DROSOPHILA INFORMATION SERVICE 59 October 1983

Material contributed by DROSOPHILA WORKERS

and arranged by P. W. HEDRICK

with bibliography edited by I. H. HERSKOWITZ

Material presented here

should not be used in publications

without the consent of the author.

Prepared at the DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas 66045 - USA DROSOPHILA INFORMATION SERVICE

Number 59

October 1983

Prepared at the Division of Biological Sciences University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas 66045 - USA

Publication costs are partly funded by NSF Grant BSR-8005965 to R.C. Woodruff. For information regarding submission of manuscripts or other contributions to Drosophila Information Service, contact P. W. Hedrick, Editor, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 - USA. October 1983 DROSOPHILA INFORMATION SERVICE 59 DIS 59 j

Table of Contents

ANNOUNCEMENTS and 24th ANNUAL DROSOPHILA CONFERENCE REPORT ...... 59: v CLONE LIST: Drosophila DNA clones by chromosome location. Report by J. Merriam . . . . 59: 1

RESEARCH NOTES

ALEXANDROV, Y.N. and M.D. GOLUBOVSKY. The multisite mutations induced by viruses and foreign DNA can spread in natural populations of Drosophila . . . . . . . . . . 59: 10 ANKINA, M.A. and I.D. ALEXANDROV. Electron microscopy of "salt-and-pepper" variegation induced by 1,4-bisdiasoacetyl butane in white mutants of D.melanogaster . . . . . . 59: 12 ANTOINE, M.L., K.A. ITOKU and W.S. STARK. How developmentally related are 59 : 13 photoreceptors and pigment cells in the Drosophila compound eye? ...... 59: 15 ASADA, N. and 0. KITAGAWA. Courtship behavior of D.niveifrons ...... BAIMAI, V. Spontaneous aneuploidy in four species of the D.montium subgroup . . . . . . 59: 15 BALWIN, G. Hybrid chromosomes in three species of the D.nasuta complex . . . . . . . . 59: 16 BALWIN, C. Sexual isolation between three species of the D.nasuta complex . . . . . . . 59: 18 BAND, H.T. and R.N. BAND. C.amoena and other drosophilids in Michigan . . . . . . . . . 59: 19 BASDEN, E.B. Fresh air as an attractant for Drosophila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 20 BISHOP, E.R. and S.J. SHAFER. Learning behavior in D.melanogaster larvae. I ...... 59: 21 BISHOP, E.R. and S.J. SHAFER. Learning behavior in D.melanogaster larvae. II. .... 59: 21 BOTELLA, L.M., A. MOYA and J.L. MENSUA. Effect of urea on viability and mean developmental time of Drosophila melanogaster larvae . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 23 BOURNIAS-VARDIABASIS, N. On the teratogenic effects of courmarin and hydroxycoumarin in D.melanogaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 24 CASTRO, J.A., A. MOYA and J.L. MENSIJA. Gene frequency-dependent selection: Analysis of competition among two and three competitors of Drosophila melanogaster . . . . . 59: 25 CHISTYAKOV, V.A. and I.D. ALEXANDROV. "Sectoral" and "salt-and-pepper" eye mosaicism induced by potential and obvious mutagens/carcinogens in white mutants of D.melanogaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 27 CLYDE, M. and S. HASNAII. The chromosomes of Drosophila circumdata Duda . . . . . . . . 59: 28 CROSSLEY, S. and I. TAYLOR. Pulse song during courtship breaks by ebony

mutants of D.melanogaster ...... 59: 29 DHINGRA, G. and N.K. VIJAYAKUMAR. Non-mutagenic effects of Malathion, an

organophosphorous insecticide, on D.melanogaster ...... 59: 30 DI PASQUALE PALADION-PASQUA CAVOLINA, A. A new melanotic tumor mutant, tu-pb, of Drosophila melanogaster showing unusual phenotypical manifestation . . . . . . . 59: 31 ETGES, W.J. Recurrences of 2L-5: a rare paracentric inversion in Drosophila robusta 59: 34 FERRE, J. and J.L. MENSUA. Quinolines in Drosophila melanogaster and their application to the chromatographic characterization of eye-color mutants. 59: 35 GAl, P.C. and N.B. KRISHNANIJRTHY. Studies on the Drosophila fauna from

Sampaje and Shiradi Ghats, Karnataka, India ...... 59: 36 GERASIMOVA, T.I. Superinstability of insertion mutations at the cut LOCUS

in Drosophila melanogaster ...... 59 : 37 GERASIMOVA, T.I. Simultaneous reversion of two unstable alleles at the carmine : 38 and cut loci in Drosophila melanogaster ...... 59 GILBERT, D.G., W.T. STARMER and M-A. LACHANCE. Drosophila collected in 59 : 39 Southwestern Ontario ...... GOETZ, K.G. and R. BIESINGER. Wind-controlled selection of motion detectors 59 : 39 in the eyes of D.melanogaster ...... GOLUBOVSKY, M.D. The increase of X-linked lethal and non-disjunction rates in genotypes with unstabled singed alleles in D.melanogaster . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 40 GOLUBOVSKY, M.D. Recessive sex-linked female-specific lethals at deltex locus discovered in natural populations of D.melanogaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 42 GONZALEZ, A. and J.L. MENSUA. High detrimental load in two populations of Drosophila melanogaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 43 GREEN, N.M. and G.L.G. MIKLOS. The generation of deleted X chromosomes using the male recombination (MR) system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 45 GROMKO, M.H. and N. JENSEN. The effects of culture medium on productivity . . . . . . . 59: 46 ii - DIS 59 Table of Contents October 1983

GUEST, W.C. Chlorpromazine delays D.melanogaster larval development ...... 59: 47 GUPTA, A.P. Molecular evidence for developmental stability in species crosses and backcross progeny of D.pseudoobscura and D.persimilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 47 GVOZDEV, V.A., B.A. LEIBOVITCH and E.V. ANANIEV. Gene dosage compensation in the X chromosome of D.melanogaster: transcription levels in metafemales and metamales and the amount of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in metafemales. . . 59: 48 HARPER, A.A. Rhythmicity of mating activity in "Dark" and "Light" strains of D.melanogaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 50 HARPER, A.A. and D.M. LAMBERT. Disruptive selection for homogamy in mutant strains of Drosophila melanogaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 51 HARPER, A.A. and D.M. LAMBERT. Modified experiments which select for homogamy in mutant strains of Drosophila melanogaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 53 HENDERSON, N.R. and D.M. LAMBERT. A study of geographic variation in the mate recognition systems of individuals from Australian and New Zealand populations of Drosophila melanogaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 54 HERREROS, A.S. Sensibility of the larvae of Drosophila to the electric field. . . . . 59: 56 HOLM, D.G. Analysis of nonrandom segregation of compound autosomes in males ...... 59: 56 IRICK, H.A. Estimation of the number of genes in a region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 59 KAYTES, P. and D.L. HARTL. Note on electrophoretic mobility and tissue localization of -flucuronidase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 61 KEKIC, V., R. HADZISELIMOVIC and Z. SMIT. Drosophila fauna of artificial microhabitats in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 61 KHOVANOVA, E.M. and S.G. SMIRNOVA. An instance of random drift in a laboratory stock of D.simulans ...... 59: 62 KIDWELL, M.G., T. FRYDRYK and J.B. NOVY. The hybrid dysgenesis potential of Drosophila melanogaster strains of diverse temporal and geographical natural origins. 59: 63 KOENE, P. and R. BIJLSMA. Differences in mating succes between G6pd and Pgd genotypes of Drosophila melanogaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 69 KOROCHKIN, L.I. The hypothesis about the role of heterochromatin in the evolution of Drosophila of the virilis group ...... 59: 70 KRUTOVSKY, K.V., A.N. MILISIINIKOV and Yu.P. ALTUKHOV. Frequency of induced null- mutations in three allozyme loci at different stages of Drosophila melanogaster ontogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 71 LAMBERT, D.M. and M.C. MCLEA. Drosophila pseudoobscura in New Zealand . . . . . . . . . 59: 72 LATORRE, A., L. PASCUAL and R. DEFRUTOS. Loci active in two strains of Drosophila subobscura...... 59: 73 LEBER-BUSSCHING, M. and R. BIJLSMA. The effect of sodium octanoate on the adult mortality of Drosophila melanogaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 74 LEE, T.J. Systematic relationships among the species of Drosophilidae by the proteins electrophoretic analysis ...... 59: 75 MARENGO, N.P. Fibrillar disorganization in the "A" bands of "rotated" prepupal muscles of Drosophila melanogaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 75 MARINKOVIC, D. and M. MILOSEVIC. Mobility of D.subobscura flies with different rates of their embryonic development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 76 MARONI, G. and S.C. STANEY. Developmental profile and tissue distrubtion of alcohol dehydrogenase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 77 MARTINEZ-SEBASTIAN, M.J. and R. DEFRUTOS. Chromsomal polymorphism in Drosophila subobscura populations submitted to selection for a quantitative character. . . 59: 79 MARTINEZ-SEBASTIAN, M.J. and J.L. MENSUA. Variations of wing dimensions in Drosophila subobscura populations selected for abdominal bristle number . . . . . . 59: 80 MASON, J.M. Nitrogen mustard induced translocations in mutagen-sensitive mutants. . 59: 81 MATHER, W.G. and A.K. POPE. Inversions from Chiang Mai, Thailand ...... 59: 82 MATHER, W.G. and A.K. POPE. Inversions from Phuket, Thailand. Second Report. - - - . 59: 83 MATHER, W.G. and A.K. POPE. Inversions from Phuket, Thailand. Third Report . . . . . . 59: 83 MAYER, P.J. and G.T. BAKER. Delayed desemination by low temperature exposure in two strains of D.melanogaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 84 MAZAR-BARNETT, B. and E.R. MUNOZ. Dominant lethal tests with nipagin in Drosophila melanogaster ...... 59: 85 MIGLANI, G.S. and A. THAPAR. On the effect of ethyl methane-sulphonate and chloroquine phosphate on fertility and longevity in D.melanogaster...... 59: 86 October 1983 Table of Contents DIS 59 - iii

MIGLAI'TI, G.S. and A. THAPAR. Relative effectiveness of ethyl methane-sulphonate and chioroquine phosphate in egg-to-adult development of D.melanogaster . . . . . . . . 59: 88 MORCILLO, E. and J.L. MENSUA. Two new spots on thin-layer chromatography plates of eye colour mutants of Drosophila melanogaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 89 MOYA, A. and J.L. MENSUA. Dynamics of larval competition process: the overfeeding technique in Drosophila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 90 NAJERA, C. Effect of alcohol and overcrowding on viability of eye colour mutants of Drosophila melanogaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 92 NAJERA, C. and J.L. MENSUA. The evolution of artifical populations of eye colour mutants of Drosophila melanogaster in mediums with and without alcohol . . . . . . 59: 94 NARISE, S. Activity difference among acid phosphatase allozymes from D.virilis. . . 59: 95 PARKASH, R. and P.S. RAJPUT. Photomap of the salivary gland chromosomes of D.Jambulina 59: 96 PASCUAL, L., R. DEFRUTOS and A. LATORRE. Polytene chromosomes of Drosophila subobscura at the end of the prepupal stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 98 PAYANT, V. Temperature sensitive period of abdominal tergites pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59: 99 PFRIEM, P. Eclosion time and progeny size of twelve D.obscura group species

in relation to different temperatures ...... 59:101 PORTIN, P., M. ERANAJA and E. LUOMA-AHO. Test of the effect of the Y chromosome on quantitative characters of Drosophila melanogaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59:102 PREVOSTI, A., L. SERRA and M. MONCLUS. Drosophila subobscura has been found in Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59:103 RAUSCHENBACH, I., V. BUDKER and L. KOROCHKIN. Pupal esterase of Drosophila

virilis splits juvenile hormones ...... 59:104 RIBERA, I.L. A study of the influence of r and K reproductive chromosomal arrangements O st and 03+7 of chromosome 0 of Drosophila subobscura . . . . . . . 59:105 ROBERTSON, J.P., H.K. KAYA and J.B. BOYD. Microsporidian strikes again--

a further warning ...... 59:105 RUIZ, A. and J. ALVEROLA. Lack of evidence of embryonic mortality in the progeny

of Drosophila buzzatii females heterozygous for included inversions ...... 59:106 SCHALET, A. Vital loci located at the junction of polytene X chromosome

sections 2B and 2C in D.melanogaster ...... 59:107 SESHIN, V.F., I.F. ZHIMULEV, A.G. SHILOV, E.S. BELYAEVA and E.M. BARICHEVA. RNP-bodies in puffs of Drosophila melanogaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59:108 SHEKARAN, S.C. and R.P. SHARMA. Apang (apg)tS: a temperature sensitive gene

for tarsus development in Drosophila melLanogaster ...... 59:110 SHEKARAN, S.C. and R.P. SFLARMA. Phenol induced phenocopies of Shaker--a neurological mutant of Drosophila melanogaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59:110

SINGH, B.N. Non-random association of linked inversions in D.ananassae ...... 59:111 SLATKO, B., L. FRITTS, M. PARKER, S. HANLON and S. CARPEROS. P-M hybrid dysgenesis in D.melanogaster: Interaction with repair deficient mutants.

I. Male recombination induction ...... 59:112 SLATKO, B., S. HANLON, S. CARPEROS, R.C. WOODRUFF and J. MASON. P-M hybrid dysgenesis in D.melanogaster: Interaction with repair deficient mutants. II. Recessive lethal induction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59:113 SLATKO, B., S. HANLON and R.C. WOODRUFF. P-M hybrid dysgenesis in D.melanogaster: Interaction with repair deficient mutants. III. Distorted transmission frequencies (K value) and unequal zygotic recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59:115 SMIRNOVA, S.G. and E.M. KHOVANOVA. Temperature effects on the activity of

H-factor in Drosophila siniulans ...... 59:117 SOKOLOWSKI, M.B. Gregarious oviposition behavior in Drosophila melanogaster . . . . . . 59:118 SONDERGAARD, L. Mating capacity of e/e and e/+ males under non-competitive conditions. 59:120 SPIESS, E.B. Discrete generation populations of D.pers:imilis selected for

female receptivity and frequencies of KL-ND karyotypes ...... 59:120 SPIESS, E.B. Female receptivity and emergence of WT and ST karyotypes from the

James Reserve population of D.persimilis ...... 59:122 SPIESS, E.B. Low female receptivity factor(s) on chromosome 3KL of D.persimilis. . . . 59:123 SPIESS, E.B. and L.I. SALAZAR. Age of males as a factor in female mate choice

in D.melanogaster ...... 59:124 SPRINGER, R. "White" D.subobscura prefers darkness for pairing . . . . . . . . . . . . 59:125 STURSA, I. Fertility in a white eye mutant of D.subobscura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59:126 DIS 59 - iv Table of Contents October 1983

TAYLOR, C.E. Microhabitat selection by mutant strains of D.pseudoobscura . . . . . . . 59:126 THOMPSON, V. Failure of the Hnr3 ry6 combination to behave as a recessive

synthetic lethal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59:128 THOMPSON, V. Second chromosome crossing over in D.melanogaster females

heterozygous for first, second and third chromosome balancers ...... 59:129 TODA., M. J. and O.K. KWON. Collection records of drosophilid flies from

the Quelpart Island, Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59:130 VALENTIN, J. The maternal age effect on recombination is entirely reversed

in mei-9b D.melanogaster ...... 59:132 VASUDEV, V. and N.B. KRISHNAMURTHY. Non-induction of 11-111 translocations

by cadmium chloride in D.melanogaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59:133 VLASSOVA, I.E., E.S. BELYAEVA and I.F. ZHIMULEV. Induction of giant heat-shock puffs in polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster by 20-OH-ecdysone and ethanol. 59:134 YARDLEY, D.G. Amylase midgut activity patterns in third instar larvae

of Drosophila pseudoobscura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59:136 ZELENTSOVA, E., T. BRAIJDE and M.B. EVGEN'EV. Supernumerous family of mobile dispersed

genetic elements isolated from D.virilis genome lacks the ability to amplify. . . 59:138

TECHNICAL NOTES

DOMTE, J.A. An apparatus for observing polarotaxis in Drosophila ...... 59:139 HOLLIDAY, M., M. VARGO and J. HIRSCH. An automated system for stimulating several flies individually in studies of the proboscis extension reflex ...... 59:140 MARONI, G. and S.C. STAMEY. Use of blue food to select synchronous, late third-instar larvae . ...... 59:142 MCCRADY, E. Possible detrimental interaction between etherized larvae and

polystyrene culture vials ...... 59:143 MCROBERT, S.P. and L. TOMPKINS. Stalking the wild Drosophila ...... 59:143 POWERS, N.R., R. WIRTZ and W. JEDERBERG. Computer assisted techniques for use with the sex-linked recessive lethal testing with Drosophila melanogaster ...... 59:144 REMINGTON, M. and S.K. HOTCHKISS. An alternative method of feeding a chemical to adult Drosophila ...... 59:146

TEACHING NOTES

ERICKSON, J. A temperature-sensitive yellow eye color ...... 59:146 SPERLICH, D. Useful population cage experiments for demonstrating directional and balancing selection ...... 59:147

flflt'Cr AT win -pr

ASHBURNER, M. and H.L. CARSON. A checklist of maps of polytene chromosomes

of Drosophilids ...... 59:148

SUBMITTED STOCK LISTS - D. MELANOGASTER ...... 59:151

SUBMITTED STOCK LISTS - OTHER SPECIES ...... 59:155

LINKAGE DATA - Report of M.M. Bentley ...... 59:156 October 1983 Table of Contents DIS 59 - V

NEW MUTANTS - Report of:

G. Jllrgens, H. Kiuding, C. Ntlsslein-Volhard, E. Wieschaus ...... 59:157 C. NUsslein-Voihard, E. Wieschaus, E. Kiuding ...... 59:158

Y. Perez-Chiesa, I. Ramos, B.I. Morales, E.L. Caceres, C. Cardona, J. Vazquez ..... 59:160

I. Stursa ...... 59:161

E. Valade del Rio ...... 59:161 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF DROSOPHILA - I.H. Herskowitz:

Part Eight: Section Two ...... 59:162

Co-Author Index to Part Eight ...... 59:208

Title Index to Part Eight: I. General Index ...... 59:217

Title Index to Part Eight: II. Geographical Listing ...... 59:25 Title Index to Part Eight: III. Systematic index for Drosophilidae

and Drosophila species ...... 59:255

ANNOUNCEMENTS

Materials Available: Over the course of many years I have accumulated a sizeable reprint collection and to this has been added (through the kindness of Mrs. A.H. Sturtevant a few years ago), those reprints of Professor A.H. Sturtevant which were duplicated in the Morgan collection at Cal Tech. The total collection consists of approximately 10 four-drawer filing cabinets. Although this colection contains a sizeable proportion that are found in some common journals, such as Genetics, there are also many which are not found in usual journals and which extend back into the period of 1910 on. I would be interested in learning if any Drosophila laboratory would consider this collection to be a useful addition to their present files. The only cost involved would be that of shipment of the reprints to that Institution. -- E. Novitski, Eugene, Oregon.

Bibliography on Drosophila - Final Section Completed: Prof. Irwin H. Herskowitz, Hunter College, New York, has announced that Part Eight: Section Two (in this issue) will be his last contribution to the Bibliography project. Our thanks to Prof. Herskowitz for his long and lasting contribution to Drosophila workers.

DROSOPHILA DIRECTORY: Since the last publication of the Directory, there has not been enough of a response to warrant republication in this issue. It has been decided to attempt to contact all the Drosophila laboratories by individual letter during this coming year asking them to update their Directory information. In this way we hope to offer a very current Directory in DIS 60 (June 1984). The deadline will be April 15, 1984, for publication.

Editorial Assistant, Marilyn Teeter, resigned her position with D.I.S. here in Lawrence as of June this year. She is receiving her M.A. in Biological Sciences (Entomology) and accepting a new position in Madison, Wisconsin, where she will be writing and producing public radio science broadcasts. She began working for D.I.S. in 1979 when Prof. Phil Hedrick took over editorship of the journal. Many thanks to Marilyn for her long hours and tireless contribution to D.I.S. Gil Philips, a professional technical typist and linguistics major at Kansas University, assumed her duties this summer with the publication of D.I.S. 59. vi - DIS 59 24th ANNUAL DROSOPHILA CONFERENCE October 1983

The 24th Annual Drosophila Research Conference was held March 17-20, 1983, at Asilouiar, California. Below is a list of invited speakers, their topics, and workshops:

The bithorax gene complex and transvection. --E.B. Lewis, Cal Tech.

Molecular analysis of the bithorax complex. --David Hogness, Stanford University

Monoclonal antibodies and the Drosophila nervous system. --Seymour Benzer, Cal Tech.

Sexual selection and the origin of species. --Hampton Carson, University of Hawaii

Structure, function and evolution of hybrid dysgenesis determinants. --Margaret Kidwell, Brown University

Developmentally regulated expression of genes following transformation in the germ line. --Allan Spradling, Carnegie Institute

Concurrent Sessions on these topics: Developmentally regulated genes (James Fristom) Neurobiology (Barry Ganetzky) Population genetics and evolution (Jeff Powell) The relation of chromatin structure and sequence to expression (Steve Beckendorf and Sally Elgin) Patter formation--the genetics of embryonic segmentation (Peter Bryant and Stuart Kauffman) Gene enzyme systems (Winifred Doane and Ken Paigen).

Concurrent Workshops: Transposable elements, transformation (John Merriam) Monoclonal antibodies (Barbara Knowles) Reproductive behavior (Teri Markow).

Session on Chromosome Mechanics

Workshop on Nomenclature: Round table discussion with Michael Ashburner, Loring Craymer, David Hogness, Ed Lewis and Ted Wright.

Plenary Session IV: Genes which control early development (Organizer: Judith Lengyel).

The organizers' steering committee, elected at the 23rd conference at the University of Connecticut in 1982, consisted of Bill Gelbart (East Coast: Harvard), Anthony Mahowald (Middle West: Case Western Reserve), and Adelaide Carpenter (West Coast: University of California, La Jolla), plus the current and past conference organizers, Sarah Elgin (Washington University, St. Louis) and John Merriam (UCLA).

25th Annual Drosophila Conference will be held April 26-19, 1984, at the Blackstone Hotel in downtown Chicago. Sarah Elgin (Washington University, St. Louis) and Tom Kaufman (Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana) will be the organizers.

26th Annual Drosophila Conference is planned for an East Coast location in 1985.

27th Annual Drosophila Conference is planned for Asilomar, California, in 1986. October 1983 DIS 59 - 1

CLONE LIST

Drosophila DNA clones by chromosome location.

Report of Dr. John Merriam University of California Los Angeles, California, USA

The cytological map of cloned DNA in D.melanogaster is a project initiated for the 24th Annual Drosophila Research Conference, held at Asilomar, Califor- nia, on March 17-20, 1983. Information on the locations of cloned uniqued sequences was solicited as part of the registration for contributed papers; a request was made at the meeting and in subsequent mailings to contributors for corrections and additions to the list by June 1, 1983. Some additions to the list were made haphazardly on the basis of published information. An implication made throughout the formation of the list is that locations have been identified by in situ hybridization. No attempt has been made to include information on dispersed repeated gene families such as copia, 412, 297 or other transposable elements which have been reviewed by Spradling and Rubin in the Ann. Rev. Genet. 15: 219 (1981).

At this time the list is incomplete and must be regarded as tentative: Additional locations are continually determined; some of the information may be misquoted and therefore incorrect. There are some clear omissions of information, particularly as the European laboratories are less well cited than they should be. It is hoped that all or most of these additions and corrections can be made to the author in time to construct a more accurate and complete revision. Nevertheless, it is worthwhile to circulate now the available information, both to demonstrate the explosive progress of Drosophila work and as a guide for cloning or walking in regions of interest.

In some locations the relevant gene products or identified loci are named. However, this listing is much less complete than the information compiled by Doane and Treat-Clemons, "Biochemical loci of the fruit fly" DIS 58:41 (1982) which should be consulted for gene symbols, map locations and additional references.

Clone Stock of origin Location number & other information Reference X CHROMOSOME 1B1-2 Walk in Maniatis Library, Canton S 8 yellow, achete loci lB 1,2-4,5 yellow, achaete, acute loci 57 lB 5,8 and 2E cos 4P Oregon R, 70kb 57 1B11-13 su(s) locus 15 1 B adm 134E8 34 3 C 1-2 A ml.2 White locus from Maniatis Library 3 3 C 6-8 N2 Canton S, Notch locus 9 3 C 7 Notch locus 46 3C 11-12 sgs 4 locus 45 3 C mDmll2 C 10 Oregon R 1 3C7-3D1 pKdm 6B3 Intermolt I RNA 34 3, also 3R91 S24 Canton S 16 3/4 adm 136G5 34 4 BC mDm 109A7 Oregon R 1 2 - DIS 59 Clone List October 1983

Merriam: DNA Clones (contin.) Clone Stock of origin Location number & other information Reference X CHROMOSOME (contin.) 4F/5A pkdm 35D12 late IV RNA 34 4/5 and 62 adm 106A10 34 4 F/5A adm 139C12 34 5 AB adm 126D6 34 5C 12 5EF, and 63F/64A adm 140C11 34 7 B 3,4 Oregon R, cut locus 100kb 29 7 D 5,6 and short walk distal Canton S, Oregon R 21 7 E6-7F1,2 150 kb overlapping 44 adm 131110 7/8 34 8A 100 kb overlapping 44 8 D PLZ-p lozenge locus 2 8F-9A PYp1 Canton S, yolk protein 1 locus 2 8F-9A PYp2 Canton S, yolk protein 2 locus 2 56 Canton S 16 8 10 C1,2 RNA polymerase II locus 51 10 EF adm 134A3 late V RNA 34 10 EF, and 32 A/C adm 130E12 34 10 F adm 10F.1 minor heatshock cDNA from Kc cells 39 hA gastrulation defective locus, from Maniatis Library 38 12 B-C PYP3 Canton S, yolk protein 3 locus 2 12 DE pDtl 7R* Ser 7 tRNA locus 27 12 DE pDt27* Ser 4 tRNA locus 27 12 DE pDt73* Ser 4-7 tRNA loci 27 12 E pD t 16 * Ser 4-7 tRNA loci 27 12 F X32-10 tRNA locus 58 12/13 adm 136Fl0 34 12 S21b Canton S 16 adm 132B8 34 14 B/C 15 Al rudimentary locus 30 15 A,B 548 Oregon R+ Head Specific RNA 31 16 B3-5 PTE-1 2 16 F/17 adm 135114 34 1 7AB Xdmpt 61 58 18 D XDmG21 G6PD locus, Oregon R+ 28 19 EF/2OAB DCg2 collagen-like gene, from Maniatis Library 25 19F pDt67R Lys 5 tRNA locus 27

2L 21 B adm 142G5 34 21 D pD957 3 21 F/22A adm 123D12, 123H3, 128B8 34 22 B/C adm 129E7 34 22F1 ,2 130 Kb, decapentaplegic complex 55 23A 3-7 70 Kb, Maniatis Library 59 23 E pDt5* Ser 7 tRNA locus 27 24 C mDm1O1A10 Oregon R 1 25 BC mDm109D3 Oregon R 1 25 C DCg-1 collagen-like gene, from Maniatis Library 25 25 D 150-3(X) blastoderm-specific poly(A) RNA 47 25 D1-4 MH5 from Gelbart Library 6 26 A7-9 beta galactosidase locus 6 GAR transformylase 27 C 7 27 D X39-1 (Repetitive, also hybridizes to 91C and 58 43A, tRITA locus) 27 F adm 125G11 34 October 1983 Clone List DIS 59 - 3

Clone Stock of origin Location number & other information Reference 2 L (contin.) 28 A 551 Oregon R+, Head Specific RNA 31 28 C 538 Oregon R+, Head Specific RNA 31 28 C Xdmpt 49 58 28 D9-12 CDNA, Kc cells 8 29 A pDt59R* Lys 5 tR1TA locus 27 29 B1-4 CDNA, Kc cells 8 29 C src homologous 61 30 B Xdmpt 75 58 30 D/E adm 136D3 34 30 EF Xdmpt 104 58 31 A mDm 106AIO Oregon R 1 31 BC pD02 (cDNA in encode S maternal differential poly(A) RNA 47 pBR322) 31 C adm 134G6 34 31 C/33 B adm 142H3 34 31 F, and 39 F adm 142F4 34 32 AB 503 Oregon R+, Head Specific RNA 31 33 B adm 1209 34 34F 527 Oregon R+, Head Specific RNA 31 35 B 3-5 AC alcohol dehydrogenase locus, from Maniatis Library 52 35 B mdm 103D5 Oregon R 1 35 C/36 adm 125E7 34 36 B myosin heavy chain locus from Maniatis Library 13 37B13-37C5 ADdc-1 thru-20 dopa decarboxylase locus, 100 Kb 35 38A6 2E2 35 39 CD cDNA, probable ribosomal protein from Spradling 17 and Mahowald Library 39 DE histone locus 54 39E, and 2L Base adm 136D9 34 2L base adm 106H5,123C3 34 (chromocenter) 2R 2R base, 3L base adm 130B2 34 (Chromocenter) 42 A inDia 106F8 Oregon-R 1 42 E pDt 61 tRNA-Lys-2 locus 27 42 E/F adm 126F7, 127A10 34 43 AB 555 Oregon R+, Head Specific RNA 31 44 CD 536 Oregon R+, Head Specific RNA 31 44 D adm 112C11, 126G12 34 44 D XDmLCP1-13 larval cuticle protein loci: 50kb 36,37 44 F 129 E 7 3 44 L10 Canton 5 16 45 A rnDm103HlO Oregon R 1 45 A mDm108C7 Oregon R 1 45 D, and iuDml08A8 1 chromocenter 46 E 549 Oregon R+, Head Specific RNA 31 47 E 528 Oregon R+, Head Specific RNA 31 47F 50 Kb 14 48 A engrailed locus, Canton 5, 208 Kb 14 48 B pDt74 Met 2 tRNA locus 27 48 C adm 132A7 34 48 E adm 135E1O 34 48 F 543 Oregon R+, Head Specific RNA 31 49 C inDm101D3 Oregon R 1 49 CD inDmlO1Dl2 Oregon R 1 49 D/E adm 140D1 34 4 - DIS 59 Clone List October 1983

Clone Stock of origin Location number & other information Reference 49 F XDm1606 Troponin C locus from Maniatis Library 22 50 B adm 142E9 34 50 C mDm3021 Oregon R 1 50 C/D adm 133H7, 136F9, 138G8, 130118 34 50 L6 Canton S 16 51 A S34 Canton S 16 51 B S14 Oregon R+, Head Specific RNA 31 51 D adm 134E2 34 51 DE mDml02Fll Oregon R 1 51 DE mDm102B6 Oregon R 1 52 B mDiril07A2 Oregon R 1 52 D-F adm 139113 34 53 CD ADm 32 (Class A) Amy pseudogene, from Maniatis Library 33 3 F Xdmpt 166 58 53 L23 Canton S 16 54A1B1 (54A) ADm 65 (Class B) Amy duplication locus, Canton S 33 54E adm 54E.1 Minor heat shock cDNA 39 54F/55A adm 11OA4, 132C9, 132E11, 132E12, 132G5, 134A4, 135D12 34 55B/C/D adm 11OG1, 11OH1, 132D6 34 56 C DTB 2 tubulin locus, from Maniatis Library 25 56 D 4-12 KV 2-70a tubulin locus, from Maniatis Library 22 56 EF adm 135118 34 56 F ADmt 56-6 tRNAG1y locus 58 57 B 12 57 C 525 Oregon R+, Head Specific RNA 31 58 F adm 132A3, 135Db, 135E6 34 60 A adm 125C2 34 60A, and nucleolus adm 106116 34 60 C 6-8 KV 1-11 tubulin locus, from Maniatis Library 22 60 C DTB3 tubulin locus, from Maniatis Library 25

3L 61 A 1-3 mDml05F3 Oregon R 1 62 A adm 112C1O 34 62 A A48-9 tR1A locus 58 62 A/B, 97 C adm 140F12 34 62 D adm 142F6 34 63 B bDm 4L Oregon R, hsp 83 locus 39 63 B-C A6 Canton S, hsp 83 locus 10 63 BC pPW244, 301,330 Oregon R, hsp 83 locus 10 63 F adm 63 F.1 minor hsp locus 39 63-66 S7 Canton S 16 64 B Drsrc SRC homologous 60,61 64 BC, and mDm104C1 Oregon R 1 chromocenter 64 C DHSV4 ras homologous 60 64 C Xdmpt 85 58 64 F mDm106E3 Oregon R 1 64 F Xdmpt 120 58 64 F, 66 C adm 126B4 34 64 F/65 A adm 135G4 34 65 C adm 111F1O 34 66 C/D adm 106E3 34 66 D 9-10 X8247, X30152, X3019 32 66 D 10-15 Oregon R, 85kb 57 66 D 11-15 100 kb overlapping 44 66 D 507 Oregon R+, Head Specific RNA 31 66 D 547 Oregon R+, Head Specific RNA 31 66 F Admpt 121 58 October 1983 Clone List DIS 59 - 5

Clone Stock of origin Location number & other information Reference 67 A5-7 to 67B1,2 Walk from Maniatis Library 22 67 B A88 and subclones Canton 5, loci of hsp 22, 23, 26 and 28 10 67 B XDmp 67 hsp loci & flanking transcripts, from Canton S 43 67 B Ji includes hsp 28, 23, 26 loci, Oregon R 42 67 C DTA2 a tubulin locus, from Maniatis Library 25 68 C 7-15 mDm148F7 Oregon R, sgs 3,7,8 loci 1 68 C pkdm 2C6 intermolt II RNA 34 68 C pkdm 2C1 intermolt III RNA 34 68 C pkdm 1112 intermolt IV RNA 34 68 C adm 134C1O 34 68 ELF adm 133111 34 69 L3g Canton S 16 70 A adm 107A4 34 70 A/B adm 128C11, 132B3 34 70 BC pDt 55* Val 4 tRNA locus 27 70 C adm 29D11 34 71 A 2-5 (A) gastrula-differential poly(A) RNA 47 71 A/B adm 123C4 34 71 C 3.4 - D 1.2 EIP 28/29 locus 26 71 CE AcDm 20,21,22,23,24 ecdysone induced late puff from Maniatis Library 24 71 D/E adm 134A9, 134A11, 134C11 71 D/E pkdm 46B7 late I RNA 34 71 D/E pkdm 38C9 late II, III RNA 34 71 DIE pkdm 38C4 late II, III RNA 34 72 BC 557 Oregon R+, Head Specific RNA 31 72 DE Xdmpt 115 58 73 B Dash Abelson src homologous 60,61 73 D adm 73D.1 minor heat shock locus 39 73 DEF 521 Oregon R+, Head Specific RNA 31 74 EF early ecdysone responding puff, 300 Kb 56 from Maniatis Library 75 C adm 135F3 34 75 S39 Canton S 16 76 A adm 132D11 34 76 F mDm 104G3 Oregon R 1 79B 12 79 E 1,2 13E5 Or,R PBR322 16 80 C Kc cells 8 3 L base adm 139A10 . 34 (chromocenter)

