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Socio-Economic Effects of Human Trafficking: the Case of Meta Woreda, East Hararghe Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

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Socio-Economic Effects of Human Trafficking: the Case of Meta Woreda, East Hararghe Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING: THE CASE OF META WOREDA, EAST HARARGHE ZONE, OROMIA REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA M.A THESIS KITILA TULI CHALI MARCH 2021 HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY, HARAMAYA Socio-Economic Effects of Human trafficking: The Case of Meta Woreda, East Hararghe Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia A Thesis Submitted to the School of Geography and Environmental Studies, Postgraduate Program Directorate, HARAMYA UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Art in Geography and Environmental studies Kitila Tuli CHali March 2021 Haramaya University, Haramaya ii HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM DIRECTORATE We here by certify that we have read and evaluated this thesis entitled “Socio-Economic Effects of Human trafficking: The Case of Meta Woreda, East Hararghe Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia” prepared, under our guidance, by Kitila Tuli Chali we recommend that it be submitted as fulfilling the thesis requirement. Dr.Tegegne Sishaw ______________________ ______________________ Major Advisor Signature Date Dr.Solomon Tekalign______________________ ______________________ Co-Advisor Signature Date As a member of the Examining Board of the Final M.A. Thesis Open Defense, we certify that we have read and evaluated the thesis prepared by Kitila Tuli Chali and examined the candidate. We recommend that the thesis be accepted as fulfilling the thesis requirement for the Degree of Master of Art in Geography and Environmental Studies. ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ Chairperson Signature Date ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ Internal Examiner Signature Date ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ External Examiner Signature Date Final approval and acceptance of the Thesis is contingent upon the submission of its final copy to the Council of Graduate Studies (CGS) through the candidate’s department or school graduate committee (DGC or SGS). iii DEDICATION With Love and sincere appreciation, I dedicate this thesis to my dear family and friends for their support. iv STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR By my signature below, I declare and affirm that this Thesis is my own work. I have followed all ethical and technical principles of scholarship in the preparation, data collection, data analysis and compilation of this Thesis. Any scholarly matter that is included in the Thesis has been given recognition through citation. This Thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for M.A degree at the Haramaya University Library and is made available to borrowers under the rules of the Library. I solemnly declare that this Thesis has not been submitted to any other institution anywhere for award of any academic degree, diploma or certificate. Brief quotation from this Thesis may be made without special permission provided that accurate and complete acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extend quotations from or reproduction of Thesis in whole or apart may be guaranteed by the head of school or department when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interest of scholarship. In all other instance, however, permission must be obtained from the author of the Thesis. Name: Kitila Tuli Chali Date of submit: March, 2021 School: Geography and Environmental studies Signature: _______________________ v BIOGRAPHYICAL SKETCH The author was born September 11, 1988 in Wera-Bera Kebele, Amuru Woreda, Horro Guduru Wellega Zone, and Oromia National Regional State of Ethiopia. He attended his elementary education from grade 1-6 at Wera-Bera Primary School from 1994-1999 and Secondary education at Amuru secondary and Preparatory School from 2000-2005. In September 2006, he joined at Mekelle University in the regular program and in August, 2008 graduate with a B.Ed. degree in Geography and Environmental Studies. Since September 2009, he served as secondary school teacher at Boke Tiko Woreda in West Hararghe and East Hararghe for 8 years. Finally, he joined Postgraduate Program of Haramaya University in 2016 to pursue his postgraduate studies in the School of Geography and Environmental Studies. