council), 2010. Native Wildlife/Forage Usage Plant Source List. Wildlife: Less palatable than other grasses because it http://www.anpc.ab.ca/assets/ANPC_2010_Native_Pl contains a chemical called coumarin, which causes ant_Source_List.pdf [Last accessed June 14, 2013]. the grass to have a bitter flavor to grazing animals (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 2012). Grigonis, D., P.R Venskutonis, B. Sivik, M. Sandahl Livestock: Has good forage value (Tannas 2001). and C.S Eskilsson, 2004. Comparison of different Grazing Response: Increaser (Wroe et al. 2003). extraction techniques for isolation of antioxidants from sweet grass (Hierochloë odorata). The Journal Reclamation Potential Of Supercritical Fluids 33: 223-233. Deep vigorous rhizomes make it useful as erosion control and slope stabilizer (Walsh 1994). ITIS (International Taxonomic Information System), n.d. Anthoxanthum nitens (Weber) Y. Schouten & Commercial Resources Veldkamp. IN: Integrated taxonomic information Availability: Are available in Alberta Nurseries system on-line database. (ANPC 2010). http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?sear Uses: Medicinal plant (Agriculture and Agri-Food ch_topic=TSN&search_value=508923 [Last Canada 2012). accessed June 14, 2013]. http://www.itis.gov Contains a strong anti-oxicidents that can be used to prevent the breakdown of lipids in commercial Mackinnon, A., L. Kershaw, J.T. Aranason, P. Owen, A. Karst and F Hamersley, 2009. Edible and

Medicinal Plants of Canada. Lone Pine Publishing, Tannas, K.E., 2001. Common plants of the western Edmonton, Alberta. 417 pp. rangelands – Volume 1: Grasses and Grass-Like Species. Olds College, Olds, Alberta and Alberta Moss, E.H., 1983. Flora of Alberta. A manual of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, flowering plants, conifers, ferns, and fern allies found Edmonton Alberta. 355 pp. growing without cultivation in the province of Alberta, Canada. 2nd edition. University of Toronto USDA NRCS, n.d. Hierochloe odorata (L.) P. Press, Toronto Ontario. p. 94. Beauv. Sweetgrass. IN: The PLANTS Database. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. NANPS (North American Native Plant Society). http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=HIOD 2003. Sweetgrass Hierochloe odorata. [Last accessed May 15, 2013]. http://www.nanps.org/pdfs/easy2growfront.pdf [Last accessed June 12, 2013]. Walsh, R.A., 1994. Hierochloe odorata. IN: Fischer, W.C. (compiler). The fire effects Queensland Government, 2013. Sweet vernal grass information system. United States Department of Anthoxanthum odoratum. IN: Weeds of Austrailia: Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Biosecurity edition. Station, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory, http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/0303080 Missoula, Montana. 0-0b07-490a-8d04- http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/h 0605030c0f01/media/Html/Anthoxanthum_odoratum ieodo/introductory.html [Accessed September 15, .htm#Naturalised Distribution [Last accessed July 2010]. 17, 2013]. Winslow, S., 2001. Propagation protocol for Rook, E.J.S., 2000. Hierochloe odorata Sweetgrass production of field-grown Hierochloe odorata (L.) IN: Plants of the North. Beauv. USDA NRCS - Bridger Plant Materials http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/grass/hierochlo Center, Bridger, Montana. IN: Native Plant e.html [Last accessed June 14, 2013]. Network, University of Idaho, College of Natural http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/flora.html Resources, Forest Research Nursery, Moscow, Idaho. http://www.nativeplantnetwork.org/Network Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, 2008. Seed /ViewProtocols.aspx?ProtocolID=436 [Last accessed Information Database. June 12, 2013]. http://data.kew.org/sid/SidServlet?Clade=&Order=& Family=&APG=off&Genus=Anthoxanthum&Specie Wroe, R.A., S. Smoliak and G.W. Wheeler, 2003. s=nitens&StorBehav=0 [Last accessed June 14, Alberta range plants and their classification. Alberta 2013]. Agriculture and Rural Development, Edmonton, Alberta. AGDEX 134/6. 5 pp. Smreciu, A., R. Yakimchuk, R.S. Currah and http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.n M. Fung, 2002. Evaluation of native sand dune sf/all/agdex146/$file/3400600.pdf?OpenElement plants for revegetation of oil sand tailings. Prepared [Accessed August 16, 2010]. for Syncrude Canada Ltd. 49 pp.