3R 3 Rbase adm 128F12 34 (chromocenter) 82 A S6-7 from Maniatis Library 22 82 F 506 Oregon R+, Head Specific RNA 31 83 A adm 136E4 34 83 A/B adm 140E12 34 83 A, B pDt 66R2 Lys 5 tRNA locus 27 83 B adm 123G4 34 83 C mDm 105 B9 Oregon R 1 83 F adm 140C1 34 84 A, B pDt 12 Lys 5 tRNA locus 27 84 A, B pDt 39* Lys 5 tRNA locus 27 84 A 4,5 to 84C 1,2 Antennapedia complex, 440 Kb 49 84 B 3-6 ADm 2.55a a tubulin locus, from Maniatis Library 25 84 B/C adm 123D11 34 84 C Din A 3a, 4a, 4b Maniatis Library 4 5a, 5b 6 - DIS 59 Clone List October 1983

Clone Stock of origin Location number & other information Reference 84 D 3,4 1,2,3,10 30 kb from Maniatis Library, overlaps Val 3b 19 tRNA locus 84 D 4-8 XDm 5-1 ci tubulin locus, from Maniatis Library 22 84 D mDm 104117 Oregon R 1 84 D pDt 78 RC* Val3btRNA locus 27 84 D DTA 4 ci tubulin locus, from Maniatis Library 25 84 E 1,2 105 Kb, double sex locus and flanking, Maniatis Lib. 48 84 E11-12 to F4-5 Maniatis library: 240Kb 50 85 A X50-8 tRNA locus 58 85 C Xiii 1:2 from Gelbart Libary 6 85 D 6-12 DTB 4 tubulin locus, from Maniatis Library 25 85 D KV 1-22 tubulin locus, from Maniatis Library 22 85D 542 16 85 D DHSV7 ras homologous 60 85 E 6-10 XDm 5-22 ci tubulin locus, from Maniatis Library 22 85 E DTA 3 ci tubulin locus, from Maniatis Library 25 85 E mDm 3008 Oregon R 1 85 adm 123B1O 34 86 adm 35E6 34 86 S35g Canton S 16 87 A GB Hsp70, Sn cell DNA 42 87 A7 pPW 223 Oregon R, hsp 70 locus 10 87 A7 hsp 70 locus subclone 39 87 A 56118 hsp 70 locus and flanking 41 87 AB S40 Canton S 16 87 Cl pPW232, pPW229 Oregon R, hsp 70 locus 10 87 Cl 132E3 hsp 70 locus and flanking 41 87 C G3 hsp 70, Sn cell DNA 42 87 C/F 94D adm. 125G5 34 87 D mG31 Hsc 70; Oregon R 42 87 D5 - 87 E5 315 kb overlapping, rosy and Ace loci 5 87E 12 88 B adm 88B.1 minor heat shock cDNA 39 88 C unDm 10012 Oregon R 1 88 F 12 88 F 2-5 XDM 85 3 tropomyosin loci 22 88 F 250 kb walk, actin locus 11 88 F Xdmpt 73 tropomyosin locus 58 88 E mG34 Oregon R, hsc 70 locus 42 88 S32 Canton 5 16 89A EU27 23 89 B pDt 14* Val 4, Phe 2 tRNA loci 27 89 E1-4 300 kb walk, bithorax complex 18 90 B/C pkdm 7E5 Intermolt V RNA, sgs locus 34,24 90 BC pDt 92RC* Val 4 tRNA locus 27 90 BC pDt 120 RC* Val 4 tRNA locus 27 90 BC pDt 41 RC4* Val 3b, Pro tR1'A loci 27 90 BC XbDm 1508 Oregon R, Hobness library 24 90 BC pDt 48* Val 3b, Pro tRNA loci 27 90 C X49-4 repetitive, also 85C and 84D, tRNA locus 58 91 D mDm 103G4 Oregon R 1 92 A mDm 101F8 Oregon R 1 92 CD 512 Oregon R+, Head Specific RNA 28 92 E adm 12010 34 92 S129 Canton S 16 93 D adm 129F5 34 94 A adm 134C5, 135D2 34 94 E Admpt 123 58 94 F/95A 156-1 (X) blastoderm-differential poly(A) RNA 47 October 1983 Clone List DIS 59 - 7

Clone Stock of origin Location number & other information Ref 95 B mDm 108E11 Oregon R 1 95 D pPW227 Oregon R, hsp 68 locus 10 95 D A15 Canton S, hsp 68 locus 10 96 A adm 137A2 34 96 D mDm 107D4 Oregon R 1 96 F/97 A adm 126D12 34 96 F-97 C adm 132C4, 132E7, 132114 34 97 A Admpt 50 58 97 EF DTB1 8 tubulin locus, from Maniatis Library 25 97 F KV 3-12 8 tubulin locus, from Maniatis Library 22 98-99 L2 Canton S 16 99 C 559 Oregon R+, Head Specific RNA 31 99 C/F adm 129B8 34 99 D 153-1 (A) blastoderm-specific poly(A) RNA 47 99 D ribosomal protein locus - 53 99 E 1-3 36-1 (A) blastoderm-differential poly(A) RNA 47 99 H XDm 11-9 myosin light chain locus, Maniatis Library 22 99 E adm 132G9 34 99 F adm 142D9 34 100 AB 5D7 OR.R PBR322 16 100 B mDm 103 Fl Oregon R 1 100 B Admpt 31 58 100 B 516 Oregon R+, Head Specific RNA 31 100 C1-7 inDm 102A3 Oregon R 1 100 D mDm 105 Hi Oregon R 1 100 S2 Canton S 16 4th Chromosome 102 C, also mDm 108 Di Oregon R 1 chromo center 102 CD 116112 3 102 EF Admpt 101 58 Multiples 5C, 42A, 57A, 79, adm 105C6, 105G9, Actin repeated locus 34 87F/88A, 88F 108D11 5C/D, 24F, 30EF, adm 136H5 34 63F/64A 21E, 82E, 95AC pDm ul.4d Ui RNA coding seq. 22 (pBR 322 from J. Steitz) telomeres + 8 AT-A 22 heterochromatin AT- F 22 mito chondr ial A710 Hind III C/Ch21A 22 A 13 EcoRl C+B/Ch 4A 22 A 23 EcoRl B /Ch 4A 22 A 41 EcoRl C /Ch 4A 22 X base, 30F, adm 135D5 34 48 D/E, 96 25 A/C, 44D, adm 8G8, 26H2 "Jonah" 34 64 F/65A, 66 C/D, 67B, 99 C, 99 F 25 A/C, 44D, adm 135A8, 135A10 "Jonah" 34 64 F/65A, 66 C/D, 67B, 74E, 99C, 99F 48 C/D, 60A, 100C adm 128A7 34 50 B/C, 50F, 58/59 adm 135D11 34 87 Cl, 42B, cDm 703 alpha beta repeated locus 39 chromocenter, B/c

References: 1. E. Meyerowitz (clones listed are >35 Kb cosmids) Div. of Biology, Calif. Inst. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena CA 91125. Cit: Meyerowitz et al. Gene 11:271 (1980). 8 - DIS 59 Clone List October 1983

2. T. Barnett, Biology Dept., State Univ. of New York, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany NY 12222. 3. R. Levis, T. Hazelrigg & G. Rubin, Carnegie Inst. of Washington, Baltimore MD 21210. 4. D.R. Cavener, Vanderbilt Univ., Nashville TN 37235. 5. C.S.Lee, W.Bender & A.Chovnick, Dept. Biol. Chem., Harvard Med. Sch., Boston MA 02115. 6. D.Knipple, T.Fuerst, & R.Maclntyre, Genetics & Develop., Cornell U., Ithaca NY 14853. 7. S.Henikoff, J.A.Sloan & J.D.Kelly, Hutchison Cancer Res. Ctr., Seattle WA 98104. 8. H.Biessmann, Dpet. Biochem. & Biophys., U. of Calif., San Francisco CA 94143. 9. M.W.Young, S.J.Kidd & T.J.Lockett, Rockefeller Univ., New York NY 10021. 10. M.Meselson, Harvard Univ., 351 Fairchild Biochem. Bldg., Cambridge MA 02138. Cit: (1) 63B-C (X301, pPW244, X6): Holmgren et al. 1981, PNAS 78:3775; (2) 63B-C (X330): Ron Blackman unpubl.; (3) 67B (X88 and subclones) Corces et al. 1980, PNAS 77:5390; (4) 87A7 (pPW227) and 87CL (pPW232 mud pPW229): Livak et al. 1978, PNAS 75:5613; (5) 95D (pPW227 and X15): Holmgren et al. 1979, Cell 18:1359. 11. J.W.Mahaffey, C.Karlik & E.A.Fyrberg, Dept. Biol., Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore MD 21218. 12. S.L.Tobin & J.W.Fristrom, Dept.Molecular Biol., Univ. of Oklahoma Health Sceinces Center, P.O. Box 26901, Oklahoma City, OK 73190. 13. S.Bernstein, K.Mogami, J.J.Donady & C.P.Emerson,Jr., Biology Dept., San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182. 14. J.Kuner, T.Kornberg, & P.O'Farrell, Biochem.&Biophys. Dept., Univ. of Calif., San Francisco, CA 94143. 15. R.Voelker, D-Y Chang, S-M.Huang, & G.B.Wisely, Laboratory of Genetics, Natl. Inst. of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park NC 27709. 16. E.Goldstein, K.Brogan, W.Vincent & K.Schultz, Zool.Dept. Arizona State U., Tempe AZ 85287. 17. M.Jacobs-Lorena,G.R.Al-Atia,P.Fruscoloni & M.Kay, Dept. Anat. & Develop. Biology Ctr., Case Western Reserve U., 2119 Abington Rd., Cleveland OH 44106. Cit: Spradling & Mahowald Library (Spradling, Digan & Mahowald 1980, Cell 19:905-914; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sd. 1983 US 80:3359. 18. F.Karch, W.Bender & E.B.Lewis, Dept.Biol.Chem, Harvard Med.Sch., Boston MA 02115. 19. S. Kerridge & R.Griff in-Shea, LGBC CNRS Case 907 Universite Luminy, 70 Route Leon Lachamp, 13288 Marseille France. 20. E.L.George & C.P.Emerson Jr, Biol.Dept., Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville VA 22901. 21. M.E.Digan, S.R.Haynes & I.B.Dawid, Bldg 6, Rm322, Natl.Inst.Health, Bethesda MD 20205. 22. M.L.Pardue, Biol.Dept., Mass.Inst.Tech., Cambridge MA 02139. 23. R.Devlin & V.Finnerty, Biol.Dept., Emory Dept., Atlanta GA 30322. 24. G.M.Guild, Dept. Biol., Univ. Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104. 25. J.E.Natzle & J.W.Fristrom, Dept.Genetics, Univ. California, Berkeley CA 94720. 26. R.A.Schulz, L.F.Cherbas, & P.T.Cherbas, Cell.&Develop.Biol., Harvard U, Cambridge MA 02138. 27. S.11ayashi, D.L.Cribbs, I.C.Gillam,T.A.Grigliatti, C.Newton, J.Leung, B.Rajput, R.C. Miller Jr, & G.M.Tener, Biochem.Dept., U of Brit.Columbia, Vancouver B.C. Canada V67 1W5. 28. R.Ganguly, N.Ganguly & J.E.Manning, Dept. of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Univ. of California, Irvine CA 92717. 29. Jo Jack, Natl.Inst. Environ. Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park NC 27514. 30. S.Tsubota, Biol.Dept., Princeton Univ., Princeton NJ 08544. 31. L.S.Levy, R.Ganguly, N.Ganguly, J.E.Manning, Dept. Mol.Biol.&Biochem., Univ. of California Irvina CA 92717. Cit: Levy et al. 1982, Devel. Biol. 94:451. 32. D.I.Horowicz, R.Howard, P.Ingham, A.Leigh-Brown, S.Pinchin, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Burton Hole Lane, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom. 33. R.M.Gemmill, J.N.Levy & W.W.Doane,Dept.Zool., Arizona State U., Tempe AZ 85287. 34. M.Wolfner, G.Guild & D.Hogness, Liochem.Dept.,Standford U., Stanford CA 94305. (adm clones listed are cDNA from Oregon into pBR322, pKdm clones are cDNA into p5c 105) Cit: "Jonah" - J.Carlson, Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford 1982. 35. J.Hirsh, Harvard Medical School, Dept.Biol.Chem. 25 Shattock St., Boston MA 02115. Cit: (1) Hirsh,J., & N.Davidson 1981, Mol. & Cel.Biol. 1:475-485; (2) Gilbert,D. & J.Hirsh 1981 in "Developmental Biology using Purified Genes" Brown & Fox (eds.) pp. 11-16 Acad.Press, NY. 38A6: Plasmid clone designated 2E2, in reference 1 above. 36. M. Snyder, Biochemistry, Stanford Sch. of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305. Cit: Snyder,M., J.Hirsh & N.Davidson 1981, Cell 25:165. 37. D. Kimbrell, Genet. Dept., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley CA 94720. 38. A.P.Mahowald & T.J.Goralski, Devel.Genetics & Anatomy, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH 44106. Cit: band hA cut out of chromosome by technique of Scalangle, Tunco, Edstrom, Pirotta & Melli 1981, Chromosoma 82:205. October 1983 Clone List DIS 59 - 9

39. J.Lis, Biochem.Dept., Cornell U, Ithaca NY 14853. Cit: J.Lis, L.Prestidge, & D.Hogness 1978, Cell 14:902; J.Lis, W.Neckaineyer, R.Dubonsky & N.Costlow 1981, Gene 15:67. 41. P.Schedl, Biol.Dept., Princeton Univ, Princeton NJ. Cit: P.Schedl, S.Artavanis-Tsakonas, R.Steward, W.Gehring, M.Mirault, M.Clermont, L.Moran, A.Tissieves 1978, Cell 14:921. 42. E.Craig, Dept.Physiol.Chem., Sch.of Medicine, U. of Wisconsin, Madison WI 53706. Cit: E.Craig, B.McCarthy 1980, Nucleic Aicd Res. 8:4441. 43. K.Sirotkin & N.Davison, Calif.Inst. Technology, Div. of Biology, Pasadena CA 91109. Cit: K.Sirotkin,N.Davidson, Devel.Biol. 1982, 89:196-210. 44; A.Spradling & J.Levine, Carnegie Inst.of Wash., 115 W. Univ.Pkwy., Baltimore MD 21210. (cDNA library: source stage 11-14 egg chamber poly(A)+ RNA 20,000 independent inserts) Cit: Spradling et al. 1980, Cell 19:905-914. 45. Marc A.T. Muskavitch, Biological Labs, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138. Cit: Muskavitch & Hogness 1982, Cell 29:1041. 46. S.Artavanis-Tsakonas, M.Miskavitch & B.Yedvobnick, Biol.Dept., Yale University, New Haven CT 06511. Cit: Artavanis-Tsakonas et al. 1983, PNAS US 80:1977. 47. J.Lengyel, Biol.Dept., U. of. Calif., Los Angeles CA 90024. Cit: Lengyel, J.A., S.R. Thomas, P.D.Boyer, F.Salas, T.R.Sheeker, I.Lee, M.L..Graham, M.Roark & E.M.Underwood 1983 in Molecular Aspects of Early Development (Molacihski & Klein, eds.), Plenum Press. 48. B.Baker & M.Wolfner, Biol.Dept., U. of Calif.-San Diego, La Jolla, CA. 49. M.Scott & T.Kaufman, Biol.Dept., Indiana Univ., Bloomington IN 47401. 50. R.Garber & W.Gehring, Biocenter, Univ.Basel, Klingelbergstr 70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland. 51. A.Greenleaf, Biochem.Dept., Duke U., Durham NC 27710. Cit: L.Searles et al. 1982, Cell 31:585; Ingles,C.J. et al. 1)983, PNAS 80:June. 52. D.Goldberg, Biol.Dept., Harvard Univ., Cambridge MA 02138. Cit: Benyajati, C. et al. 1982, Nucleic Acid Res. 10:7261; D.Goldberg 1980, PNAS 77:5794. 53. M.Rosbash, Biol.Dept., Brandeis U, Waltham MA 02154. Cit: C.A.Vaslet et al. 1980, Nature 285:674. 54. B.Karp & D.Hogness, Biochem.Dept., Stanford U, Palo Alto CA. Cit: Karp, R.W. et al. 1978, CSHSQB 42:1047. 55. F.M.Hoffman, D.St.Johnston & B.Gelbart, Biol.Dept., Harvard U, Cambridge MA 02138. 56. K.Burtis & D.Hogness, Biochem.Dept., Stanford Univ., Palo Alto CA. 57. L.Carramolino, M.Ruiz-Gomez, M.del Carmen-Guerrero, S.Canipuzano & J.Modolell. Centro de Biol.Molec., Consejo Sup. de Invest. Cient.Univ.Auto.de Madrid, Canto Blanco, Madrid-34, Spain. Cit: Carramolina et al. 1982, EMBO Jour. 1:1185. 58. N.Davidson, S.Falkenthal, N.D.Hersey, W.W.Mattox & V.Parker, Div.Chem & Ch.Engg 164-30, Calif.Inst.Tech, Pasadena CA 91125 (cDNA library: from A+RNA 72-78 hours post PF.) 59. F.M.Hoffman & B.Gelbart, Cell & Devel.Biol., Harvard Univ., Cambridge MA 02138. 60. B.Shilo, Virology Dept., The Weizmann Inst., Rehovot, Israel & M.Hoffman (see Ref 59) Cit: Hoffman-Falk, Shilo & Hoffman 1983, Cell 32:589. 61. T.Kornberg, Biochem.&Biophys, U of Calif, San Francisco CA 94143. Cit: Simon, Kornberg & Bishop 1983, Nature 302:837. 10 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

Alexandrov, Y.N. and M.D. Golubovsky. The mutagenic action of DNA and RNA-containing Institute of Molecular Biology and Gene- viruses and foreign DNA is well established. tics, Kiev; Institute of Cytology and But from a population point of view, it is quite Genetics, Novosibirsk, USSR. The multi- important to test directly whether mutations site mutations induced by viruses and induced by these agents can really spread in foreign DNA can spread in natural popu- nature. The possibility of answering this lations of Drosophila. question appeared after comparing two sets of second chromosome lethals obtained and analyzed during many years in two laboratories: (a) 17 38 37 29 08 3336 07 16 31 22 5232 47 58 42 02 induced by DNA and RNA viruses and foreign DNA (Alexandrov et al. 1971; Gershenson et al. 1975), a and (b) isolated from natural populations in the USSR (Golubovsky et 1.0. as a a al. 1974). Both sets now of lethals were studied for allelism and some of 080 them were localized. 33 ME The mutagenic effect both of various viruses non-infectious for Droso- 07 000 phila and foreign DNA is characterized by strong I6 L site-specificity. Analy- sis of even small samples LEhQ o consisting of 15-20 lethal chromosomes shows 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12jZ5 complex allelic reactions X X K and high allelism frequency. The mutations 37 occur in definite groups 47 L of loci specific for each I7 58 agent tested (Alexandrov et al. 1971; Gershenson 29-X et al. 1975). The chro- 42 mosomes with lethal defects in many sites 08 02 L_ II1UiL1ielLLa.L) appear 33 regularly (for example, 36 see Fig. 1). The mutant loci are either clustered 07 or dispersed among the chromosome. -x On the contrary,

r616 ------allelic relations of large groups of lethals 30 -- isolated from nature are 22- rather simple. The mutations usually appear in a great number of Fig, 1. Diallelic crosses between 19 second chromosomes in loci. Some lethals, which lethals were induced by addition of influenza virus in however, have been food. Allelism is shown by black squares. Allelic relation- found repeatedly both ships are complex; their interpretation is given at left. within one population Mutations occur in 12 loci; 8 chromosomes are multilethal and and among adjacent ones. have 2-5 lethals in different loci. The order of loci is given The multilethal chromo- here arbitarily. Chromosomes 52 and 32 are dilethal. So among somes were also isolated. 19 lethal chromosomes 10 are multilethal; they occur due to single mutational events.

October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 11

(see Fig. 2). Among these groups of natural lethals we found allelism with ZLI

233 ...... .. -. U.. the lethals induced by viruses and 23l foreign DNA (see Table 1). The main conclusions are: (1) mutagenic action of different viral agents and foreign DNA sources causes 221 23 the multisite mutations which may be 24T. 21... V distributed in natural populations; 26L... 247L and (2) this form of mutagenesis is similar to the action of movable gene- 250 tic elements (Lim 1979; Berg et al. 2521 1980; Engels and Preston 1981). In both cases the site-specific chromo- 255 somal lesions (including rearrange- W. 25 ments) may occur due to single muta- 264 tion events. Similar multisite muta- 5Otma. tions may appear repeatedly and independently in isolated populations. 265- References: Alexandrov, Y.N., 2" 27 2611 X 26[ S.M. Gershenson and S.S. Maliuta 1971, Genetika (USSR) 9:102-112; Berg, R.L., 255 1n(2R) x _ W.K. Engels and R.A. Kreber 1980, L Science 210:427-429; Engels, W.R. and C.R. Preston 1981, Cell 26:421-428; Gershenson, S.M., Y.N. Alexandrov and S.S. Maliuta 1975, Mutagenic action of DNA and viruses in Drosophila, Fig. 2. Diallelic crosses between 45 chromosomes "Naukova Dumka" Publ. House; Golubov- with lethals isolated from a natural population in sky et al. 1974, Genetika (USSR) 4: Dilizhan (Armenia) in 1964. Allelic relationships 82-92; Lim, J.K. 1979, Genetics 93: as a rule are simple. One exclusion is shown at 681-701. left. Chromosome 233 contains two closely linked lethals; both of them were allelic to the virus- induced mutations (see Table 1). Chromosome 255 carries a short inversion on the right arm, In(2R) 51A;57B.

Table 1. Results of allelism tests between two sets of mutations: (1) 72 lethals induced by viruses and foreign DNA: and (2) 64 lethals found repeatedly in natural populations. Lethals isolated from nature Mutagenic agent and number Inclusion in of lethal chromosomes Cases of Index, population, and the multilethal tested with natural ones allelism year of collection chromosome Algae phage (DNA) 8 1 237;264 Dilizhan 1964 yes Influenza virus (RNA) 10 2 247;255 Dilizhan 1964 yes Herring DNA 10 2 137 Uman 1963 yes 305 Uman 1965 no Calf thymus DNA 29 5 97 Uman 1963 yes 121 Uman 1963 no 181 Uman 1963 yes 587;654 Uman 1967 yes 701 Uman 1967 yes virus C type (DCV) 5* 1 108 Uman 1963 no Drosophila DNA 10 0 Total 72 10 *Lethals were induced in C Picornavirus infected line Paris-Renner (see Golubovsky, M.D. and N. Plus 1982, Mut. Res. 103:29-32). **The induced lethals were also tested for allelism with lethals found only one time in nature or spontaneously occurring in the laboratory in the progeny of wild flies (as a control). Among 5000 crosses no case of allelism has been found. 12 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

Ankina, M. A. and I. D. Alexandrov. Eye mosaics, regularly induced by 1,4-bisdiaso- Research Institute of Medical Radiology, acetyl butane (DAB) in w mutants of D. melano- Academy of Medical Sciences of USSR, gaster after treatment of larvae with the muta- Obninsk, 249020, USSR. Electron micro- gene in question, have, as a rule, small (from scopy of "salt-and-pepper" variegation 1-2 to 8-10 facets) and occasionally arising induced by 1,4-bisdiasoacetyl butane spots showing a maroon-like appearance (Alexan- in white mutants of D. melanogaster. drov 1982). This kind of variegation seems to look like the so-called "salt-and-pepper" type (Becker 1966). EM analysis of mosaic spots was carried out to test the assumption that variegation described may be hemomorphosis of some kind rather than expected phenotypic reflection of rare w -- w+ reversions induced by DAB in the somatic cells of the eye discs. If the spots are true reversions expected, they must consist of ommatidia pigment cells with restored ommochrome and/or drosoptrin granules. For the electron microscopy, dissected mosaic eyes were fixed in cold Karnovsky's mixture, post-fixed in 2% 0s04, dehydrated and embedded in Epon. Ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and photographed in a JEM-5y electron microscope at 80 W. Analysis of electron micrographs of the typical DAB-induced spots showed that instead of the expected ultrastructural signs of reversion and usual EM picture intrinsic to ommatidia of white mutants (Fuge 1967), marked atypical changes in the cornea, pseudoconus and pigment cells in the region of spots were consistently found. In all cases, the laminated structure of the cornea was loosened throughout its thickness (or in the lower part only) and substituted by irregular bundles of fibrils, along which large numbers of lysosome- and/or vacuole- like membrane-coated structures were found (Fig. 1). As a rule, such changed cornea was closely connected with electron- dense granular masses which replace structures of pseudoconus (Fig. 2). The masses were usually surrounded by fibrils which may fill up the rest of the inner pseudoconus space. In such cases, cytoplasmic organelles are lacking, except - - - V V numerous protein granules, within primary and secondary -______pigment cells (Fig. 3). Special TA" - V attention was drawn to the fact - --- - that generally neither otnmo- V chrome nor drosopterin granules within. pigment cells were found

V V VV:VV in forming spot ommatidia. V V - - Thus, DAB-induced spots appear - V - V V V VV to be eye morphosis with pecu-

V liar neoformat ions and modif i- V - .- VT . ' cations of the cellular structures in single or small groups of neighboring ommatidia. Fig. 1. Electron micrograph of the cornea in the region The nature of the electron- of spot. Loosened cornea (C), bundles of fibrils (F), dense material described is not and lysosome (L)- or vacuole (V)-like structures may be now clear, but it may be sug- seen. [X 22,0001 gested to have a melanine nature. If so, the DAB-induced malformations may be classified to type of those melanotic tumors which are regularly induced by obvious carcinogenes in Drosophila (Rapoport 1948). The ability of such carcinogenes to induce the "salt-and-pepper" variegation in white mutants of Drosophila is under study now, and first experimental data with EMS and NNS are reported elsewhere in this issue. Grateful acknowledgment is made to Dr. V. A. Gulyaev for his comments on the manuscript. October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 13

Fig. 2. Electron micrograph of ommatidium Fig. 3. Electron micrograph of ommatidium with malformations: electron-dense masses fragment with malformations. Space of (EM) closely connect with cornea (C) and are pseudoconus (F) around electron-dense mass surrounded by fibrils (F). [X 5,000] (EN) filled up by fibrils (F). Pigment cells contain protein granules (PC) only. [X 22,000]

References: Alexandrov, I.D. 1982, DIS 58:10-12; Becker, H.J. 1966, Current Topics Developm. Biol. Vol. 1, NY-London, Acad. Press, 155-171; Fuge, H. 1967, Zeitsch. Zell. 83: 468-507; Rapoport, I.A. 1948, Trans. Inst. Cytol., Histol., and Embryol. Vol. 2, Publ. 1: 3-135.

Antoine, M. L., K. A. Itoku and W. S. Quite a few studies have addressed the develop- Stark. University of Missouri, Columbia, mental issue of whether all receptors of an Missouri. How developmentally related ommatidium are descended from one cell (Ready, are photoreceptors and pigment cells in Hanson and Benzer 1976; Hofbauer and Campos- the Drosophila compound eye? Ortega 1976; Campos-Ortega and Gateff 1976; Campos-Ortega and Hofbauer 1977; Campos-Ortega, Jtirgens and Hofbauer 1978, 1979; Lawrence and Green 1979). The concensus of this literature is that receptors of a facet need not be clonally related, though their probability of relatedness is based on their proximity through development which obviously tends to be higher for mitotically related cells. Despite this intense interest there are surprisingly few studies discussing relatedness of receptors and other cells in the compound eye. In this study, we made mosaics from heterozygotes of our compound mutant stock bw; ora cd and bw (Stark, Srygley and Greenberg 1981) to analyze relations among the two primary pigment cells and the six R1-6 receptors. Such analyses involve reconstructions from distal and proximal sections and have been undertaken only a few times (Benzer 1973; Ready, Hanson and Benzer 1976; Harris and Stark 1977; Lawrence 14 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983 and Green 1979; Stark, Srygley and Greenberg 1981). The ora and cd mutant characteristics were used to mark the R1-6 rhabdomeres and primary pigment cells, respectively. The cd mutant marks primary pigment cells intensely: even though cd decreases ommochromes, the pigment granules remaining in primary pigment cells are large and conspicuous. The ora mutant is well known for its elimination of R1-6 rhabdomeres. In the work presented here, we studied mosaics using the techniques of Stark, Srygley and Greenberg (1981) except that we generated many small mosaic patches with gamma rays delivered to late third instar larvae. The plates show mosaic patches which result. The Nomarski micrograph (top plate) shows about 7 distal ommatidia (one at arrowhead) with mixed primary pigment cell types due to somatic (mitotic) crossovers / induced in late third instar larvae. Where the plane of section is favorable, one of the two primary pigment cells shows the dark mutant (cd) phenotype re- suiting from mitoses after crossing-over. The bottom plate (phase contrast micrograph) shows ommatidia in which ora eliminates most R1-6 rhabdomeres (large- stemmed arrows); sometimes only one rhabdomere is - - - missing (small-stemmed arrow). af 1 Even from the micrographs, it is apparent that - there are more marked primary pigment cells than . marked receptor cells. We analyzed 262 ommatidia from four eyes. Each primary pigment cell was scored for presence or absence of the dark mutant (cd) phenotype. R1-6 were scored for presence or absence of rhabdomeres due to the ora mutant gene. Of the 262 omrnatidia scored, 206 were completely normal. Of the other 56, 37 had marked primary pigment cells only, 15 had marked R1-6 cells only, and only 4 had both. - Curiously, none of the 41 oinmatidia with marked primary pigment cells had both cells marked. This indicates that receptors are more clonally related to each other than to primary pigment cells. If developing ommatidial cells (at the time of irradiation) are as likely to give rise to primary pigment cells as they are to give rise to R1-6 cells, then the expectation would be that primary pigment cells are mutant as frequently as R1-6 cells, but this is not the case. We suggest that there would be more mitoses of primary pigment cell precursors than receptor precursors after the gamma rays which induced somatic crossing-over in late larval life. Some work has emphasized rigid cell lineages (Campos-Ortega and co-workers) while other work emphasizes the lack of clonal restrictions among cells of an oinmatidium (Ready, Hanson and Benzer 1976; Lawrence and Green 1979). Our study points to the possibility of a partial restriction between primary pigment cells and receptors late in development. We thank Robert Greenberg for constructing the bw; cd ora stock, Bob Srygley for inducing somatic crossing-over, Wanda Koch for histology, Allen Shearn for use of his 137Cs Gammator source, David Marcey for suggestions about this study, and Allyson Joggerst and Kiran Srivas- tava for technical assistance. The major support was the provision of an Olympus microscope by the Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia. References: Benzer, S. 1973, Sci. Amer. Dec. 229:24-37; Campos-Ortega, J.A. and E.A. Gateff 1976, Wilhelm Roux's Arch. 179:373-392; Campos-Ortega, J.A. and A. Hofbauer 1977, Wilhelm Roux's Arch. 181:227-245; Campos-Ortega, J.A., G. Jiirgens and A. Hofbauer 1978, Nature 274:584-586; , and 1979, Wilhelm Roux's Arch. 186:26-50; Harris, W.A. and W.S. Stark 1977, J. Gen. Physiol. 69:261-291; Hofbauer, A. and J.A. Campos-Ortega 1976, Wilhelm Roux's Arch. 179:275-289; Lawrence, P.A. and S.M. Green 1979, Dev. Biol. 71:142-152; Ready, D.F., T.E. Hanson and S. Benzer 1976, Dev. Biol. 53:217-240; Stark, W.S., R.B. Srygley and R.M. Greenberg 1981, DIS 56:132-133. October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 15

Asada, N. and 0. Kitagawa. Tokyo Metro- The basic pattern of courtship, courtship laten- politan University, Tokyo , Japan. cy and the duration of copulation of D. nivei- Courtship behavior of D.niveifrons. frons n. sp. (Okada and Carson 1982) belonging to the D. nasuta subgroup of the immigrans species group was analyzed to investigate the behavioral character especially in male courtship behavior. Mating behavior and the duration of copulation of the D. nasuta subgroup was first reported by Spieth (1968), but on D. niveifrons, so far, there has been no information about behavioral studies. The material used here was one isofemale strain collected at Lae, Papua New Guinea in 1979, and has been kept as a laboratory stock at Tokyo Metropolitan University. Flies were cultured at 25C in the standard cornmeal-dry yeast-sucrose medium. The direct observation method of single pair mating was applied using the mating chamber (40 x 40 x 10 mm, 0 30 mm) modified from Ellens and Wattiaux (1964). The following items were examined: (1) male courtship behavior, (2) mean length of courtship latency, and (3) duration of copulation. (1) Courting male went to female and oriented himself at the rear of female. When female moved apart from male, he followed her showing wing display with vibration and following flicking of one wing rapidly on successive occasions only at the rear of female, and immediately, male attempted to copulate. This pattern and position of one-wing flicking are the sex-specific behavioral characters shown by this species. Besides this character, crab-like walking occurred when he circled about her, as well. These two male courtship elements are characteristics of this species, so we suppose that the courtship pattern of D. niveifrons resembles the D. kohkoa type described by Spieth (1969). (2) Courtship latency varied from only 5 seconds to 26 minutes; the average is 8 minutes and 27 seconds. (3) Duration of copulation varied from 23 to 65 minutes, with an average of 48 minutes and 11 seconds. This average was similar to that of D. irnmigrans, which was about 53 minutes (Sturtevant 1942) or about 14-64 minutes (Wheeler 1947), but may be the longest duration in the D. nasuta subgroup compared with Spieth's (1969) results. No correlation was found between courtship latency and the duration of copulation. References: Ellens, A.A. and J.M. Wattiaux 1964, DIS 39:118-119; Okada, T. and H.L. Carson 1982, Kontyu 50:396-410; Spieth, H.T. 1969, Univ. Tex. Publ. 66:255-270; Sturtevant, A.H. 1942, Univ. Tex. Publ. 4213:5-66; Wheeler, M.R. 1947, Univ. Tex. Publ. 4720:78-115.

