Ground Water Year Book Himachal Pradesh (2015-2016)

For Official Use Only

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD

GROUND WATER YEAR BOOK HIMACHAL PRADESH (2015-2016)

NORTHERN HIMALAYAN REGION DHARAMSHALA (H.P) May, 2017

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD

GROUND WATER YEAR BOOK HIMACHAL PRADESH (2015-2016)

Rachna Bhatti Scientist ‘B’

NORTHERN HIMALAYAN REGION DHARAMSHALA (H.P) May, 2017

GROUND WATER YEAR BOOK HIMACHAL PRADESH 2015-2016 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

∑ Central Ground Water Board, NHR has set up a network of 111 National Hydrograph Stations in the state of Himachal Pradesh. The monitoring commenced in the year 1969 with the establishment of 3 observation wells and since, then the number of monitoring station are being increased regularly so as to get the overall picture of ground water scenario in different hydrogeological set up of the state.

∑ Most of the area in Himachal Pradesh is hilly enclosing few small intermontane valleys. The traditional ground water structures under observation at present are dugwells and are mostly located in the valley areas only. Therefore, the ground water regime monitoring programme is concentrated mainly in valley areas of the state and some places in hard rock areas.

∑ All the 111 National Hydrograph Stations are located only in 7 districts out of the 12 districts in Himachal Pradesh. The reason being hilly terrain, hard approachability and insignificant number of structures available for monitoring.

∑ The average annual rainfall in the state varies from 600 mm to more than 2400 mm. The rainfall increases from south to north. Dharamshala in district Kangra, receives the 2nd highest rainfall of about 3000 mm in the Country.

∑ Water levels are being monitored four times in a year during the month of May, August, November and January. Water samples are collected during the month of May every year for chemical analysis of ground water quality.

∑ The depth to water level, recorded during May 2015 ranged between 0.34m (Kullu district) and 29.25m bgl (Solan district). The majority of NHS (80.45%) recorded DTWL, in the range between 2-20 m bgl. Only 5.74% wells have recorded deep water levels, more than 20 m bgl.

∑ Monsoonal fluctuation of water level was analyzed for 83 stations for the period May 2015 – November 2015. A perusal of Table-8 shows that out of the 83 stations, 69 stations (83.13%) have shown rise in water level and remaining 14 stations (16.86%).

∑ Annual fluctuation for pre monsoon water level was analysed for 85 stations out of which, 38 stations (44.70%) have shown rise in water level ranging from 0.02 to 13.90 m (Kangra district), whereas 46 stations (54.11%) have shown fall ranging from 0.02m (Mandi district) to 11.78 m (Solan district).

∑ Annual fluctuation for post monsoon water level was analysed for 85 stations, out of which 55 stations (64.70%) have shown rise in water level ranging from 0.02 m (Hamirpur district) to 7.17 m (Kangra district) whereas 29 stations (34.11%) have shown fall ranging from 0.03 m (Una district) to 7.88 m (Sirmaur district).

∑ Decadal water level fluctuation for premonsoon was analysed for 83 stations out of which, 57 stations (68.67%) have shown rise and 30 stations (36.14%), have shown fall in water level.

Chemical Quality ∑ Magnesium contributes to a major part of samples collected from various National Hydrograph monitoring stations in Himachal Pradesh.

∑ From water quality results, a good correlation can be seen between alkalinity and chloride, means ground water have more alkaline in nature with dominant amount of chlorine.

∑ We can see a very good correlation between calcium and magnesium with carbonate and bicarbonate, so it may conclude that rocks of the aquifer are contributing to the chemical quality of water.

∑ U.S. Salinity Diagram shows that water is mostly C2S1 type, means medium salinity hazard and low sodium hazard. This indicates that water is good for irrigation purposes.

∑ According to Wilcox plot water is good for drinking purpose w.r.t sodium concentration.

∑ With respect to the water quality data analysis, the results shows that, all the parameters are under permissible limit, except Nitrate, which is more than permissible limits in some samples of district Una, Mandi and in one sample of district Kangra.

∑ Arsenic concentrations of all the samples are with in permissible limit, except Oldherian, distt Kangra, which is 0.025 mg/l.

∑ A focused vision of administrative and policy makers is required towards implementing the suitable measures for ground water development, management and its sustainability. There is a need to adopt measures like artificial recharge to ground water in water level depleted areas, public awareness for water conservation and water pollution to preserve our precious resource.

--*-- GROUND WATER YEAR BOOK HIMACHAL PRADESH 2015-2016

CONTENTS PAGES

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-3

2.0 HYDROGEOLOGY 3-6

2.1 Proterozoic to Mesozoic Formation 2.2 Tertiary Formation 2.3 Quaternary Formation

3.0 GROUND WATER SCENARIO 6-19

3.1 Depth to Water Level

3.1.1 May 2015 3.1.2 August 2015 3.1.3 November 2015 3.1.4 January 2016

3.2 Seasonal Water Level Fluctuation

3.2.1 May 2015 to November 2015 3.3 Annual Water Level Fluctuation

3.3.1 May 2014 to May 2015 3.3.2 August 2014 to August 2015 3.3.3 November 2014 to November 2015 3.3.4 January 2015 to January 2016

3.4 Decadal Variations

3.4.1 Decadal average of May (2005-2014) to May 2015 3.4.2 Decadal average of August (2005-2014) to August 2015 3.4.3 Decadal Average of November (2005-2014) to November 2015 3.4.4 Decadal average of January (2006-2015) to January 2016

TABLES

List of Tables Page No. 1. Year wise increase in GWMS, Himachal Pradesh 2

2. District wise GWMS and hydrogeological set up 3

3. Hydrogeological Formations and their yield potential, in Himachal Pradesh 4

4. Depth to Water Level - May 2015 7

5. Depth to Water Level - August 2015 8

6. Depth to Water Level - November 2015 9

7. Depth to Water Level - January 2016 10

8. Seasonal Fluctuation –May 2014- November 2014 11 9. Annual Fluctuation - May 2014 to May 2015 12

10. Annual Fluctuation - August 2014 to August 2015 13

14 11. Annual Fluctuation -November 2014 to November 2015

15 12. Annual Fluctuation -January 2015 to January 2016

13. Decadal Fluctuation – Decadal Average of May (2005-2014) to May 2015 16

14. Decadal Fluctuation - Decadal Average of August (2005-2014) to August 2015 17

15. Decadal Fluctuation - Decadal Average of November (2005-2014) to November 2015 18

16. Decadal Fluctuation - Decadal Average of January (2006-2015) to January 2016 19

ANNEXURE

I. Water Level Data for the period May 2015, August 2015, November 2015 and January 2016 20-22 II Monsonal Fluctuation of May 2014– November 2014 23-25 III Annual Fluctuation of May 2014- May 2015 , August 2014- August 2015, November 2014- November 2015 and January 2015- January 2016 26-29

IV Decadal Mean Fluctuation for the period of (May 2005 – May 2014) with May 2015 (August 2005 – August 2014) with August 2015, (November 2005– November 2014) with 30-33 November 2015 and (January 2006 – January 2015) with January 2016 LIST OF PLATES

PLATE NO. I. Administrative Divisions, Himachal Pradesh II. Distribution of GWMS, Himachal Pradesh III. Depth to Water Level - May 2015 (with different valleys) IV. Depth to Water Level - August 2015 V. Depth to Water Level - November 2015 VI. Depth to Water Level - January 2016 VIII. Seasonal Fluctuation - May 2014-November 2014 X. Annual Fluctuation - May 2014-May 2015 XI. Annual Fluctuation - August 2014-August 2015 XII. Annual Fluctuation - November 2014-November 2015 XIII. Annual Fluctuation - January 2015-January 2016 XIV. Decadal Fluctuation - Average May (2005-2014) - May 2015 XV. Decadal Fluctuation - Average August (2005-2014) - August 2015 XVI. Decadal Fluctuation - November (2005-2014) - November 2015 XVII. Decadal Fluctuation: January (2006-2015) - January 2016

CHEMICAL SECTION

Sr. No Description 1. Chemical Quality Data 2. Piper Diagram 3. U.S.Salinity Diagram 4. Wilcox Diagram 5. Schoeller’s Diagram 6. Description from various plots 7. Statistical Analysis of the data 8. Nitrate Concentration w.r.t permissible limits 9. Data Reliability (TH analysed vs. TH calculated plot)

GROUND WATER YEAR BOOK HIMACHAL PRADESH (2015-2016)