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and for most would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my Almighty God for giving me the courage and strength all through the course of my studies and writing this paper. Next, my heartfelt appreciation goes to my advisors Tegegne Sishaw (PhD) and Co-advisor Solomon Tekalign (PhD) for their professional guidance, timely response, constant constructive comments and their tireless motivation and moral support to accomplish this study, which would have been impossible without their assistance. I am grateful to my families specially my wife Ayantu Motuma and child Firaol Kitila for their support and immeasurable scarifies that they paid while I was away for the study. My special thanks also go to Ministry of Education (MoE), for fully sponsoring overall cost of the postgraduate study at Haramaya University. I would to give maximum respect and thanks to all staff members of School of Geography and Environmental Studies for their devotion to support me. My genuine appreciation and heartfelt thanks go to all participants in this study. Without them, this study might not be possible. Last, but not least, my sincere appreciation and thanks go to my friend Mr, Ajeba Kenenisa, Usmail Amiye and Biranu Sori for their constant support and advice. Also never forget incalculable contributions of my parents: Ato, Fiqadu Tuli and W/o, Zenabu Tuli, W/o, Ayyantu Dereje, W/o, Melkayehu Gerbi, Ato, Diriba Tuli, Jemana Tuli, Ato, Desalegn Tuli and for all data enumerators and to all who contribute for the completion of the thesis vii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AEZs Agro Ecological Zones AU African Union IOM: International Organization for Migration NGO Nongovernmental Organizations PCI: Project Concern International RMMS Regional Mixed Migration Secretariat SPSS Statistical Product and service solutions STDs: Sexual Transmitted Diseases TIP Traffic in Person UNICEF United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. UNODC United Nation’s Office of Drug and Crime. WFF Walk Free Foundation viii TABLES OF CONTENTS DEDICATION iv STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR v BIOGRAPHYICAL SKETCH vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS viii LIST OF TABLES xii LIST OF FIGURES xiii ABSTRACT xiv 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Background of the Study 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem 2 1.3. Objectives of the Study 4 1.3.1. General objectives 4 1.3.2. Specific objectives 4 1.4. Research Questions 5 1.5. Significance of the Study 5 1.6. Scope of the Study 5 1.7. Limitation of the Study 6 1.8. Definition of Key Terms 6 1.9. Organization of the Thesis 7 2. REVIEW LITERATURE 8 2.1. Concepts of Human Trafficking 8 2.2. Empirical Evidences of Human Trafficking 9 2.2.1. Human trafficking in World 10 2.2.2. Human trafficking in Africa 11 2.2.3. Human trafficking in Ethiopia 13 2.2.3.1. Internal trafficking 13 2.2.3.2. External trafficking 13 2.3. Major Factors of Human Trafficking 14 2.3.1. Push Factors 14 2.3.2. Pull Factors 14 2.4. Major Socio-Economic Effects of Human Trafficking 15 2.4.1. Social effects of human trafficking 15 ix 2.4.2. Health effects of human trafficking 15 2.4.3. Economic effects of human trafficking 16 2.5. Conceptual Framework of Human Trafficking 17 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 19 3.1. Location and Size 19 3.1.1. Topography and soil 20 3.1.2. Climate and drainage 20 3.1.3. Vegetation and wild life 21 3.1.4. Population characteristics 21 3.1.5. Economic Activities 22 3.2. Research Design 22 3.3. Sources and Types of Data 22 3.4. Sampling Procedure and sample size determination 23 3.5. Instruments of Data Collection 24 3.5.1. Questionnaires 24 3.5.2. In-depth Interview 24 3.5.3. Focus group discussions 24 3.6. Methods of Data Analysis 25 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 26 4.1. Background of the Sample Respondents. 26 4.1.1. Sex and age structure of the respondents 26 4.1.2. Educational and marital status of the respondents 28 4.1.3. Religious and ethnicity of the respondents 28 4.1.4. Income of the respondents 29 4.1.5. Occupation Status of Respondents before Trafficking 29 4.2. Major Features of Human Trafficking 29 4.2.1. Major routes of human trafficking 29 4.2.2. Major reasons of human trafficking 31 4.2.3. Destinations of human trafficking 33 4.2.4. Source of Finance for trafficking 34 4.2.5. Duration of stay in Middle East 35 4.2.6. Occupation in the Middle East 35 4.2.7. Remittances 36 4.2.8. Methods of remittance transfer to Ethiopia 38 4.3. Major Factors of Human Trafficking. 38 4.3.1. Push factors 38 4.3.2. Pull factors of human trafficking 40 4.4. Major Socio-Economic Effects 41 4.4.1. Social effects of human trafficking 41 4.4.2. Health effects of human trafficking 43 x 4.4.3. Economic effects of human trafficking. 45 4.5. Major Features of the Returnees 46 4.5.1. Housing condition of the Returnees 46 4.5.2. Economic Status of the Returnees 47 4.5.3. Future Plans of the Returnees’ 48 4.5.4. Respondents’ intention towards needs for support 48 4.5.5. Kind of Support requested by returnees 49 4.5.6. Assistance provided and stake holder who provided the support 50 4.6. Experiences and Challenges faced returnees 51 4.6.1. Major challenges faced trafficked returnees 52 4.6.2. Challenges Affecting Reintegration of Returnees. 54 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 57 5.1. Summary 57 5.2. Conclusions 59 5.3. Recommendations 60 6. REFERENCES 62 7. APPENDICES 74 xi LIST OF TABLES Table page 1. Demographic and Socio-economic Characteristics of Respondent 27 2.
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