Baimai, V. Mahidol University, Bangkok, I report here examples of nondisjunction which Thailand. Spontaneous aneuploidy in produce changes in chromosome number in four four species of the D. montium subgroup. species belonging to the D. montium subgroup. These are: D. lacteicornis, D. nikananu, D. barbarae and D. kikkawai. Aneuploidy was discovered during the course of metaphase karyotype analysis of laboratory strains of these species, and is presumed to have occurred spontaneously in the laboratory. Metaphase chromosomes were prepared from the brain of third stage larvae using the conventional orcein staining method of Lewis and Riles (1960). Sample sizes used in this study were small (six to eight larvae in each case). The general metaphase karyotype of the D. montium species subgroup, including these four species, consists of two pairs of metacentric (V-shaped) autosomes, one pair of fourth chromosome (microchromosome) of various configurations, and one pair of sex chromosomes (Baimai 1980). The spontaneous aneuploidy discovered in this study was as follows: X0 condition in D. lacteicornis, XYY in D. nikananu, XXY in D. barbarae, and a trisomy for the V-shaped fourth chromosome in D. kikkawai (see Figs. 1-4 on following page). Potential phenotypic effects in adults of such chromosomal changes are not known since they were observed in the larval stage. It seems likely that spontaneous nondisjunction is common in my stocks of these species. They might well be generally common in any laboratory stocks. References: Baiinai, V. 1980, Japan. J. Genetics 55:165-175; Lewis, E.B. and L.S. Riles 1960, DIS 34:118-119. [Figure on following page.] 16 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

S x-. Figs. 1-4. Photo- micrographs of larval brain metaphases of the four species showing different types of aneuploidy involved with the sex chro- 4,4 mosomes and the . a fourth chromosome. 3 (1) D. lacteicornis - XO. (2) D. nikananu - XYY. (3) D. barbarae - XXY. (4) D. kikkawai female - trisomic chromosome 4. Large microchromo- somes are indicated by bigger arrows.

I x 2

Balwin, G. University of Queensland, Isolines of three species of the D.nasuta cam- Australia. Hybrid chromosomes in three plex were collected in South-East Asia. All species of the D. nasuta complex. three species, D.S.albostrigata, D.albomicans and D.kohkoa, were captured at the River Kwai, Thailand. D.albomicans was also collected in Taiwan while the other two species were also collected at Luzon, Philippines. An inversion- free isoline for each species was then determined for each capture site of each of the species. Subsequently, intraspecific Table 1. crosses were made between the differ - ent geographical populations for each Chromosome Distal Central Proximal Species species. The different populations of D.s.albostrigata I - - - both D.S.albostrigata and D.albomicans - displayed no cytogenetic differences. III, - - The two populations of D.kohkoa, hR - - - however, exhibited inversion X on - chromosome I of their F 1 generation. III - - This inversion has been previously D.albomicans I *P 6+Q 6 +R6 - C 2 recorded for this species at Phuket, - Thailand (Mather & Thongmeearkom DIS III, - 2 53:150). Hence it appears this inver- hR - - H2 sion is fixed in the River Kwai population of D.kohkoa. III - L + +W A 3 6 6 2 Isolines from nearest the centre D.kohkoa I P+Q - C6+R6 +5 6+T6 of the species range were selected - for the interspecific tests. Hence III, - 2 the Luzon isolines were chosen for hR - - H 2 ,U6 D.kohkoa and D.S.albostrigata whilst D.albomicans was represented by the 6 6 isoline from Taiwan. Sixteen inversions were then determined between *inversion A + inversion B = inversion A crosses of these isolines (Table 1). overlapping inversion B. October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 17

fe.

rzm

Figure 1. f.e. = free end; c.e. = centromere end.

Nine of these inversions had not been recorded and are presented in Fig. 1. Inversions A 2 , C 2 H and I (Mather & Thongmeearkom DIS 50:60), C (Mather & Thongmeearkom, DIS 48:40), L 3 (1?Iather R Thongmeearkom, DIS 55:101) and R 5 (Mather & Baiwin, DIS 55:99) have been previously recorded. These inversions then define the extent of cytogenetic divergence that has occurred during the evolution of these species and allow the phylogenetic relationships of these species to be determined. As chromosomes I and III are the most polymorphic, they provide the clearest indications of these relations (Figs. 2 & 3). The isolines for these experiments were collected and established by Dr. W.B. Mather. 18 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

Figure 2. Figure 3.

/+Z 2 A /+Zj+ D.s.albostrigata 6 1 ..__4 2 Primitive I Primitive I D.s.albostrigata 'I, P 6 Q 6 C 2 A 2 W 6 X 6 /+Z 2 /+ _. W 6 X 6 Z 2 /+ Primitive II Primitive II D.kohkoa

R5/+R6 __ R5/+R6/+ R5S6T6 A2V6L3/+ L3/+ _ ....__ D.albomicans Primitive III D.kohkoa Primitive III D.aThomicans

Baiwin, G. University of Queensland, The three species examined here are D.S.albo- Australia. Sexual isolation between three strigata, D.albomicans and D.kohkoa. An iso- species of the D.nasuta complex. line each of D.S.albostrigata and D.kohkoa was collected from Luzon, Philippines, whilst another isoline of D.albomicans was collected from Taiwan. Two forms of sexual isolations tets were conducted and these were "no choice" and "male choice" tests (Strickberger 1962). Both tests were employed in the intraspecific crosses whilst only the "no choice" test was used for interspecific tests. Results of the intraspecific "no choice" and "male choice" tests are shown in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. For both tests, the different populations of D.S.albomicans and D.kohkoa display a high degree of crossability. Similarly, the "male choice" test indicates the same situation between the two populations of D.S.albostrigata. Table 1. Intraspecific "no choice" test However, the "no choice" test Species Cross Total Insemi- %Cross- indicates a significant divergence from the expected random nations ability x 2 D.s.albostrigata Le x RK 145 105 72.41 11.03 mating pattern, especially RKcf x LY ii between males from the River D.albomicans To x RK 116 116 100.00 0.00 Kwai and females from Luzon. The sex of any Fl offspring RKe X T 110 109 99.09 0.01 were also recorded for these D.kohkoa Li X RK 134 132 98.51 0.03 J(1 x L 110 106 96.36 0.15 crosses (Table 3). Both D.S. *Cross: L = Luzon, RK = River Kwai, T = Taiwan albostrigata and D.kohkoa exhibited the expected 1:1 Table 2. Intraspecific "male choice" test. Homogamic Heterogamic 2 Species Cross inseminations inseminations I x D.s.albostrigata Lo x (L. + RK) 89 80 Le x (L + RK.) 80 73 0.049 0.80 RKcf x (PX. + L) 84 74 PJ(o x (RK + L.) 82 72 0.064 1.28 D.albomicans Tcf x (T. + RK) 113 113 To x (T + RK2.) 116 116 0.000 0.0C RKd x (FJ(. + T) 97 95 RKcf x (RX + T.) 117 115 0.009 0.04 D.kohkoa Le x (L. + RK) 67 67 Le x (L + RX.) 75 76 -0.003 0.04 FJKcf x (J(. + L) 82 85 RKe x (RK + L.) 74 74 -0.009 0.03 *Cross: L = Luzon, RX = River Kwai, T Taiwan. Denotes the strain marked with ink. October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 19

Table 3. Sex ratios in F 1 progeny from "no choice test. Table 4. Interspecific "no choice" No. of No. of test. 2 Species Cross F 1 F 1 0 Insemi %Cross- Cross Total nations abilit D.s.albostrigata Le x RI< 431 426 0.03 AMcfxAS 343 7 RJ(ixL 243 252 0.16 ASI x 340 0 1.02 D.albomicans Tcf X RK 533 348 38.85 KK 268 14 RKo x T 381 309 7.51 KKcf x AN 214 0 2.90 D.kohkoa Le x pj( 350 314 1.95 KKdxAS 180 8 RI(dxL 453 416 0.34 ASo x KK 198 0 2.12 *Cross: L = Luzon, RK = River Kwai T = Taiwan. *Cross: AS = D.s.albostrigata, AM = D.albomican, KK = Dkohkoa

ration between males and females but D.albomicans showed a predominance of females amongst Fl offspring. This results is in agreement with Haldane's Law (1922). Sexual isolation data from the "no choice" interspecific tests are presented in Table 4. It will be noted that the highest level of crossability was between D.albomicans and D.kohkoa, followed by the cross between D.kohkoa and D.albomicans. These results are consistent with morphological groupings (Thongmeearkom, Clyde & Mather 1977). Also evident is an asymmetrical mating pattern consistent with that proposed by Watanabe and Kawanishi (1979). The isolines used in these experiments were collected and established by Dr. W.B. Mather. References: Strickberger, M.W. 1962, Experiments in Genetics with Drosophila; Haldane, J.B.S. 1922, Sex ratio and unisexual sterility in hybrid animals, J. Genet. 12:102-109; Thongmeearkom, P., M. Clyde & W.B. Mather 1977, Key to members of the Drosophila nasuta subgroup, DIS 52:123; Watanabe, T.K. & M. Kawanishi 1979, Mating preferences and the direction of evolution in Drosophila, Science 205:906-907.

Band, H. T. and R. N. Band. Michigan Collections of drosophilids in four areas of State University, East Lansing, Michigan. Michigan, west Michigan (Grand Rapids), mid- C. amoena and other drosophilids in Michigan (East Lansing), northern lower penin- Michigan. sula (East Jordan), and the upper peninsula (Sagola), demonstrate the occurrence of endemic and widespread species in all areas. C. amoena can also be found breeding in apples in all areas. Species emerging from the apples from the old orchard at Grand Rapids were included in Band and Band (1980) except that D. algonquin was incorrectly listed as D. athabasca. Species emerging from apples at East Jordan in 1981 were included in Band and Band (1982a,b). All have been included in Table 1. In the suburban neighborhood in 1982 D. putrida adults collected in May were in such excellent condition this species probably overwinters in a preadult stage. C. amoena adults were laying eggs in the softened endemic crabapples in mid-May and were seen on small green fallen apples in the suburban neighborhood by mid-June. This species never came to collecting traps supplied with other baits such as cantaloupe or watermelon which attracted a wide variety of Drosophila. This may also be a first report that drosophilids can and do breed in ornamental crabapple fruits which also serve as overwintering sites for cold hardy C. amoena larvae. Neither D. immigrans nor D. busckii have previously been reported in the upper peninsula according to data obtained from the MSU Entomological Museum. In fact, of the four species found in Dickinson County, only C. amoena had been collected in the past. This does not mean either species is a recent immigrant. D. simulans is also not included in the collection of Michigan drosophilids although it had been found among those collected at a Nature Center in Lansing in the 1960s. All the species have been found in domestic habitats. D. immigrans and C. ainoena were also at woodland sites. Confirming the domesticated status of C. amoena in Michigan, it has also been found among drosophilids at an outdoor fruit stand. Periscelis annulipes Loew (one specimen, a male) was also among drosophilids collected at the East Lansing neighborhood site. 20 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

Table 1. C. amoena and other Michigan Drosophilids.

Location Site Species Collected on/Emerged from Grand Rapids old orchard C. amoena, D. melanogaster, emerged from apples (NM) D. iinmigrans, D. robusta, D. algonquin*

E. Lansing suburban (1) D. putrida (1) collected on mushrooms (MM) neighborhood (2) D. melanogaster, D. busckii, (2) collected on cantaloupe D. simulans, D. immigrans (3) D. melanogaster, D. simulans, (3) emerged from apples, pears, C. amoena & ornamental crabapples (4) D. melanogaster, D. simulans, (4) collected on watermelon D. immigrans

Malus C. amoena emerged from endemic coronaria crabapples

farm C. amoena, D. affinis emerged from apples

E. Jordan old apple D. algonquin, D. melanogaster, emerged from apples (NLP) trees C. amoena

Sagola farm/woods D. athabasca, D. busckii collected on cantaloupe (UP) woods D. immigrans emerged from cantaloupe

farm C. amoena on apples on the ground *incorrectly listed in Band and Band (1980) as D. athabasca

Acknowledgments: Thanks are gratefully extended to Lynn Throckmorton at the University of Chicago for identifying D. putrida, D. affinis, D. athabasca, Periscelis annulipes Loew, and confirming D. immigrans and D. simulans among the species collected. References: Band, H.T. and R.N. Band 1980, Experientia 36:1182-1183; and 1982a, DIS 58:17-18; and 1982b, Experientia 38:1448-1449.

Basden, E. B. Institute of Animal It is well appreciated that a Drosophila adult, Genetics, Edinburgh, Scotland. Fresh under certain physiological conditions, is air as an attractant for Drosophila. lured to odors of fermentation, etc. However, in many years of trapping and breeding these flies I have had evidence of their being. attracted by fresh air. If a Drosophila bottle-culture is closed, but has an open tube leading from it through the stopper, flies will migrate away from the culture, even if the tube is long. Similarly, when trapping in the wild, it frequently happened that species were reared from the trap-bait that had not been retained as adults, indicating that the flies were attracted out of the trap by the inflow of fresh air. This "pull" of fresh air comes into play evidently and naturally at an open bait (Basden 1952) when the adults forsake the latter, even when it is still pungent. Reference: Basden, E.B. 1952, Tr. Roy. Soc. Edin. 62(3):603-654.

October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 21

Bishop, E. R. and S. J. Shafer. Dowling Larval forms of D. melanogaster have been shown College, Oakdale, New York. Learning to exhibit the capacity to sense and avoid odor- behavior in D. melanogaster larvae. I. ants when such odorants are coupled with electric shock (Aceves-Piña and Quinn 1979). Third instar larvae will preferentially select one of two odorant sources through a method of shock reinforcement. The two-part experimental design in which larvae are trained to discriminate opposite odors eliminates odor bias and sensitization as explanations for the results Table 1. Larval response (in seconds) (Aceves-Piiia and Quinn 1979). Using specific controls, pseudocondition- Standard - ing, excitatory states, odor prefer- Chi-square X deviation ence, sensitization, habituation, analysis (seconds) (seconds) and subjective bias can be elimina- control P>0.99 378 230 ted as reasons for experimental methyl hexanoate 0.9>P>0.8 72 60 outcome (Quinn, Harris and Benzer). amyl acetate 0.7>P>0.5 63 31 The normal behavior of third instar larvae in the presence and absence Comparison of samples: t-test of odorants can be statistically evaluated. The two odorants methyl Probability of sameness hexanoate and amyl acetate, to control-methyl hexanoate P<0.001 which third. instar larvae give corn- control-amyl acetate P<0.001 parable positive chemotactic re- amyl acetate-methyl hexanoate between 0.4 and 0.5 spouses, wer chosen. Learned behavior can therefore be differentiated from the normal larval re- spouse. References: Aceves-Piña and Quinn 1979, Science 206:93-96; Quinn, Harris and Benzer 1974, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 71:708-712.

Bishop, E. R. and S. J. Shafer. Dowling It can be shown that larval forms of wild-type College, Oakdale, New York. Learning Oregon-R D. melanogaster may be conditioned to behavior in D. melanogaster larvae. II. avoid odorants for which they are normally chemotactically positive when such odorants are associated with electric shock (Aceves- Piña and Quinn 1979). This behavior, termed olfactory learning ability, may be statistically evaluated and the index of learning (the fraction of the population avoiding the shock associated odor minus the fraction avoiding the control odor) may be determined. Values range from -1 to +1. A value of one or the avoidance of the shock-associated odorant in all trials indicates "absolute" learning. A value of zero indicates that the training of larvae with shock does not alter odorant preference. A negative value indicates that the larvae run preferentially to the shock-associated odorant source. The values reported for learning deficient third instar larvae obtained from crosses between males treated with ethyl methanesulfonate and normal females may be compared to the values obtained for normal third instar larvae. The odorants amyl acetate and methyl hexanoate to which normal third instar larvae exhibit positive chemotactic responses were selected. The two-part design in which larvae are trained to opposite odors eliminates odor bias and sensitization as explanations for the results (Quinn and Aceves-Piña 1979). It can be shown that normal and treated larvae exhibit a marked difference in learning behavior. Using a 2x2 contingency table with one degree of freedom and the competing hypothesis: H0 : There is no difference in avoidance behavior between larvae trained with amyl acetate associated with electrical shock and larvae trained with methyl hexanoate associated with electrical shock, and Hi: There is a difference in avoidance behavior between larvae trained with amyl acetate associated with electrical shock and larvae trained with methyl hexanoate associated with electrical shock, and assuming H 0 to be true with a 5% level of significance, H 0 shall be accepted if x2 - 3.84. Based on the results exhibited in Table 1 for normal larvae, H 0 shall be accepted. Since normal third instar larvae behave similarly when conditioned with either of the two attractants, 22 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

a combined chi-square comparing avoidance to non-avoidance was done. Based on random movement, it was expected one half of the sample will avoid the shock-associated odorant while one half will not. Using a sample size of 60 and the observed avoidance to non-avoidance ratio of 39: 21 with one degree of freedom, the P value (0.025>P>0.010) obtained indicated the movement obtained was not random and was therefore attributed to olfactory learning with the index of learning for normal larvae equaling 0.30. A second 2x2 contingency table with one degree of freedom and the competing hypothesis: Ho: There is no difference in avoidance behavior between larvae from treated lineages trained with amyl acetate associated with electrical shock and larvae from treated lineages trained with methyl hexanoate associated with electrical shock, and H1: There is a difference in avoidance behavior between larvae from treated lineages trained with amyl acetate associated with electrical shock and larvae from treated lineages trained with methyl hexanoate associated with electrical shock, and assuming H 0 to be true with a 5% level of significance, H 0 shall be accepted if x 2 3.84. Based on the results exhibited in Table 1 for treated lineages, the null hypothesis was accepted. In conclusion, a 2x2 contingency table with one degree of freedom was used to compare the final competing hypotheses: H0 : Normal third instar larvae and third instar larvae from treated lineages behave similarly in conditioning experiments when either of the two attractants are accompanied with electrical shock, and H1: Normal third instar larvae and third instar larvae from treated lineages do not behave similarly in conditioning experiments when either of the two attractants are accompanied with electrical shock, and assuming H. to be true with a 5% level of significance, H 0 shall be accepted if x 2 3.84 (Table 2). Based on the results of Table 2, the null hypothesis was rejected. Third instar larvae from normal and treated lineages did not behave similarly in conditioning experiments when either of the two attractants were accompanied with electrical shock. A chi-square analysis using a sample size of 60, an observed avoidance to non-avoidance ratio of 26:34, one degree of freedom and the expected avoidance to non-avoidance ratio of 39:21, the resulting P value of less than 0.005 indicated the movement of treated larvae is not the same as normal larvae. The index of learning (larvae from treated lineages) equaled -0.13. Third instar larvae from treated lineages are learning deficient as compared to the index of learning for normal larvae.

Table 1. Sample of 60 larvae.

Shock associated Avoidance No avoidance odorant of odorant of odorant Total amyl acetate 19 11 30 0.07 normal x2 = methyl hexanoate 20 10 30 0.90>P>0.75 39 21 60

amyl acetate 14 16 30 0.27 treated x2 = methyl hexanoate 12 18 30 0.75>P>0.50 26 34 60

Table 2. Avoidance No avoidance Larval type of odorant of odorant Total normal 39 21 60 X 2 = 5.6 treated 26 34 60 0.025>P>0.010 65 55 120

References: Aceves-Pija and Quinn 1 979, Science 206 93-96. October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 23

Botella, L.M., A. Moya and J.L. Mensua. By means of a series of experiments carried out University of Valencia, Spain. Effect with different strains of D. melanogaster, it of urea on viability and mean develop- has been observed--using an overfeeding tech- mental time of Drosophila melanogaster nique (Mensua & Moya 1983)---that extreme larvae, competition gives rise to a developmental stop in third instar larvae. Two kinds of causes are both possible explanations of this delay in development: (1) waste products of larvae at high concentration could inhibit larval development by disturbing normal metabolism; (2) competition originates a scarcity of certain products necessary to further development (Budnik & Brncic 1976). In order to test the first hypothesis, viabilities and mean developmental times were analyzed in non-competitive cultures (70 larvae in 5 ml of Lewis' medium) of an isogenic Oregon-R strain at different concentrations of urea, a waste product found in D. melanogaster cultures (Godbole et al. 1971). Experiments were carried out at 19–1C. Table 1 shows data on viability and mean developmental time for seven different concentrations of urea and two controls without urea, one of these representing a highly competitive situation (70 larvae in 0.5 ml of Lewis' medium), and the other a non-competitive situation (70 larvae in 5 ml of Lewis' medium). Each datum represents the average of five replicae with standard error. As can be seen from Table 1, viability does not decrease substantially up to the point where the level of urea reaches a concentration of 10 mgrm/ml. From this point onwards there is a drastic decrease in the number of emerged flie. On the other hand, mean developmental times increase, following a kind of function y = ax , as proved from the data, selecting the best fit among nine different functions of single independent variable (Table 2 and Figure 1). The above data seem to indicate that some substances excreted by larvae into the culture medium can interfere with development, imitating overcrowding situations, as can be observed from Table 1, which compares viabilities and mean .developmental times between the medium with high urea concentration (15 mgrm/ml) and the overcrowded control (70 larvae in 0.5 ml). Urea or similar waste products could act as developmental delayers, lengthening third instar as observed in jaw preparations. This situation leads either to death or to adult emergence. The way in which urea acts is different from that of other delayer substances such as formaldehyde (Sanmiguel and Rubio 1982) at 0.2% which produces developmental lengthening from the first larval instar: larvae are at the first or second instar at the time when they would be in the third instar in media supplemented with urea. References: Bancroft, T.A. 1964, Biometrics 20:427-442. Budnik, M. and D. Brncic 1976, Evolution 29:777-781. Godbole, N.N., R.M. Kothari and V.G. Vaidya 1971, DIS 46:116. Mensua, J.L. and A. Noya 1983, Heredity 51:347-351; Sanmiguel, E. and J. Rubio 1982, XVIII Jornadas Luso-Espaflolas de Gentica, Granada (Spain).

Table 1. Influence of different urea Table 2. Analysis of variance completed with concentrations upon viability and mean regression of mean developmental times for developmental time in D. melanogaster. different urea concentrations, averaged according to Bancroft (1964). Urea concen- Number of Mean develop- tration emerged flies mental time Source of variation d.f. S.S. M.S. F (mgrm/ml) (days) Between concentrations 7 228.26 32.6 54,3** 0.0 62.8±2.0 24.3±0.2 0.5 64.6±1.6 23.9±0.3 Regression y = ax 1 220.43 220.43 237.0** 1.0 64.4±1.0 23.4±0.1 Deviation 6 6,83 1.3 2.2 n's. 2.0 62.2±1.1 24.1±0.2 4.0 61.8±2.3 26.9±0.1 Within concentrations 32 19.04 0.6 8.0 59.6±1.6 27.8±0.3 Total 39 475.56 254.33 10.0 56.4±1.6 28.5±0.6 15.0 21.6±8.9 30.5±0.7 ** p < 0.001 n.s. = non-significative 0.0* 21.2±3.1 27.4±0.5 * overcrowded control 24 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

3O4 Figure 1. Mean developmental times for different concentrations of urea.

Best fit: y = 23.086x 0.096

p 24 w

Urea concentration (mgrm/ml)

0.5 5 10 15

Bournias-Vardiabasis, N. City of Hope In a series of experiments, originally performed Medical Center, Duarte, California. to establish LD 0 values for Drosophila adults On the teratogenic effects of courmarin for a variety o drugs used in developing an in and hydroxycoumarin in D. melanogaster. vitro teratogenesis assay (Bournias-Vardiabasis and Teplitz 1982; Bournias-Vardiabasis et al., in press), we observed that several of the surviving progeny which were exposed during oogenesis and larval period to these drugs showed various morphological defects. The majority of the drugs induced nonspecific defects such as unevaginated wings, deformed legs and fused abdominal segments. Only a small number (less than 1%) of the progeny were so affected. Here we report defects found in progeny of females fed coumarin or hydroxycoumarin throughout oogenesis. The ensuing larvae also fed on the above named drugs both of which are known to act as teratogens in mammals (Shepard 1981) and in the Drosophila embryonic cell culture assay (Bournias-Vardiabasis et al. in press). Prior to this report there have been various workers reporting on phenocopy induction in Drosophila, by heat shock (Mitchell et al. 1979) and various other agents (Ashburner and Bonner 1979) including some teratogens (Schuler, Harden and Niemejer 1982). The feeding procedure was as follows: About 5-6 virgin Oregon-R females were placed in vials containing food plus the drug to be tested dissolved in food at the appropriate concentration. The females fed on the food for three days at which time all oocytes present would have been exposed to the Table 1. Teratogenic effects of courmarin and hydroxycoumarin. drug for 72 hours since oogenesis in Drosophila Concentration takes that long to coin- plete. -1 -2 3 The rational for 10 10 10 exposing unfertilized A. Coumarin eggs or oocytes to the Number of adults scored 1250 0 158 1150 drug through the mother Number of adults with defects 5 -- 4 13 is that once the egg is % adults showing defects 0.4 -- 2.5 1.1 fertilized it is deposi- ted by the females and B. Hydroxycoumarin then ceases to be under Number of adults scored -- 0 712 1356 maternal control. The Number of adults with defects -- -- 15 16 larva that emerges 24 % adults showing defects -- -- 2.0 1.2 hours later proceeds to October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 25 feed until pupation takes place and then the adult emerges. Thus, under this protocol the ensuing progeny have been exposed to the drug indirectly during oogenesis (through the maternal circulation) and during the larval period by ingesting the drug directly. Both coumarin and hydroxycoumarin were tested at 10 - 1, 10-2 and 10-3 M. Exposure of Drosophila to hydroxycoumarin or coumarin resulted in greater than 1% of progeny showing defects. A dose-dependent response was also observed with both drugs (Table 1). The defects observed included missing eye facets and various wing malformations. The results indicate that both coumarin and hydroxycoumarin act as teratogens in Droso- phila. The defects we have observed indicate that extensive cell death in the imaginal wing disc must have occurred. In the case of the eye-antennal disc, only specific areas must have been affected. To investigate this further, we plan to stain late third instar discs with a vital stain and compare drug-treated ones for areas of cell death with controls. With further experimentation (drugs and dosage) this protocol might serve as a useful teratogen screen. A further refinement of the protocol will be to include techniques to alter egg permeability (Limbourg and Zalokar 1973) to allow for exposure of fertilized eggs during the first 24 hours when embryogenesis takes place. References: Ashburner, M. and J.J. Bonner 1979, Cell 17:241; Bournias-Vardiabasis, N., R.L. Teplitz, G.F. Chernoff and R.L. Seecof (in press), Teratology; Bournias-Vardiabasis, N. and R.L. Teplitz 1982, Terat. Carcin. Mut. 2:333; Limbourg, B. and M. Zalokar 1973, Dev. Biol. 35:382; Mitchell, U.K., G. Miller, N.S. Petersen and L. Lipps-Sarmiento 1979, Dev. Genet. 1:181; Schuler, R.L., B.D. Harden and R.W. Niemeier 1982, Terat. Carcin. Mut. 2:293; Shepard, T.H. 1981, in: Catalog of Teratogenic Agents, John Hopkins Press, Baltimore.

Castro, J.A., A. Moya and J.L. Mensua. One of the methods employed to detect gene University of Valencia, Spain. Gene frequency-dependent selection is the so called frequency-dependent selection: Analysis ratio diagrams (Ayala 1971; Anxolabhère 1980; of competition among two and three corn- Wallace 1981). This procedure has been used petitors of Drosophila melanogaster. not only to analyze competition between two species but also between two different genotypes of the same species. It has recently been applied to competition situations among three genotypes by Tosi6 and Ayala(1981). The results obtained from experiments with two and three competitors of D. melanogaster in highly competitive situations (72 larvae in 0.5 ml of Lewis' medium) were analyzed by this method. The strains used were the following: a wild stock (wild), and two eye-colour mutants (cardinal, cd 111-75.7 and sepia, se 111-26.0). In the cultures with two competitors three possible competition situations were taken into account: wild/cd, wild/se and cd/se. The genetic composition of each system was 68/4, 64/8, 56/16, 36/36, 16/56, 8/64 and 4/68. In the case of three competitors, the following genotype compositions were studied: wild 64 4 4 40 16 16 32 20 20 28 28 16 24 8 32 32 cd 4 64 4 16 40 16 20 32 20 28 16 28 24 32 8 32 se 4 4 64 16 16 40 20 20 32 16 28 28 24 32 32 8. In order to apply the ratio diagrams method in the case of three competitors, the following ratios were selected: 64/4+4, 40/16+16, 32/20+20, 28/28+16, 24/24+24, 16/28+28, 8/32+32, 20/20+32 and 4/4+64. In both cases (two or three competitors) a total of fifteen replicae were made for each genetic composition. Figure 1 shows the ratio diagrams for two competing genotypes. Figure 2 shows the same for the three competing genotypes (wild/cd+se, cd/wild+se and se/wild+cd). The analysis of regression was carried out using the mean values of the repetitions. Thus, the t-test gives a greater reliability to the fit by using a lower number of degrees of freedom. Reliability is lower when the repetitions are considered as independent experiments. When we consider the competition between cd/wild, the slope of linear regression is significantly smaller than one. We can then assume a negative gene frequency-dependent selection, and that when the frequencies of cd are very low a stable equilibrium point is reached. On the other hand the ratio diagrams of se/wild reflects a constant selectivity against se. The same occurs with se/cd where cd displaces se. In competition among three genotypes the wild/cd+se ratio diagram shows a slope significantly smaller than one, meaning a negative gene frequency-dependent selection with a point 26 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

2 2 2

bz1.0064± 0.0302 1 R 2=0.998 ci a cDj 2// 0 0 O) 0 J 2 0 0 :r

-1

0 V _I 1 ___L__ A I -. r4ioi, - -1 0 1 2 log V" ---- tog --- Q WILD WILD CD INPUT Figure 1. Ratio diagrams for the regression of the output ratio to the input ratio in the two-genotype experiments at high density. The values plotted are the logarithms of the ratios.

2 2

b=0.9025±0.0434 1 - b=1.0343±0.0255 R2 0992 R2= 0.998 Ia o w N-' W-I- 0 i 0 wI -J ()

0 ) 0

-1 0 1 2 - (1 1 LZ CD F- Vr1 WILD log log CD-I-SE ' WILDi-SE WILD+CD 0 INPUT

Figure 2. Ratio diagrams for the regression of the output ratio to the input ratio in the three-genotype experiments at high density. The values plotted are the logarithms of the ratios.

of stable equilibrium at very low frequencies of cd+se. In the cd/wild+se ratio diagram the slope significantly approaches the 0.05 level, with a stable point of equilibrium being set. In the case of the se/wild+cd the displacement of se is kept, with constant selective responses. Therefore it would seem (between two competitors as well as among three competitors) that se is always displaced in competition with wild and cd, being a bad competitor and following a frequency-independent behaviour. As a consequence of the results from wild and cd strains with one or two competitors, stable coexistence between both strains can be admitted when cd is found at very low frequencies. References: Ayala, F.J. 1971, Science 171:820-824; Anxolabhere, D. 1980, Genetics 95:743-755; Tosic, M. and F.J. Ayala 1981, Genetics 97:679-701; Wallace, B. 1981 "Basic Population Genetics", Columbia University Press, New York. October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 27

Chistyakov, V. A. and I. D. Alexandrov. Spontaneous or induced genetic reversions w - w Research Institute of Medical Radiology, in cells of developing eye discs of Drosophila Academy of Medical Sciences of USSR, w mutants may obviously result in single pig- Obninsk, 249020, USSR. "Sectoral" and niented spots of the "sectoral" type, if the gene- "salt-and-pepper" eye mosaicism induced tic events in question take place in young lar- by potential and obvious mutagensJcarcino- vae, or "salt-and-pepper" type, if this occurs gens in white mutants of D. melanogaster. at a very late stage of fly development (Becker 1966). It is significant that the latter is also typical for rare events of spontaneous intragenic recombination between w heteroalleles resulting in single and small pigmented spots with accidental location on the eye surface (Stern 1969). It is just the phenotype of those spots which are regularly induced by treatment of white mutant larvae with mutagen 1,4-bis-- diasoacetyl butane (DAB) (Alexandrov 1982). In this connection DAB-induced spots suggest the phenotypic reflection of a rare w -- w+ genetic reversion. However, this assumption was not confirmed by the data of EM analysis of DAB-induced spots (Ankina and Alexandrov, elsewhere in this issue) which have been proved to be eye morphosis (mosaics of the DAB type) with specific malformations of the oinmatidia ultrastructures. The "sectoral" or "salt-and-pepper" genetic mosaics were never found among 14,918 eyes of DAB- treated flies from 56 different w lines studied. The screening confirmed the first observations that DAB-induced morphosis is somewhat controlled by a genotype as w mutation of itself, and is more often observed in males in comparison with females (average frequencies 1.9% and 0.84%, respectively, for "sensitive" lines on the whole). The lack of DAB-induced true reversions may be attributed, firstly, to a rarity of such genetic events or, secondly, to unusual resistance of the somatic cell genome to any genetic changes induced by DAB--unlike the germ cells, which have been proved to be highly susceptible to the mutagen in question. For example, the frequency of sex-linked recessive lethal mutations in DAB-treated male larvae (25/894 = 2.79%) is to the extent of 17 times higher than in non-treated larvae (3/1775 = 0.16%).