1.0 INTRODUCTION Himachal Pradesh is located between the north latitude 30o22’40” & 33o12’40” and east longitude 75o47’55” & 79o04’20”. It falls in Survey of India topographic sheets Nos. 52D, 52H, 52L, 53A, 53B, 53F, 53E and 53I and covers an area of 55,673 sq km. It is one of the predominantly hilly states in India, which lies in the western Himalayas. The length of Himachal Pradesh is about 355 km i.e. from northwestern part of Chamba to southeastern part of Kinnaur. The breadth of the state is about 270 km i.e. from western part of Una to northeast part of Lahaul and Spiti disrtict. The state is bounded by the state of Jammu & Kashmir in north, Punjab state in west, Haryana state in south and Uttrakhand state in southeast and shares an international border with China (Tibet) in northeast. Administratively, the state is divided in 12 districts, 76 tehsils, 34 sub-tehsils and 75 blocks. There are 20,118 villages, 3,037 Gram Panchayats, 57 towns, 28 Nagar Panchayats and 21 Nagar Parishads including Municipal Corporations. Lahaul & Spiti is the largest and Hamirpur is the smallest district of the state with geographical area of 12,835 and 1,118 sq km respectively. The state has a population of 68,64,602 persons (Census 2011) having an average population density of 128 person per sq km. The male population in the state is 34,81,873 persons and female population is 33,82,729. The rural and urban population in the state is 61,76,050 and 6,00,552 persons respectively. The density of population in the state varies from as low as 2 persons/sq.km in Lahaul and Spiti district to 406 persons/sq km in Hamirpur district as compared to the state average of 128 persons/sq km. Himachal region presents an intricate mosaic of mountain ranges, hills and valleys with altitude ranging from 350 m to 6500 m amsl. The Dhauladhar range looks in supreme majesty over the Kangra valley while the Pir Panjal, the Great Himalaya and the Zanskar ranges guard over Chamba, Lahaul & Spiti, Kullu and Kinnaur districts. The mountain slopes are covered with forests and meadows. The valleys below are interspersed with numerous streams, fields and quiet homesteads. There is general increase in elevation from east to west and from south to north. The physiographic divisions from south to north are the Outer Himalayas also known as Siwaliks (350 to 1500 m amsl), the Lesser Himalayan Range (1500-5000 m amsl), Great Himalayan Range (5000 – 6000 m amsl) and Zanskar Range (> 6000 m amsl) Himachal state has a unique distinction of having drainage systems of both the Indus and the Ganga basin. The major river systems of the region are the Chandra-Bhaga or the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas, the Satluj and the Yamuna. The catchments of these rivers are fed by snow and rainfall,

and are protected by fairly extensive cover of natural vegetation. Major rivers of the Indus river basin are the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas and the Satluj. The Yamuna is the only river contributing water to Ganga basin. The southwestern monsoon contributes about 70% of rainfall during monsoon period from July to September and about 30% occurs during non-monsoon period due to western disturbances and in the form of thunderstorm. Generally, rainfall increases from south to north. Western disturbances also shower rainfall in winters. Beyond Kullu towards Lahaul & Spiti and Kinnaur, rainfall decreases due to rain shadow effect. Spiti is the driest area with 50 mm rainfall because of being enclosed by High Mountain from all sides. The average annual rainfall in the districts of the state varies from about 600 mm in Lahaul & Spiti to more than 2400 mm in Kangra. Central Ground Water Board, under part of its national ground water monitoring programme has established a network of observation stations in the state for periodic monitoring of ground water level and water quality. The ground water regime monitoring programme commenced during the year 1969 when the erstwhile groundwater wing of Geological Survey of India established 3 stations in the State. At present there are 110 Ground Water Monitoring Station (GWMS) in Himachal Pradesh. The year wise increase in GWMS in the State is given in Table-1. Table-1: Year wise increase in GWMS, Himachal Pradesh Year Total Number of Ground Water Monitoring Stations 1969-73 3 1974-77 19 1978 32 1979 34 1980 35 1981 68 1982 69 1983-88 71 1989 72 1990-2000 79 2000-2010 86 2011-2013 102 2015-2016 111

The ground water monitoring is being carried out by Northern Himalayan Region, Dharamshala, since 1996. All the 111 GWMS are dug wells and are located in 7 districts of Himachal Pradesh out of the 12 districts. The reason for not monitoring other districts is being the hard approachability due to terrain conditions and non- availability of ground water monitoring structures. The district wise

2 break up of Ground Water Monitoring Stations and their occurrence in different hydrogeological setup is given in Table-2.

Table-2: District wise GWMS & hydrogeological setup Number of GWMS S. Total Valley Area Fissured Fissured Formation District No Porous Formation Formation (Proterozoic to (Quaternary) (Tertiary) Mesozoic) 1. Hamirpur 4 4 - - 2. Kangra 38 23 15 - 3. Kullu 3 3 - - 4. Mandi 8 8 - - 5. Sirmaur 13 11 2 - 6. Solan 12 12 - - 7. Una 34 32 2 - TOTAL 111 92 18 -

2.0 HYDROGEOLOGY The major part of Himachal Pradesh is hilly and mountainous with few small intermontane valleys covering about 15% of the area. These intermontane valleys comprise of alluvial deposits, which form extensive aquifers and thus represent porous formations. Major valleys in the state are Indora-Nurpur and Kangra-Palampur valleys in district Kangra, Una valley in district Una, Balh valley in district Mandi, Nalagarh valley in district Solan and Paonta valley in district Sirmaur. The Siwalik and Sirmaur group represent the Tertiary formation in the state. These two groups occur in the western part of the state and have northwest to southeast trend. The Siwalik comprises of boulder, conglomerate, sandstone and clay while, Sirmaur group comprises of shale, sandstone and clay. The primary porosity and permeability in the Tertiary formation is low to moderate and hence, these aquifers do not form high yielding aquifers. The older rock formations of Proterozoic to Mesozoic eras constitute of igneous and metamorphic rocks like granite, gneiss, slate, schist, phyllite, quartzite etc. Because of their consolidated nature, these rock formations serve as poor aquifers. However, due to tectonic movements, they have been traversed by faults, thrust and joints, which have enhanced their ground water potential.

The quality of ground water in hard rocks and alluvial areas is by and large good and suitable for domestic and irrigational use. The distribution of the hydrogeological formations discussed above and their yield potential are given below in Table -3.

Table-3: Hydrogeological Formations and their Yield Potential, in Himachal Pradesh Age Rock Formation Districts Hydrogeological Characteristics POROUS FORMATIONS Recent to sub Boulder, Cobble, Pebble, Kangra, Una, Solan, High Yield Recent Sand, Silt, Clay, Sirmaur, Mandi and Kullu 30-75 m3/hr FISSURED FORMATIONS Tertiary Boulder Conglomerate Kangra, Solan, Sirmaur Moderate to Sandstone, Clay Bilaspur, Una, Mandi, and Low Yield Hamirpur . < 30 m3/hr Proterozoic Shale, Slate, phyllite, Lahaul & Spiti, Kinnaur, Moderate to to Limestone, dolomite, Chamba, Mandi, Simla, Low Yield Mesozoic Sandstone, Quartzite, Granite, Kangra, Sirmaur, Solan, and < 5 to 30 m3/hr Schist, Kullu

2.1 Proterozoic to Mesozoic Formations Older formations of Proterozoic to Mesozoic age are constituted by groups like Sundernagar group, Shali-Deoban-Largi group, Vaikrita group, Jutogh group, Simla group, Krol group, Tal group, Kuling group, Lilang group, Tandi group etc. These groups comprise of granites, gneisses, slates, schists, phyllites, quartzites etc. and occur in Kangra, Chamba, Lahaul & Spiti, Kinnaur, Simla, Sirmaur, Kullu and Solan districts. These rocks are dense and consolidated in nature therefore; they bear low primary porosity and permeability, thus forming poor yielding hard rock aquifers. Secondary porosities have developed due to the tectonic movements. Weathered, fractured and contact zones however, form potential ground water zones. Groundwater in hard rocks area is either developed though bore wells or springs at favorable locations. Springs are the major ground water sources in these formations and its yield ranges from seepages to more than 25 lps and are utilized for both domestic and irrigation purposes. Weathered mantle in low topographic areas, also forms poor aquifers. In some areas, percolation wells are also constructed. Bowris are also constructed in oozing out spring zones, for collection of water to fulfill the domestic water needs. Number of hot water springs also occurs in these formations. 4