Table 1. The frequency of mosaic eyes with DAB-type spots and "sectoral" single or "twin" spots in different w mutants of D. melanogaster developed on media with DAB, DDDTDP, EMS or MMS. The w mutants Mutagens/ w66/y ee w co carcinogens i D D D G D C (conc.) n /N* %** n IN % n /N % n /N % n /N % n IN % DAB (5 mg/ 13a 9a vial) lb 2b 3c 4c 0 0 0 0 1714 0.99 1168 1.28 450 0.0 450 0.0 428 0.0 428 0.0

DDDTDP (0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 mg/vial) 1584 0.0 1584 0.0 1076 0.0 1076 0.0 1044 0.0 1044 0.0

0.24% EMS 2a 4a la (.03 ml! 2b 2b lb 16s 4.8 Ob 2s 1.5 vial) Oc Oc 3c it 0.3 Oc Ot 0.0 580 0.7 620 0.9 330 1.2 330 132 0.7 132

0.1% NMS 31a 3a 75a 20a (0.3 ml! Ob Ob Ob 7s 1.6 Ob is 0.7 vial) Oc Oc Oc 3t 0.7 Oc Ot 0.0 450 6.9 234 1.3 440 17.0 440 144 13.9 144

Control 0 0 0 0 0 0 1532 0.0 1668 0.0 712 0.0 712 0.0 668 0.0 668 0.0

n = number of eyes with DAB-type spots: a, 1-2 facets; b, 3-4 facets; c, more than 5 facets. = number of eyes with "sectoral" spots: s, single spots; t, twin spots. *Number of eyes examined. **Frequency of mosaic eyes among all eyes scored. 28 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

To test the second assumption and, also, the question of whether a positive correlation between the morphogenic and genetic properties in potential and obvious mutagens/carcinogens exists, comparative studies were carried out on the induction of eye DAB-type morphosis, reversions, and mitotic recombination by DAB (obvious mutagen and potential carcinogen), DDDTDP (potential mutagen/carcinogen, Alexandrov 1982), NMS and EMS (obvious mutagens/carcinogens) in cells of developing eye discs of w66g/w 66 g or w66g/wco females and w66g/y or wco/Y males. 669 has been proved to be a point mutation located on the right end of a genetic map of the locus in question. Aqueous solutions of agents tested (see Table 1 for concentrations) were supplemented to media with mutant first-instar larvae. After eclosion, the eyes of :imagoes were scored for the presence either of colored single spots (morphosis of DAB type and reversions of " sector - al" or "salt-and-pepper" types in all mutants studied) or characteristic "twin" spots (somatic recombination in w66g/wc0 females only) under a dissection microscope (25X). The results of experiments performed are presented in Table 1, and merit the following conclusions. First, no eye spots were ever recovered in the DDDTDP series, or in the controls. Second, as had been observed earlier, DAB produces a characteristic eye morphosis in colorless w6 6g mutants but not in colored w66g/wco females or wco/Y males. It is also important that DAB is inefficient in producing mitotic recombination or other genetic changes (namely, deletions or point mutations at the wco locus) in cells of the eye anlage. Therefore, a genome of Drosophila somatic cells at any rate studied appear to be highly resistant to the genetic action of DAB. Third, no somatic reversions w -- w+ with the "sectoral" or "salt-and-pepper" phenotype in EMS- or MMS-treated flies were found, although in the germ cells ENS, for example, has been reported to efficiently induce reversions of some white alleles (Banerjee et al. 1978). Further, both mutagens/carcinogens are active inductors of DAB-type eye mosaicism in all w mutants studied. The marked activity of these agents in inducing eye morphosis correlates well with their recombinagenic ("twin" spots in w66g/wco females) and mutagenic (single "sectoral" spots in w66g/wco females and wc/Y males) properties. Therefore, if the correlation in question is intrinsic to other mutagens/carcinogens, the test on induction of DAB- type eye spots in certain w mutants of D. melanogaster may turn out to be a rapid and econo- mical test to detect potential carcinogenic agents. Grateful acknowledgments are made to Prof. I. A. Rapoport for DAB, to Dr. B. A. Kusin for EMS, and to Dr. N. Kalashnikov for NMS put at our disposal. References: Alexandrov, I.D. 1982, DIS 58:10-12; Banerjee, J. et al. 1978, Mutation Re- search 50:309-315; Becker, H.J. 1966, Current Topics in Developm. Biol. Vol. 1, NY-London, Acad. Press, 155-171; Stern, C. 1969, Genetics 62:573-581.

Clyde, N. and S. Hasnah. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The chromosomes of Drosophila circumdata Duda.

D. circumdata (Duda 1926) is a member of the guadrilineata subgroup of the inmigrans group of species (Wilson et al. 1969). Both sexes possess dark longitudinal stripes on the frons and thorax and only two rows of achrostichal hairs. During a collecting trip to Templer Park just outside Kuala Lunipir in June 1982, numerous male and female adult flies were observed resting on fallen leaves and feeding on rotting fruit of Citrus

October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 29

aurantica and Averhoa carambola at a picnic area beside a waterfall. A total of 40 isolines were established C! in the laboratory from further collections in August, November and December 1982. The flies were caught by the sweeping method, in all cases around mid-morning. Cultures were raised on * cornmeal-agar medium supplemented with live yeast. Chromosome studies were * as carried out on the next 1-3 generations. Larval salivary gland chromosomes and metaphase chromosomes prepared from larval brain tissue were stained V with aceto-orcein. D. circumdata has Y a chromosome number of 2n = 12. The metaphase karyotype consists of 5 - pairs of rods and one pair of dots. The Y chromosome is rod-shaped and Fig. 2. Salivary gland chromosomes of D. circumdata. approximately half as long as the X chromosome (Fig. 1). The polytene chromosome configuration comprises 5 long arms and one very short arm (Fig. 2). No variation was detected, either in the karyotype or in the salivary chromosomes analyzed for heterozygous inversions. References: Duda, 0. 1926, Suppi. Ent. Berlin 14:42-116; Wilson, F.D., M.R. Wheeler, N. Harget and M. Kambysellis 1969, Univ. Texas Pubi. 6918:209-253.

Crossley, S. and I. Taylor. Monash Uni- The courtship of ebony mutants of D. melanogas- versity, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. ter differs from the wild type in a number of Pulse song during courtship breaks by ways (Crossley and Zuill 1970; Kyriacou 1981). ebony mutants of D. melanogaster. One difference is that during breaks in courtship, i.e., when the male is not oriented to the female, ebony males run in a zigzag path opening and closing their wings as they run (wing flicking). Rapid locomotion and the form of wing movement distinguish wing flicking from inappropriate vibration as defined by Connolly, Burnett and Sewell (1969). In assessing the stimulating quality of male courtship, it is customary to ignore behavior during a courtship break. This behavior should not be disregarded if it includes auditory stimulation. The purpose of this study is to compare the acoustic output from vibration and from wing flicking in ebony males. Seven pairs of 3-4 day old ebony flies were observed singly in observation cells (23 mm diameter, 7 mm deep). Auditory and visual components of behavior were recorded on videotape (Crossley and McDonald 1980). Sounds were traced on light-sensitive paper, using a Visilight oscillograph, and measured manually. Wing position during vibration and wing flicking was compared by viewing single frames of the video-record at 1/50s intervals. The acoustic output result- Mean i.p.i.(msec) S.E. N ing from wing flicking consists Vibration pulse song 45.4 2.28 19 of a series of pulses similar to Wing flicking pulse song 42.3 1.01 65 pulse song produced by vibration. (t = 1.39, df = 82, p > 0.05) There is no significant differ- 30 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983 ence between mean i.p.i. of wing flicking and vibration pulse song. Vibration, in addition to pulse song, produces sine song. Wing flicking differs from vibration in this respect because sine song is absent. Inappropriate vibration, which occurs when ebony males orient to objects such as the stopper closing the cell, consists of pulse and sine song. The form of wing movement also differs. During vibration and inapproriate vibration one wing is extended to 900. Wing flicking consists of spreading both wings, one more than the other. Another difference concerns the female. Males wing-flick having lost contact with the female. They make quick turns from left to right as they run, as if they are searching for the female. During vibration the male follows or stands facing the female. Male behavior during inappropriate vibration is as if the female is present. This suggests that orientation to a female is necessary for a male to sing sine song but not pulse song. Movement associated with wing flicking is unlikely to inhibit males from singing sine song, because males sing both sine and pulse when following females. Pulse song emitted during courtship breaks may influence female receptivity in all flies showing wing flicking, e.g., non-phototactic mutants such as tan, and wild-type mating in darkness. The absence of sine song from breaks may reflect differences in function between pulse and sine song. Experiments to investigate this further are in progress in our laboratory. - References: Connolly, K., G. Burnet and D. Sewell 1969, Evol. 23:548-559; Crossley, S. and E. Zuill 1970, Nature 225:1064-1065; Crossley, S. and J. McDonald 1980, DIS 55:150-151; Kyriacou, C.P. 1981, An. Beh. 29:462-471. This research is supported by the Australian Research Grants Committee.

Dhingra, G. and N. K. Vijayakumar. A tremendous increase in the use of pesticides Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar, has occurred to save crop plants from huge India. Non-mutagenic effects of Malathion, losses due to various forms of pests. An un- an organophosphorous insecticide, on D. warranted danger associated with the extensive melanogaster. use of pesticides is that they may be detrimental to the non-target species, especially mankind, with respect to their immediate toxic and long-term genetic effects. Taking this into consideration, Malathion, a widely used organophosphorous insecticide, was tested for mutagenicity using D. melanogaster as the test system. Oregon-k and Muller-5 strains of D. melanogaster formed the materials for the present study. Malathion was dissolved in acetone and fed to the flies at concentrations of 2.00 and 1.00 ppm. The insec- Table 1. ticide was mixed in the No. of cornmeal-yeast-agar medium No. of eggs unhatched Percent lethality and the flies were exposed Concentration tested eggs ± standard error to it throughout their de- 2.00 ppm 1158 295 25.47 ± 0.05 velopmental stages, from 1.00 ppm 2712 948 34.96 ± 14.28 eggs to adults. The domi- Experimental nant lethal and sex-linked 1337 381 28.50 ± 4.81 control Acetone* recessive lethal tests were Control 903 213 23.59 ± 0.43 carried out. The procedure followed for scoring is described in detail by Table 2. No. of No. of Wurgler et al. (1977). In chromosomes lethals Percent lethality the present experiments, Concentration tested produced ± standard error three to four day old treated males were used to 2.00 ppm 777 4 0.515 ± 0.030 test for the induction of 1.00 ppm 524 2 0.380 ± 0.160 dominant and sex-linked Experimental 747 6 0.800 ± 0.130 recessive lethals. The control Acetone* tables incorporate data on Control 581 2 0.340 ± 0.280 the frequencies of dominant *Acetone up to 5 ppm concentration was found to induce no and sex-linked recessive dominant and/or sex-linked recessive lethal mutations. lethals in experimental October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 31

(acetone at 5.00 ppm concentration) and normal controls as well as in the chemically treated series. When these data were statistically tested, by analysis of variance, it was found that these concentrations of Malathion were non-mutagenic to D. melanogaster. For the data on sex- linked recessive lethals, the 2x2 contingency test (Ehrenberg 1977) gave the same results. Consistent with this non-mutagenic effect of the insecticide, Mohn (1973) reported that Mala- thion did not induce mutations in H. coli (for 5-methyl tryptophan resistance) and Huang (1975) reported that it did not induce chromosomal aberrations in human hematopoeltic cell lines, though it inhibited their growth. Murthy (1979) reported non-induction of gene conversion in yeast and Degraeve et al. (1980) reported that Malathion neither induced forward mutations in yeast nor dominant lethals in mice. contrarily, Wild (1975) reported chromosome breaks in humans who had had acute intoxication of this chemical; Sylianco (1978) and Chen et al. (1981) reported that Malathion induced micronuclei in mice and sister chromatid exchanges and cell cycle delay in chinese hamster cultured cells, respectively. Shiau et al. (1980) have also reported an increase in the induction of mutations in Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhi- murium when they were treated with Malathion with 59 fraction. In view of these highly contradictory results, more convincing investigations are needed to know the exact genotoxic potential of Malathion though it has been found to be non-mutagenic in D. melanogaster at the concentrations used. References: Chen, H.H., J.L. Hsueh, S.R. Sirianni and C.C. Huang 1981, Mutation Research 88:307-316; Degraeve, N., J. Gilot-Delhalle, J. Moustschen, M. Moutschen-Dahman, A. Colizzi, N. Chollet and N. Houbrechts 1980, Mutation Research 74:201-202; Ehrenberg, L. 1977, in: Hand- book of mutagenicity test procedures (Kilbey et al., editors), Elsevier/North Holland, Bio- medical Press, 446-447; Huang, C.C. 1975, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 142:36-40; Mohan, G. 1973, Mutation Research 20:7-15; Murthy, M.S.S. 1979, Mutation Research 64:1-17; Shiau, S.Y., R.A. Huff, B.C. Wells and I.C. Felkner 1980, Mutation Research 71:169-179; Sylianco, C.Y.L. 1978, Mutation Research 53:271-272; Wild, D. 1975, Mutation Research 32:133-150; Wrgler, F.E., F.H. Sobels and E. Vogel 1977, in: Handbook of mutagenicity test procedures (Kilbey et al., editors) Elsevier/North Holland, Biomedical Press, 335-373.

Di Pasquale Paladino-Pasqua Cavolina, A. Universiti da Palermo, Italy. A new melanotic tumor mutant, tu-pb, of Drosophila melanogaster showing unusual phenotypical manifestation.

A new melanotic tumor mutant, tu-pb, was discovered in a wild stock (S. Flavia) of Droso- phila melanogaster. The phenotype of tumorous tu-pb flies differes from that of other melanotic tumor stocks described so far. In fact, while melanotic tumors are usually visible as black masses free-floating in the abdomen, in tu-pb internal black masses are exclusively located on sides of the proboscis's base (Fig. 1); they are variable in number and size and may interest both or only one side; rarely larger tumors invade parts of the head. The dissection of adults revels often melanotic masses bound the lateral-pharyngeal muscle, without having any structural relation with it (Fig. 2).

Fig. 1. Head of a tumorous tu-pb fly cleared in a fructose solution: tumors are visible as black masses on both sides of proboscis. 32 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

Fig. 2. Proboscis isolated by dissection from a head of a tumorour fly: melanotic masses appear bounding the lateral-pharyngeal muscle. pb=proboscis; m=lateral-pharyngeal muscle; turnelanotic masses.

The examination of a large number of individuals at different stages during development has revealed that larvae or pupae, as well as imago at emergence, are always free from mela- nized masses; however, these become evident very shortly after emergence. In this respect too, tu-pb appears to differe from the other tumor stocks in which melanization is completed before pupation. The penetrance is incomplete, very different between sexes and temperature dependent. In flies developing at 23.5C, 30-50% of females and 2-10% of males are tumorous; when development takes place at higher (27C) or lower (18 C) temperature, the manifestation of the tumor phenotype is almost completely suppressed. The lack of tumorous F 1 progeny from reciprocal crosses between the wild-type strain Oregon-R and the tumoral stock tu-pb suggests recessiveness of the tumor gene/genes and no sex-linkage, while the appearance of tumors with very low frequency in the F 2 progeny is consistent with the hypothesis of more genes involved in the genetical determination. Chromosomal location of the tumor factors was made crossing tu-pb to a balanced marked stock for the 2nd chromosome, SM5/Sp, and the 3rd chromsome, TM3/D. F SM5/tu ; TN3/tu females were then crossed with Sp/tu ; D/tu brother males. Examina- tion oi the F 2 showed tumor manifestation in genotypes including together the 3rd chromosome tu-pb in homozygous condition and the 2nd chromosome tu-pb, even in the heterozygous form. Therefore we suggest that for the tu-pb phenotype occurrence at least two genetical factors are involved, one recessive located on the 3rd chromosome and a dominant one located on the 2nd chromosome (see Table 1). October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 33

S In order to map the recessive gene/genes on chromosome III, the mating scheme of Fig. 3 was performed: results obtained from the recombination experiment demonstrates that the major tumor gene is located between sr (62) and e (70.7), presumably closely e (see Table 2). Heterozygous F 1 flies, derived from crosses between tu-pb and two second-chromosome bearing melanotic tumor genes strains, tu-48a and tu-g which manifest typical abdominal black masses, did not show tumors. In the F the occurrence of tumors was not high, neither manifestation of the two tumor types occurred in the same individual. From the results gathered so far, the tu-pb seems to be a new peculiar case of melanotic tumor manifestation in Drosophila melanogaster.

Table 1. Chromosomal location of tu-pb.

F 2 from crosses: tu/SMS ; tu/TM3 x ee tu/Sp ; tu/D

Genotype tu-pb N. % f ci tu-pb N. dd 2nd CUR. 3rd CUR. tu-pb/tu-pb ; tu-pb/tu-pb 26.7 101 3.1 129 SM5/tu-pb ; tu-pb/tu-pb 7.3 136 3.8 105 Sp/tu-pb ; tu-pb/tu-pb 39.2 56 5.8 68 All other combinations were free of tumors

Fig. 3. Matings made to map tu-pb on the 3rd chromosome:

tu-pb/tu-pb x cici ru h th st cu sr e 5 ca/TM3, ru Sb Ser e 5

tu-pb/ru h th st cu sr e ca x dci ru h th St CU sr e 5 ca/ru h th st cu sr e 5 ca

Single recombinants between the multiply-marked x dci tu-pb/tu-pb and the tumor chromosome N.B. A maximum of 1/2 of the progeny may be homozygous for tu-pb. 2nd chromosome of the tumor stock is present at least in the heterozygous condition.

Table 2. Results of mapping the tumor gene tu-pb.

Recombinants tu-pb N;? % dci tu-pb N.cici Colt tu/N.Colt. ru + + + + + + + 19.28 586 4.59 609 10/10 ru h + + + + + + 13.52 584 3.71 565 8/10 ru h th + + + + + 27.41 62 1.69 59 1/1 ru h th St + + + + 17.17 361 3.53 396 7/7 ru h th St cu + + + 15.54 386 2.53 315 6/6 ru h th st cu sr + + 14.52 475 1.37 436 10/10 ru h th st cu sr e 5 + 0.88 450 0.21 457 1/10 ru h th st cu sr e 5 ca 0.00 560 0.00 546 0/10 e + h th St CU sr ca 1.72 406 0.00 408 1/10 th St CU sr e ca 0.00 638 0.00 573 0/11 + + 5 + + + st cu sr e ca 0.00 124 0.00 131 0/2 e + + + + Cu sr ca 0.00 367 0.00 383 0/7 + + + + + sr e Ca 1.19 585 0.35 570 1/10 + + + + + + e 5 ca 5.14 583 1.91 521 5/10 + + + + + + + ca 16.12 589 2.93 580 9/10 + + + + + + + + 17.72 395 6.68 404 7/7 34 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

S Etges, W.J. University of Rochester, In addition to many commonly encountered para- New York. Recurrences of 2L-5: a rare centric inversions in natural populations of paracentric inversion in Drosophila Drosophila robusta, there exist many rare robusta. inversions typically seen only a few times in wild-caught individuals or their progeny (Carson 1958). One of these is 2L-5, a paracentric inversion of the left arm of the second chromosome, first seen by Levitan (1951) in the offspring of a wild caught female near Blacksburg, Virginia, in October. 1950. Carson (1958) captured an adult female heterozygous for 2L-5 near Fenton, Missouri, in June 1955. This report describes two more occurrences of 2L-5 each in different populations in the region of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee. Populations of D.robusta were sampled during July 1982 along the altitudinal transect of Stalker and Carson (1948). Population cages were started in the lab with F progeny of about 500 wild caught females from each of three elevations and maintained at O0C. During the fourth generation, 200 larvae per cage were karyotyped. One larva from the 1000 ft. population was found to be heterozygous for 2L/2L-5 (Fig. Ia), and one larva from the 1360 ft. population was found to be heterozygous for 2L-1/2L-5 (Fig. ib). The sites from which these flies were captured are approximately 11 km apart. No adults from nature were found to contain 2L-5. Since 2L-5 was seen in two population cages, spontaneous origin in the lab can be ruled out. No other "rare" inversions were seen in the lab populations. Population sizes of many Drosophila spp. in the Great Smoky Mountains are very large (Etges, pers.obs.): collection of thousands of D.robusta at most sites below 4000 ft. is possible in a week or two. Higher incidence of low frequency variants such as 2L-5 will be fostered when population sizes are large even if this inversion contains a deleterious recessive allele. Why a rare gene arrangement such as 2L-5 has not increased in frequency in nature and yet has recurred over a span of 30 years in widely disjunct populations remains a mystery. Acknowledgement: Dr. Hampton L. Carson kindly confirmed this siting of 2L-5 from a photograph of 2L/2L-5. References: Carson, H.L. 1958, Adv. Genet. 9:1-40; Stalker, H.D. and H.L. Carson 1948, Evolution 2:295-305; Levitan, M. 1951, DIS 25:94.

Figure la. 2L/2L-5. Figure lb. 2L-1/2L-5.

me 1' fruiq vvisC., C

1' / C

Figure 1. (a) Chromosome two of D.robusta showing 2L/2L-5 to the left of the centromere (c). The proximal part of the right arm is missing in this photograph with only the distal portion (r) shown. Figure 1. (b) Chromosome two of D.robusta showing the overlapping complex 2L-1/2L-5 to the left of the centromere (c).

October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 35

Ferre, J.*and J.L. Mensua. University of In addition to the already known naturally Valencia, Spain. (*Currently: Oak Ridge occurring quinolines in Drosophila melano- Natl. Lab., Tennessee). Quinolines in gaster, viz. xanthurenic acid (Umebachi and Drosophila melanogaster and their appli- Tsuchitani 1955) and kynurenic acid (Danneel cation to the chromatographic character- and Zimmermann 1954; Ferre 1983), a new ization of eye-color mutants. quinoline derivative has been found on thin- layer chromatograms of some eye-color mutants. As it was formerly found in the Table 1. "Quinolinic pattern" of wild type cardinal mutant, it has been called "cardi- and the mutants that have only affected the nalic acid." biosynthesis of the brown pigment. Thin-layer chromatography in cellulose, as well as paper chromatography, have been extensively used to study the pteridines xanthurenic kynurenic cardinalic found in the eyes of D.m. (red pigments and Phenotype acid acid acid related metabolites). We have found this technique to be very helpful in the study wild type + 0 0 of the eye-color mutants that have affected cardinal + 0 + only the brown pigment biosynthesis, viz. cinnabar 0 + o cinnabar, cardinal, karmoisin, scarlet and karmoisin - 0 0 vermilion. These mutants show a wild type scarlet - - - chromatographic pattern for the pteridines, vermilion 0 0 0 but they can be characterized by their 0 = lack, presence, trace. + = - = "quinolinic pattern" as shown in Table 1. Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography of the eye-color mutants was carried out as follows: Forty fly-heads (flies have to be at least 2 day old) were homogenized in 0.1 ml methanol-acetic acid-water (4:1:5 by vol) and 20 microliters spotted on a Xtc ,-1 Kyc cellulose microcrystalline plate (20x2O cm, 0.1 mm thick, Merck). The first chromato- I Cdc graphic solvent was isopropanol-2% ammonium 4J acetate (1:1, v/v) and the second was 3% Ic aqueous ammonium chloride After cut- , (wlv). Os 0 ting the heads off, all the steps were per- qicj Ofl 0 cP formed under dim red light to prevent photo- 0 decomposition. Figure 1 shows the fluores- no cent pattern seen under UV light. Xanthu- renic acid, kynurenic acid and cardinalic acid have higher R values than the pteridines in the first chromatographic solvent and they have a sky blue fluorescence (pter- 3% ammonium chloride idines have a darker blue fluorescence). Furthermore, the fluorescence of kynurenic acid appears gradually on the plate as it is irradiated with the UV-lamp (360 nm). This Fig. 1. Fluorescent pattern on thin-layer is the only spot that shows this behavior, chromatography of a fly-head extract of D.m. so differentiating it unequivocally from (Shadowed spots are not fluorescent). cardinalic acid, the 'only compound with similar R values. Ii column chromatography procedures were developed to purify cardinalic acid in milligram H COOH -N CQOH -N-'cOOH .( I I quantities. The infrared, II OH II RCO H ultraviolet and fluorescence spectra, together Kynurenic acid Xanthurenic acid Cardinalic acid with its chemical proper- (Kyc) (Xtc) (Cdc) ties (pK, color-reactions, Fig. 2. Chemical structures of the three quinolines found in D.m. 36 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983 behavior in ion-exchange columns, etc.) indicate that cardinalic acid is an 8-ester of xanthurenic acid (Fig. 2). Fifteen double mutants for eye-color, all of them carrying the mutation cardinal, were tested for the presence of cardinalic acid. This compound was only found in the cases where the other mutation allowed the accumulation of at least normal amounts of xanthurenic acid. This fact seems to indicate that xanthurenic icid is a precursor in the biosynthesis of cardinalic acid. References: Danneel, R. & B. Zimmermann 1954, Z. Naturf. 9b:788-792; Ferre, J. 1983, "Accumulation of kynurenic acid in the "cinnabar" mutant of D. melanogaster as revealed by thin-layer chromatography, Insect Biochem. 13:289-294; Umebachi, Y. & K. Tsuchitani 1955, J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 42:817-824.

Table 1. Distribution of Drosophila fauna collected from Gai, P.G. & N.B. Krishnamurthy. Sampaje Ghats during August 1981. University of Mysore, India. Studies on the Drosophila fauna from Sampaje and Shiradi Ghats, Karnataka, India. Sites: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 TOTAL SUBGENUS SOPHOPHORA D.malerokotliana 28 6 1 80 122 20 11 268 The Western Ghats is known to

D.bipectinata - 91 311 7 409 harbour a number of Drosophila

D.nagarholensis - 54 ------54 species because of its excel-

D.nigra 5 1 - - 6 lent ecogeographic conditions.

D.parabipectinata ----- 2 - - 2 It offers a rich abode for a

D.jambulina ----- 2 - - 2 variety of Drosophila species

D.sahyadrii ----- 1 - - 1 because of its luxuriant flora and varied climatic conditions. SUBGENUS DROSOPHILA Though some parts of the Western D.n.nasuta 3 20 8 3 151 55 348 74 34 Ghats of India have been investi- D.s.neonasuta - 3 1 3 12 53 1 - 73 gated for Drosophila fauna (Sree- *D.neoinmligrans 14 34 - - 51 18 27 - 144 rama Reddy & Krishnamurthy 1971; TOTAL 45 111 15 7 313 661 110 45 1307 Hegde & Krishnamurthy 1980; Pra- 1/ species per site 3 4 3 3 6 9 5 2 kash & Sreerama Reddy 1978 & *New species described by the authors. 1979), yet several areas of the ghats remain to be surveyed. Table 2. Distribution of Drosophila fauna collected from Hence, the present collection Shiradi Ghats during June 1982. trips were undertaken to Sam- paje and Shiradi Ghats, which Sites: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 TOTAL form part of the Western Chats during August 1981 and SUBGENUS SOPHOPHORA June 1982, respectively. D.malerkotliana 100 201 164 15 24 8 26 57 29 624 Collections were made both by D.bipectinata 76 94 72 - 5 2 6 13 78 346 fermenting banana bait and D.takahashii 3 2 1 -- - -- 6 sweeping methods. D.eugracilis 1 5 ------6 Table 1 shows the dis- D.nagarholensis - 2 1 - 3 tribution of Drosophila spe- D.rajasekari ------2 2 cies from Sampaje Chats, *Dbarbarae 1 3 - 2 - - 6 whereas Table 2 shows the SUBGENUS DROSOPHILA distribution from Shiradi D.n.nasuta 8 17 22 8 19 4 7 30 2 117 Chats. D.s.neonasuta 5 13 1 1 20 Table 1 shows a total of D.brindavani ------12 12 1307 flies trapped from eight *Ddaruma - - 3 ------3 spots. A total of 10 species TOTAL 192 328 269 27 49 14 43 100 123 1145 were recorded, out of which 7 species represent the Sub- #species per site 5 6 7 4 4 3 6 3 5 genus Sophophora and the *Species reported for the first time from INDIA. remaining 3 species represent October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 37

the Subgenus Drosophila. D.bipectinata formed the bulk of the catch, followed by D.n.nasuta, D.malerkotliana and D.neoimmigrans. The remaining species were found in lesser numbers. D.neoimmigrans is a new species belonging to the Immigrans species group. Table 2 reveals a total of 1145 flies collected from nine spots. A total of 11 species were recorded out of which 7 species represent the Subgenus Sophophora and the remaining 4 species represent the Subgenus Drosophila. D.malerkotliana formed the bulk followed by D.bipectinate and D.n.nasuta. The remaining species were found in lesser numbers. It is quite interesting to note that D.barbarae (Bock and Wheeler 1972) and D.daruina (Okada 1956) are the two species which are herein reported for the first time from India. The collection data reveals that the flies belong either to the melanogaster species group or immigrans species group. This is in confirmity with the suggestions of Bock and Wheeler (1972) who are of the opinion that both these species group are in abundance in South East Asia. Acknowledgement: One of us (P.G.G.) is thankful to the University of Mysore for award of Teacher Fellowship under Faculty Improvement Programme. References: Bock, I.R. & M.R. Wheeler 1972, Studies in Genetics VII, Univ. of Texas Publ. 7213:1-102; Hegde, S.N. & N.B. Krishnaniurthy 1980, DIS 55:60; Prakash, H.S. & G. Sree- rama Reddy 1978, Entomon 3(1):85-90; Prakash, H.S. & G. Sreeraina Reddy 1979, Entomon 4(1): 73-76; Sreerama Reddy, G. & N.B. Krishnamurthy 1971, DIS 47:116.

Gerasimova, T.I. Institute of Molecuar An unstable ctMR2 allele associated with a Genetics, USSR Academy of Sciences, characteristic phenotype (sharply cut wings) Moscow, USSR. Superinstability of inser- was earlier obtained with the help of the male tion mutations at the cut LOCUS in recombination factor (Gerasirnova 1981). The Drosophila melanogaster. present paper is analysis of normal (ct+ revertants) and mutant (other ct alleles) derivatives of the ctMR 2 allele. The author has analyzed 43,800 ctMR2 chromosomes and selected 58 wild-typerevertants in a homozygous ctMR2/ c tMK2 stock and after the crosses XX/Y x o ct 2 IY. All of them were tested for stability. As a result three groups of ct+ revertants were identified: stable, unstable and superunstable. There were no new ct mutants in the progeny of stable revertants. No less than 10,000 chromosomes were analyzed for each stable revertant. Among the 58 revertants there were 11 stable ones, six of which carried mutations in genes 1, w, cm, sri, rn, g. Unstable revertants proved to be the most numerous category (43 out of 58). Their progeny relarly displayed ct mutants similar to ctM2, e.g., there were mutant transitions from ctM to ct+ and back to ct 2 . The frequency of these transitions was about 1 4 . In superunstable revertants such transitions occurred with a much higher frequency (about 0.5), 4 of the 58 ct+ revertants were superunstable. The ct+40 revertant was thoroughly analyzed. The progeny of 20 ct+40/Y males individually crossed to XX/Y females was investigated for six generations. The overall number of wild-type males was 1485, that of mutant males was 1430. Thus ct+40 maintained its property of superinstability for a number of generations. A similar splitting phenomenon was observed in various crosses, proving that autosome modifiers have no influence on superinstability. Superinstability is most probably an allele-specific property of the revertants of the third kind. Superunstable mutations were also found among the new Ct alleles derived from ctMR2. Apart from reversions to the wild type, the ctMR2 allele is characterized by the formation of a series of new unstable ct alleles. Superunstable ones havebeen found among them. From the ct MR2 mutant (sharply cut wings) the author obtained the ct MRPNIU mutant (multiple incisions at the wing's edge). Among 26,000 ctMP.PN1O chromosomes, 3 independent ctMRn mutations were found (two small incisions at the wing's edge). All three mutations were super- instable. The ct'1 allele was studied best of all. In the progeny of a cross between one c tM11/y male and XX/Y females about half of the males were ctflh/Y and the other half were ctMRPN 1 U/Y. In this case superinstability was also maintained in the line of generations. In each generation the progeny of 10 to 20 ctM' males individually crossed to XX/Y females was analyzed. 15 enerations were thus studied. The overall number of Ct MRn1 males was 3946 and that of ctP 0 /Y males was 3850. Analysis of the three kinds of ct+ revertants and of the new unstable ct alleles suggests that the mobile element integrated in the cut locus, which has been called the MR transposon, can be excised (stable revertants), inverted (unstable revertants) or change its position within the cut locus (the new Ct alleles). The inversions are in some way strongly enhanced 38 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983 in superunstable revertants. In superunstable ct n mutants the MR transposon has an enhanced ability to move within the cut locus. This ability of the MR-transposon to change its orientation and position with a high frequency indicates that under certain conditions the MR- transposon may become a controlling element that regulated the genes by switching their activity. The author is grateful to Dr. N.V. Knizhnikova for assistance and to Drs. N.F. Myasoedov and G.P. Georgiev for support and a stimulating discussion of the results. References: Gerasimova, T.I. 1981, Molec. Gen. Genet. 184:544.

Gerasimova, T.I. Institute of Molecular The unstable ctM R2 allele carrying within the Genetics, USSR Academy of Sciences, cut locus a mobile element called the MR-trans- Moscow, USSR. Simultaneous reversion of poson is a strong mutator which causes new two unstable alleles at the carmine and unstable mutations both at the cut locus itself cut loci in Drosophila melanogaster. and in other genes (Gerasimova 1981). Among the derivatives of the ctMR2 allele there is a double mutant with the cmMRl and .ctMR1 and c tMRPN1 mutations in the X-chromosome. The ctMRpN mutation has a phenotypic expression that differs from c tM.2 , hence the MR-transposon occupies a different site within the cut locus. The cmMRl mutation was not complementary to the standard cm mutation. The cm/R1 flies had brown eyes. The homozygous stock cmMRl c tMRPN1 was analyzed for reversions. The following revertants were found among 30,000 individuals: eight cmh1R'ct+, two cm+ctMRpN1, two cm+ct, one cm+ c t+, four w cm+ct+, one y cm+ct+, one y w cm+c t+ and sixteen cm+ct+sn. The first two types of revertants resulted from inversions at one locus (either cmMR1 ± cm+ or c tMRPN1 ± c t+). cm+c t carried a reversion at cm and a new ct mutation other than ctMRpNl. One cm+ct revertant was tested for stability. Among 9500 flies no ct+ revertants or new ct mutations were found. Hence cm+ct most probably contain a deficiency at the cut locus due to an inaccurate excision of the MR transposon, i.e., cm+ct are double revertants (cmMR1 -- cm+, c tMRPN1 - ct+). All the other reverants had reversions at both loci; in most cases the double revertants carried new mutations at , w, and, preferentially, sn. Thus about 70% of all revertants were double. A similar kind of double reversion had earlier been discovered by M.D. Golubovsky at the ciw and sn loci (1979). The double reversion of unstable mutations always raises the question of whether both loci have kept their initial location or have come closer together as a result of some rearrangements, such as, say, inversions. The cm locus occupies position 18.9 (6E6) and cut is at 20.0 (7B3-4), i.e., they are separated by 1.1 morganids or 20-22 bands. Analysis of the polytene chromosomes in cmMRl c tM1Pll mutants and in cmMRl c tMP.P1'h/ + + heterozygotes did not reveal any anomalies in the 6E-7B region. An attempt was made to separate the cm and Ct loci by crossing-over. For that purpose crossing- over was analysed in + cmMR1 ctMRPT + + /y + + Sn lz females. Among 3593 male offspring, there were 273 y cm ct, 246 y sn lz, 2 cm ct sn lz, 15 y, 4 cm sn lz, 11 y. The crossing- over between cm and ct was 0.5% (1.1% in the map), that between ct and sn was 0.4% (1% in the map). Thus the cm-ct-Sn crossing-over was approximately halved. The fact that it was reduced to the same extent in the cm-ct region and in the ct-sn region indicates that ct is at equal distances from the cm and the sn loci. The reduced crossing-over may be a specific feature of the cmMRh/ctMRP chromosome, for the crossing-over between y and cm is also reduced and amounts to 14.4% (519/3593) or 18.9 in the map. These results suggest that both loci have most probably kept their location. Another explanation may be found in the specificity of the cmMU ctMRPh 1 reversion. Different unstable ct and ct+ alleles are characterized by different mutant transitions and different reversion frequencies, which seems to be the result of altered functions of the MR transposon: excision and transposition, change of position and orientation. These functions are altered in different ways in different alleles (Gerasimova in press). In the cmMRl ctMPpN1 stock the transposon has an enhanced ability for transpositions. 71% of all revertants are the result of transposition of the MR-transposon from the cm and ct loci to other genes. In the ctMR2 stock such transpositions occur far less frequently and account for 5 to 10% of all revertants. Double reversion itself, as has been shown for repressor protein mutations at Tn3 in E.coli enhancing Tn3 translocations in the transposition (Chow 1979). The author is grateful to Dr. N.V. Knizhnikova for assistance and to Drs. N.F. Myasoedov and G.P. Georgiev for support and a discussion of the results. October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 39

References: Gerasimova, T.I. 1981, Mol.Gen.Genet. 184:544; Golubovsky, D.M. 1979, Genetika (Rus.) XV:1599; Gerasimova, T.I. DIS in press; Chow j. et al. 1979, Proc.Natl.Acad. Sd. USA 76:4020.