2.2 Tertiary Formations The upper Tertiary formations ranging in age from Middle Miocene to Lower Pleistocene are represented by the rocks of Siwalik group and extend from northwest to southeastern part of the state. It comprises of great thickness of cobbles, pebbles, detritus rocks, clays and conglomerates. The Siwalik chain is widest in the valley of river Beas. On paleontological grounds the Siwalik are subdivided into three subgroups namely upper, middle and the lower Siwaliks. The lower Tertiary formations ranging in age from Eocene to Lower Miocene are represented by the rocks of Sirmaur group. The Sirmaur group has also been sub-divided into three formations namely Kasauli, Dagshai and Subathu. The group comprises of shale, sandstone and clay. The Sirmaur group is separated by a fault from the Siwaliks. Fracture zones and contact zones form important aquifers in the low topographic areas with poor to moderate yields. Yields of the tube wells are less than 30m3/hr constructed along the fault/ fracture/contact zones. These fractures or faults zones form potential ground water zones for development. 2.3 Quaternary Formations The Quaternary formations occur either as major or minor valley fills/piedmont/fluvio-glacial deposits and alluvium. The major valley fill areas are Nurpur – Jawali – Nagrota Surian, Pragpur – Dadasiba, Palampur – Kangra valley fills in Kangra district; Shathlai and Sirkhad in Hamirpur district; Balh valley in Mandi district; Una valley in Una district; Nalagarh valley in Solan district; Paonta valley in Sirmaur district; Spiti valley in Lahaul & Spiti district. Ground water occurs under phreatic to semi-confined conditions in these deposits. In some of the valleys like Indora – Nurpur valley in Kangra district and Balh valley in Mandi district, confined aquifers are encountered. The thickness of valley fills in Paonta, Una, Nalagarh, Nurpur and Andaura are generally more than 100 m whereas, in other areas its thickness is within 100 m. Groundwater occurs under unconfined to confined conditions. In general, depth to water level varies from 5 to about 60 m bgl. Artesian conditions also exist in lower and central part of Una valley, lower part of Nurpur, Andaura and Balh valley fills. Ground water occurs under unconfined conditions in shallow valley fills areas developed along the river/streams. Discontinuous aquifers system is observed in Kangra, Sirmaur, Solan and Una districts. Depth to water level varies from < 2 to 20 m bgl. Ground water is developed through open dug wells, shallow and deep tube wells. The discharge of the tube wells varies up to 40 lps but generally ranges between 15 to 25 lps. There are about 8000 tube wells constructed including exploratory wells of CGWB in the valley fill deposits both for drinking and irrigation purpose. A

large number of shallow boreholes fitted with hand pumps also exist in the state for developing groundwater. 3.0 GROUND WATER SCENARIO The ground water level in the state is monitored regularly to have a review over the changes in ground water regime. The maps generated from these data help in identifying the areas, which are under water level rising and water level declining. With the help of these maps, suitable measures as per the demand of the area can be adopted for the sustainable ground water development. It also helps the planners to formulate the future strategy in various fields of ground water development. For the purpose of presentation, the water levels and their changes are shown separately in alluvial and hard rock areas because of aquifer discontinuity. As discussed earlier, the major alluvial areas are Indura-Nurpur and Kangra-Palampur valley in district Kangra, Una valley in district Una, Balh valley in district Mandi, Nalagarh valley in district Solan and Paonta valley in district Sirmaur. In hard rock areas point values are given at places.

The water level is being monitored in the State four times in a year 1. May : 20th to 30th : represents water level of Pre-monsoon period 2. August : 20th to 30th : represents peak monsoon water level. 3. November : 1st to 10th : represents water level of Post-monsoon period. 4. January : 1st to 10th : represents the recession stage of water level

The data has been analyzed for each set of measurement and report has been prepared which include following maps to understand the groundwater regime in the area.

A. Depth to water level maps : Water level scenario for the month in the area. B. Seasonal fluctuation maps : Water level fluctuation in comparison to Pre-monsoon. C. Annual fluctuation maps : Water level fluctuation in comparison to same month in the previous year. D. Decadal mean fluctuation : Water level fluctuation in the month of measurement maps with reference to the decadal average for the same month. The depth to water level, seasonal fluctuation and annual fluctuation has been presented in Annexure-I, II and III. The decadal mean fluctuation has been tabulated in Annexure-IV. The ground water behavior in the seven districts of Himachal Pradesh has been discussed below.

3.1 Depth to Water Level 3.1.1 May 2015 The depth to water level, recorded during May 2015 (Annexure - I), ranged between 0.34m (Kullu district) and 29.25m bgl (Solan district) (Table-3). Out of 87 stations monitored, the majority of NHS (80.45%) recorded DTWL, in the range between 2 - 20 m bgl. 12 stations (13.79%), recorded shallow water levels, less than 2 m bgl and 5 stations (5.74%), recorded deep water levels, more than 20 m bgl in the state. A perusal of the DTWL map shows that the shallow water level area of less than 2m bgl, occurs in a couple of pockets in kangra palampur valley mailnly in mandi district and bahl and kullu valley. 2-5 m and 5-10 m water level occupies in mist of the monitoring area of all the valleys, except in nallagarh and paonta valley where water levels are deep , between 20-40m bgl range. Table-3: District wise number & % of NHS distribution, in different DWL of May 2015

3.1.2 August 2015 The depth to water level recorded during August 2015 (Annexure - I) ranges between 0.30 m bgl (Mandi districts) to 24.05 m bgl (Solan district) (Table-5). Out of the 98 stations monitored the majority of 61 stations (62.24%) recorded DTW in the range between 2-20 m bgl, 34 stations (34.69) have recorded shallow water level less than 2 m bgl, and only 5 stations (5.10%) have shown, more than 20 m bgl in the state. A perusal of the DTW map for August 2015 indicates that the shallow water level area less than 2m occurs mainly in Balh valley (Mandi district), all the valleys of kangra district, eastern part of

Una valley, central part of Nallagarh valley and western part of Paonta alley. 2-5m and 5-10 m water level is recorded in almost all the valley areas. Deeper water levels ae found at some places in nallagarh and una valley. Table-5:– Depth to water level - August 2015

3.1.3 November 2015 The depth to water level recorded during November 2015 (Annexure - I) ranged between 0.44 m bgl in Una valley (Mandi district) to 27.98 m bgl in Paonta valley (Sirmaur district) (Table- 6). Out of 95 stations monitored, the majority of 74 NHS (77.89%) recorded DTWL, in the range between 2 - 20 m bgl. 18 stations (18.94%), recorded shallow water levels, less than 2 m bgl and 3 stations (3.15%), recorded deep water levels, more than 20 m bgl in the state. A perusal of the DTWL map for November 2015 shows that the shallow water level areas of less than 2 m occurs in central part of Kangra valley, southern part of Balh valley, central and northern part of Una valley. 2-5m is observed in major part of Kangra valley, part of Kullu valley, Balh valley, Una Valley, and Nalagargh valley and major part of Una valley. Deep water level more than 20m is confined mainly in eastern part of Paonta valley in Sirmaur district, southern part of Nalagarh valley of Solan district and small part of Una valley.

Table- 6: Depth to Water Level – November 2015

3.1.4 January 2016

The depth to water level recorded during January 2016 (Annexure - I) ranged between 0.42m (Mandi district) to 28.72 m bgl (Sirmaur district) (Table-7). Out of 95 stations which are monitored, the majority of 82 NHS (86%) recorded DTW in the range between 2 - 20 m bgl. 9 stations (9.47%) recorded shallow water levels, less than 2 m bgl and 4 stations (4.21%) recorded deep water levels, more than 20 m bgl in the state. A perusal of the DTW map of January 2016 shows that the shallow water level area occurs mainly in central part of Kangra valley (Kangra), southern part of Balh valley (Mandi), western part of Paonta valley (Sirmaur) and central part of Una Valley (Una district). Deep water level, more than 20m are confined mainly in eastern part of Paonta valley, Nalagargh and at few places of Una valley.

Table- 7: Depth to Water Level – January 2016

3.2 Seasonal Water Level Fluctuation To study the effect of monsoon and subsequent utilization for various needs like agriculture, irrigation and domestic etc, changes in water level are studied and are discussed below.

3.2.1 May 2015 to November 2015 Monsoonal fluctuation of water level was analyzed for 83 stations for the period May 2015 – November 2015. A perusal of Table-8 shows that out of the 83 stations, 69 stations (83.13%) have shown rise in water level and remaining 14 stations (16.86%) have shown fall in water level. The minimum rise in water level of 0.03 m was observed in Mandi District (Bahl valley) and the maximum rise 9.50 m was noticed in Kangra valley. Out of the 69 stations which have shown rise in water level, 53 stations (63.85%) show rise between the range of 0 to 2m, 12 stations (14.45%) between 2 to 4m and remaining 4 stations (4.81%) show rise more than 4m. The minimum and maximum fall in water level of 0.10 m and 1.58 m was observed in Mandi and Una District. All the 14 stations (16.86%) show fall in the range of 0 to 2m. A perusal of map for seasonal fluctuation shows a rise in water level in major part of Paonta valley, Nalagargh valley, Una valley, Balh valley and Kangra valley. Except a fall which is noticed in small pockets of paonta, Bahl and kullu valley.

Table-8: Monsoonal Fluctuation - May 2015 to November 2015

3.3 Annual Water Level Fluctuation Annual fluctuation in water level of GWMS during different monitoring periods were analysed and discussed below. 3.3.1 May 2014 to May 2015 Annual fluctuation of water level, has been worked out by comparing depth to water level of May 2014, with May 2015 and the data is presented in Annexure – III and its frequency distribution in various rise and fall ranges is given in Table-9. Out of the 85 stations analysed, 38 stations (44.70%) have shown rise in water level ranging from 0.02 to 13.90 m (Kangra district), whereas 46 stations (54.11%) have shown fall ranging from 0.02m (Mandi district) to 11.78 m (Solan district). Out of stations which have shown rise in water level, 34 stations (40%) show rise between the range of 0 to 2m, 2 stations (2.35%) between 2 to 4m and remaining 2 stations (2.35%) show rise more than 4m. Similarly, for the stations which have shown fall in water level, 35 stations (41.17) show fall between the range of 0 to 2m, 6 stations (7.05%) between 2 to 4m and remaining 5 stations (5.88%) show fall more than 4m.

A perusal of map of Annual Water Level Fluctuation for May 2014 to May 2015 shows fall in water level 0-2m in Nurpur Indora valley and kangra Palampur valley of Kangra district,all Nalagargh valley of Solan district and major part of Paonta valley of Sormour district. Rise in water level is noticed in major part of Kangra Palampur valley, Una valley, & Balh valley.

Table-9: District wise number & % of NHS distribution in different Annual W/L Fluctuation Range (May 2014 - May 2015)

3.3.2 August 2014 to August 2015 Annual fluctuation data of water level is presented in Annexure – III and its frequency distribution of rise and fall is given in Table-10. Out of the 94 stations, 75 stations (79.79%) have shown rise in water level ranging from 0.07 m (Mandi district) to 9.50 m (Una district) whereas 19 stations (20.21%) have shown fall ranging from 0.09 m ( Kangra & Una district) to 10.52 m (Una district). Out of stations which have shown rise in water level, 58 stations (61.70%) show rise between the range of 0 to 2m, 12 stations (12.77 %) between 2 to 4m and remaining 5 stations (5.31%) show rise more than 4m. Similarly, for the stations which have shown fall in water level, 13 stations (13.82%) show fall between the range of 0 to 2m, 3 stations (3.19%) between 2 to 4m and remaining 3 stations (3.19%) show fall more than 4m.

Table-10: Annual Fluctuation August 2014 - August 2015

3.3.3 November 2014 to November 2015 Annual fluctuation of water level has been worked out by comparing DTW of November 2014 with November 2015 and data is presented in Annexure – III and its frequency distribution in various rise and fall ranges is given in Table-11 Out of the 85 stations, 55 stations (64.70%) have shown rise in water level ranging from 0.02 m (Hamirpur district) to 7.17 m (Kangra district) whereas 29 stations (34.11%) have shown fall ranging from 0.03 m (Una district) to 7.88 m (Sirmaur district). Out of stations which have shown rise in water level, 47 stations (55.29%) show rise between the range of 0 to 2m, 6 stations (7.05 %) between 2 to 4m and remaining 2 stations (2.35%) show rise more than 4m. Similarly, for the stations which have shown fall in water level, 25 stations (29.41%) show fall between the range of 0 to 2m, 3 station (3.52%) between 2 to 4m and remaining 1 stations (1.17%) show fall more than 4m. A perusal of map of annual fluctuation of November 2014 to November 2015 showing fall in water level 0-2m Indora and few places of Kangra palampur valley, Balh valley, part of Nalagargh valley, part of Una valley and major part of Paonta valley, more than 4m is observed in the small pocket of Paonta valley. Similarly rise in water level 0-2m is noticed in southern part of Kangra valley, northern part of Kullu valley, northern part of Balh valley, southern part of Una valley and north eastern part of Nalagargh valley and major part of Paonta valley.

Table-11: Annual Fluctuation -November 2014 to November 2015

3.3.4 January 2015 to January 2016 Annual fluctuation of water level has been worked out by comparing depth to water level of January 2015 with January 2016 and data is presented in Annexure – III and its frequency distribution in various rise and fall ranges is given in Table-12. Out of the 88 stations analysed, 36 stations (40.90%) have shown rise in water level ranging from 0.01 (Kulla & Una district) to 4.80 m (Solan district) whereas 51 stations (57.95%) have shown fall ranging from 0.02 (Kangra district) to 16.73 m (Sirmaur district). Out of stations which have shown rise in water level, 32 stations (36.36%) show rise between the range of 0 to 2m, 3 stations (3.40 %) between 2 to 4m and remaining 1stations (1.13%) show rise more than 4m. Similarly, for the stations which have shown fall in water level, 47 stations (53.40%) show fall between the range of 0 to 2m, 1 station (1.13%) between 2 to 4m and remaining 3 stations (3.40%) show fall more than 4m.

Table-12: Annual Fluctuation, January 2015 to January 2016

3.4 Decadal Fluctuations The decadal variations were analyzed considering the decadal average of water level and the water level for the respective period. 3.4.1 Decadal average of May (2005-2014) to May 2015 Decadal Variation - Average of May (2005 - 2014) with May 2015 Decadal water level fluctuation has been worked out by comparing water level data of May 2015 with the average 10 years water level data of May (2005-2014) and is presented in Annexure- IV and frequency distribution in various ranges is presented in Table -13. A perusal of Table-13 shows that out of 83 stations analysed, 57 stations (68.67%) have shown rise and 30 stations (36.14%), have shown fall in water level. 42 stations (50.60%) are showing rise in water level between 0 to 2m, 7 stations (8.4%) between 2 to 4m. and 8 stations (9.6%), more than 4m. Out of 30 stations, 25 stations (30.12%) show fall in water level between 0 to 2m, 4stations (4.81%) between 2 to 4 m and 1 station (1.20%) more than 4m. A minimum rise in water level of 0.01m was noticed in Kangra districts and the maximum rise of 37.32m is noticed in Una district. Similarly, the minimum and maximum fall of 0.03m is noticed in Mandi district & maximum fall of 8.20 m is noticed in Kangra district.

A perusal of map of Decadal Variation - Average of May (2005 - 2014) with May 2015 reveals fall less than 2m, in small part of Kangra valley, Balh valley, Paonta valley, Nalagarh valley, Una valley and Kangra Indoura valley. Fall in water level >4 m bgl is noticed in part of Kangra- Palampur valley. Rise of water level, is observed in some parts of Kangra valley, Kullu valley, Balh valley, Paonta valley, northern part of Nalagarh valley and major parts of Una valley.

Table-13: District wise number & % NHS distribution in different Decadal W/L Fluctuation Range (May (2005- 2014) with May 2015

3.4.2 Decadal Average of August (2005 - 2014) to August 2015 Decadal water level fluctuation has been worked out by comparing water level data of August 2015 with the average 10 years water level data of August (2004-2013) and is presented in Annexure - IV and frequency distribution in various ranges is presented in Table -14. A perusal of Table-14 shows that out of 99 stations analysed, 72 stations (72.72%) have shown rise and 27 stations (27.27%), have shown fall in water level. 55 stations (55.55%) are showing rise in water level between 0 to 2m, 13 stations (13.13%) between 2 to 4m. and 4 stations (4.44%), more than 4m.

Out of 27 stations, 22 stations (22.22%) show fall in water level between 0 to 2m, 2stations (2.22%) between 2 to 4 m and 3 stations (3.33%) more than 4m. A minimum rise in water level of 0.01m was noticed in Una district and the maximum rise of 14.8 m is noticed in Sirmaur district. Similarly, the minimum and maximum fall of 0.09 m is noticed in Una district & maximum fall of 6.61 m is also noticed in Una district. A perusal of map Decadal Average of August (2005 - 2014) to August 2015 shows annual water level fall in lower part of Paonta valley of Sirmaur district, northern & central part of Nalagargh valley of Solan district, southern part of Una valley of Una district, some part of Balh valley of Mandi district and north eastern part of Kangra valley of kangra district. Similarly rise in water level is noticed in Balh valley of Mandi district, southern part of Una valley in Una district and part of Kangra valley of Kangra district. Table-14: Decadal Fluctuation August (2005-2014) to August 2015

3.4.3 Decadal average of November (2005-2014) to November 2015 Decadal water level fluctuation has been worked out by comparing water level data of November 2015 with the average water level data of November for 10 years (2004-2013) and is presented in Annexure - IV and frequency distribution in various ranges in Table 15. A perusal of Table-15 shows that out of 95 stations analysed, 51 stations (53.68%) have shown rise and 44 stations (46.31%), have shown fall in water level. 41 stations (43.15%) are 17

showing rise in water level between 0 to 2m, 4 stations (4.21%) between 2 to 4m. and 6 stations (6.31%), more than 4m. Out of 44 stations, 39 stations (41.05%) show fall in water level between 0 to 2m, 4stations (4.21%) between 2 to 4 m and 1 stations (1.05%) more than 4m. A minimum rise in water level of 0.80 m was noticed in Hamirpur district and the maximum rise of 9.56 m is noticed in Sirmaur district. Similarly, the minimum and maximum fall of 0.01 m is noticed in Una district & maximum fall of 5.01 m is also noticed in Solan district. A perusal of map of Decadal average of November (2005-2014) to November 2015 reveals water level fall less than 2m.in soth eastern part of kangra palampur valley and northern part of Nurpur Indaura valley of Kangra district, major part of Una valley, central part of Balh valley, a coulple of places in Paonta valley and northern part of Nalagargh valley.. The fall between 2 to 4 m was noticed in, northern part of Nalagargh valley. Similarly, rise is noticed in all the valleys from 0-2 m except in major prt of nallagah valley, where rise is more than 4m.