Gilbert, D.C., W.T. Starmer & M-A. Drosophila were collected July 17-18, 1982, Lachance.* Syracuse University, Syracuse, from banana baits in an oak-pine forest in New York and *University of Western On- Pinery Provincial Park of Ontario, on the east tario, London, Ontario, Canada. Droso- coast of Lake Huron. These flies were plated phila collected in Southwestern Ontario. to enumerate their yeast content, to be reported elsewhere. Collections were made at 0700 to 0900 hr in a 3000 sq. m area. The table lists species and numbers collected.

Species Number Species Number Sap feeders: Fungus feeders: D. affinis 93 D. quinaria 3 D. athabasca 23 D. falleni 31 D. algonquin 13 D. recens 1 affinis group females 56 D. putrida 9 D. robusta 17 D. testacea 1 D. melanica 7 melanogaster group females 5 Chymomyza amoena 12 D. busckii 1 D. hydei 1

Goetz, K.G. & R. Biesinger. Max-Planck- Visually induced responses such as the optomotor Institut f. biologische Kybernetik, control of course and altitude in flies require Tuebingen, FRG. Wind-controlled selec- spatial integration of motion within the retinal don of motion detectors in the eyes of images. Overlooking flexibility in the optomo- D. melanogaster. tor system seemed to be justified as long as the flies were held in a steady-state of visual stimulation. Symptoms of flexibility in the optomotor system of Drosophila (Heisenberg & Wolf 1979; Wolf & Heisenberg 1980) and Syritta (Collett 1980a & 1980b) only appeared when the flies were allowed to control the direction and speed of the stimulus. The occasional suppression, restriction and shift of motion- attention in these files demonstrate that they are capable of restricting spatial integration to selected areas of their motion detector networks. Recent observations extend the notion of flexibility to properties of the optomotor control system which have been attributed, so far, to the neural hardware of these networks (Buchner, Goetz & Straub 1978; Goetz & Buchner 1978). The 'preferred directions' in the Table are the averages of the direction of maximum sensitivity of the motion detecting system associated with the altitude con- Preferred direction of motion (deg.) trol response of Drosophila. The angular Antennae tail wind no wind head wind representation of these directions refers free 66 62 98 to the frontal (00), and dorsal (900), fixed 72 74 77 coordinates of the retinae on either side. The data were obtained under condition of steady-state stimulation. They show the influence of head wind on the preferred direction, and the absence of this influence after immobilisation of the antennae. The shift of the preferred direction is specific to the altitude control system. No such effect has been found in the course control system of Drosophila. The shift appears sufficient to compensate the expected decrease of body angle upon transition from hovering to cruising flight. This may help to maintain a vertical preferred direction for altitude control, regardless of the flying speed.

40 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

The preferred direction of a typical local motion detector in Drosophila seems to be invariably determined by the relative position of two contiguous elements in the hexagonal array of visual units. Control of the preferred direction is more likely to occur at higher levels of motion processing, e.g., at the level of spatial integration of the detector signals. However that may be, wind-induced shift is not compatible with a conservative wiring scheme of the optomotor control system. References: Heisenberg & Wolf 1979, J.Comp.Physiol. 130:113-130; Wolf & Heisenberg 1980, J.Comp.Physiol. 140:69-80; Collett 1980a, J.Comp.Physiol. 138:271-282; Collett 1980b, J.Comp.Physiol. 140:145-158; Buchner, Goetz, & Straub 1978, Biol.Cybernetics 31:235-242; Goetz & Buchner 1978, Biol.Cybernetics 31:243-248.

Golubovsky, M.D. Institute of Cytology As it was suggested in 1977 the instability of and Genetics, Novosibirsk, USSR. The different sn alleles isolated from wild popula- increase of X-linked lethal and non- tions was due to insertion of movable or trans- disjunction rates in genotypes with posable elements (TE) and action of MR natural unstable singed alleles in factors (Golubovsky et al. 1977; Green 1977). D. melanogaster. It is well known that one of the main features of TE is the induction of the site specific mutations and chromosome breakage. The appearance of lethal mutations is the most typical consequence of TE integration in a vital locus. It is possible to expect that the breakage of chromosomes may be connected with the disturbance of their disjunction. So it is interesting to estimate the same components of the mutation process in lines having insertional unstable mutations. For this purpose we made an attempt to estimate: (1) the frequency of sex-linked lethals in X-chromosome containing unstable Sn; (2) to what extent the allelic transition in the unstable sn is directly connected with the appearance of lethal mutation in other loci of the X-chromosome; (3) the rate of non-disjunction of X-chromosomes with unstable Sn. All these parameters have been Table 1. The increased lethal mutation frequency in the obtained by using the slightly X-chromosomes containing unstable singed alleles. The modified Muller-5 technique: aIJOCLLL.CLJ.L.LSSC L.L Q00L1¼...LaL J..IJLL LJC LWCCLL L.LLC sn ULLLL.a I.. £LJLL and the appearance of lethals in other loci of the * a sn w B (Basc) same X-chromosome. F 10 x 00 0 7 waB (Base) Mutational events sn dd (sn* - the unstable) Allele in number in X chromosome of X-chrom.of chrom. I II III * w sn 3 F0 males tested only sn sn mutat. and only lethals F 1__ ___n 1 mutations lethals in and strong wa B' same chrom. semilethals 406a F 2 regular phenotypes: sn 4(27) 1(3) 2

106 b 8 1 4 waB; sn. cfd waB; sn +10 222b 2 0 2 sn* (are absent if the lethal B8 occurred in a gamete of the sn 168 5(12) 0 2 B14 F0 male) sn 117 4(11) 0 2 Total 1019 23(50) 2 11 Experiment: 1019 chrom. - 13 lethals or 1.28%±0.35% Control : 4605 chrom. - 17 lethals or 0.37±0.09% a = numbers in parenthesis represent the mutations appearing in clusters; b = in these cases there were mass crosses in F 0 but individual in F 1 (see above the scheme); c = X-chromosomes from wild populations tested in laboratory by Yu.N. Ivanov. October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 41

nonregular phenotypes: * non-disjunction of X-chromosomes mutations of Sn allele in F 0

in F 1 females: (for example sn - sn ): 3 + WB/S/Y or "B non a,, W Sn /sn or + dd w sn 3 /O (sterile) dd sn or "+"

The main data of experiments performed in 1976 are presented in Tables 1-3 (see also the report (Golubovsky & Erokhina 1977) in Russian). Four different alleles were tested. Two alleles sn" and sn+lO represent the unstable derivatives of the original unstable mutant sn 77 . They mutate according to the rule "all or none": from strong mutant expression to absolutely normal phenotypes and vice versa; so called the "A type"of instability. The other two alleles 5B8 and snB14 are highly mutable derivatives of the original mutant sn 63 having "B type" of instability: they have moderate mutant expression (hooked bristles) and mutate to the subliminal or pseudonormal one (slightly waved bristles) (Golubovsky 1978a & 1978b). The X-chromosomes containing four tested unstable alleles have lethal frequency about 1% (4 independent tests) that is considerably higher than the usual level of mutability 0.2-0.4% for X-chromosomes originated from wild fly samples (Table 1). The similar increased level of mutability was found for X-chromosomes which bear other unstable sn allele (Engels & Table 2. Similarity of numbers of singed Preston 1981; Raymond & Simmons 1981) or unsta- mutants in the male and female progeny of ble allele of cut locus (Gerasimova 1981). As crosses sn*/Basc x w sn 3 &. The jndjr- shown in Table 1, out of 13 chromosomes in ect evidence that lethals did not occur which lethal and strong semilethal mutations predominantly in those X-chromosomes occurred only 2 have carried the sn mutations. where the unstable sn allele mutated. On the other hand about 90% of chromosomes with changed sn* had neither lethals nor semilethals male progeny female progeny in other loci. Two simultaneous events at the Allele n % sn mutat. n % sn mutat. same X-chromosome--sn mutation and lethal sn' 1 1757 4.38 2119 4.25 occurrence--were found no more than in 10% +10 2625a cases (2 out of 23). The lethals tested on sn 5865 1.24 1.30 Df(1)sn were localised outside the sn region, 4300b snB8 3739 0.51 0.79 the similar picture was found in (Engels & 2100b Preston 1981; Raymond & Simmons 1981; Gerasi- sn 4 1830 1.64 1.95 mova 1981). The comparison of the numbers of a= exact count of females given apparent sn mutants in the male and female b= estimated from sampling individual progeny of individual crosses sn/Basc* x w cultures. sn 3 cfd also gave indirect evidence that lethals did not occure predominantly in those X-chromosomes where the unstable Table 3. The increased rate of X-chromosome non-disjunction in the females heterozygous for unstable sn*. sn allele mutated. Such results confirmed by Crosses: sn */Basc /x w Sn3 ocf other authors (Engels & number of nonregular phenotypes non-disjunction Preston 1981; Raymond & Simmons 1981; Gerasimova Genotype progeny "B non wall w sn frequency x 10+3 (sterile) 1981) may be explained by remarkable feature of TE: 7400a Basc/sn'1 16 20 4.9 replicative transposition. +10 Namely they may stay in Basc/sn 23500 30 78 4.6 the original integration B8 Basc/sn 15000 11 17 1.9 site but their replicated B14 copy may be transposed to Basc/sn 7300 8 22 4.1 the other sites. By that Total 53200 65 137 3.8 process it is possible to explain the increase of Control total level of mutability Basc/+ 3000 1 4 1.7 in the absence of strict a= total was estimated by sampling individual cultures. correlation with allelic

42 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

transition at the unstable sn. There are preferential sites of integrations for each mobile genetic element (Engels & Preston 1981). As for the elements like " copia " or "mobile dispersed genes" the average number of integration sites in D. melanogaster genome is about 50 or approximately 10-15 for the X-chromosome. Taking it into account we may suppose that the increase of X-chromosome mutability by 0.5% for one generation needs the rising of mutation rate for each of these10_15 sites by hundreds of times. The X-chromosome non-disjunction frequency in females sn /Basc is also higher than in the control (Table 3). The hybrid dysgenesis systems induce the transposition of TE inherent to the genome and as a result the level of genic and chromosomal mutations is also increasing. From this point of view it is interesting that high levels of X non-disjunction had been shown for the I-R system of hybrid dysgenesis in the germ line of dysgenic F 1 females (Picard et al. 1978). Two possible explanations may be suggested: (1) the increased level of chromosome breakage, and (2) the sn locus may take part in the genetic control of chromosomal disjunction as it was established for w-z region (Robins 1981). References: Golubovsky, M.D., Yu.N. Ivanov & M.M. Green 1977, PNAS 74:2973-2975; Green, N.M. 1977, PNAS 74:3490-3493; Golubovsky, M. & I.D. Erokhina 1977,Genetika (Russ.) 13:1210- 1219; Golubovsky, M.D. 1978a, DIS 53:171; Golubovsky, M.D. 1978b, DIS 53:196; Engels, W. & Ch.R. Preston 1981, Cell 26:421-428; Raymond, J.D. & M.J. Simmons 1981, Genetics 98:291-302; Gerasimova, T.I. 1981, Mol.Gen.Genet. 184:544-547; Picard, G., J.C. Bregliano, A. Bucheton, J.M. Lavige & A. Pelisson 1978, Genet.Res. 32:275-287; Robins, L.G. 1981, Mol.Gen.Genet. 183:264-269.

Golubovsky, M.D. Institute of Cytology Sex-specific lethals provide a remarkable means and Genetics, Novosibirsk, USSR. for analysis of sex determination and geneti- Recessive sex-linked female-specific cally controlled developmental processes (Baker lethals at deltex locus discovered in & Ridge 1980). The recent extensive studies natural populations of D. melanogaster. have shown (Belote & Lucchesi 1980): (1) such lethals are associated with a small number of loci, and (2) at the moment the majority of these mutants are male-specific; many of them are clustered at the centromere region of chromosome 2. It is to be mentioned that such mutations are the component of sex-limited genetic load in wild populations (Dresher 1964). For example, the recessive mutation killing the males (mak-male killer, 2-54±) was first discovered in a natural population of Crimea, USSR (Golu- bovsky & Ivanov 1972), then the other allele (named mle) was found in the wild population from Japan (Fukunaga et al. 1975) and only the third allele was recently isolated during special extensive screening by chemical mutagenesis (Belote & Lucchesi 1980). The first male-killing lethal in chromosome 3 was also originated from a natural population (Uchida et al. 1981). Taking into account the unequal deficit of female limited lethals, I report here the description of the mutation. It was isolated from nature in 1972 and studied briefly in 1973. In autumn 1972 together with Dr. R.L. Berg we investigated the phenotype of wild flies in several remote populations of USSR. We also searched the visible sex-linked mutations crossing all aberrant males with X-attached females. among about 1300 males captured in Kashira population (about 100 km to the south from Moscow), we found two sex-linked mutations, yellow and "deltex vein," the latter first discovered by Dr.R.L. Berg as male having slight terminal deltas on veins. Unfortunately (but it turned out that it was lucky) at that time the common deltex mutation (dx) was absent in our laboratory. So I carried out the typical crosses for localisa- phenotypes male progeny female progeny tirni of the founded vein mutation (let's designate 1. dx v f 57 0 it as d x*) . I combined dx with v and f markers 2. + + + 55 51 and analyzed the progeny of crosses: dx* 3. dx + + 12 0 dx * v f /+ + + on e e v f. Results are 4. + v f 15 12 shown at the left. 5. dx v + 20 0 The two facts are evident from these recombina- 6. + + f 23 13 tional data: the lethality of the homozygous dx* 7. dx + f 4 0 dx*/d x* females and localisation of in the 8. + + + 7 12 region of 17 m.u. where deltex locus is placed. 193 88 Then I received the "ec dx" line from Oregon stock October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 43

center and performed complementation test. The flies dx */ ex dx were alive but had the weak mutant phenotype similar to dx*. It became clear that dx* was a new allele of deltex locus (1-17.0). I named it as dxfl or d e lt ex me lethal. The new dx 1 allele shows only faint terminal deltas (especially on L4 and L5) without any vein thickenin as in dx or dx5t. The dx-/dx compounds are viable and have weak mutant expression (as dxf.I) or intermediate one. Males dx-/Y have normal viability. To exclude opportunity that the cause of female lethality is the absence of Y chromosome (the Y-suppressed lethals are well known) I crossed dx 1-/Y males to XX/O females. In the progeny the 64 and 63 cfcf appeared; it meant the normal viability of dxl/O males. In the progeny of other similar cross: 1 +/dx'-/ x XY/0 ecr 27 females and 44 males (as dx fl and +) appeared. So the reason of female lethality of dx - is not the absence of Y chromosome. The analogous results were reported for interaction Y with other sex-specific lethals (Baker & Ridge 1980; Belote & Lucchesi 1980). From a genetic point of view, it is of importance that deltex locus includes alleles both female and male influence on sex differentiation: dxSt discovered by Bridges in 1931 is male sterile and dx 1 is female-lethal. The similar situation was found in adjant X-chromosome locus Sxl (1-19.1) where allele siF1 is semidominant female lethal and Sxl is male-lethal allele (Cline 1978). This fact makes the study of deltex alleles quite intriguing. The other convenient trait of dx- is visible phenotypic effect in males for at the moment almost all sex-specific lethals are killing one sex without any visible effect on the other one. It is very interesting also to analyze the interaction of d 1 with the known recessive and dominant suppressors of dx. The question arises whether the supressors can normalize both phenotypic and lethal expression. At last, d 1- is very convenient mutant for balancing the stocks like C1B or FM3. In our laboratory we are steadily keeping the C1B stocks by crosses C1B/dxl x dx- from 1973. References: Baker, B.S. & K.A. Ridge 1980, Genetics 94:383-423; Belote, J.M. and J.C. Lucchesi 1980, Genetics 96:165-186; Dresher, W. 1964, Am.Naturalist 98:167-171; Golubovsky, M.D. and Yu.N. Ivanov 1972, DIS 49:117; Fukunaga, A., A. Tanaka & K. Oishi 1975, Genetics 81:135-141; Uchida, S., T. Uenoyama & K. Oishi 1981, Jpn.J.Genet. 56:523-527; Cline, T.W. 1978, Genetics 90:683-696.

Gonzalez, A. & J.L. Mensua. University Late in October of 1979 a capture of Drosophila of Valencia, Spain. High detrimental melanogaster was carried out simultaneously in load in two populations of Drosophila two sites: one cellar and one vineyard both melanogaster. located in Requena (Valencia) in the east of Spain. The distance between the two sites was 4 km. Three hundred chromosomes were extracted, 155 chromosomes from the cellar and 145 chromosomes from the vineyard, in the following way: males were individually mated to females Ubx l30 es/CSb(Ubx 130 :Ultrabithorax, which is included in IN(3LR)TM2). This chromosome suppresses virtually all crossing over in the third chromosome. A single Ubx male fly from each F was mated again with Ubx 130e 5 /CSb females. All third chromosomes were maintained, as lines, at 19 2 balanced with TM2(Ubx' 30 ) chromosomes, which help maintain less viable or lethal chromosome types until the moment when the crosses are made to estimate viabilities. Homozygote and heterozygote relative viabilities in both cellar and vineyard populations were estimated as in Wallace (1956), following a mating scheme similar to that of Watanabe et Table 2. Detrimental: lethal Table 1. Average homozygote and heterozygote viabilities load ratio and percentage of from cellar and vineyard noniilqr -ions lethals from cellar and vineyard populations. Homozygotes Homozygotes Popu- Total including excluding Heterozygotes Popu- lat ion lethals lethals lation Total % lethals D:L Cellar 155 0.4055±0.0255 0.5219±0.0252 1.0027±0.0075 Cellar 155 23.85 2.58

Vineyard 145 0.3612±0.0254 0.4879±0.0266 1.0053±0.0073 Vineyard 145 28.27 2.40 44 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

&-----o CELLAR 0.55

0.50

0.45

>u 0.40

(U) 0.35

LU 0.30 D 0.25

0.20 LIJ 0.15

Li 0.10

0.05

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 VIABILITY FIGURE 1. - Frequency distributions of homozygote and heterozygote viabiLities al. (1976) for the 3rd chromosome. Each relative viability was expressed as the ratio of the number of wild-types to the number of Ubx flies plus one (Haldane 1956). The relative viabilities of all third chromosomes from cellar and vineyard lines were examined. No significant difference was detected between the patterns of frequency distributions of homozygote and heterozygote viabilities using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov non parametric test, as can be seen in figure 1. The average homozygote viabilities, computed on the basis of average heterozygote viabilities, including lethal lines and excluding those from the cellar and vineyard populations, are given in table 1. No significant differences between means have been found. The frequency of lethal-carrying chromosomes and the values of the D:L ratio (the detrimental load to lethal load ratio) in both populations are given in table 2. The lines showing a viability index lower than 0.1 of the average viability of random heterozygotes are classified as lethals according to Greenberg and Crow (1960). There are no significant differences between the percentages of lethals of the two populations, which are in agreement with those of the literature. The values of D:L relation in the two populations studied, are similar. However they are higher than those cited in the literature (D:L around 0.5-1) on Drosophila melanogaster. The results given in table 2 are close to the values of other Drosophila species, for instance in Drosophila pseudoobscura D:L=2.181 (Dobzhansky and Spassky 1953) and indicate that an unusually big detrimental load exists in these populations. The allelism crosses, intra and inter populations are being made at this moment.

References: Dobzhansky, Th. and B. Spassky 1953, Genetics 38:471-485; Greenberg, R. & J.F. Crow 1960, Genetics 45:1154-1168; Haldane, J.B.S. 1956, J.Genetics 54:294-296; Wallace, B. 1956, J.Genetics 54:280-293; Watanabe, T.K., 0. Yamaguchi & T. Mukai 1976, Genetics 82:63-82.

October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 45

Green, M.M. & *G.L.G. Miklos. University "Male Recombination" (NR) second chromosomes of California, Davis and *Australian produce distinct genetically measurable National University, Canberra. The gene- effects, which include not only the induction ration of deleted X chromosomes using the at high frequency of mutations at specific male recombination (MR) system. loci, but also the generation of chromosomal rearrangements. The factor(s) located on an MR chromosome can have a number of mechanisms of action upon the genome. One appears to be the redeployment of nomadic elements within the genomic landscape, another could involve exchange events betweeen sedentary, more conventional DNA sequences which lead to the excision of variable amounts of DNA under the influence of existing transposon families. In a cross of the type [MR/+; +/Yd' x C(1)DX ywf/Y the majority of the internal genic sequences of the paternal X chromosome can be deleted, with the genesis of a mini X chromosome. These deletions are detected as y+ females of the constitution y+ mini X/ C(1)DX, ywf. 25 such minis were detected amongst 107, 310 progeny, and each carried variable amounts of the euchromatic sequences from both the tip as well as from the base of the X chromosome. Partial genetic analyses of 11 minis revealed the extent of the X base and the X tip which these deleted X's still carried (Table 1). Thus far, two of the minis of class 4 have been subjected Table 1. Genetic content of mini X chromosomes, to a more refined X base breakpoint analysis (Table 2). We a have been able to delineate the Genes y su(s) su(w ) ... Bx car mal su(f) No/Class proximal breakpoint of these minis because the base of the CLASS I + + + - - + + 3 X has been near saturated in the II + + - - - + + 1 mutagenic analyses of Schalet, III + - - - - + + 1 Lefevre and others. Thus we IV + + + - - - + 5 have at our disposal contiguous V + + + + + + + 1 complementation groups spanning nearly two divisions, a situa- BAND 1B1. 1E1. 19D2. 20D/F. tion which occurs nowhere else LOCATION (het/eu junction) in the entire genome. It can be seen that minis y+_2 and y+..77h both break between lethal com- Table 2. Viability of mini X s with plementation groups B96 and B214, which demarcate lethals at the base of the X chromo- bands 19F1 from 19F2. An independently derived some. The lethals and their cyto- X-ray induced translocation from John Merriam, logical locations are as shown {T(X;Y)y+ BS, Blol] also has its breakpoint (+ viable, - = lethal), between B96 and B214, as do a number of the deficiencies described by Schalet and Lefevre (1976). Lethals: EC242 B96 B214 A7 It appears that the 19F1/19F2 interval warrants closer scrutiny to determine if it is a + Mini y -2 - - + + hot spot upon which MR activity is brought to bear. It is not without relevance that division Mini y+_77H - - + + 19 has been found to be a hot spot by Berg et al. (1980) and Engels & Preston (1981). The results Band: 19E3 19F1 19F2 20A1.2 of Bingham et al. (1982) indicate that the P element, which belongs to a P strain specific nomadic family, transposes to new sites, and that these sites can correspond at the cytological limits to those prone to breakage. The mechanism of action of MR induced deletions, however, is unknown. It remains to be determined whether (a) such minis carry a P factor at the site of breakage or whether they are P free; and (b) whether the presence of MR simply provides an enzymological basis for insertion/excision events occurring in the genome. Finally, the use of a near saturated genomic region such as divisions 19 and 20 allows breakpoint mapping to a degree not approachable by in situ hybridisation. The existence of a cloned probe near to the 19F1/19F2 region (Miklos unpub.) means that it should now be possible to determine the molecular characteristics of the genomic landscape for which a P element has such obvious affinity. 46 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

References: Berg, Engels & Kreber 1980, Science 210:427-429; Bingham, Kidwell & Rubin 1982, Cell 29:995-1004; Engels & Preston 1981, Cell 26:421-428; Schalet & Lefevre 1976, Genetics and Biology of Drosophila ib: Ch.21:847-902.

Gromko, M.H. & M. Jensen. Bowling Green Many experiments on sperm competition make use State University, Ohio. The effects of of successive broods of individual females. culture medium on productivity. Curves of "progeny produced" vs. "time since mating" found in such experiments have a characteristic shape (Pyle & Gromko 1978; Gilbert et al. 1981). Daily productivity rises rapidly to a peak at about 3 to 8 days from mating; thereafter productivities decline, gradually approaching zero. Here we note that some of the characteristics of productivity curves can be manipulated by changing the culture medium. The results of sperm competition studies are expected to vary as a consequence of variation in the shape of the productivity curve. Virgin female and male D. melanogaster were collected from a wild type strain previously described (Pyle & Gromko 1978). Three to five day old flies were pair-mated in 8 dram food vials, with males removed within 30 min of the completion of copulation. There were three experimental groups with 24 mated females per group. Group A females were kept on cornmeal- molasses-agar food poured on a slant. Group B females were kept on cornmeal-molasses-agar poured flat. Group C females were kept on instant food (Carolina Biological Supply, Formula 4-240) poured flat. All three groups had a few grains of live yeast and a small square of Kim wipes added to the food. Females in all groups were transferred to new vials every other day for 20 days and then every 4 days for 16 more days. All progeny were counted and recorded. Analysis of variance reveals significant difference among the groups in total progeny produced (p<.005). Duncan's multiple range test shows that total productivity on instant food (406.46±S.E.23.53) is significantly higher than productivity on slants (340.53±21.60) and flats (301.96±20.51), which are not significantly different from each other. Furthermore, differences in the shape of the productivity curves are apparent (Fig. 1). Group B (cornmeal food poured flat) and C (instant) show the same shape: peak productivity was at a high level and was reached at the second transfer. Productivity dropped off rapidly from that point, declining to zero by the eighth transfer. In contrast, peak productivity in group A (slants) was at a lower level but maintained that level for several transfers. Progeny were produced over a much longer 99 r period of time in roup A. 90 At least one odel of sperm com- 84 etition in D. melano- aster predicts that 75 hanges in patterns 69 f productivity and > perni use will lead > o differences in 0 perm competition 54 Gromko in prep.). 2 51 0 ,n particular, fe- > 45 ales which store perm for longer per- Q 39 ods (as in group A) 30 hould be slower to emate and might exhi- 24 it higher P 2 values ecause of decreased 15 iability of stored

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 Days Since Mating October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 47 sperm. Manipulation of the shape of the productivity curve through manipulation of culturing conditions should make it possible to test some predictions of the nature of sperm competition, as detailed elsewhere (Gromko in prep.). References: Gilbert, D.G., R.C. Richmond & K.B. Sheehan 1981, Evolution 35:21-37; Gromko, M.H. in prep., A new model of sperm competition in Drosophila melanogaster; Pyle, D.W. & M.H. Gromko 1978, Experientia 34:449-450.

Guest, W.C. University of Arkansas, Chlorpromazine (CPZ) is a widely used tranqui- Fayetteville. Chlorpromazine delays D. lizer that is thought to block dopamine neuro- melanogaster larval development, receptor sites in the brain of vertebrates (Gale 1980) and may act in other ways as well. Dopa- mine is an intermediate in the synthesis of the tanning pigment scierotin involved in the molting of insects (Karison & Sekeris 1966). When D. melanogaster first instar larvae were fed 0.2 mg/ml CPZ in laboratory food pupation was delayed approximately three days. At a concentration of 0.3 mg/ml there was a delay in pupation of five and one-half days although at this concentration only three percent of the larvae survived to pupate. When second instar larvae were treated with CPZ the delay in pupation increased with the concentration of CPZ. The delay varied from four days at 0.2 mg/ml to seven days at 0.1 mg/mi. There was no reduction in survival at 0.2 mg/ml but at 0.6 mg/ml only 47 percent of the larvae survived and at 1.0 mg/ml there was only a six percent survival rate. When third instar larvae were treated there was a delay in pupation of approximately three days at all concentrations up to 2.0 mg/ml and the percent survival varied directly with the concentration from 80 percent survivaly at 0.2 to 16 percent at 2.0 mg/mi. There are no reports in the literature on the effects of CPZ on insect larvae. Studies with vertebrates indicates that the drug may interfere with steroid hormone function (Wakaba- yashi et al. 1980), block dopamine receptors (Gale 1980), as well as decrease membrane permeability (Maoi 1979). Most investigators have indicated that a block in dopamine utilization occurs and this appears to be a reasonable explanation of the action of CPZ in insect development. The availability of dopamine to form sclerotin would have an adverse effect on pupation. References: Gale, K. 1980, Nature 280:576-580; Karlson, P. & C. Sekeris 1966, Acta Endocrin. 53:505-518; Maoi, M., T. Suzuki & K. Tagi 1979, Biochem. Pharmacol. 28:295-299; Wakabayashi, I., M. Kanda, N. Miki, H. Miyoshi, E. Ohmura, D. Demura & K. Shizume 1980, Neuroendocrinology 30:319-322.

Gupta, A.P. Instituta Biologica da UFRJ, Prakash & Merritt (1972) reported that at the Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Molecular evi- adult acid phosphatase-6 (AP-6) locus, two dence for developmental stability in alleles determining the presence (+) or the species crosses and backcross progeny of absence (-) of the enzyme are found in D. D. pseudoobscura and D. persimilis. pseudoobscura, but this locus is monomorphic for the absence in the adults of D. persimilis (Prakash 1977). M'-6 is sex linked and the + allele is dominant over the - allele. In D. pseudoobscura, the frequency of the + allele is 30-40% in standard arrangement, whereas this allele is absent in the sex ratio arrangement. Even though these two species are similar in morphology, they show significant genetic differences. The F 1 males of the species cross are sterile and backcross progeny have very low viability. The sterility in F 1 males is caused by abnormal spermatogenesis. A breakdown of developmental stability in species crosses and backcrosses occurs due to unfavorable interactions of chromosomes from the two species. The present experiment was designed to examine the level of enzyme activity at the adult acid phosphatase-6 locus in interspecific crosses and backcrosses. Two strains of D. pseudoobscura homozygous for + allele and two strains of D. persimilis homozygous for the - allele were used. Virgin females and males were collected to make F 1 's and various backcrosses. The species identity of strains was confirmed by demonstrating the sterility of both classes of F 1 hybrid males. Ten replicates each of parental, F 1 t s (in both directions) and four backcross classes (only F 1 females could be used for making backcrosses) were reared concurrently at 17.5 C. Fifty individual females from each of the parental, F 1 ts and various backcross 48 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983 classes were examined by routine gel electrophoresis. Parental strains of D. pseudoobscura were homozygous for the + allele while the individuals from D. persimilis strains were homozygous for the - allele. On examination of progeny of F 1 females backcrossed to males of D. persimilis, fifty percent of the female progeny were homozygous for the - allele while the remaining fifty percent were +1-. Conversely, all the progeny of F 1 females backcrossed to D. pseudoobscura males were of the + phenotype. This result suggests that the enzyme activity at the acid phosphatase-6 locus is not disrupted in the backcross individuals. This work was carried out at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, and was supported by NIH Grant GM-21179 to Professor R.C. Lewontin. References: Prakash, S. 1977, Genetics 85:513-520; Prakash, S. & R.B. Merritt 1972, Genetics 72:169-175.

Gvozdev, V.A., B.A. Leibovitch & E.V. Studies of transcription activity and protein Ananiev. Institute of Molecular Genetics, amounts encoded by X-chromosome genes in D. USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR. melanogaster suggest that the X chromosome of Gene dosage compensation in the X chromo- males is twice as active as the X chromosome of some of D. melanogaster: transcription females (Khesin & Leibovitch 1976; Lucchesi levels in metafemales and metamales and 1977; Stewart & Merriam 1980). All authors the amount of 6-phosphogluconate dehydro- agree that the activity of the X chromosome cru- genase in metafemales. cially depends on the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of autosome sets (X:A ratio), i.e., the sex index. Yet various groups have come out with different assessments of the relationship between X-chromosome activity and the sex index. Lcchesi et al. have shown the activity of the X chromosome, measured by the incorporation of H-uridine in polytene chromosome RNA and by the activity of the enzymes encoded by X-chromosome genes, to be higher in metamales (1X3A) than in diploid males (1X2A) (Lucchesi et al. 1974) and lower in metafemales (3X2A) than in diploid females (2X2A) (Lucchesi et al. 1977). This amounts to a gradual dependence of X-chromosome activity on the value of sex index. By contrast, we have shown (Faizullin & Gvozdev 1973; Ananiev et al. 1974) by similar methods that the transcription activity of the X chromosome is the same in metamales and males and is half that level in the X chromosomes of females and metafemales, as assessed by transcription intensity and the activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase

Table 1. Transcription activity of X chromosomes in metafemales, intersexes and metamales.