Table-15: Decadal Fluctuation November (2005-14) to November 2015

3.4.4 Decadal average of January (2006-2015) to January 2016

Decadal water level fluctuation has been worked out by comparing water level data of January 2016 with the average water level data of January for 10 years (2005-2014) and is presented in Annexure - IV and frequency distribution in various ranges is presented in Table -15. A perusal of Table-15 shows that out of 87 stations analysed, 57 stations (65.51%) have shown rise and 30 stations (34.48%), have shown fall in water level. 42 stations (48.27%) are showing rise in water level between 0 to 2m, 7 stations (8.04%) between 2 to 4m. and 8 stations (9.19%), more than 4m. Out of 30 stations, 25 stations (28.73%) show fall in water level between 0 to 2m, 4stations (4.59%) between 2 to 4 m and 1 stations (1.14%) more than 4m. A minimum rise in water level of 0.01 m was noticed in Kangra district and the maximum rise of 37.32 m is noticed in Una district. Similarly, the minimum and maximum fall of 0.05 m is noticed in Kangra district & maximum fall of 8.20 m is also noticed in Kangra district. A perusal of map for Decadal average of January (2006-2015) to January 2016 reveals fall in water level 0-2m in major part of Kangra palampur valley of Kangra district, A small part of Balh valley, western & eastern part of Paonta valley, northern part of Nalagargh valley and major part of Una valley. More than 4m water level fall is observed in only at a place in nurpur indora valley. Rise of water level 0-2m is noticed in all valleys. Table –15: Decadal Fluctuation January (2006-2015) to January 2016

Annexure-I Depth to water level of May, August, Nov 2015 & Jan 2016

State Himachal Pradesh Latitud Longitud dtw May- dtwAug- dtw Nov- dtw Jan- District HAMIRPUR e e 15 15 15 16 1 Bagnalla 31.78 76.34 4.81 6.13 2 Bijari 31.52 76.53 1.91 0.64 1.77 2.11 3 Galore 31.61 76.47 2.65 1.70 2.90 3.38 4 Kangu 31.69 76.42 6.52 6.14 6.89 7.31 District KANGRA 5 Andaura 32.13 75.69 2.75 1.83 2.23 2.61 6 Bandh 32.01 76.23 3.53 2.19 2.57 3.21 7 Barota 32.03 75.72 6.58 3.33 4.17 5.30 8 Basa Bazira 32.19 75.99 7.80 4.10 8.30 9 Bhalad 1.65 0.44 1.49 1.76 10 Bhali 32.18 75.95 2.00 1.00 1.60 2.65 11 Bharmar 31.8 76.33 12.25 6.57 10.15 12.35 12 Bharoli 32.29 75.87 6.47 2.17 3.15 3.40 13 Bod 32.11 76.41 2.85 0.95 2.39 3.25 Chakban 14 4.60 2.60 4.55 4.65 Ambari 32.15 75.69 15 Channaur 32.16 76.99 2.86 2.56 2.38 2.66 16 Darkati 31.88 76.22 2.42 0.81 1.99 2.43 Dehra 17 4.63 2.40 2.52 2.71 Gopipur 31.93 76.28 18 Dehrian 31.79 76.3 1.59 0.93 2.61 3.07 19 Hardogri 31.97 75.9 3.77 0.60 1.14 1.57 20 Jassur 32.28 75.84 3.60 4.50 3.10 5.65 21 Jwalaji 31.88 76.32 0.52 1.84 22 Kangra 32.1 76.27 12.05 2.90 7.40 10.55 23 Kathgarh 32.12 75.64 2.95 3.74 3.82 24 Kotla 32.24 76.04 2.37 0.50 2.22 2.59 25 Manjgram 32.23 76.17 1.45 0.85 1.37 26 Mao 32.27 76.02 0.58 1.19 2.95 27 Mohtli 32.22 75.67 3.25 3.10 3.46 28 Nagrota 2.35 29 Old Kangra 32.09 76.26 12.90 0.35 3.40 4.35 30 Olherian 32.08 75.65 3.00 2.41 2.50 2.75 31 Pandtehr 32.04 76.64 0.60 0.70 0.55 0.45 32 Panjpir 32.28 75.79 4.30 1.85 4.00 4.20 33 Paprola 32.05 76.63 10.05 4.30 9.85 34 Rait 32.19 76.21 9.45 1.90 8.74 9.13 35 Raja-ka-talab 32.21 75.92 3.55 1.20 2.30 4.13 36 Rakar 31.78 76.24 0.63 2.07 2.15 20

Latitud Longitud dtw May- dtwAug- dtw Nov- dtw Jan- District e e 15 15 15 16 37 Takipur 32.03 76.25 4.69 0.70 2.14 2.39 38 Thali 32.25 75.72 2.55 2.52 2.55 District KULLU 39 Gadauri 31.91 77.13 4.64 5.14 5.66 40 Hathithan 0.00 41 Kullu 31.96 77.12 0.34 0.00 0.60 District MANDI 42 Bahangrotu 31.61 76.92 5.43 4.17 5.32 5.42 43 Gagal 31.63 76.96 2.31 1.85 2.12 2.66 44 GUTKAR 31.66 76.95 5.00 2.86 5.52 6.45 45 Jarl 31.56 76.9 0.70 0.30 0.44 0.42 46 Jhiri 31.83 77.17 3.39 3.16 4.11 4.11 47 Kaned 31.58 76.91 1.06 0.56 1.03 0.71 48 Lohara 31.59 76.95 4.25 3.21 3.38 3.36 49 Ratti 31.6 76.9 4.00 4.10 District SIRMAUR 50 Ajiwala 30.47 77.59 5.52 2.90 5.04 5.75 51 Akkawala 11.32 10.89 11.75 11.54 52 Badripur 30.44 77.62 6.94 7.74 12.34 53 Dhaulakuan 30.45 77.64 7.26 4.10 7.02 54 Kala-Amb 30.5 77.22 13.80 10.70 12.35 13.60 55 Khodawala 30.49 77.73 14.80 11.55 15.30 14.69 56 Kiyarda 30.48 77.55 11.22 2.47 5.71 9.95 57 Kolar 30.55 77.43 12.52 1.55 10.99 12.83 58 Nayagaon 30.49 77.52 13.04 4.02 11.41 13.21 59 Shambuwala 30.53 77.32 10.20 5.10 7.45 9.50 60 Shibpur 30.48 77.67 28.35 20.55 27.98 28.72 61 Trilokpur 30.54 77.21 1.80 0.82 1.69 2.12 District SOLAN 62 Baddi 5.30 63 Barotiwala 30.9 76.84 22.10 26.85 64 Barun 31.15 76.64 29.25 24.05 22.20 23.95 65 Bhagheri 31.16 76.62 19.30 17.40 17.80 66 BHATOLI 31.17 76.61 12.90 10.60 12.50 67 Dhabota 31.09 76.63 13.45 12.75 12.45 12.65 68 Jagatpur 31.16 76.68 18.00 12.65 14.20 18.75 69 Khera-chak 31.01 76.72 6.65 4.15 4.85 5.75 70 Mahadev 31.11 76.68 13.35 10.20 12.50 13.35 71 Manjhauli 31.03 76.65 2.35 72 Panjahra 31.15 76.67 21.30 19.30 19.10 20.80 73 Phalahi 31.15 76.61 6.40 2.65 5.95 3.30

Latitud Longitud dtw May- dtwAug- dtw Nov- dtw Jan- District UNA e e 15 15 15 16 74 Amb 31.68 76.12 2.89 3.59 4.51 75 Babehr 31.79 75.82 3.79 1.22 2.67 3.27 76 Badshara 31.55 76.31 1.20 1.99 2.94 77 Baduhi 14.82 78 Bawal 2.09 1.52 79 Bhadsali 31.48 76.17 13.96 14.24 14.06 80 Bhangana 31.62 76.2 0.71 1.64 2.09 81 Daulatpur 31.78 76 6.27 6.94 7.38 82 Dharampur 31.45 76.23 2.94 2.01 2.52 3.01 83 Gagret 31.66 76.06 8.86 6.44 7.13 7.96 84 Ghaneri 31.7 76 8.31 4.37 7.44 85 Guglahar 31.56 76.13 3.84 2.51 3.48 3.32 86 Ishapur 31.5 76.18 2.39 6.25 2.06 2.19 87 Jankaur 31.43 76.27 4.32 1.79 3.01 3.38 88 Jawar 31.74 76.2 0.88 0.76 1.00 1.01 89 Jhalera 31.49 76.24 3.47 4.48 5.05 90 Khanpur 31.38 76.31 3.89 2.97 5.42 5.81 91 Khwaja 31.5 76.23 2.19 1.06 1.94 2.74 92 Kuluwal 31.48 76.21 4.37 2.76 3.31 Kuthera 93 5.56 5.12 6.11 7.14 Jaswala 31.6 76.12 94 Lalehri 31.37 76.25 10.60 1.36 10.96 11.42 95 Loharli 31.59 76.13 3.64 0.66 2.49 3.50 96 Mawa Kalan 31.75 76 21.37 17.69 20.43 19.96 97 Mubarikpur 31.7 76.07 5.38 2.52 3.21 3.77 98 Nangran 31.4 76.29 4.86 3.93 4.49 4.69 99 Panjawar 31.55 76.15 12.67 10.87 11.87 12.51 100 Panoh 31.54 76.2 2.12 0.71 1.94 2.78 Raipur 101 16.94 14.99 13.74 14.17 Marwadi 31.8 75.98 102 Rajli Panjal 31.54 76.4 3.00 2.77 2.92 3.77 103 Santokhgarh 31.36 76.31 4.88 3.68 4.59 4.80 104 Singhnei 31.69 76.03 20.75 18.49 18.88 19.68 105 Tahliwala 31.34 76.27 6.67 1.20 1.53 106 Una 31.47 76.26 2.86 1.19 2.32 2.85

National Data Centre, Faridabad

Annexure-II Monsoonal Fluctuation of , Pre and post for 2015 State Himachal Pradesh wl pre - wl post - District HAMIRPUR monsoon monsoon Fluctuation(m) 2015 2015 1 Bijari 1.91 1.77 0.14 2 Galore 2.65 2.90 -0.25 3 Kangu 6.52 6.89 -0.37 District KANGRA 4 Andaura 2.75 2.23 0.52 5 Bandh 3.53 2.57 0.96 6 Barota 6.58 4.17 2.41 7 Basa Bazira - 4.10 - 8 Bhalad 1.65 1.49 0.16 9 Bhali 2.00 1.60 0.40 10 Bharmar 12.25 10.15 2.10 11 Bharoli 6.47 3.15 3.32 12 Bod 2.85 2.39 0.46 Chakban 13 4.60 4.55 0.05 Ambari 14 Channaur 2.86 2.38 0.48 15 Darkati 2.42 1.99 0.43 16 Dehra Gopipur 4.63 2.52 2.11 17 Dehrian 1.59 2.61 -1.02 18 Hardogri 3.77 1.14 2.63 19 Jassur 3.60 3.10 0.50 20 Jwalaji - 0.00 - 21 Kangra 12.05 7.40 4.65 22 Kathgarh - 3.74 - 23 Kotla 2.37 2.22 0.15 24 Manjgram 1.45 0.85 0.60 25 Mao - 1.19 - 26 Mohtli 3.25 3.10 0.15 27 Old Kangra 12.90 3.40 9.50 28 Olherian 3.00 2.50 0.50 29 Pandtehr 0.60 0.55 0.05 30 Panjpir 4.30 4.00 0.30 31 Paprola 10.05 - - 32 Rait 9.45 8.74 0.71 33 Raja-ka-talab 3.55 2.30 1.25 34 Rakar - 2.07 - 35 Takipur 4.69 2.14 2.55 36 Thali - 2.52 - 23

wl pre - wl post - District KULLU monsoon monsoon Fluctuation(m) 2015 2015 District

37 Gadauri 4.64 5.14 -0.50 38 Hathithan - 0.00 - 39 Kullu 0.34 0.60 -0.26 District MANDI 40 Bahangrotu 5.43 5.32 0.11 41 Gagal 2.31 2.12 0.19 42 GUTKAR 5.00 5.52 -0.52 43 Jarl 0.70 0.44 0.26 44 Jhiri 3.39 4.11 -0.72 45 Kaned 1.06 1.03 0.03 46 Lohara 4.25 3.38 0.87 47 Ratti 4.00 4.10 -0.10 District SIRMAUR 48 Ajiwala 5.52 5.04 0.48 49 Akkawala 11.32 11.75 -0.43 50 Badripur - 7.74 - 51 Dhaulakuan 7.26 4.10 3.16 52 Kala-Amb 13.80 12.35 1.45 53 Khodawala 14.80 15.30 -0.50 54 Kiyarda 11.22 5.71 5.51 55 Kolar 12.52 10.99 1.53 56 Nayagaon 13.04 11.41 1.63 57 Shambuwala 10.20 7.45 2.75 58 Shibpur 28.35 27.98 0.37 59 Trilokpur 1.80 1.69 0.11 District SOLAN 60 Barun 29.25 22.20 7.05 61 Bhagheri 19.30 17.80 1.50 62 BHATOLI 12.90 - - 63 Dhabota 13.45 12.45 1.00 64 Jagatpur 18.00 14.20 3.80 65 Khera-chak 6.65 4.85 1.80 66 Mahadev 13.35 12.50 0.85 67 Panjahra 21.30 19.10 2.20 68 Phalahi 6.40 5.95 0.45 District UNA 69 Amb - 3.59 - 70 Babehr 3.79 2.67 1.12 71 Badshara 1.20 - -

wl pre - wl post - District monsoon monsoon Fluctuation(m)

2015 2015 72 Baduhi 14.82 - - 73 Bawal 2.09 1.99 0.10 74 Bhadsali - 14.24 - 75 Bhangana - 1.64 - 76 Daulatpur - 6.94 - 77 Dharampur 2.94 2.52 0.42 78 Gagret 8.86 7.13 1.73 79 Ghaneri 8.31 7.44 0.87 80 Guglahar 3.84 3.48 0.36 81 Ishapur 2.39 2.06 0.33 82 Jankaur 4.32 3.01 1.31 83 Jawar 0.88 1.00 -0.12 84 Jhalera - 4.48 - 85 Khanpur 3.89 5.42 -1.53 86 Khwaja 2.19 1.94 0.25 87 Kuluwal 4.37 3.31 1.06 Kuthera 88 5.56 6.11 -0.55 Jaswala 89 Lalehri 10.60 10.96 -0.36 90 Loharli 3.64 2.49 1.15 91 Mawa Kalan 21.37 20.43 0.94 92 Mubarikpur 5.38 3.21 2.17 93 Nangran 4.86 4.49 0.37 94 Panjawar 12.67 11.87 0.80 95 Panoh 2.12 1.94 0.18 Raipur 96 16.94 13.74 3.20 Marwadi 97 Rajli Panjal 3.00 2.92 0.08 98 Santokhgarh 4.88 4.59 0.29 99 Singhnei 20.75 18.88 1.87 100 Tahliwala - 1.20 - 101 Una 2.86 2.32 0.54

National Data Centre, Faridabad

Annexure-III

Annual Fluctuation of May 2014- May 2015, August 2014- August 2015 November 2014- November 2015 and January 2015- January 2016

Himachal State Pradesh District HAMIRPUR Annual fl Annual fl Annual fl Annual fl (jan (may14-may (Aug14-Aug (Nov 14-Nov 15-jan16) 15) 15) 15) 1 Bagnalla 0.00 -0.27 -0.47 2 Bijari 0.24 1.15 0.02 -0.29 3 Galore -0.11 0.19 -0.54 -0.91 4 Kangu 1.25 -1.65 -0.2 -0.05 District KANGRA 5 Andaura 0.41 -0.32 0.41 0.24 6 Bandh 0.72 -1.72 -1.02 -0.89 7 Barota -0.36 0.41 0.37 0.35 8 Basa Bazira -7.80 -4.1 9 Bhalad 0.67 0.41 0.02 -0.17 10 Bhali 0.02 0.69 0.18 -0.87 11 Bharmar -2.50 -4.20 0.09 -4.61 12 Bharoli 2.64 1.80 3.54 3.38 13 Bod -0.36 0.87 0.18 -0.59 Chakban 14 Ambari -0.39 1.50 -0.15 0.15 15 Channaur 1.06 0.46 16 Darkati -0.28 0.08 -0.25 -0.22 Dehra 17 Gopipur -0.18 0.57 1.15 1.50 18 Dehrian -0.09 0.14 -1.42 -1.94 19 Hardogri 1.63 -0.09 1.64 1.95 20 Jagir 1.68 21 Jassur 4.80 1.13 22 Jwalaji 0.72 23 Kangra 0.60 3.55 1.1 -8.60 24 Kathgarh 0.29 -0.07 0.18 25 Kotla -0.23 -0.47 -0.23 -0.02 26 Manjgram 0.30 0.22 0.08 27 Mao 0.18 0.08 -1.42 28 Mohtli 13.90 7.17 29 Nagrota 14.40 4.40 30 Old Kangra -8.20 1.87 1.06 0.59 31 Olherian -0.21 0.90 0.52 0.25 32 Pandtehr 0.80 -0.20 0.05