Method of Number of grains Number b' Sex analysis: over over X/A a1 1X/1A / of incorporation X autosomes nuclei Metafemales of 3H-uridine 5487 17245 0.35±0.04 0.22±0.01 8 (3X2A) of 3H-NTP 5000 14176 0.35±0.02 0.23±0.01 24 Metamales of 3H-NTP 6241 34490 0.18±0.01 0.55±0.03 28 (1X3A) Intersexes of 3H-NTP 4164 16821 0.25±0.01 0.38±0.02 20 (2X3Z)

Females of 3H-uridine - - 0.24 0.25 -

(2X2A) of 3HNTP' - - 0.24 0.24 -

Males of 3 H-uridine - - 0.24 0.48 -

(1X2A) of 3H-NTP - - 0.26 0.52 - a) = ratio of the number of grains over all X chromosomes to the number of grains over all autosomes; b) = ratio of the number of grains over one X chromosome to the number of grains over one autosome set; c) = data from (7); d) = data from (8). The Table lists mean values ± standard error. October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 49

Table 2. Relative amounts (%) of (6PGD). Thus our results suggest a threshold- 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase a wise rather than gradual dependence of X-chromo- antigen in metafemales and females some activity upon the value of sex index. The equally low levels of transcription activity in females and metaemales were confirmed by Genotype Exper- masurements of H-nucleoside triphosphate iment females metafemales ( H-NTP) incorporation during the transcription No. +1+ +/Df(1)Pgd-kz +1+1+ of fixed X chromosomes with E. coli RNA polymerase (Khesin & Leibovitch 1976; Leibovitch 100 57 119 1 et al. 1976). 2 100 64 100 In view of the above contradictions, we 3 100 53 115 have re-investigated the matter in th present 4 100 52 97 study by measuring RNA synthesis ia H-uridine 5 100 not determined 100 incorporation in living cells or H-NTP incor - 6 100 not determined 90 poration using B. coli RNA polymerase in chromo- 7 100 54 115 some preparations from metafemales, metamales 8 100 67 100 and intersexes (MA). The activity of the 9 100 65 97 Pgd gene in the X chromosome was assessed by the Mean ± standard error. amount of antigen (6PGD) in females and meta- a) = metafemales were obtained by cross- females in a reaction of complement fixation ing C(1)RM,ywf/Y females to Swedish b6 with a specific antiserum (Levin 1967; Gvozdev males. et al. 1981). The method allows a direct evaluation of the number of enzyme molecules. Meta- females were obtained by crossing C(1)RM,ywf/Y females to wild-type Swedish b6 ales; metamales and intersexes were obtained by crossing wild-type Oregon RG females to y ;C(2L)dp;C(2R)px; C(3L)g;C(3R)+ males. The larval karyotype was checked by the brain ganglion metaphases. RNA synthesis in living cells was studied according to Ananievet al. (1974); RNA synthesis in fixed chromosomes by E. coli RNA polymerase was studied according to Khesin & Leibovitch (1974). The transcription activity measurements are summarized in Table 1. The Table demonstrates that metamales and males have about the same transcription activity of X-chromosome which is twice as high as that of diploid females and metafemales, irrespective of the method used. Intersexes have an intermediate transcription activity, as has been found earlier (Khesin & Leibovitch 1976; Lucchesi 1977; Stewart & Merriam 1980). Thus we have corroborated the results which we had previously obtained for individuals from other crosses. The transcription intensity of the X chromosomes does depend on the sex index in a threshold-wise manner. This relationship might reflect some important changes in the chromatin structure depending on the concentration of hypothetical positive regulators of autosome origin (Lucchesi 1977; Stewart & Merriam 1980; Ananiev et al. 1974). The assessment of the amount of product of the X-chromosome Pgd gene has yielded a different kind of result (Table 2). The Table demonstrates that the amount of antigen relative to the protein amount in the extract (the amount of antigen in female extracts is 100%) is the same in females and metafemales. In the control of experiments we determined the amount of 6PGD in females with a single dose of the Pgd gene (carrying a deletion in one of the X chromosomes, Df(1)Pgd-kz). As might have been expected, such females had about 59% of the normal antigen amount. The results show that the amount of the Pgd gene product per one X chromosome is 1.5 times smaller in metafemales than in females. This is consistent with the dat of Lucchesi et al. (1977). We cannot evaluate the transcription activity of the Pgd gene but a comparison of these results with the results in Table 1 suggests that the amount of the final product of X-chromosome genes might well be regulated at the posttranscription stage as well. References: Khesin, R.B. & B.A. Leibovitch 1976, Mol.Biol. (USSR) 10:3; Lucchesi, J.C. 1977, Am.Zool. 17:685; Stewart, B. & J. Merriam 1980, In: The Genetics and Biology of Droso- phila (Ashburrier & Novitsky, ed.), 2d:107; Lucchesi, J.C. et al. 1974, Nature 248:564; Lucchesi, J.0 et al. 1977, Chromosoma 65:1; Faizullin, L.Z. & V.A. Gvozdev 1973, Molec.Gen. Genet. 126:233; Ananiev, E.V. et al. 1974, Chromosoma 45:193; Leibovitch, B.A. et al. 1976, Chroinosoma 54:349; Levine, L. 1967, In: Handbook of Experimental Immunology (Weiv, ed.), Oxford: 707; Gvozdev, V.A. et al. 1981, Genetika(USSR) 17:977; Khesin, R.B. & B.A. Leibo- vitch 1974, Chromosoma 46:161.

October 1983 50 - DIS 59 Research Notes

Harper, A.A. Auckland University, New Populations maintained under different environ- Zealand. Rhythmicity of mating activity mental conditions have been shown to exhibit a in "Dark" and "Light" strains of D. high degree of isolation from control lines melanogaster. (Kilias et al. 1980). The following experiments suggest that non-random mating preferences and therefore apparent isolation may be due to non- synchronisation between the mating phases of two populations and not differences in mating behaviour. The environmental variable was total exclusion of light. The two wild strains, Oregan-RS and Tokyo, were derived from wild strain stocks held at Kyoto University, Japan. Oregon-RS had been maintained under darkness since 1954, and the Tokyo strain since 1956. All the control lines had been maintained under natural light conditions for the same period of time. Stocks were supplied by T.K. Watanake of the National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan. When received, Oregan-RS lines had been cultured for 699 generations, Tokyo-p for 649 generations, and Tokyo-c for 640 generations. Experiments were conducted approximately fifteen generations later. All lines were compared with respect to their mating activity, by assessment of mating propensity. The light control lines were cultured, collected as virgins and aged in LD 12:12 cycle. For the derived "dark" lines, these experimental procedures were conducted in complete -darkness. They were then exposed to light, three hours before the dark phase began on day

(I) Id)

It-

rr rr

Cd ’O

0 - -o

4J 0 d)

N. qzz-

mating index mating index

I I I

Lr Lr S October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 51

Figures 1-3. Mean changes in mating propensity depending on the time of day at which observations were carried out for each derived "dark" line and its "light" control. Dark lines are denoted DORS (dark Oregon-RS); DTp (dark Tokyo-p); DTc (dark Tokyo-c). Light lines are LORS (light oregan-RS); LTp (Light tokyo-p); LTc (light Tokyo-c).

two of their aging to allow entrainment of mating rhythm. This allowed completion of one L:D cycle prior to experim- mentation. Observations of matings were carried out in the light. The mating rhythm for each line was determined by measuring their mating propensity (Spiess et al. 1966), at two- hourly intervals during the light phase. For each time period, 20 four day old males, and 20 four day old females were

S introduced into a mating chamber similar to that designed by Elens & Wattiaux (1964), under constant conditions at a temperature of 20 C. The number of matings per five minutes interval was scored during a thirty minute observation period. This was repeated about 8 h times for each line. Mating propensity was estimated as an average index of mating speed (Spiess et al. 1966).

H Mating propensity results were used to mating index construct a mating activity rhythm for each line and its control as shown on Figures 1, 2 and 3. Each dark population and the stock population from which it was derived have distinct rhythmicities. This data is relevant in multiple-choice experiments where crosses are performed between the light and dark-derived populations after 24 years of isolation. Such experiments may be used to calculate time periods when an estimation of the isolation index will be unlikely to be influenced by different mating propensi- ties of the two populations. References: Elens, A.A. & J.M. Wattiaux 1964, DIS 39:118-119; Kilias, G., S.N. Alahiotis & M. Pelecanos 1980, Evolution 34:730-737; Spiess, E.B., B. Langer & L.D. Spiess 1966, Genetics 54:1139-1149.

Harper, A.A. & D.M. Lambert. Auckland Selection for increased hoinogamy in the mating University, New Zealand. Disruptive of two mutant Drosophila melanogaster strains selection for homogamy in mutant strains was conducted according to experimental proce- of Drosophila melanogaster. dures of Koopman (1950). Two laboratory mutant strains of D. melanogaster were used. Orange (or49h), in which the phenotype is distinguished by bright orange eye colour and purpleloid (pd) which has a maroon eye colour. The progeny of an orange/purpleloid heterogamic mating are phenotypically the red of wild type. Selection experiments (of two lines Al and A2) were maintained at a temperature of 25–1C and in a constant LD12:12 cycle. The virgin flies, collected within six hours of eclosion, were all aged for three to four days before mating. A glass bottle (300ml) was used as a mating chamber. Fifty virgin females and fifty virgin males of each mutant strain were mated. 52 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

Lfl

% of mating type % of mating type

Figures 1 & 2. Resultant progeny for each generation of selection in lines A 1 (Figure 1) and A 2 (Figure 2).

The flies were introduced without etherisation through a funnel placed in the opening. The funnel was then removed and the entrance sealed with a moist cottonwool plug to prevent dessication of the flies. The bottle was placed on its side with overhead lighting, on a white surface to minimise shadows. After 8 to 10 hours approximately, the flies were etherised. Preliminary experiments indicated that this was a suitable time period for mating in which 90 to 100 percent of the females became inseminated, but with negligible levels of double insemination. Males were then discarded and females were placed singly in food vials where they laid their eggs and their progeny developed. Phenotypically wild-type progeny were from heterogamic matings, i.e., hybrids. As there was complete selection against the hybrids (s1), fifty of each sex of each mutant were taken from the progeny of homogamic matings and used for the next generation. Each generation cook 14 to 16 days to complete. The results of 21 generations of selection are illustrated in Figure 1 (line Al) and Figure 2 (line A2), which show the percentage of progeny for each genotype in each generation. No clear preferences for homogamy among the orange and among the purpleloid individuals were detected. The percentage of hybrid progeny fluctuated considerably each generation and there was no observable decreasing trend in numbers. In both selection lines at generation 21, while hybrid individuals constituted 48% and 49% of the population, purpleloid individuals

October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 53

made up 29% and 32%, and orange individuals were only 23% and 19% of the total. The high number of heterogamic matings in the population at generation 21, is not supporting evidence that selection has increased homogamic tendencies. However, a significant difference is apparent between the total matings for each strain. Reference: Koopman, K.F. 1950, Evolution 4:135-148.

Harper, A.A. & D.M. Lambert. Auckland Selection for homogamy in which progeny from University, New Zealand. Modified experi- heterogamic matings are discarded is a case ments which select for homogamy in mutant in which these individuals have an artificially strains of Drosophila melanogaster. lowered fitness. Under these conditions, changes in frequencies of the homogamic individuals may be modelled according to the population genetical process of heterozygote disadvantage (Li 1955). With heterozygote disadvantage there is an unstable equilibrium and the frequency of either homozygote goes to 0 or 1, depending on the initial frequency. This outcome is not observed in previous experiments where heterogamic matings suffer a disadvantage because parity of numbers between the two pure strains is artifically maintained(Paterson 1978). Modified experiments which allowed this alternative outcome to act were conciucted. The Koopman (1950) experimental procedure which selects for an increase in homogamic matings was redesigned. The relative proportions of progeny types each generation were used to determine initial parental numbers for the following generation. Consequently, equal numbers were not necessarily returned each generation. Two mutant strains, orange ( or 49h) and purpleloid (pd) were used. Under selection, individuals of each mutant strain were progeny from heterogamic matings. Where the two strains mated heterogamically, individuals were wild type (red eye) due to inter-allelic -complementation. This provided an accurate means to determine progeny types throughout the duration of the experiment. Experiments were conducted

0.2- 0.75) 0.1- 1 1 '5 20 generations of selection

Figure: Summary graph of the change in frequency of allele q causing the heterozygote disadvantage. Selection coefficients for the heterozygotes are indicated. 54 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983 with selection coefficients ranging from 0.1 to 1. A summary graph illustrates the decline in frequency of one of the mutant alleles causing the disadvantage with time, for the various coefficients of selection and therefore heterozygote disadvantage. All populations at 4 e beginning of the experiment were equal, i.e., the frequency of the two mutant alleles or and pd was 0.5. Whichever allele became rarer was allowed to decline without interference. For s=1, elimination occurred at generation four, s=0.9 at generation eight and s=0.75 at generation thirteen. At other selection pressures (s=0.1, 0.25, 0.5) there is also a decreasing trend apparent for the frequency of one allele. It is unlikely that selection for increased homogamy would occur under these modified experimental conditions. This is apparent because concurrent experiments using the same stocks but unmodified, therefore with parity of numbers, did not have a significant result after twenty- one generations of selection. For selection coefficients less than unity, continuous introgression was facilitated between the two "pure strain" populations thus allowing mixing of a considerable proportion of the background genomes of the two populations. This effective gene flow that occurs between the two populations has important implications and will be expounded elsewhere. References: Koopman, K. 1950, Evolution 4:135-148; Li, C.C. 1955, Population Genetics; Paterson, H.E.H. 1978, South African Jrl of Science 74:369-371.

Table 1. Collection details of Austra- Henderson, N.R. & D.M. Lambert. Auckland Uni- han and New Zealand populations of Dro- versity, New Zealand. A study of geographic sophila melanogaster used in the study. variation in the mate recognition systems of individuals from Australian and New Zealand Date No. of populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Collector Collected Females Site J. Oakeshott Al 2/81 36 Cooktown, QLD It is well known that Drosophila melanogaster A2 2/81 19 Daintree, QLD has a cosmopolitan distribution. The species A3 2/81 18 Cairns, QLD is found in all continents and is commonly A4 2/81 >100 Townsville, QLD associated with human activities (Bock & AS 2/81 >100 Bowen, QLD Wheeler 1972). Some populations of this species A6 2/81 30 Rockhampton, QLD have obviously recently been transported via A7 9/81 > 50 Frazer Island humans. Many of these populations have become A8 1/81 >100 Stawell, N.S.W. genetically differentiated however in that stu- A9 2/81 21 Adelaide dies have shown chromosomal, electromorphic (Girard et al. 1977), morphological (Teissier N. Henderson 1958; David and Bocquet 1975a), ecological Ni 2/82 2O Auckland, N.Z. (Parsons 199) and physiologically (David & N2 2/82 25 30k from Gisborne Bocquet 1975b) divergence between geographical N3 2/82 25 Gisborne localities. This study was initiated in order N4 2/82 25 Napier to measure the degree of divergence in the mate N5 2/82 25 Blenheim recognition system (Paterson 1980) of individ- N6 2/82 25 Nelson uals from different populations. Populations of the species were derived from nine localities in Australia and six from New Zealand. Populations were all derived from a large number of wild caught females. These localities are shown in Fig. 1 and collection details in Table 1. In order to measure any possible divergence in the mate recognition systems of individuals, multiple choice experiments were performed using individuals from pairs of localities. Both within Australia and within New Zealand crosses were performed together with Australia- New Zealand crosses. Divergence from random mating was tested for by Chi Square analysis and divergence in mate recognition was also measured using Levenes Joint Isolation Index ZI. Results from 24 mating experiments are recorded in Table 2. Only 4 of the 24 crosses yielded significant results. Of the two crosses N6/N4 and N4/A3, the females of N4 gained a larger proportion of the overall matings than those females in the other respective populations. In cross N3/N2 the females of N2 had an enhanced mating success over their counter- parts. Finally, in cross A5/A8 the males of AS gained more mates than those of population A8. All the results appear to be due to differences in mating propensity, with no evidence to suggest assortative mating among any of these populations. October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 55

Table 2. Mating between New Zealand and Australian strains of Drosophila melanogaster.

AUSTRALIAN CROSSES pairs / Cross Runs 11 21 12 22 mated mated ZI SE A5/A8 10 30 23 42 21 116 58 .81 15 *9.2 A1/A8 10 32 26 25 26 109 55 1.13 .21 A9/A8 20 93 81 90 91 355 89 1.10 .10 A5/A9 14 49 53 39 41 182 65 .99 .15 A3/A5 13 45 46 44 47 182 70 1.02 .15 A3/A4 15 53 43 51 46 193 64 1.05 .15 A8/A6 14 48 58 41 46 193 69 .96 .14 z.zzz Ig,(o A2/A5 18 44 44 56 63 207 57 1.06 .15 z z A1/A8 18 57 62 45 46 210 56 .96 .14 A6/A1 20 66 58 56 62 242 55 1.12 .16 A4/A7 19 46 48 47 46 187 45 .97 .15 A6/A3 11 39 44 35 34 152 63 .92 .16 Al/A7 10 31 35. 26 28 120 55 .97 .17 .44< NEW ZEALAND CROSSES 1 pairs / Cross Runs 11 21 12 22 mated mated ZI SE N6/N5 19 62 60 79 80 281 67 1.02 .14 N5/N2 13 29 31 46 39 148 52 .89 .13 N3/N2 11 30 29 51 47 157 65 .97 .14 *9.0 N6/N4 11 15 21 47 48 131 54 .85 .17 **26.8

AUSTRALIAN/NEW ZEALAND CROSSES pairs % C) Cross Runs 11 21 12 22 mated mated ZI SE 4 A1/N3 12 50 52 43 44 189 78 .99 .14 A4/N3 18 43 50 59 59 211 53 .92 .13 N4/A3 17 60 57 35 41 194 52 1.09 .16 *8.5 A6/N6 13 48 44 37 35 164 57 1.00 .15 A9/N6 16 43 57 42 56 198 56 1.00 .15 A5/N5 11 31 38 31 42 142 59 1.05 .16 A7/N1 10 32 34 34 29 129 59 .90 .17 * significant at .05 3df ** significant at .01 3df SE = standard errors are according to formula of Goux & Anxobehere (1980).

We conclude that the mate recognition system of populations of this species from Australia and New Zealand shows considerable stability. Of some interest are the 13 crosses within Australian populations, 12 of which show no significant divergence from random mating despite the recent work (Oakeshott et al. 1981) which illustrates that these populations show a dine in inversion frequencies. References: Bock, I.R. & M.R. Wheeler 1972, Univ Texas Pubs 7213:1; David, J.R. & C. Bocquet 1975a, Experientia 31:164; David, J.R. & C. Bocquet 1975b, Nature 257:588; Girard, P., P.O. Palabost & C. Petit 1977, Biochem Genet 14:589; Goux, J.M. & D. Anxolabehere 1980, Heredity 45:255-262; Oakeshott, J.G., G.K. Chambers, J.B. Gibson & D.A. Willcocks 1981, Heredity 47:385-396; Parson, P.A. 1979, Evolution 33:131; Paterson, H.E.H. 1980, Evolution 34:330; Teissier, G. 1958, Annls. Genet. 1:2. The work was supported by the Auckland University Grant Committee, Grant No. 141Z117. 56 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

Herreros, A.S. Universidad de Barcelona, The larvas of several species of Drosophila are Spain. Sensibility of the larvae of sensibles at the electric field. This may be Drosophila to the electric field, easily shown by placing the larvae on the surface of agar-ethanol-acetic humidified on a watch glass 6 cm in diameter. In this medium two electrodes are inserted separated by 4 cm and a current of 9 V is passed through it. After approximately 8 minutes, the number of larvae emigrating to each pole (or to within 1 cm of the pole) and the number of larvae that continue to move about the medium (neutral larvae) are counted. The results I obtained are grouped from different time periods of the day and can be seen in the following table: number of larvae at - pole at + pole neutral total D. subobscura 204 9 124 337 D. simulans 269 16 355 640 D. melanogaster 514 25 290 829

Testing for variation of sensibility throughout the day was omitted. The behavior of the larvae is therefore significantly different from what would be expected in a random distribution. They are directed to the negative pole. When the position of the electrodes are exchanged, many larvae also change their position quickly, thus indicating that the sensitivity is electrical and not chemical. On the contrary, the larvae appear to not be oriented to the light or a magnetic field.

Holm, D.C. University of British Columbia, Several studies on the meiotic behavior of corn- Vancouver, Canada. Analysis of nonrandom pound autosomes (Scriba 1967, 1969; Grell 1970; segregation of compound autosornes in males. Evans 1971; Lutolf 1972; Fitz-Earle, Holm & Suzuki 1973; Holm & Chovnick 1975) have revealed that the recovery from females of gametes nonsegregational (disomic and nullosomic) for compound autosomes is not limited by the availability of complementary nonsegregational sperm. The regular and frequent production of sperm disomic and nullosomic for compound autosomes has led to the generally accepted concept that in males these aberrant chromosomes assort independently. Further support for this interpretation is offered by the frequency of egg hatch, which in most compound'-autosornal strains is approximately 25%. While studies on a few compound-2 strains revealed egg-hatch frequencies somewhat greater than 25% (Clark & Sobels 1973; Holm 1976) recent findings disclose that in most strains of compound-2 males, C(2L) and C(2R) assort almost, if not totally, at random (Hilliker, Holm & Appels 1982). However, a major exception had been noted in earlier studies involving males carrying one particular compound-2R chromosome (Sandler et al. 1968; Evans 1971; Gethmann 1976). This compound, designated C(2R)cn, carries a duplication for a proximal segment of the 2L euchromatin and thus may carry a duplication for a 2L euchromatic pairing site. In a recent study by Hilliker et al. (1982) a second major exception was uncovered, this one involving a pair of compound-2 chromosomes that had been generated in females heterozygous for the standard en bw chromosome and the small pericentric inversion associated with the SD-72 chromosome. The breakpoints of the pericentric inversion in SD-72 lie in the proximal 2L euchromatin and proximal 2R euchromatin (Lewis 1962). Consequently, the C(2L)SD-72/+ is heterozygous for a proximal deficiency in 2L but carries a duplication for proximal 2R extending to 42A of the polytene chromosome map; the C(2R)SD-72/cn bw chromosome is heterozygous deficient for proximal 2R, but duplicated for proximal 2L extending to band position 39D3-4 (Ganetzky 1977; Hilliker et al. 1982). From crosses involving males carrying these asymmetrical compound autosomes, which are designated C(2L)V12,SD72/+;C(2R)V43,SD72/cn bw, the recovery of nonsegregational progeny is reduced greatly in comparison to corresponding crosses involving males bearing compound-2 chromosomes in which the attached arms are homozygous for the proximal euchrornati. segments. Such comparisons are revealed by the results entered in Table 1. Normally, when C(1)RN/Y; C(2L);C(2R) females are crossed to differentially marked compound-2 males, between 27 and 30% October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 57

Table 1. Recovery of compound-2 nonsegregational progeny from crosses involving C(1)RM/BsY;C(2L)P,b ;C(2R)P ,px females and +/+/B 5Y;C(2L)P,b;C(2R)P,px females mated with males bearing compound autosomes derived either from standard (Oregon-R) second chromosomes or from heterozygotes for the pericentric inversion in SD-72.

Compound-2 chromosomes inherited from C(1)RN/B 5Y;C(2L)P,b;C(2R)P,px females Cross C(2L);C(2R) in C(2L) C(2R) C(2L); O;O Total N** y*** male parent C(2R) - 1 SH3,+;SH3,+ 113 112 62 34 321 .299 2 SH1,+;SH1,+* 433 571 177 231 1412 .289 294 .051 3 V12,SD72/+;V43,SD72/cn bw 157 122 6 9 :11 Compound2 chromosomes inherited from +/+/B 5Y;C(2L)P,b;C(2R)P,px females 4 SH3,+;S113,+ 483 573 463 232 1771 .404 r'tTl .'TJ1 L4 100 )/I. 1fl0f I7 104 13 233 .073 6 V12,SD72/+;V43,SD72/cn bw 115 101 4 :103 * C(2L)SH1,+ carries a duplication of 2R heterochromatin including rl+. ** N = the frequency of nonsegregational progeny: progeny inheriting both C(2L) and C(2R) either from the female parent or from the male parent. *** y = estimated frequency of nonsegregational (diplo-2 plus nullo-2) gametes produced by the C(2L)V12,SD72/+;C(2R)V43,SD72/cn bw males. of the progeny arise from the fusion of diplo-2 and null-2 gametes, as exemplified by crosses 1 and 2 in Table 1. When +/+/Y;C(2L);C(2R) females are involved, the nonsegregational class represents approximately 40% of the total (e.g., crosses 4 and 5 in Table 1 and see Hilliker et al. 1982). The marked decrease in progeny arising from diplo-2 and nullo-2 sperm in crosses 3 and 6 (Table 1) indicate that the C(2L)V12,SD72/+ and C(2R)V43,SD72/cn bw chromosomes exhibit a high degree of meiotic segregation in males. This sixfold reduction from 0' C(2L)' C(2R)' C(2Lf;C(2R)' O;O Frequency 29.9 and 28.9% to 5.1% Viable and from 40.4 and 40.7% to (1-y)12 (1-y)12 y12 y12 Zygotes 7.3% corresponds to a reduction in diplo-2 and nullo-2 sperm from 50% C(2R) (1-x)(1-y) (random assortment of com- C(2L) ; C(2R) pound autosomes) to an (I -x)12 estimated frequency of approximately 11% (see entries for y in the last C(A) (1-x)(1-y) column of Table 1). The C(2L); C(2R) 4 relation between the fre- (1-x)/2 quency of nonsegregational sperm and the frequency of observed nonsegregational O;O c(2L)C(2R)' Xy progeny, which is a func- 4 tion of the frequency of x12 diplo-2 and nullo-2 gametes produced by the females, is explained in C(2L);C(2R) C(2L);C(2R) Xy the following paragraphs. 4 x/2

Figure 1. The use of a Punnett Square to illustrate the distribution frequency of the four classes of viable zygotes arising from a cross between C(2L);C(2R) males and females. 58 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

Figure 2. The frequency of y (the diplo-2 and nullo-2 products of spermatogenesis) as it relates to N (the frequency of nonsegregational progeny) for various values X =.1 of x (the frequency of nonsegregational gametes produced by females).

X=.3

x=. Y 51 / /

x =.7

1 I / / x=.9

.2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0 N

Let x equal the frequency of nonsegregational meiotic events in females (i.e., frequency of diplo-2 plus nullo-2 gametes) and let y equal the nonsegregational frequency in males. The frequency of regular segregational products (i.e., gametes carrying only compound-2L or compound-2R chromosomes), therefore, will be-1--x and 1-y, respectively. Since, as shown in Figure 1, only C(2L) eggs fertilized by C(2R) sperm and C(2R) eggs fertilized by C(2L) sperm produce viable progeny in the segregational class (Vs), the frequency VS = 0.5(1-x)(1-y). Moreover, the frequency of viable progeny (VN) arising from the fusion of diplo-2 and nullo-2 gametes (the nonsegregational gametes) equals O.Sxy. Although, in terms of the values of x and y, the frequencies of the two viable zygotic classes are not equal to the frequencies of nonsegregational (N) and segregational (S1-N) progeny recovered, in the absence of differential viability, there is an equality of ratios such that: N11-N = xy/(i-x)(1-y) (Equation 1) Equation i can be rearranged to give x as a function of y (Equation 2) or y as a function of x (Equation 3). x = N(i-y)/ N(1-y) + y(I-N) (Equation 2) y = N(1-x)/ N(1-x) + x(1-N) (Equation 3) When the meiotic assortment of compound autosomes in males is random, that is y = 0.5, the frequency of nonsegregational gametes in females (x) is equal to the observed frequency of nonsegregational progeny (N). The same holds true when y is unknown, but the frequency x = 0.5. It will be noted that equations 2 and 3 are those used to correct for viability differences in such systems as SD (for example, Ganetzky 1977). As demonstrated in Figure 2, for any value of x other than 0.5 the relation between y and N is nonlinear. However, if x is a known constant, then by measuring N, the value y can be estimated by Equation 3 given above. From the experiments reported in Table 1 we obtain from cross 4 involving +/+/B 5Y;C(2L)P,b;C(2R)P,px females, a value of x = 0.404 and from cross 5 a value of x = 0.403. In the corresponding mating to compound-2, SD72 males (cross 6) October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 59

the frequency of nonsegregational products recovered is N = 0.073. Substituting these values for x and N in Equation 3 gives y = 0.104 and y = 0.103, respectively. For the two crosses (1 and 2) using C(l)RM/Y; compound-2 females we find x = 0.299 and x = 0.289. From cross 3, the frequency of nonsegregational products is N = 0.051. For x = 0.299 we obtain y = 0.112, and for x = 0.289, y = 0.117. These four values of y are in reasonably close agreement. Therefore, it would appear that between 10 and 12% of the compound-2 chromosomes in C(2L)V12;C(2R)V43 males fail to separate during meiosis. If this is a reflection of the proportion of meiotic events in which random assortment occurs, then approximately 80% of the meiotic products arise from segregation, that is C(2L)V12 and C(2R)V43 pair with approximately 80% fidelity. These findings suggest that C(2L)V12 and C(2R)V43 share homology for male meiotic pairing sites within the euchroniatic segments defined by the limits of the SD-72 pericentric inversion. Supported by research grant A5853 from NSERC of Canada. References: Clark, A.M. & F.H. Sobels 1973, Mutation Res. 18:47-61; Evans, W.H. 1971, DIS 46:123-124; Fitz-Earle, M., D.C. Holm & D.T. Suzuki 1973, Genetics 74:461-475; Ganetzky, B. 1977, Genetics 86:321-355; Gethmann, R.C. 1976, Genetics 83:743-751; Grell, E.H. 1970, Genetics 65:65-74; Hilliker, A.J., D.G. Holm & R. Appels 1982, Genet. Res. 39:157-168; Holm, D.G. 1976, The Genetics and Biology of Drosophila Vol lb:529-561; Holm, D.G. & A. Chovnik 1975, Genetics 81:293-311; Lewis, E.B. 1962, DIS 36:87; Lutoif, H.V. 1972, Genetica 43:431-442; Sandier, L., D.L. Lindsley, B. Nicoletti & C. Trippa 1968, Genetics 60:525-558; Scriba, M.E.L. 1967, Roux' Archiv. Entwment. 159:314-345; Scriba, M.E.L. 1969, Devel. Biol. 19:160-177.

Irick, H.A. University of Washington, Several attempts have been made to determine Seattle, Washington. Estimation of the the number of genes in a chromosomal region by number of genes in a region. mutational analysis. Two approaches to this are possible. Saturation of the region, such that each gene sustains multiple mutations, will detect all genes which can give rise to lethal, semi-lethal, or visible phenotypes (Hilliker et al. 1980; Lim & Snyder 1974; Judd et al. 1972). Other classes of genes, such as behavioral mutants, will frequently escape detection. Alternatively, the number of genes detected and the frequency of mutations per gene may be used to estimate the number of genes with zero mutations (Hochman 1973). The Poisson distribution allows estimation of the zero class, but assumes all genes have the same likelihood of mutation. Since the data generally do not approximate a Poisson (Hilliker, Chovnik & Clark 1980), only a subset of the data can be used for the estimate. It is therefore of interest to identify a distribution which allows a larger proportion of the observed data to be incorporated, and thus results in a more robust prediction of the zero class. Hochman (1973) generated 182 mutations in 36 genes on chromosome 4 of D. melanogaster (Figure 1A). Deleting only a complex locus which received 35 mutations, the distribution of alleles detected per gene appears to resemble the discrete form of an exponential distribution: x+i -Ax P(x) = x Ae dx , where x is the number of alleles detected in a single gene and A is a constantf defined only by the number of alleles recovered and the number of genes detected (Figure lB and Figure legend). To determine whether the observed data is in fact a reasonable outcome of this theoretical distribution, a computer program was used to simulate the experiment. Random numbers were drawn from the candidate distribution, with the value of each number drawn determining the number of mutations observed in one gene. After 35 genes were mutated one or more times, the variance of the data from the theoretical distribution and the number of unmutated genes were saved. In 1000 trials, the variance of the simulated data was greater than the observed variance 473 times. Thus, the exponential distribution is an excellent model for determining mutability in this instance. In 95% of the trials, the number of unmutated genes fell within the range of 5 to 19, with a modal value of 11. The total number of genes on chromosome 4 is therefore predicted to be 47, with an allowed range between 41 and 55 (including the complex locus mentioned above). This corresponds very well to the salivary band number of 50 from Bridges (1942).

60 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

U) () C a) (D 0 I- a) - E

Number of Alleles Number of Alleles

Figure 1. Comparison of actual mutation frequencies to the expected values derived from an exponential distribution. A) Observed mutation frequency: 151 mutations were recovered in 35 genes on chromosome 4. (One gene with 35 mutants is omitted. Data of Hochman (1973)). Based on the number of genes in which 1 or 2 alleles were observed, 17 genes were predicted for the zero class by the Poisson distribution. B) Expected frequency from an exponential distribution: x+i -Ax -A -Ax Expected proportion of genes with x alleles. Since the number of alleles recovered must be P(x) = Ae dx = (1-e ) e Sx an integer, P(x) is summed over the range of genes with at least x, but less than x+1, mutations. A = Constant, defining the shape of the distribution. -A -Ax Expected number of genes with x alleles

n(x) = N P(x) = N (1-e ) e observed.

N = 35 + n(0) = 35 I e Total number of genes. E(x) = = 151 I N Mean number of alleles per gene. t-A Moment generating function of P(x). Mx(t) = (1-e-A ) I (1-e ) / -A -A E(x) = [Mx(t)10 = e I (1-e )

The two equations for E(x) allow solution of e_A=07682 E(x)3.314, A0.2637, N=45.56, and n(0)=10.56.

It remains to develop a biological justification for this distribution. As mentioned earlier, the Poisson distribution is valid only if all genes have equal mutability. However, variations in mutation frequency between genes should be expected, due to differences in gene length, DNA sequence, protein conformation, and the presence of mobile elements. Furthermore, the likelihood of recovering mutations may be reduced due to duplicate genes, behavioral or nutritional mutants, or alternative enzyme pathways. It is useful to think of the actual distribution of mutability as un unknown function, where the mutability of most genes is within a single peak, such as a normal distribution. In a non-saturating screen, the less mutable genes are found in the classes of zero or one mutations, creating the observed exponential distribution. This analysis would not be meaningful for a saturation mutagenesis, as the exponential requires the zero class to be the most frequent. October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 61

References: Hilliker, A.J., S.H. Clark, A. Chovnick & W.M. Gelbart 1980, Genetics 95:95-110; Lim, J.K. & L.A. Snyder 1974, Genet. Res. 24:1-10; Judd, B.H., M.W. Shen & T.C. Kaufman 1972, Genetics 71:139-156; Hochman, B. 1973, CSHSQB 38:581-589; Hilliker, A.J., A. Chovnick & S.H.Clark 1980, DIS 56:64-65; Bridges, P.N. 1942, J.Heredity 33:403-408.

Kaytes, P. & D.L. Harti. Washington In the hope of using -glucuronidase as a model University School of Medicine, St. Louis, for studying genetic regulation of enzyme acti- Missouri. Note on electrophoretic mobi- vity, we have attempted to identify putative lity and tissue localization of structural gene(s) by surveying isofemale and -flucuronidase. chromosome substitution lines of Drosophila melanogaster for variation in electrophoretic mobility. Mass homogenates were prepared by sonicating 40 flies in sonication buffer (.1N sodium acetate, pH 5.0, 10% sucrose) for 3 15-second bursts from a Heat Systems sonicator at 35% duty cycle, output setting of 5 with intermittent ice cooling. After pelleting cellular debris by centrifugation in a Sorvall SS-34 rotor, 50 microliters of the supernatant was applied to a vertical gel run in the system of Clarke (1964) at 10 mA/gel for 2½ hours and stained by the method of Hayashi (1963) with the modification that gels were pre-incubated in the acetate buffer without sucrose for ½ hour to eliminate background staining. The stain is sufficiently sensitive that single-fly bands can be obtained by sonicating in 50 microliters of buffer and applying all of the supernatant to the gel. Enzyme activity was localized to a single insoluble red band. (A diffuse- ly staining area not sharply banded was also observed but not studied in detail.) The sharp band was eliminated by the inclusion in the staining mixture of saccharolactone, a competitive inhibitor of -glucuronidase. In all, 124 lines from 8 geographical locations were examined, but no mobility variation could be detected. In contrast, -glucuronidase extracted from D. simulans exhibited a significantly slower (R =.91 relative to D. melanogaster) form of the enzyme. Isoelectric focusing by the method of ighetti and Drysdale (1971) showed the melanogaster enzyme to be slightly more acidic; mixing experiments failed to show interconversion of forms. We conclude that, under our electrophoretic conditions, the sharply banded form of -glucuronidase is monomorphic in Drosophila melanogaster, but that interspecific variation does exist. Tissue distribution studies were also carried out on the enzyme. Adult flies were mounted and thin frozen sections were taken as in Kankel and Hall (1976). The sections were stained for activity as for gels without pre-incubation; no fixation was necessary. The greatest level of activity could be seen in male reproductive structures, particularly the accessory glands, and also in the ejaculatory bulb and testes. The presence of -glucuronidase in the male reproductive system was further confirmed by hand dissection and staining. Slight amounts of activity could be seen in the digestive tract, particularly the stomodeal valve and intermittently in the Malpighian tubules. All activity staining was abolished in the presence of saccharolactone. References: Clarke, J.T. 1964, Ann.New York Acad.Sci. 121:428-436; Hayashi et al. 1963, J.Histochem.Cytochem. 12:293-297; Kankel & Hall 1976, Dev. Biol. 48:1-14; Righetti & Drysdale 1971, Biochim.Biophys.Acta 236:17-28.