District HAMIRPUR Annual fl Annual fl Annual fl Annual fl (jan (may14-may (Aug14-Aug (Nov 14-Nov 15-jan16) 15) 15) 15) 33 Panjpir -0.46 0.77 -1.92 -1.38 34 Paprola 1.86 1.20 2.45 35 Rait -0.15 3.00 -0.15 0.27 36 Raja-ka-talab -0.13 1.17 0.98 -0.65 37 Rakar 0.56 -0.59 0.99 38 Riali 39 Takipur 0.62 0.29 2.63 40 Thali 0.13 0.67 0.28 Thirtynine 41 Mile District KULLU Gadauri 0.38 0.05 0.01 43 Kullu -0.14 0.00 1.08 District MANDI 45 46 Bahangrotu 1.19 0.50 0.24 -0.05 47 Gagal 0.19 -0.29 -0.26 -1.31 48 GUTKAR 2.15 -0.52 -1.33 -1.85 49 Jarl -0.05 -0.18 -0.17 -0.07 50 Jhiri 0.32 0.37 -0.09 -0.20 51 Kaned 0.00 0.65 0.46 -0.10 52 Lohara -0.65 0.07 0.08 0.44 53 Ratti -0.02 0.06 District SIRMAUR 54 Ajiwala 0.14 1.04 -0.47 55 Akkawala 1.08 0.15 -11.75 -0.10 56 Badripur 3.30 2.86 0.18 57 Dhaulakuan -0.91 3.08 -0.58 -1.57 58 Kala-Amb 0.32 1.19 2.65 -0.36 59 Khodawala 0.67 1.36 0.3 1.28 60 Kiyarda -0.51 0.27 0.34 -0.69 61 Kolar 0.29 6.48 2.16 -1.35 62 Nayagaon -2.69 0.55 -2.06 -1.22 Shambuwala -1.54 2.49 1.75 -0.97 63 Shibpur -9.14 5.01 -7.88 -16.73 64 Trilokpur 0.22 0.54 0.11 -0.24 District SOLAN 66 Baddi -5.30 67 Barotiwala 3.39 -0.15 68 Barun -11.78 4.16 5.75 4.80 69 Bhagheri -4.32 -3.01 -1.8

District HAMIRPUR Annual fl Annual fl Annual fl Annual fl (jan (may14-may (Aug14-Aug (Nov 14-Nov 15-jan16) 15) 15) 15) 70 BHATOLI -2.00 -10.60 0.40 71 Dhabota -2.17 0.54 -1.4 -0.30 72 Jagatpur -2.67 1.22 4 -1.90 73 Khera-chak -1.38 1.44 0.8 0.00 74 Mahadev -2.35 0.98 0.25 -1.25 Manjhauli 2.11 75 Panjahra -4.75 0.18 0.2 -0.30 76 Phalahi -0.42 3.14 -0.75 District UNA 78 Amb 2.09 1.49 1.57 79 Babehr -1.00 0.54 0.14 0.56 80 Badshara -1.20 81 Baduhi -14.82 82 Bawal -0.98 -0.54 -0.86 -1.88 83 Bhadsali 0.45 -14.24 0.57 84 Bhangana -0.09 -0.9 -0.86 85 Daulatpur 0.39 0.4 -1.09 86 Dharampur -0.15 0.23 0.39 -0.24 87 Gagret -0.80 0.42 -0.12 -0.22 88 Ghaneri 0.80 2.41 89 Guglahar -0.47 0.63 0.08 90 Ishapur 0.40 -3.70 2.17 91 Jankaur -0.16 1.20 0.41 0.28 92 Jawar 0.06 -0.17 0.3 0.01 93 Jhalera 1.01 0.23 -0.06 94 Khanpur 0.49 -2.03 -2.22 95 Khwaja 0.03 0.38 1.67 -0.87 96 Kuluwal -0.62 0.42 Kuthera 97 Jaswala 0.61 0.59 -0.03 -0.98 98 Lalehri 0.99 9.50 0.61 0.70 99 Loharli -0.22 2.36 0.18 100 Mawa Kalan -1.15 2.12 -0.2 1.07 101 Mubarikpur -1.02 1.54 1.07 1.46 102 Nangran 0.12 0.54 0.3 0.27 103 Panjawar -0.69 1.47 0.63 0.13 104 Panoh 0.23 0.53 0.09 -0.82 Raipur 105 Marwadi -2.11 -10.52 0.87 1.61 106 Rajli Panjal 0.44 -2.58 -2.71 -0.90 107 Santokhgarh -0.14 0.56 0 -0.23

District HAMIRPUR Annual fl Annual fl Annual fl Annual fl (jan (may14-may (Aug14-Aug (Nov 14-Nov 15-jan16) 15) 15) 15) 108 Singhnei -0.04 2.06 1.85 1.89 109 Tahliwala 1 -5.51 0.44 -0.46 110 Una 0.25 0.89 -0.75 -0.16

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Annexure-IV

Decadal mean Fluctuation May (2005-2014 with May 2015), August (2005-2014 with Aug 2015) November (2005-2014 with Nov 2015) January 2006-2016 with Jan 2016)

State Himachal Pradesh dec fl dec fl dec fl dec fl May Aug Nov Jan District HAMIRPUR Latitude Longitude (2005-14) (2005- (2005-14) (2006-15) wrt May 14) wrt wrt Nov wrt Jan 15 Aug 15 15 16 1 Bagnalla 31.78 76.34 -0.24 -0.48 2 Bijari 31.52 76.53 0.66 1.35 0.80 -0.15 3 Galore 31.61 76.47 0.09 0.13 -0.48 -0.99 4 Kangu 31.69 76.42 2.05 -0.95 0.84 -0.27 District KANGRA 5 Andaura 32.13 75.69 2.31 1.42 1.86 1.68 6 Bandh 32.01 76.23 -0.37 -1.39 -1.03 -0.82 7 Barota 32.03 75.72 -0.05 -0.37 -0.02 0.14 8 Basa Bazira 32.19 75.99 -4.17 3.47 9 Bhalad 2.17 0.50 -0.08 -0.09 10 Bhali 32.18 75.95 0.02 0.40 0.18 -0.87 11 Bharmar 31.8 76.33 2.17 -0.30 0.03 -1.54 12 Bharoli 32.29 75.87 2.83 3.55 2.39 2.74 13 Bod 32.11 76.41 0.51 0.50 0.24 -0.64 Chakban 14 Ambari 32.15 75.69 -0.39 1.26 -0.41 0.15 15 Channaur 32.16 76.99 1.16 0.20 1.00 0.81 16 Darkati 31.88 76.22 -0.28 0.25 -0.60 -0.22 Dehra 17 Gopipur 31.93 76.28 0.39 0.89 1.46 1.60 18 Dehrian 31.79 76.3 0.91 0.32 -0.84 -1.10 19 Hardogri 31.97 75.9 1.18 2.92 2.19 2.15 20 Jassur 32.28 75.84 3.53 -1.74 3.19 0.69 21 Jwalaji 31.88 76.32 0.09 -0.68 22 Kangra 32.1 76.27 0.48 3.16 1.32 -0.62 23 Kathgarh 32.12 75.64 -0.23 -0.72 -0.32 24 Kotla 32.24 76.04 -0.23 -0.47 -0.91 -0.02 25 Manjgram 32.23 76.17 0.18 0.25 0.00 26 Mao 32.27 76.02 0.25 0.56 -0.29 27 Mohtli 32.22 75.67 10.55 9.05 8.41 28 Nagrota 3.39 29 Old Kangra 32.09 76.26 -8.20 1.01 0.33 0.59 30 Olherian 32.08 75.65 0.66 0.43 0.34 0.13 31 Pandtehr 32.04 76.64 0.44 -0.30 -0.01 0.30

dec fl dec fl dec fl dec fl May Aug Nov Jan District Latitude Longitude (2005-14) (2005- (2005-14) (2006-15)