Kekic, V., R. HadEiselflnovic & Z. Smit. During the fall of 1969, we collected Droso- University of Belgrade and University of phila flies at 29 localities in Bosnia and Sarajevo, Yugoslavia. Drosophila fauna Herzegovina, covering the heights from 90 to of artificial microhabitats in Bosnia 1031 meters above sea level (see Figure). and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia. Collecting was carried out at man-made microhabitats--in the immediate vicinity of barrels in which plums, prepared for home distillation of plum-brandy, were fermenting; vials with a small amount of fermenting plums were set out and after a certain time (every 3 hours) closed. Caught flies were taken out by means of aspirator, then fixed and kept in 70% ethanol until the time of identification. October 1983 62 - DIS 59 Research Notes

Figure: 29 localities in Bosnia and Herzegovina Yugloslavia, where flies were collected.

Table: Results of field collection of flies.

Species No. of No. of sites where Individuals species is found D.busckii 25 9 D.funebris 85 12 D.hydei 58 12 D.imrnigrans 54 11 D.melanogaster 9508 29 D.simulans 48 4

Among collected flies, as shown in the Table, we found only six different species which all belonged to the so-called cosmopolitan, domestic or widespread species (Patterson & Stone 1952; Dobzhansky 1965, David & Tsacas 1980). References: Dobzhansky, Th. 1965, in The Genetics of Colonizing species (Baker & Stebbins, eds.), New York:533-551; David,J.R. & L. Tsacas 1980, C.R. Soc. Biogeogr. 57 1:11-26; Patterson, J.T. & W.S. Stone 1952, Evolution in the genus Drosophila, New York.

Khovanova, E.M. & S.G. Smirnova. Insti- In 1968 a factor of instability was discovered tute of Molecular Genetics, USSR Academy in Drosophila simulans. The H factor, as it was of Sciences, Moscow. An instance of ran- called, sharply increases the rate of somatic dom drift in a laboratory stock of recombination and spontaneous mutation in the D. simulans. gametes of those individuals that carry it (Khovanova 1977). The H factor exercises semidominant effects, it is active when received from males or females, is localized at the end of the X chromosome and can get accumulated in it, so that individuals with more than one "dosage" of the H factor were found and became the starting points of the various stocks. To test the ability of H to migrate to the autosomes and be transferred to other loci within the autosomes of the carrier stock, a reciprocal autosome substitution was effected in two stocks: (1) sn v Wy (2H+) & C(I), yw , stock No. 269(11+), the males contain two H dosages; (2) +(H)/Y & C(I), yw , stock No. 2, contains no H factor (11). - Females with compound-X chromosomes were obtained from the yw(H ) stock and carried no H factor in the X chromosomes. The order of chromosomes in the compound was not established. The autosome substitution was carried out as follows: a) dcfsnvwy (from stock No. 2,H) F 1 dO sn v wy x C(1),yw (from stock No. 2,11)

F e Sfl V wy x C(1),yw (from stock No. 2) 2 e + + F 14 dd sn v wy (H?)

b) o +(H )/Y X C(1),yw (from stock No. 269,11+)

F 1 cfcf +(H)/Y X C(1),yw (from stock No. 269,H+) F2 cfcf+(H)/Y x C(1),yw (from stock No. 269,H+) F14. e +/Y (11?) DIS October 1983 Research Notes 59 - 63

To obtain each generation, 10 to 15 males from the previous generation were crossed to females of the appropriate stock (No. 2 for (a) and No. 269 for (b)). The substitution required about one year. F 1 , males from series (a) and (b) -were individually crossed to yw(H ) females. Crosses of No. 2 and No. 269 males to yw(H ) females served as control. The rate of somatic mosaicism determined in F 1 females resulting from he crosses. Individual analysis of cfd for the presence of H showed - that cfcf F 1 , sn v wy (H ), (a) with autosomes replaced by the autosoms of stock No. 2 (H ) had not lost H (contained the same two H doages as c1d No. 296,H ) and od F14 (b) which had received the autosomes of stock No. 296 (H ) had not received the H factor with them. Now the autosome substitution in the (b) series led to an unexpected result. All the F 14 (b) males, which were phenotypically indistinguishable from the parental No. 2 males (red-eyed), produced brown-eyed females in the F 1 of the cross to yw females. Since the F 1 females were heterozygous with respect to the white gene, we supposed that all the F 1 , (b) malts carried a coloured white allele phenotypically indistinguishable from the wild-type w allele. Further analysis, including crosses to w 1187 , w 1393 and w1em0fl alleles independently obtained at different times, confirmed the above supposition. We termed the new white allele white-mysterious (wmy). The w1187/wmY, w1393/wmY, le/wmy heterozygotes have dark brown eyes. The colouring of wmY/wmY females and wmY/Y males is phenotypically indistinguishable from the wild type. The wmY mutation seems to have emerged in the process of autosome substitution. Poss- ibly the wmY males develop at a somewhat faster rate than the wild-type males, which would have given them a higher probability of getting from F. to F.+i. The case described is an instance of genetic drift in small laboratory populations. 1 References: Khovanova, E.M. 1977, Genetics 13(11):1966-1975; Khovanova 1977, Genetics 18(12): 2173-2180.

Kidwell, M.G., T. Frydryk & J.B. Novy. A large survey of D. melanogaster strains has Brown University, Providence, Rhode been conducted in order to determine their po- Island. The hybrid dysgenesis potential tential for the P-M and I-R systems of hybrid of Drosophila melanogaster strains of dysgenesis (for review see Bregliano & Kidwell diverse temporal and geographical 1983). The summarized results and analysis of natural origins, this survey will be published elsewhere (Kid- well 1983). Here a list of tested strains is provided together with the results of standard tests for hybrid dysgenesis. In order to test for each system of hybrid dysgenesis, two crosses, denoted A and A*, were routinely made en masse with each strain as indicated in Table 1. Sterility frequencies of the gonadal (GD) and sterilite femelle (SF) types characteristic of the P-M and I-R systems, respectively, were estimated using the methods described by Kidwell (1979). The results of the sterility tests were interpreted and the strains were characterized according to the criteria given in Table 2. The distinctions made between P and Q and between R and N strains are somewhat arbitrary and may reflect quantitative rather than qualitative variation. A list of tested strains together with sterility frequencies observed and strain desimna- Table 1. Details of reference strains used in mass matings tions with respect to hybrid in order to test strains of unknown dysgenic potential with dysgenesis are presented in respect to the two systems of hybrid dysgenesis. Table 3. With respect to GD sterility, the cross A results provide an estimate of P Hybrid Type of cross Develop- factor activity and the cross dysgenesis mental Sterility A* results indicate the cyto- system A A* temp. assay type. With respect to SF sterility, the cross A results P-M Canton-S (M) Harwich (P)o'a' GD freqency 29 provide an estimate of I factor activity and the cross I-R seF (R) or SF frequency A* results estimate the degree CocLponsett Luminy (I)cfcf 20 of reactivity. Individual Forest (R)TY October 1983 64 - DIS 59 Research Notes

Table 2. Interpretation of the strains are listed according to the geographical results of the sterility tests area and decade of origin in the wild. outlined in Table 1. Acknowledgements: The authors are indebted to many Drosophilists for generously sharing their % Sterility Strain strains including: J.D. Agnew, A. Allen, S. E. cross A cross A* Characteristic Aslund, H.T. Band, S. Beckendorf, A.R. Bonifazio, L.M. Botella, J.-C. Bregliano, D. Cavener, A. >10 GD <10 GD P Chabora, M.T. Clegg, W. van Delden, A.A. Dewees, <10 GD <10 GD I-R system Q J.J. Ebeihar, P. Eggleston, W.R. Engels, A. <10 GD >10 GD M Fleuriet, P.A. Fuerst, M. Golubovsky, E. Grabicki, >10 SF <10 SF I W. Hollander, Y. Inoue, S.C. Ishiwa, P.T. Ives, <10 SF <10 SF N P-M system W. E. Kalish, V. Kekic, E. Krause, C. Laurie- <10 SF >10 SF R Ahlberg, J. Lechien, K.H. Luening, R. Marcos, A. Nihat Bozcuk, M. Ogilvie, P. Parsons, L. Pilares, N. Plus, S. Polivanov, A. Rahat, B.J. Rathcke, W.A. Reid, A. Robertson, N. Rudden, L. Sandler, A. Saura, M.L. Savontaus, R.E. Schaefer, D. Sperlich, J.A. Sved, J.N. Thompson, Jr., L.H. Throckmorton, M.L. Tracey, Jr., E.J. Tuinstra, E. Valade del Rio, J.K. Waage, B. Wallace, N. Warren, R.C. Woodruff, C. Yannoni. References: Bregliano, J.C. & M.G. Kidwell 1983, In: Mobile Genetic Elements (Shapiro, ed.), Academic Press (p363-410): Kidwell, M.G. 1979, Genet.Res. 33:205-217; Kidwell, M.G. 1983, Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci USA (80:1655-1659).

Table 3. List of wild type strains tested with their sterility frequencies and designations in the P-M and I-R systems of hybrid dysgenesis.

% GD sterility P-M % SF sterility i-R desig- desig- Strain Location A A* nation A A* nation NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA 1920-29 Oregon S Oregon 0 (26)* 96 (26)* M 2 (111) -t 5 (64)t N Oregon R Oregon 0 (26) 100 (24) M 3 (325) 5 (342) N Princeton New Jersey 2 (26) 100 (26) N 3 (167) 0 (32) N 1930-39 Canton-S Ohio 0 (50) 87 (50) M 51 (155) 0 (52) I Inbred Massachusetts 0 (26) 92 (26) M 46 (334) 12 (98) I Oregon R-C Oregon 2 (52) 93 (30) M 6 (237) 2 (184) N If-38 Idaho 8 (25) 38 (56) N 70 (110) 7 (107) I NB-1 Connecticut 0 (22) 76 (38) N 2 (159) 53 (101) R 02L Connecticut 0 (25) 75 (60) M 4 (764) 7 (269) N Cockaponsett For. Connecticut 0 (17) 61 (51) N 8 (124) 100 (210) R Amherst-3 Massachusetts 4 (26) 97 (20) M 51 (145) 3 (64) I 1940-49 Florida Florida 0 (26) 100 (24) M 1950-59 Boa Esperance Brazil 0 (26) 96 (26) N 2 (490) 1 (255) N Gruta Argentina 4 (26) 100 (26) N 1 (588) 60 (393) R San Miguel Argentina 0 (26) 73 (26) M 65 (116) 16 (114) I 731 C Minnesota 4 (26) 97 (86) M 100 (71) 0 (43) I 91 C Minnesota 0 (26) 64 (84) M 46 (95) 7 (30) I NO 1 Louisiana 25 (51) 100 (50) N 46 (255) 7 (372) I NO 2 Louisiana 0 (22) 96 (25) M 51 (306) 1 (187) I RC 1 California 12 (26) 96 (26) M 49 (82) 0 (26) I SC 1 Chile 2 (51) 91 (23) M 86 (80) 10 (68) I Ber 1 Bermuda 0 (22) 100 (26) M 45 (155) 3 (245) I Ber 2 Bermuda 54 (26) 0 (11) P 100 (38) 0 (58) I BV-1 Virginia 13 (135) 5 (84) P 95 (41) 5 (44) I Ica Peru 0 (26) 96 (26) M 50 (42) 16 (187) I October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 65

Table 3 (contin.): [Kidwell] % GD sterility P-M % SF sterility I-R desig- desig- Strain Location A A* nation A A* nation

Pacific U.S. West Coast 0 (50) 100 (50) M 95 (85) 37 (73) I J#1 Minnesota 0 (31) 98 (80) M 96 (135) 5 (61) I 1960-69 CO 3 New York 1 (66) 100 (26) M 24 (96) 0 (30) I CO 7 New York 0 (26) 100 (26) N 94 (227) 3 (97) I EV 1 New York 0 (23) 100 (17) M 45 (263) 5 (513) I MO 1 New York 3 (30) 100 (19) M 26 (31) 0 (31) I MO 12 New York 89 (26) 8 (16) P 85 (106) 3 (90) I MO 18 New York 24 (25) 0 (26) P 52 (161) 0 (81) I Bog 1 Colombia 0 (23) 94 (16) M 57 (14) 0 (28) I Bog 2 Colombia 79 (24) 0 (28) P 61 (110) 15 (117) I Bog 3 Colombia 25 (56) 95 (48) M 81 (206) 8 (125) I Ottawa Canada 0 (39) 100 (13) M 36 (94) 3 (39) I RVC 2 California 8 (25) 100 (26) M 89 (251) 5 (276) I RVC 3 California 6 (56) 100 (56) M 46 (151) 0 (29) I RVC 4 California 64 (22) 0 (25) P 52 (436) 1 (133) I Cranston Rhode Island 75 (52) 2 (52) P 99 (105) 12 (109) I Madison Wisconsin 0 (25) 96 (26) M 34 (105) 6 (72) I Amherst Nassachusettes 0 (128) 0 (111) Q 76 (46) 1 (183) I 2A Ohio 0 (25) 100 (26) M 72 (29) 5 (80) I 2C Ohio 0 (26) 100 (26) M 76 (80) 6 (32) I 2D Ohio 0 (25) 100 (27) N 31 (112) 1 (93) I 3A Ohio 4 (26) 92 (26) M 91 (33) 0 (33) I 3B Ohio 90 (19 0 (33) P 87 (163) 2 (68) I 3C Ohio 5 (18) 100 (34) M 42 (624) 7 (452) I 4B Kentucky 4 (26) 92 (26) M 69 (29) 2 (97) I 4C Kentucky 77 (26) 0 (25) P 71 (370) 2 (280) I 5A Georgia 0 (26) 4 (26) Q 83 (140) 10 (185) I 5B Georgia 0 (26) 100 (26) M 26 (362) 3 (212) I 5C Georgia 0 (26) 100 (26) M 46 (104) 7 (62) I 8D Florida 77 (26) 0 (26) P 66 (58) 1 (128) I 9A Georgia 79 (14) 0 (32) P 61 (119) 3 (110) I 10A South Carolina 92 (26) 0 (26) P 85 (221) 3 (58) I 10D South Carolina 73 (26) 0 (26) P 81 (264) 0 (78) I 1OE South Carolina 0 (26) 100 (19) M 42 (31) 0 (37) I hA North Carolina 12 (52) 96 (52) M 84 (331) 3 (336) I 11C North Carolina 0 (10) 100 (16) M 29 (282) 2 (177) I liD North Carolina 0 (17) 100 (19) M 2 (228) 2 (135) N Harwich Massachusetts 100 (150) 0 (150) P 94 (100) 11 (100) I S.H. A New Jersey 0 (26) 0 (26) Q 13 (345) 3 (114) I S.H. P New Jersey 64 (161) 0 (45) I 1970-80 Clearwater Florida 41 (27) 2 (48) P 92 (131) 2 (125) I Margarita Venezuela 0 (26) 43 (44) M 59 (152) 0 (190) I Marion North Carolina 0 (23) 84 (25) M 26 (123) 5 (100) I Mt. Cannel Illinois 0 (38) 0 (25) Q 44 (191) 1 (217) I Palos Heights Illinois 42 (25) 4 (25) P 24 (652) 1 (222) I Riverside California 54 (26) 8 (25) P 48 (236) 1 (175) I S.H. G New Jersey 14 (35) 0 (26) P 22 (192) 1 (171) I S.G. 71G New Jersey 0 (22) 41 (34) M 18 (107) 1 (218) I OK-1 (II) Oklahoma 50 (26) 4 (26) P 30 (88) 3 (109) I MK 74f Massachusetts 40 (50) 0 (50) P 21 (326) 3 (115) I Weymouth 74g Rhode Island 57 (51) 0 (51) P 34 (501) 1 (516) I EP 74j Rhode Island 33 (52) 4 (51) P 36 (139) 15 (145) I Weymouth 74i Rhode Island 57 (51) 0 (52) P 30 (60) 3 (103) I RWI 74 Rhode Island 40 (52) 8 (52) P 18 (253) 4 (185) 1 66 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

Table 3 (contin.): [Kidwell] % GD sterility P-M % SF sterility I-R desig- desig- Strain Location A A* nation A A* nation

RWJ 74 Rhode Island 8 (52) 8 (52) Q 30 (133) 24 (195) I Chepachet 74i Rhode Island 26 (51) 2 (52) P 51 (77) 3 (177) I NH 74 i New Hampshire 48 (52) 0 (52) P 32 (50) 0 (14) I Belize Central America 33 (52) 4 (52) (P) 60 (208) 2 (126) I Cambridge Massachusetts 29 (52) 2 (52) P 21 (463) 2 (285) I NIT 75f New Hampshire 50 (52) 0 (52) P 62 (98) 12 (93) I St. Louis Missouri 54 (26) 0 (26) P 53 (34) 4 (57) I Weymouth 76g Rhode Island 44 (52) 2 (52) P 44 (91) 3 (35) I Maine 761 Maine 33 (52) 0 (52) P 30 (92) 2 (92) I N.H. 76i New Hampshire 27 (52) 0 (52) P 47 (485) 9 (275) I Parbo Surinam 0 (25) 6 (25) Q Des Moines Iowa 61 (50) 0 (50) P 76 (182) 0 (100) I Weymouth 76i Rhode Island 59 (51) 0 (50) P 60 (125) 5 (41) I Weymouth 78i Rhode Island 33 (24) 9 (25) P 64 (207) 1 (140) I Santa Domingo 1 Dominican Rep. 0 (26) 0 (26) Q 22 (46) 4 (26) I Santa Domingo 2 Dominican Rep. 0 (26) 0 (26) Q 15 (152) 0 (181) I Santa Domingo 3 Dominican Rep. 19 (26) 0 (26) P 37 (202) 5 (112) I Santa Domingo 4 Dominican Rep. 23 (26) 0 (26) P 27 (82) 6 (36) I rr 2 (inbred) Wisconsin 100 (26) 0 (8) P 40 (120) 4 (114) I EUROPE, AFRICA AND THE NEAR EAST 1920-29 Swedish-b-6. Sweden 4 (51) 91 (52) M 3 (203) 4 (111) N 1930-39 Porvoo Finland 0 (25) 100 (25) M Crimea USSR 0 (26) 92 (25) M 0 (64) 15 (26) R Samarkand USSR 3 (38) 100 (14) M 6 (198) 8 (180) N Finn 6 Finland 8 (26) 100 (26) M 1 (159) 6 (87) N Swedish C Sweden 8 (26) 100 (26) M 2 (43) 2 (56) N Lausanne Switzerland 4 (26) 100 (30) M 2 (429) 1 (237) N 1940-49 Kaduna Nigeria 9 (22) 96 (26) M 85 (123) 14 (324) I Champetieres France 0 (26) 27 (26) M 85 (550) 5 (102) I Paris France 7 (14) 100 (8) M 9 (129) 4 (51) N Gaiano Italy 0 (26) 100 (26) M 1 (72) 0 (19) N Inhaca 47 Mozambique 0 (25) 100 (25) M Graaff Rienet S. Africa 0 (25) 100 (25) M 1950-59 Charolles France 4 (26) 58 (26) M 0 (107) 74 (31) R Algeria Algeria 0 (26) 96 (26) M 1 (137) 5 (371) N Karsnas Sweden 0 (26) 100 (26) M 93 (147) 9 (58) I Oslo Norway 0 (26) 92 (26) M 92 (153) 4 (118) I Skaft8 Sweden 9 *42) 76 (52) M 48 (141) 4 (51) I Staket Sweden 0 (26) 100 (26) M 0 (160) 4 (97) N Seoclen Switzerland 4 (26) 72 (85) N 3 (494) 1 (474) N Valdagno Italy 12 (26) 96 (26) M 2 (392) 6 (343) I Aspra Sicily 0 (25) 100 (26) M 32 (860) 7 (134) I QA-A Israel 0 (25) 100 (25) M Inhaca 53 Mozambique 0 (24) 100 (25) M QI-2 Israel 0 (24) 100 (56) H 67 (191) 4 (82) I CA-1 S. Africa 0 (26) 100 (26) M 69 (16) 8 (13) I CA-2 S. Africa 0 (26) 100 (53) M 68 (65) 2 (49) I Inhaca 55 Mozambique 0 (25) 100 (25) M October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 67

Table 3 (contin.): [Kidwell] % GD sterility P-N % SF sterility I-R desig- desig- Strain Location A A* nation A A* nation

1960-69 Bacup England 8 (26) 96 (26) M 77 (142) 3 (94) I Chieti V 6-9 Italy 0 (26) 92 (26) M 85 (423) 2 (149) I LM USSR 8 (25) 100 (25) N 14 (209) 6 (125) I Nettlebed Scotland 8 (25) 93 (27) M 51 (155) 0 (52) I Varese Italy 0 (26) 92 (26) N 57 (155) 0 (32) I Woodbury England 4 (26) 77 (26) N 0 (321) 4 (114) N Finn 7 Finland 0 (18) 95 (22) N 30 (88) 4 (57) I Finn 8 Finland 0 (26) 97 (56) M 45 (304) 0 (26) I BS 1 Spain 0 (26) 100 (25) N 98 (48) 5 (41) I BS 2 Spain 0 (17) 96 (23) N 46 (304) 4 (175) I Groningen Netherlands 4 (26) 0 (26) Q 49 (99) 2 (94) I Magaliesburg S. Africa 8.3 (25) 4.2 (24) Q KSA 2 S. Africa 0 (26) 96 (26) N 65 (252) 1 (71) I KSA 3 S. Africa 0 (15) 100 (31) M 75 (96) 0 (14) I KSA 4 S. Africa 4 (25) 89 (26) M 100 (83) 5 (42) I Dilizhan 64 USSR 0 (26) 96 (26) N 75 (120) 1 (113) I MWA 1 Madeira Is. 2 (54) 100 (49) M 27 (242) 3 (162) I MWA 3 Madeira Is. 3 (34) 100 (15) M 27 (397) 2 (215) I PVM Madeira Is. 8 (96) 100 (103) M 88 (32) 12 (33) I PYR-1 Spain 8 (52) 100 (61) M 76 (41) 2 (48) I PYR-2 Spain 4 (26) 92 (26) N 89 (36) 0 (14) I PYR-3 Spain 6 (56) 81 (58) M 73 (258) 0 (73) I Reids 1 Madeira Is. 0 (21) 100 (26) M 50 (128) 1 (91) I Reids 2 Madeira Is. 4 (55) 96 (57) N 25 (95) 2 (60) I Vag 1 Greece 0 (24) 100 (27) N 83 (121) 11 (46) I Vag 2 Greece 9 (27) 100 (52) M 81 (154) 0 (31) I Vag 3 Greece 12 (26) 100 (26) N 28 (148) 3 (480) I Dilizhan 66 USSR 6 (52) 100 (52) N 38 (269) 4 (225) I Turku Finland 2 (23) 100 (25) M Mysore India 0 (26) 100 (26) N 67 (443) 8 (62) I Ashwood England 0 (26) 73 (26) M 91 (349) 18 (45) I Kerbiniou France 100 (32) 3 (36) P 96 (110) 30 (53) I Luniiny France 99 (100) 3 (100) I Saille France 0 (26) 96 (26) M 54 (295) 4 (257) I 1970-80 Mancha Spain 0 (26) 27 (64) M 24 (180) 0 (4) I Prevosti Spain 6 (45) 96 (26) N 42 (123) 0 (14) I Riuideella Africa 4 (25) 70 (30) M 27 (104) 0 (45) I Sexi Spain 4 (26) 29 (110) M 23 (110) 3 (30) I Ponza Italy 0 (24) 96 (26) N 2 (152) 7 (240) N Uman 70 USSR 6 (52) 21 (47) N 32 (142) 12 (75) I Haren Netherlands 0 (25) 22 (25) N Nokia Finland 80 (46) 0 (75) P Beaune France 2 (54) 45 (32) M B2' France 7 (61) 3 (77) Q 62 (109) 0 (54) I Dahomey Africa 0 (25) 22 (25) M Hainenhinna Finland 9 (35) 0 (25) Q Pellworm Germany 2 (25) 4 (25) Q Hacettepe Turkey 0 (25) 0.5 (25) Q LeMontet France 0 (72) 5 (113) Q 96 (149) 0 (122) I Tulle France 0 (46) 53 (55) N 54 (190) 8 (132) I Naantali Finland 2 (25) 85 (50) M Krasnodar USSR 4 (26) 4 (26) Q 28 (120) 9 (129) I Strom 7 Sweden 0 (20) 100 (26) M 54 (314) 5 (226) I Strom 8 Sweden 4 (26) 100 (26) M 47 (159) 4 (73) I Strom 10 Sweden 0 (26) 100 (22) N 66 (259) 5 (87) 1 68 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

Table 3 (contin.): [Kidwell] % GD sterility P-M % SF sterility I-R desig- desig- Strain Location A A* nation A A* nation

Bierbeek Belgium 0 (20) 65.7 (19) M Bocholt Belgium 65 (20) 0 (25) P Nazzano Italy 4 (26) 0 (26) Q 38 (136) 26 (43) Orval Belgium 0 (20) 27.5 (20) M Schio Italy 0 (26) 0 (22) Q 26 (141) 2 (141) I Watou Belgium 0 (20) 0 (20) Q Pedroso Spain 0 (25) 95 (21) M Formia Italy 19 (26) 0 (14) P Bizerte Tunisia 0 (23) 100 (22) M Cinisi Sicily 0 (21) 4 (26) Q Kibris Turkey 0 (20) 100 (20) M Menetreol France 7 (26) 0 (20) Q 30 (174) 2 (161) I Plumpton England 38 (24) 0 (19) P 60 (106) 3 (37) I Aix France 9 (105) 6 (97) Q 52 (111) 2 (198) I Beausoleil France 0 (18) 0 (26) Q 57 (97) 5 (79) I Biziat France 2 (120) 4 (122) Q 47 (213) 12 (78) I Chantelle France 1 (123) 30 (140) M 60 (136) 2 (134) I Haute Corse France 1 (92) 3 (121) Q 45 (208) 15 (215) I Bujumbura Africa 4 (51) 2 (50) Q 11 (469) 1 (437) I Eurigtai Africa 4 (52) 6 (52) Q 68 (271) 1 (175) I Krasnodar 80 USSR 0 (52) 28 (52) M 15 (104) 3 (61) I LaPoujade France 4 (26) 4 (26) Q 63 (160) 0 (31) I Senegal Senegal 56 (63) 0 (25) P Sremska Kamenica Yugoslavia 0 (25) 4 (25) Q Uman 80 USSR 2 (52) 56 (52) M 58 (221) 11 (153) I Sancerre France 2 (26) 0 (26) Q THE FAR EAST AND AUSTRALIA 1950-59 Hikon J Japan 0 (25) 100 (26) M 2 (164) 11 (138) R Australia Australia 0 (25) 0 (26) Q 83 (114) 0 (110) I Wellington New Zealand 0 (26) 100 (26) M Kochi R Japan 4 (26) 96 (26) M 3 (506) 13 (272) R Oahu Hawaii 0 (26) 100 (26) M 21 (273) 2 (263) I Toonda Australia 0 (26) 88 (17) M 29 (358) 2 (185) I Kolonia Ponape Island 0 (24) 81 (26) M 55 (227) 6 (328) I Canberra Australia 0 (26) 100 (15) M 32 (347) 4 (533) I 1960-69 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia 0 (26) 100 (18) M 65 (57) 5 (37) I Katsunuma 63 Japan 8 (26) 85 (26) M 15 (153) 1 (70) I Nankang Taiwan 4 (26) 67 (24) M 7 (493) 7 (540) N I-lan Taiwan 0 (68) 61 (97) M 11 (427) 1 (146) I Agana Guam 100 (26) 27 (26) P 36 (102) 13 (40) I DaekwanryeOng Korea 0 (26) 100 (26) M 24 (297) 2 (109) I Bojo Malaysia 0 (26) 88 (26) M 4 (334) 3 (216) N 1970-80 Ken-ting Taiwan 0 (26) 100 (26) M 24 (532) 1 (175) I Para Wirra Australia 100 (25) 0 (26) P 71 (206) 5 (58) I Ishigaki 73 Japan 4 (26) 0 (26) Q 54 (105) 1 (171) I Hunter Valley Australia 0 (25) 0 (26) Q 61 (225) 3 (124) I New Guinea New Guinea 0 (26) 0 (26) Q 76 (111) 4 (139) I Sydney Australia 4 (26) 0 (22) Q 34 (287) 6 (292) I Darwin Australia 0 (26) 77 (26) M 61 (599) 4 (169) I Ishigaki 79 Japan 8 (52) 4 (23) Q 52 (270) 2 (90) I Melbourne Australia 4 (26) 0 (26) Q 69 (90) 2 (44) I Melville Is. Australia 0 (26) 0 (26) Q 49 (142) 5 (58) 1 October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 69

Table 3 (contin.): [Kidwell] % GD sterility P-M % SF sterility I-R desig- desig- Strain Location A A* nation A A* nation

Akita Japan 0 (26) 0 (17) Q 59 (112) 7 (103) I Best's Australia 5 (20) 58 (26) M 64 (452) 4 (391) I Bridgewater Australia 0 (26) 0 (26) Q 62 (127) 5 (62) I Ettiwada Australia 0 (26) 3 (16) Q 52 (279) 2 (232) I Fairfield Australia 0 (26) 77 (26) M 61 (110) 4 (81) I Katsunuma 80 Japan 0 (26) 4 (26) Q 25 (80) 5 (56) I Lake Boga Australia 2 (52) 13 (45) M 67 (255) 1 (112) I Mildura Australia 0 (26) 0 (25) Q 71 (113) 0 (8) I Mourguong Australia 0 (26) 4 (25) Q 66 (443) 12 (372) I Sarina Australia 0 (26) 0 (26) Q 57 (127) 5 (20) I Shimane Japan 0 (21) 0 (20) Q 73 (138) 1 (109) I Tottori Japan 0 (26) 0 (24) Q 60 (424) 1 (146) I Niigata Japan 8 (52) 22 (46) M 96 (274) 12 (196) I Ishikawa 2 Japan 5 (42) 4 (48) Q 22 (195) 7 (398) I Aomori Japan 35 (20) 0 (21) P 58 (224) 2 (128) I * Figures in parentheses are the number of F 1 females tested.

-1- Figures in parentheses are the number of eggs observed for hatchability.

Koene, P. & R. Bijisma. University of Since some time it has become clear that the Groningen, The Netherlands. Differences adult component of selection, besides viability in mating success between G6pd and Pgd selection, may be an important component of the genotypes of Drosophila melanogaster. total selection in D. melanogaster (Prout 1971a, b; Bundgaard & Christiansen 1972). Especially factors concerning the mating process may be of significance for the maintenance of polymorphisms in nature. Differences in mating preference and mating success have been demonstrated for a number of genetic factors in Drosophila (for a review see Petit & Ehrman 1974). Here we want to report differences in mating success in a female-choice experiment with respect to the allozyme variation at the loci G6pd (glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase) and Pgd (6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase). Both loci are located on the X-chromosome in D. melanogaster and both are found to be polymorphic in natural populations with, electrophoretically, a fast (F) and a slow (5) allele. There are thus four possible homozygous (males are hemizygous) genotypes: FF, FS, SF and SS. These genotypes are denoted by two letters: the first stands for G6pd and the second for Pgd. The flies used for the experiment were isolated from the Bogota population as described by Bijlsma (1980) and maintained as mixed populations at 25C on standard food. The test was started by bringing together in a vial, without etherization, 1 virgin female and 4 males: one of each hemizygous genotype. During 30 minutes after entry the flies were observed. When a mating occurred the genotype of the male was determined and the time

Table 1. Number of matings between different Table 2. The mean mating latency time (MLT) genotypes for G6pd and Pgd together with the of different female and male genotypes toge- number of females that did not mate within ther with the number of matings observed.* 30 minutes. Females Males Female Male genotype Geno- MLT No. of Geno- MLT No. of Genotype FF PS SF SS total not mated type in mm. matings type in mm. matings FF 20 24 24 11 79 41 SS 8.99 112 SS 10.49 69 FS 16 18 30 11 75 45 SF 11.38 98 FF 10.72 89 SF 20 35 24 19 98 22 FF 12.17 79 FS 12.02 99 SS 33 22 29 28 112 8 PS 14.35 75 SF 12.08 107 Total 89 99 107 69 *data arranged according to increasing MIT. 70 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

interval between entry and mating, (mating latency time, MLT), was noted. A total of 120 females of each homozygous genotype were tested this way. In order to be able to distinguish between the male genotypes the males were marked with fluorescent microdust (Crumpacker 1974) in different colors, two days prior to the test. A pilot experiment showed no significant differences in mating success between males stained with the different colours. Table 1 shows the total number of matings observed. First of all a contingency x 2 for all matings turned out to be not significant (x = 15.78; 0.10 < P < 0.05). Therefore female and male totals can be treated separately. The females show significant differences between the different genotypes in the number of matings performed within 30 minutes: the contingency x 2 for mated versus not mated is highly significant (X 2 = 40.47; P < 108). SS females are highly receptive and over 90% of the females mated during the observation time, while only 63% of the FS females mated. This difference in receptivity is also reflected by a negative correlation between the number of matings and the mean MIT (Table 2). The more reluctant the female the higher the MIT and the lower the number of matings within a limited time period. Males show a significant departure from random mating (x 2 = 8.88; P < 0.05). The SS males are less successful having the lowest number of matings while the SF genotype is the most successful. The differences in number of matings is positively correlated with the MIT. This indicates that the SS males only successfully mate with the most receptive females, which mate fast, while the SF males are more persistent and also have a high number of matings with the more reluctant females. As a consequence the MLT is increased in the latter case. Evalu- ation of these data in the light of the model about mating success envolved by Kence & Bryant (1978) leads to the conclusion that the SS genotype has a significantly lower sexual vigor (females are less reluctant and males less successful) than the other genotypes. This indicates that differences in mating success between the different genotypes for G6pd and Pgd may influence the allele frequencies at these loci and may contribute to the maintenance of the polymorphism at these loci in nature. It is, however, still possible that the differences in mating success are due to closely linked genes and not to the enzyme loci themselves. References: Bijlsma, R. 1980 Biochem.Genet. 18:699-715; Bundgaard, J. & F.B. Christian- sen 1972, Genetics 71:439-460; Kence, A & E.H. Bryant 1978, Amer.Natur. 112:1047-1062; Petit, C. & L. Ehrman 1969, Evol. Biol. 3:177-233; Prout, T. 1971a, Genetics 68:127-149; Prout, T. 1971b, Genetics 68:151-167.