wrt May 14) wrt wrt Nov wrt Jan 15 Aug 15 15 16 32 Panjpir 32.28 75.79 0.01 0.10 -1.04 -0.90 33 Paprola 32.05 76.63 3.64 2.25 -0.85 -2.82 34 Rait 32.19 76.21 0.04 2.61 0.57 -0.25 35 Raja-ka-talab 32.21 75.92 0.33 0.14 -0.61 36 Rakar 31.78 76.24 0.62 1.25 1.36 37 Takipur 32.03 76.25 2.00 0.55 0.79 2.40 38 Thali 32.25 75.72 -0.06 0.31 0.28 District KULLU 39 Gadauri 31.91 77.13 0.28 3.71 -0.15 0.06 40 Hathithan 41 Kullu 31.96 77.12 1.26 1.42 1.08 District MANDI 42 Bahangrotu 31.61 76.92 1.82 0.37 0.60 1.07 43 Gagal 31.63 76.96 -0.38 -0.65 -0.60 -0.91 44 GUTKAR 31.66 76.95 4.19 0.49 0.26 0.50 45 Jarl 31.56 76.9 -0.03 0.07 0.10 0.14 46 Jhiri 31.83 77.17 5.54 4.27 5.79 4.11 47 Kaned 31.58 76.91 0.87 0.21 0.46 0.80 48 Lohara 31.59 76.95 -0.14 0.23 0.28 0.38 49 Ratti 31.6 76.9 0.04 -0.19 District SIRMAUR 50 Ajiwala 30.47 77.59 0.51 0.68 -0.15 -0.68 51 Akkawala 0.52 0.19 -0.47 -0.19 52 Badripur 30.44 77.62 1.00 0.30 1.87 -0.35 53 Dhaulakuan 30.45 77.64 0.23 -1.19 54 Kala-Amb 30.5 77.22 -0.24 -0.85 0.58 -0.48 55 Khodawala 30.49 77.73 1.16 0.68 -1.48 -0.13 56 Kiyarda 30.48 77.55 -1.08 0.13 -0.01 -1.61 57 Kolar 30.55 77.43 12.66 14.28 9.56 7.83 58 Nayagaon 30.49 77.52 -0.95 0.81 -2.07 -1.23 59 Shambuwala 30.53 77.32 0.01 1.34 1.28 -0.23 60 Shibpur 30.48 77.67 -1.96 -0.24 -3.86 -2.99 61 Trilokpur 30.54 77.21 0.74 0.25 1.15 -0.17 District SOLAN 62 Baddi -1.38 63 Barotiwala 30.9 76.84 3.40 -0.96 64 Barun 31.15 76.64 -1.56 3.93 5.58 4.26 65 Bhagheri 31.16 76.62 -3.51 -3.48 -5.03 -1.47 66 BHATOLI 31.17 76.61 -1.07 0.58 -1.28 -0.88

dec fl dec fl dec fl dec fl May Aug Nov Jan District Latitude Longitude (2005-14) (2005- (2005-14) (2006-15)

wrt May 14) wrt wrt Nov wrt Jan 15 Aug 15 15 16 67 Dhabota 31.09 76.63 -1.40 -1.45 1.40 -3.58 68 Jagatpur 31.16 76.68 -0.35 -0.78 -1.01 -1.73 69 Khera-chak 31.01 76.72 -2.16 -0.66 -2.33 -2.33 70 Mahadev 31.11 76.68 -1.93 -0.52 4.74 3.33 71 Manjhauli 31.03 76.65 6.87 0.12 -0.23 2.68 72 Panjahra 31.15 76.67 -0.19 8.84 -2014.00 -2015.00 73 Phalahi 31.15 76.61 3.03 District UNA 74 Amb 31.68 76.12 3.11 1.32 1.18 75 Babehr 31.79 75.82 0.35 0.28 -0.50 0.02 76 Badshara 31.55 76.31 37.32 77 Baduhi 5.78 78 Bawal -0.69 -0.59 -1.00 -1.70 79 Bhadsali 31.48 76.17 0.46 0.75 -0.55 1.31 80 Bhangana 31.62 76.2 0.11 -0.92 -0.98 81 Daulatpur 31.78 76 0.27 -0.74 0.81 82 Dharampur 31.45 76.23 0.85 0.19 -0.49 83 Gagret 31.66 76.06 -0.66 0.14 0.09 0.11 84 Ghaneri 31.7 76 -0.67 0.85 -1.90 85 Guglahar 31.56 76.13 0.03 0.09 -0.55 0.03 86 Ishapur 31.5 76.18 1.39 -3.71 0.88 0.68 87 Jankaur 31.43 76.27 0.34 0.70 0.38 -0.16 88 Jawar 31.74 76.2 1.12 -0.01 0.27 0.23 89 Jhalera 31.49 76.24 1.17 -0.06 -0.19 90 Khanpur 31.38 76.31 0.37 -0.09 -2.02 -2.02 91 Khwaja 31.5 76.23 0.09 -0.27 -0.40 -1.10 92 Kuluwal 31.48 76.21 0.14 0.54 0.40 Kuthera 93 Jaswala 31.6 76.12 1.29 0.44 -0.07 -0.66 94 Lalehri 31.37 76.25 1.66 9.14 -0.20 0.25 95 Loharli 31.59 76.13 -0.22 2.36 7.25 0.18 96 Mawa Kalan 31.75 76 -1.40 1.21 -0.91 -0.34 97 Mubarikpur 31.7 76.07 0.77 1.96 0.88 0.63 98 Nangran 31.4 76.29 0.41 0.12 0.16 0.38 99 Panjawar 31.55 76.15 0.23 1.29 -0.13 0.18 100 Panoh 31.54 76.2 0.89 0.53 0.68 -0.53 Raipur 101 Marwadi 31.8 75.98 -1.16 -6.61 -0.17 0.58 102 Rajli Panjal 31.54 76.4 2.49 -0.81 -1.93 -0.77 103 Santokhgarh 31.36 76.31 -0.14 0.05 -0.35 -0.01 32

dec fl dec fl dec fl dec fl May Aug Nov Jan Distric Latitud Longitud (2005-14) (2005- (2005-14) (2006-15) t e e wrt May 14) wrt wrt Nov wrt Jan 15 Aug 15 15 16 104 Singhnei 31.69 76.03 0.47 2.33 1.40 1.42 105 Tahliwala 31.34 76.27 -5.51 0.44 -0.46 106 Una 31.47 76.26 0.29 0.36 -0.08 -0.16

A. Description from various Plots (WQ May 2015) From various plots from chemical analysis of water samples, from NHNS, in respect of Himachal Pradesh, we can conclude that:. 1. Magnesium contribute to a major part of samples collected from various National Hydrograph monitoring stations in Himachal Pradesh 2. From water quality results, a good correlation can be seen between alkalinity and chloride, means ground water have more alkaline in nature with dominant amount of chlorine. 3. We can see a very good correlation between calcium and magnesium with carbonate and bicarbonate, so it may conclude that rocks of the aquifer are contributing to the chemical quality if water. An activity of chlorine is also seen there. 4. U.S. Salinity Diagram shows that water is mostly C2S1 type, means medium salinity hazard and low sodium hazard. This indicates that water is good for irrigation purposes. 5. According to Wilcox plot water is good for drinking purpose w.r.t sodium concentration.

Statistical Analysis of the B. Data

Sp Cond ms/cm pH 25°C CO3 HCO3 Alkalinity Cl SO4 NO3 F Ca Mg Na K TH TDS As Maximum 10.4 1260 66 561.2 460 245 208 61 1.3 88.2 87.6 220 90.3 423.3 729.6 0.025 Minimum 6.97 4.4 0 6.1 15 7 0 0 0.01 10 0 3.73 0.43 45.9 2.288 0.01 Mean 7.92 461.256 2.24 181.8 151.6 45.4 46.6 15.81 0.24 35.9 23.6 38.1 5.37 187.1 261.7 0.013 Standard Deviation 0.67 232.556 9.16 97.43 77.35 47.3 39.3 18.37 0.23 17.3 14.2 36.7 10.6 72.64 141.4 0.0067

C Nitrate Concentration of the Data

With respect to the water quality data analysis, the results shows that, all the parameters are under permissible limit, except Nitrate, which is more than permissible limits, shown in table below:

All parameter except Nitrate is under Permissible limit 15 number Nearly 13 % samples having nitrate value greater than Permissible Limit Area having more nitrate value is District Block Location Solan Nallagarh Baruna Solan Nallagarh Palahi Kangra Indora Chanour Mandi Mandi Bhangrotu Mandi Mandi Lohara

UNA Amb Daulatpur UNA Una Khawaja UNA Amb Kuthera Jaswan UNA Amb Guglehar UNA Una Ishpur UNA Una Una UNA Amb Badsali UNA Amb Nangran UNA Amb Loharli UNA Amb Thathal

D Reliability of the Data:

The data collected from field is reliable, as we can see relationship between total Hardness analysed and Total Hardness Calculated, from the following graph. TH(mg/l) = 2.497*Ca+ 4.115*Mg From Calculation

TH analyzed & TH calculated 222 450

y = 0.9964x + 0.1608 R² = 0.9944 400

350

300

250

TH analyzed & TH calculated 200

TH Calculated Linear (TH analyzed & TH calculated)

150

It shows analysis of sample is co 100 relate with theoritical value. Which shows the accuracy of data. 50

0 0 100 200 300 400 500 TH Analyzed