Korochkiri, L.I. Institute of Developmen- 1. It is known, that the species of Drosophila tal Biology, Moscow, USSR. The hypothesis of the virilis group are differed by hetero- about the role of heterochromatin in the chromatin and satellite DNA amount (Cohen & evolution of Drosophila of the virilis Bowman 1979). group. 2. Phylads of Drosophila of the virilis group are characterized by the specific pattern of proteins and isozymes and specific regular- ities of the formation of biochemical phenotype during development (Korochkin 1982). 3. It is supposed, that these differences in the satellite DNA pattern depends upon the affinity of genome to the retroviruse-like jumping genes. These genes can determine the redistribution of heterochromatic material, which changes the pattern of molecular and morphogenetic processes during development. 4. The affinity of genome to specific jumping genes can be changed by a single mutation, which corresponds to R. Goldschxnidt's "great mutation" determining the origin of a new species. The fly, developed from the egg carrying such mutation, can be an ancestor of a new species, which originates as a saltation but not as a result of accumulation of many small mutations. References: Cohen, E. & S. Bowman 1979, Chromsoma(Berl.) 73:327-355; Korochkin, L. 1982, Sov.J. of Devel.Biol. 10:90-94. October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 71

Krutovsky, K.V., A.N. Milishnikov & Using standard protein electrophoresis in poly- Yu.P. Altukhov. Institute of General acrylamide and starch gels we studied de nova Genetics, Moscow, USSR. Frequency of mutations in D. melanogaster causing the loss of induced null-mutations in three allozyme the activity of enzymes (so-called null-muta- loci at different stages of Drosophila tions) coded for by genes o,-Gpdh, Adh and Est-6 melanogaster ontogenesis. expressed early in ontogenesis. To obtain a heterozygous offspring we carried out individual matings of flies of laboratory strains homozygous for altern,tive electrophoretically detected alles of the above three loci: ct_GpdhFF, AdhFF, Est' --designated by F and u_GpdhSS, Adh' , Es tSS__des igna t ed by S. Muta- tions were induced by treating males with ethylnitrosoure (ENU) in concert with radiation (70 ddF; 500 r,Cs 137 ; 70 mg ENIJ, 3.5 h, gaseous medium) and with ethylmethanesulfonate (20 cfcf F and 20 ocfS) by the method of Lewis and Baker (1968). The third group served as a control (15 dcfF and 15 cfdS). After egg-laying (2-3 days) the parents were subject to electrophoretic analysis. III star larvae from the offspring and adult flies preliminarily mated to the tester strain Cy/Pm; Ubx/Sb were selected for electrophoresis. The presence of null-mutations was determined by the absence upon histochemical staining of a band corresponding to the location of EST-6) or a homodimer (in case of PDH and a-GPDH) encoded by an allele obtained from a treated male. The mutant allele was considered as"null" even if a residual activity was preserved in heterodimers consisting of a mutant and normal subunits (in the absence of the mutant homodimer's activity). It is seen from Table 1 A,B that the frequency of null-mutations detected in the analysis of larvae significantly differs (except Adh and Est-6 loci in the first group, Table IA) from that in adult flies both for individual loci and when summarized (statistical analysis according to Traut 1981).

Table 1. Frequency of null mutations in three allozyme loci of Drosophila melanogaster:

A. ENU and radiation treatment.

Larvae Adults Loci 1 2 3 1 2 3 X p a-Gpdh 15 (7tT) 1086 1.38x10 2 2 1854 1.11x10 3 17.16 >0.99 Adh 2 860 2.35x10 3 1" 1710 0.58x10 3 Est-6 - 746 - - 1584 - - -

Total 17 2692 6.32x10 3 3 5148 5.83x10 4 19.56 >0.999

B. EMS treatment. Larvae Adults

Loci 1 2 3 1 2 3 x 2 p u.-Gpdh 9 (2 11 ) 2126 4.23x1O 3 1 2986 3.35x10 4 7.78 >0.99 Adh 6 2466 2.43x10 3 1 3570 2.80x10 4 4.13 >0.95 Est-6 10 1928 5.19x10 3 6 3512 1.71x10 3 4.02 >0.95

Total 25 6520 3.83x10 3 8 10068 7.95x1O 4 16.85 >0.999

1 = number of detected mutations; 2 = number of alleles studied; 3 frequency of null mutations; = a null allele displaying a residual activity.

In the control group only one out of 3540 null-alleles studied at the larval stage was discovered which most likely has a spontaneous mutation origin, and no mutations were discovered among 4740 alleles studied in adult flies. The detected differences in the frequencies of null-mutations in larvae and adult flies indicate the action of a strong selection against new mutations in allozymic loci early in 72 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983 ontogenesis, as was proposed previously (Altukhov 1980). The data of some authors on the viability of null-alleles in a homozygote or a heterozygote with a deletion for a majority of enzymic loci in which they are discovered do not reflect the dynamics of their formation and concern nulls which probably passed already the selection at early stages of ontogenesis. The conducted work indicates it is necessary to take into account this fact in estimating the mutation tempo, studying the correlation between the molecular weight of protein subunits and mutation frequency for corresponding genes, as well as in elucidating the role of selection in maintaining biochemical polymorphism. References: Lewis, E. and F. Backer 1968, DIS 43:193; Traut, H. 1981, DIS 56:140-141; Altukhov 1980, Proc. XIV Intl.Genet.Congr. 1(1): 238-256 (Moscow).

Lambert, D.M. & M.C. McLea. University We report here the existence of populations of of Auckland, New Zealand. Drosophila Drosophila pseudoobscura from a number of local- pseudoobscura in New Zealand. ties in the North Island of New Zealand. Indi- viduals have been captured from 8 localities in the Bay of Plenty/Rotorua area (see Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Sites in North Island, New Zealand, where individuals of D. pseudoobscura have been collected. (1) Apple Valley Orchard, 5 km from Ngongotaha; (2) Suburban Rotorua; (3) Fairbank Orchard, opposite Rotorua Airport; (4) On Highway 5 near Rainbow Mountain; (5) at outlet of Tarawera River; (6) Edgecumbe; (7) MacDonnel Road off Highway 30; (8) Suburban Taneatua.

.. TAURANEA -

\c7 \\ LAKE ROTOITI ' HAMILTON ,- LAKE asp RoToRU wera

.... ROTORUA Waikato River\ \...- 2 TARAWERA Whakatne River

(-.. . Ranta River

LA__ October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 73

Parsons (1982) has recently reported collecting D. pseudoobscura from Te Kaha in the East Cape. On two trips to this locality we have not been able to collect any specimens despite finding a number of other Drosophila species. Apart from the New Zealand population, D. pseudoobscura is known from North America and from areas around Bogota in Colombia. We are studying New Zealand populations in order to ascertain whether they have diverged genetically from those found in North and South America. In particular we are interested in any possible divergence in their mate recognition systems. We are also analysing the third chromosome arrangements present in populations with a view to first estimating the possible geographic origin of the New Zealand population. Secondly, we are interested to see if there is any seasonal fluctuation in the frequency of arrangements from a single locality. Individuals have been found to be in low numbers at most collecting sites. Only site 3 near Rotorua has consistently yielded more the usual 1-5 females found at other localities. Even here we have not been able to collect individuals during winter months. We have found the best catches came from banana baits laid near citrus trees, while baids laid in native bush And commercial pine forests have never resulted in any pseudoobscura. References: Parsons, P.A. 1982, Evol. Biol. 14:297-350.

Latorre, A., L. Pascual & R. deFrutos. The puffing patterns of two strains of Droso- University of Valencia, Spain. Loci phila subobscura were studied. The strains active in two strains of Drosophila were Ra121 from Las Raices, Canary Islands subobscura. (Spain) and 11271 from the South of Finland, near Helsinky. The following arrangements: A2 , J 1 , U 12 , E1+2+9+12 and 03+4 in Ra121 and A, J, U, E and in 11271 were fixed by us in homozygous. st st This study was carried out in 5 moments around the beginning of prepupation (late 3rd instar, 0 h, 1½h and 2½h prepupa), and 2 moments of late prepupation (before 14h and 17h prepupa). In each chromosome, except in the sex chromosome 50 preparations per stage and 5 nuclei per preparation were analyzed. In sexual chromosomes, only female were analyzed. All larvae were dissected in Ringer solution (pH 7.2) Salivary glands were fixed in ethyl alcohol: acetic origin (3:1) for approx. 3 mm, and were stained in lacto-acetic-orcein 60%, lactic acid 40%). All experiments were carried out at 19–1C. me acnive loci nave been classitied in three groups, according to maximum frequency of appearance in any of the seven stages analyzed (see Table 1): -- loci active in less thant 25% of the preparations studied. We consider the puffs of this group as occasional puffs. -- loci with a frequency between 25% and 75%. They generally reach a medium development. -- loci with a frequency higher than 75%. We Table 1: Active loci in Ra121 have considered the puffs in this group to be and 11271 strains. "developmentally specific" (Clever 1962) and they define the pattern characteristic of each Chromo- chromosome. somes < 25% 25-75% > 75% Total As can be seen, there are differences between the two strains, and they vary depending 7 9 6 22 Al2' on the chromosomes. Thus, the activity of the 11271 7 9 6 22 A chromosome in relation to the number of active Ra121 19 7 5 31 loci is the same in the two strains. This H271 13 10 6 29 chromosome was the one found to be least active, except in the late third instar. Of the other Ra121 9 7 14 30 chromosomes, the U chromosome is that which UH271 12 7 13 32 shows the greatest similarity between the two Ra121 14 8 13 35 strains in relation to the puffs of medium or 11 9 14 34 maximum development. This is also the chromosome that proportionally has the greatest num- Ra121 21 10 12 43 ber of developmentally specific puffs. In the 11271 15 13 14 42 J, E and 0 chromosomes, the strain with the Total: greatest number of active loci is always H271, Ra121 70 41 50 161 when the occasional puffs are not taken into 11271 58 48 53 159 consideration. Finally, it is the E chromosome 74 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983 which shows the greatest differences in specific zones, which can be interpreted as being due to the effect of the change of position of the El+2+9+12 arrangement in relation to the Et arrangement. In total, 161 active loci were observed in Ra121 and 159 in 11271. These numbers of puffs agree, in general, with those obtained by several authors studying different Drosophila species. Thus, Ashburner (1967, 1969) found 129 active loci in D. melanogaster; Berendes (1965) found 148 in D. hydei; Stocker and Kastritsis (1972), found in D. pseudoobscura, etc. The greatest differences are in the puffs that we have considered occasional, and the greatest resemblances in the puffs that define the characteristic pattern of each chromosome. In relation to the puffs of the second group, the greatest differences are in the J and 0 chromosomes. References: Ashburner, M. 1967, Chromosoma 21:398-428; 1969, Chromosoma 27:47-63; Berendes, H.D. 1965, Chromosoma 17:35-77; Clever, U 1962, Chromosoma 13:385-436; Stocker, A.J. and C.D. Kastritsis 1972, Chromosoma 37:139-176.

Leber-Bussching,M. & R. Bijisma. Univer- Bijisma (1978) studied the polymorphism at the sity of Groningen, The Netherlands. The G6pd and Pgd loci on food supplemented with effect of sodium octanoate on the adult sodium octanoate (the sodium salt of a small mortality of Drosophila melanogaster. fatty acid with eight C-atoms). Sodium octanoate was expected to decrease the activity of these two pentose phosphate shunt enzymes because under these conditions less NADPH, which for the greater part is supplied by the pentose phosphate shunt, is thought to be needed for the synthesis of fatty acids. This was indeed observed during the larval stage. Adult flies, however, responded by increasing the activity of the pentose shunt enzymes. Furthermore 80-100% of the adults died within 5 days on food supplemented with 0.15% sodium octanoate. An explanation of this unexpected effect was hard to give and was ascribed to a secondary effect of sodium octanoate. Table 1. The mean cumulative mortality ) Recently we performed some experiments on of flies kept of food supplemented with chemically defined food media. To overcome 0.15% sodium octanoate. contamination with micro-organisms, which 24 48 65 72 90 111 135 would probably alter the food composition, "aseptic" flies were reared under aseptic conditions. flies 0 2.0 2.0 2.8 3.2 3.3 3,5 When these flies were tested on sodium octanoate supplemented food we obtained "non-aseptic" further information about the effect of flies 0 1.0 10.3 19.6 40.3 56.6 65.9 sodium octanoate on adult survival. For the experiments flies were reared Table 2. Adult mortality (%) after 72 hours under aseptic conditions according to the of exposure under different conditions, methods of Sang (1956) on medium C or reared under normal conditions on normal food according to Bijisma (1978). The adult sur- Condition Mortality vival was tested by establishing a number of A) Food: sterilized and o.ls%J vials with 20 females (1-2 days old) each Na-octanoate added 79/ and the number of dead individuals in each Flies: "non-aseptic" vial was determined at successive time B) Food: sterilized and 0.15] . intervals. Food containing sodium octano- Na-octanoate added 2/ ate was made by adding the appropriate Flies: "aseptic" amount (% weight by volume) to standard C) Food: not sterilized and food. no Na-octanoate added 1% The difference in survival on sodium Flies: "non-aseptic" octanoate supplemented food between flies D) Food: as in B, but incubated with] ,, reared "aseptically" and "non-aseptically" "non-aseptic" flies for 1 day 91% is shown in Table 1. "Non-aseptic" flies Flies: "aseptic" show the same result as found by Bijlsma (1978). After an incubation period of October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 75 approximately 2 days the first flies start to die and after 3-5 days 60-80% of the females have died. In contrast the "aseptic" flies show hardly any mortality during the same period. The fact that "aseptic" flies show no mortality indicates that the mortality is caused by an interaction between micro-organisms and the food. This is supported by the results of a second experiment of which the results are presented in Table 2. This table shows the mortality of flies after 72 hours of exposure to different conditions. Conditions A and B show the same result as presented in Table 1 and indicate that a high mortality on sodium octanoate is found when the flies are "non-aseptic". From a comparison between conditions A and C it is clear that sodium octanoate has to be present to induce a high mortality. The result of condition D shows that it is not the presence of the "non-aseptic" flies themselves that is responsible for the high mortality, but by something that is introduced into the vial by "non-aseptic" flies. These results justify the conclusion that the presence of micro-organisms and sodium octanoate in the food creates a situation which is lethal for D. melanogaster adults. At the moment it is not clear what really causes the dying of flies. It may be that sodium octanoate is modified by a micro-organism to a toxic compound. Another possibility is that sodium octanoate enables a particular micro-organism to grow very rapidly and that or the micro- organism itself or one of its excrements is toxic to flies at a sufficiently high concentration. References: Bijlsma, R. 1978, Genet.Res.Camb. 31:227-237; Sang, J.H. 1956, J.Exp. Biol. 33:45-71.

Lee, T.J. Chung-Ang University, Seoul, The difference patterns of aqueous soluble Korea. Systematic relationships among the proteins and systematic relationships among the species of Drosophilidae by the proteins species of Drosophilidae in Korea were investi- electrophoretic analysis. gated by means of polyacrylamide gel disc- electrophoresis. The number of protein bands appeared to be different in the 28 species, showing the difference patterns in mobility and density of staining of proteins. Each species contained specific proteins. From 7 to 16 protein bands appeared in the 28 species, however most of the species had 10 bands. In the intraspecies there were no different protein bands, and also the geographical difference of the protein patterns of the same species were not observed. The average similarities among the species by the Whitney's formula in the result of the investigation as follows: in the case of the two subfamilies Steganinae and Drosophilinae in the family Drosophilidae appeared about 38%; in the case of the 5 genera Mycodrosophila, Liodrosophila, Scaptomyza, Lordiphosa, and Drosophila in the subfamily Drosophilinae appeared about 43%; in the case of the 5 subgenera Dichaetophora, Hirtodrosophila, Paradrosophila, Sophophora, and Drosophila in the genus Drosophila appeared about 46%; in the case of the interspecies in the subgenus Sophophora appeared about 69%; and the interspecies in the subgenus Drosophila appeared about 59%. However, the average similarities among the 4 species of quinaria species group of the subgenus Drosophila appeared about 72%. This experiment means that the average similarities among species revealed high degree in accordance with the lower categories. It is to be estimated that the study on the electrophoretic patterns of the whole proteins of the Drosophila species was valuable to determine the affinity among the species of subfamilies, genera, subgenera, and species groups as standard indices. References: Throckmorton, L.H. 1962b, Univ.Texas Publ. 6205:415; Whitney, P.J., J.G. Vaughan & J.B. Mcale 1968, J.Exp.Botany 19:415-426.

Marengo, N.P. C.W. Post College of Long The mutation abdomen rotatum (ar) was discovered Island University, Greenvale, New York. and named by Beliajeff (1931). The effect of Fibrillar disorganization in the "A" bands this gene on development was described by the of "rotated" prepupal muscles of Droso- writer and Howland (1942). The ultrastructure phila melanogaster. of normal and "rotated" prepupal muscles was 76 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

, Jt

; :- c- . I

-! Pt 1 4_

Fig. 1. Electron micrograph of a longitu- Fig. 2. Electron micrograph of a longitudinal dinal section of the "A" region of prepupal section of the "A" region of muscle from a muscle from a heterozygous normal prepupa homozygous "rotated" prepupa of the ar/eyD of the ar/eyD stock. Note straightness and stock. Note the irregularity and diffuseness clear definition of fibrillar organization. of fibrillar organization. X18,600. X18,600. described by the writer (1980). This paper showed an enlargement of the regions and a narrowing of the "A" regions in the mutant prepupal muscles. However, at the magnification printed, the fibrillar disruption of the narrowed tA!t region was not clearly delineated. When electron micrographs of the "A" region were enlarged to 18,600X magnification, the fibrillar differences between the normal muscles (Fig. 1) and the mutant muscles (Fig. 2) are clearly recognizable. Straight and evenly spaced fibrils characterize the normal muscles, while the muscles of the "rotated" prepupae show lack of straightness and definition which characterize the musciesof the "normal" pupupa. It is believed that this ultrastructural fibrillar disorganization is what accounts for the puparial abnormalities described by Marengo & Howland (1942). References: Beliajeff, N.K. 1931, Biol.Zbl. 51:701-709; Marengo, N.P. & R.B. lowland 1942, Genetics 27:604-611; Marengo, N.P. 1980, DIS 55:94-95.

Marinkovic, D. & M. Milosevic. Institute Using a large number of D. subobscura flies for for Biological Research, Belgrade, Yugo- parental generation (F 1 progenies of wild flies slavia. Mobility of D. subobscura flies caught at the coast of north Adriatic), we with different rates of their embryonic succeeded to collect about 700 of their eggs, development, in two hours. Two groups of hatched larvae were separated, with extremely fast (24-35h) and extremely slow (55-65h) embryonal development. Further development continued under the same laboratory conditions, i.e., at 19 C, RH 60%, cca. 60 larvae per 150cc bottle, with two replicas. Adult flies grown from larvae with fast or slow embryogenesis were tested for their mobility, using Kekic's maze for the measurement of phototaxic preference, but under the absence of light (Kekic 1981).

October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 77

Table 1. Distribution of D. subobscura flies with When 52 flies with extremely fast fast (FE) and slow (SE) embryonic development, in embryonal development were introduced Kekic's maze (N=103). into one of peripheral chambers of Kekic's maze, only three of them migra- c h a m b e r s ted after 20 minutes to neighbouring FE flies: after I II III IV V chambers. The flies with the slowest 2.5 minutes 52 embryogenesis (N=51), however, have 13.0 minutes 51 1 shown quite opposite behavior. Already 20.0 minutes 49 2 1 after 2.5 minutes eleven of them left SE flies: after the starting chamber, and after 20 minutes about two thirds of them spread 2.5 minutes 40 4 3 1 3 out to all other chambers, exposed to 20.0 minutes 26 4 13 11 6 X.E/SE = 27.94 ; p < 0.001 approximately the same environmental conditions (t , RB, absenct of light). By denoting the chambers with the numbers from 1 to 5, the average migratory success for flies with "fast embryongenesis" (FE) was only 1.08±0.04, and for those with the "slow embryogenesis" (SE) it amounted to 2.71±0.12, i.e., it was significantly higher. The same two groups of flies (N=44 and 47, respectively) were compared for their preference of different light intensities, in a scope from 2 lux (1st chamber) to 7,000 lux (5th chamber). Using 60 minutes for each of two runs, the differences between FE and SE flies was not determined in this respect. The correlation between the rates of embryonal development and mobilties of grown flies under the same laboratory conditions, should be an indication of important variability in genetico-physiological homeostasis of D. subobscura individuals. Further studies of such phenomena could be quite important for our better understanding of developmental adaptations, and especially of balancing mechanisms which maintain the coadaptive systems of genes. Reference: Kekic, V. 1981, DIS 56:178-179.

Maroni, C. & S.C. Stamey. University of We present in this report a picture of the North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C. expression of alcohol dehydrogenase in D. mela- Developmental Profile and Tissue Distri- nogaster. Our results are, in general, in good bution of alcohol dehydrogenase. agreement with the studies of Ursprung et al. (1970) but are more detailed in some respects. The level of ADH was determined by activity measurements (Mar.uni 1978) in crude extracts of dissected tissues or whole individuals of dif f- erent ages. Eggs from several thousand Samarkand flies were collected in a population cage. Newly hatched first-instar larvae were then transferred to yeast-supplemented corn meal-molasses culture medium at a density of approximately 100 larvae per 236 ml (half-pint) bottle. In most cases the medium contained the dye bromophenol blue at a concentration of 0.05% as an aid to estimating the time of pupation (see Maroni & Stamey in Tedhnical Notes, this issue). Larval age was measured from the first-instar hatch (+1- 30 mm); pupae were timed from the formation of the white pupa (±30 min or ±3 hr) and pharate adults from the time of emergence (±1 hr). While aging, adults were transferred to fresh bottles every two days. Individuals at given stages in development were pooled in groups of three to five organisms and immediately frozen for assay at a later time. All assays of pharate adults were done on males. Dissections were done in ice chilled Drosophila saline. Organs were frozen in groups of five in microcentrifuge tubes. Homogenates were prepared in the same tubes with a conical teflon pestle in 0.2 ml of buffer. An ADH unit is the amount that will reduce one micromole of NAD per minute. Activity is expressed as units per individual or per organ. ADH LEVELS DURING DEVELOPMENT: ADH activity in Samarkand individuals (a highly inbred line homozygous for the fast allele) is shown in Figure 1. Each data point is the average of three or more assays, the vertical bars are standard deviations. The time scale is a compo- site axis; several hundred first instar larvae were collected within one hour of hatching and samples were frozen at specified times during larval development. Except for the earliest pupal sample (white pupae) which has an asynchrony of ±0.5 hr, pupal development was timed as follows: all individuals that reached pupariation within a six-hour period were transferred with a wet brush to a new containe and pupal age was measured from the mid-point of this 78 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

rL.] I I I I I I six-hour interval. The LARVAE PUPAE ADULT same procedure was repeated for adults. The position REG of the pupariat ion and edo- a) sion divisions in the graph 0 is the mid-point of the >< 50 - - - six-hour periods. The open circles represent activity a Qt Q of larvae grown in blue -o 40 food: the highest value is

C for dark blue larvae, the lower one for light blue CD larvae. - 30 Larval activity reaches C a maximum and then drops I just before pupariation. 20 a These observations were I repeated using larvae grown in blue food and the results II.] are shown in open symbols: Age the peak of activity is reached 2-6 hr before pupa- I_ I I I I I O Hrs 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 nation (during the "dark Days 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 blue" stage) and the level drops considerably by 1-2 hr before pupariation Figure 1. Developmental profile of ADH in Samarkand. ("light blue" stage). This correlation between gut color and ADH level was I I I I I I I I 20 Alimentary Fat Body observed with several other Canal strains as well. Figure 2. ADH LEVELS IN SPECIFIC Developmental profile IC ORGANS: In order to esti- 0 of ADH in mate the contribution of the individual organs. main tissues to total acti- Procedures Molpighian Head vity, measurements in Tubules were, as in dissected organs were , . Figure 1. IC carried out. Table 1 shows the approximate distribution of ADH in different organs C I Male Carcass of adults and third instar '5 Reproductive System larvae; the values are given Ii as percentages of the total activity of whole individuals. Each value is the 0 0L 100 200 300 4000 100 200 300 400 Hrs. average of 6 to 9 assays. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Days Age Male reproductive system includes the vasa deferen- tia, accessory glands, Table 1. Distribution of ADH activity in Samarkand. ejaculatory duct and testes. Larvae -- % activity Adults % activity We estimate 0.1% of the total activity to be the Alimentary canal 29 Alimentary canal 4 level of detection of our Fat body 28 Head 12 assay. It is apparent that Carcass 5 Carcass 18 in larvae most of the Malpighian tubules 1.9 Malpighian tubules 4.2 activity is equally divided Imaginal discs < 0.1 Male reproductive system 3.4 between the fat body and Gonadal primordium < 0.1 Salivary glands < 0.1 the alimentary canal (simi- Cephalic ganglia < 0.1 Total activity lar results were obtained Salivary glands < 0.1 recovered 41.6 in a survey of wild type Total activity lines (Maroni et al. 1982). recovered 64 October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 79

The activity in the carcass and head of adults very likely corresponds to what is found in the dispersed fat tissue; thus, this tissue probably accounts for most of the ADH found in imagos. Figure 2 shows the developmental pattern of accumulation of active enzyme in some of these organs. Of the organs examined, only the Malpighian tubules persist from larval to adult stages; it is interesting to notice that they do not display the general rise in activity during the third instar but they do so in the adult. References: Ursprung et al. 1970, W.Roux Archiv. 164:201-208; Maroni 1978, Biochem. Genet. 16:509-523; Maroni et al. 1982, Genetics 101:431-446.

Martinez-Sebastian, M.J. & R.deFrutos. The evolution of chromosomal polymorphism in University of Valencia, Spain. Chromo- several abdominal bristle selection lines was somal polymorphism in Drosophila sub- analyzed. obscura populations submitted to A laboratory population (R) was established selection for a quantitative character. with individuals from nature, and was developed without selection throughout the entire duration of the experiment. Four selection lines, two high (P and P 2 ) and two low (N 1 and N 2 ), and two control lines (C 1 and C 2 ) were taken from Table 1. Frequencies of chromosomal the laboratory population and run during 24 arrangements (%) in the laboratory generations. population. The sum of the bristles on the 4th and 5th Capture 3/79 6/79 11/80 12/81 abdominal sternites was the criterion of selec- n118 n156 n109 n145 tion and the intensity of selection used was 20%. A 38.36 45.65 15-95 16.1 The first time the chromosomal polymorphism St of the natural population was analyzed, and A1 4.11 6.52 5.08 4.3 later, periodic analyses of the selection lines, A 2 57.53 47.83 77.97 78.5 control lines and laboratory population were carried out. - - - 1.1 A 1+2 The results of the analyses of the labor- 27.97 24.34 16.51 16.0 atory population are given in Table 1. As it can be seen, the chromosomal arrangements pre- J 1 72.03 75.66 83.49 84.0 sent in the initial population at i low fre-

U 4.31 0.66 - - quency tend to be eliminated. A X homogeneity St test comparing the different analyses shows no 43.97 47.37 45.37 41.3 significant differences in chromosome U 34.75 46.05 47.66 40.5 (X =1.29; d.f.=3; P0.73). Howevr, chromosomes J (X27.91; d.f.=3; P=0.05), A (X =27.59; d.f.= 10.17 11.19 8.41 2.1 E1 + 2 3; P<0.001), E (X 2 48.99; d.f.=9; P<0.001) and E 129 18.64 9.21 16.82 16.1 O (X 2 133.49; d.f.=9; P<0.001) show clear differences. In A chromosome the A 2 arrangement 29.66 27.63 26.17 41.3 E1+2+9+12 tends to be selected, in E chromosome the E st 5.09 3.95 0.93 - and El+2+9+12 arrangements increase and in 0 chromosome the arrangement increases E8 1.69 1.97 - - 03+4 strongly. 20.34 21.79 33.94 22.1 Selection lines and control lines were O 34 27.12 24.36 45.87 72.4 analyzed several times during the experiment, but in this paper we give only the results of O 347 32.20 25.64 14.68 2.75 the last analysis, which was done in the 24th generation of selection. The results (see 03+4+8 5.09 19.87 1.83 - Table 2) show a general tendency to homozygosis, 03+4+2 1.69 4.49 1.83 2.75 stronger in selection lines than in control lines. 03+4+22 0.85 0.64 - - In chromosome A, all lines except C 1 are 03+4+1 11.02 - 1.83 practically homozygotic. In the two higli selection lines the A 2 arrangement is fixed, but in 0 7 1.60 3.21 - - low selection lines the A 2 is fixed in N 1 and 80 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

Table 2. Frequencies of chromosomal arrangements (%) A is fixed in N . In chromosome st 2 in selection lines. J, frequency of the J arrangement R P1 P2 Ni N2 Cl C2 reaches values close to 100% in all n=157 n=128 n=89 n=116 n=145 n=126 n=149 selection lines, except in N where

A 45.65 1.3 - - 98.75 52.1 - J arrangement shows samller 2values St tian in the initial population. A 1 7.52 - - - - - As in A and J chromosomes, in A2 47.83 98.7 100.0 100.0 1.25 47.9 100.0 U chromosome the same arrangement (U is fixed in the two high 24.34 0.8 - - 3 ' +2 st - se?techon lines and N shows a 75.66 99.2 100.0 100.0 66.21 90.5 100.0 different behaviour to NIn control lines the two most frequent U 0.66 - - - - - - st arrangements (U 1+2 and U1+2+8) U 12 47.37 100.0 100.0 - 72.73 60.0 48.30 reach values close to 50t. In chromosome E, the most poly- 51.97 - - 100.0 27.27 40.0 51.70 1+2+8 morphic, in no case was homozygosity E 46.05 16.4 51.69 - 43.75 46.0 23.81 reached. A different arrangement st tends to be increased in each line. 11.19 - 1.12 73.3 24.31 2.4 12.93 El+2 In chromosome 0 which shows a

9.21 - - - - - - great number of gene arrangements, homozygosity was reached in several 27.63 83.6 47.19 26.7 31.94 51.6 63.27 Ei+2+9+i2 selection lines. The two low

Ei+2+9+3 3.95 - - - - - - selection lines are homozygotic for the 03+4 arrangement and P for E 8 1. 97 - - - - - arrangement. The rest of - 0±4

O 21.79 - 56.82 - - 58.1 32.21 t remained polymorphic. St t On comparing the chromosomal 24.36 - 43.18 100.0 100.0 17.7 67.11 0 3+4 frequencies in the initial popula-

03+4+7 25.64 100.0 - - - 24.2 - tion with the frequencies in the selection lines and control lines 03+4+8 19.87 - - - - - after 24 generations of artifical

03+4+2 4.49 - - - - - 0.67 selection, it can be seen that the two high selection lines and one 03+4+22 0.64 - - - - - - low selection line (N 1 ) tend to

0 7 3.21 - - - - - - reach homozygosity while the control lines and N low line tend to remain polymorphic. In some chromosomes the same arrangement was fixed in the two high selection lines or in the two low selection lines, as happens with the A arrangement in the two high selection lines and with the 03±4 arrangement in the two low 2 selection lines. These two arrangements tend to be increased in the laboratory population. Also the J and U arrangements were fixed in high selection lines. In the rest of the chromosomes1 the beiiour of high and low selection lines is similar.

Martinez-Sebastian, M.J. & J.L. Mensua. In a laboratory population (R) od D. subobscura, University of Valencia, Spain. Varia- the characters of wing length and wing width tions of wing dimensions in Drosophila were measued. subobscura populations selected for Two replicate selection lines for abdominal abdominal bristle number. bristle number in both, high (P 1 and P 2 ) and low (N and N 2 ), directions and two control lines JC and C 2 ) were established from the laboratory population. At 17th generation of selection, wing length and wing width were measured. Table shows the means of wing dimensions in the laboratory ppulation, control lines and selection lines. Significant differences exist between the laboratory population and the selection and control lines (except wing length males R versus males C 1 ). Also there are significant October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 81

Table 1. Wing dimensions in laboratory population and differences between the two repli- in lines selected for abdominal bristles number (in cations of each selection and micrometer units, one unit0.03 mm). control line. On the other hand, it could be MALES FEMALES pointed out that in all cases the width wing length wing width wing length wing wing width and wing length means R 67.95±0.17 31.11±0.10 R 74.42±0.17 34.01±0.08 of low selection lines are smaller P 1 65.24±0.17 30.17±0.07 P 1 72.75±0.20 33.18±0.09 than the means of high and control lines. In replication 1, the mean P 2 71.36±0.14 32.42±0.08 P 2 78.73±0.16 35.84±0.07 of the control line is bigger than N 1 64.92±0.14 29.84±0.07 N 1 71.60±0.13 32.73±0.07 the mean of the high selection line. The correlation between wing N2 64.45±0.17 30.65±0.08 N 2 70.68±0.20 33.71±0.08 length or wing width and number of C 1 67.45±0.22 30.70±0.11 C 1 73.55±0.26 33.40±0.13 abdominal bristles of the 4th and 5th sternites in the laboratory C 2 68.88±0.13 31.90±0.07 C 2 76.51±0.18 35.40±0.07 population, control lines and selection lines were estimated. No significant correlation exists between wing dimensions and number of abdominal bristles in the laboratory population ( ). In the control lines, one of them (C 1 ) shows a significant correlation between wing dimensions and number of abdominal bristles, but no correlation exists in the other control line (C ). High and low selection lines show different behaviour. In the low seection lines no significant correlation exists in any case, while in high selection lines a significant correlation exists between wing dimensions and nr. of abdominal bristles in males from P 1 line, and also between wing width and number of abdominal bristles in females from P 1 and P 2 lines. In spite of the lack of correlation between wing dimensions and number of abdominal bristles, in the majority of lines, there are differences in wing dimensions between the laboratory population and the selection lines. There are differences particularly between the high and low selection lines. Body size (as estimated by wing dimensions) is slightly modified by selection for abdominal bristle number. This could be due to the increase in the number of abdominal bristles in the high lines was accompanied by an increase in the area of the sternital and the reverse apparently occurs in the low lines.

Mason, J.M. National Institute of Environ- Graf et al. (1979) tested the effects of a mental Health Sciences, Research Triangle number of DNA repair-defective mutants on muta- Park, North Carolina. Nitrogen mustard tion frequencies induced by radiation or chemi- induced translocations in mutagen-sensi- cal mutagens. Their most striking observation tive mutants. was that when sperm treated with 0.2% nitrogen mustard (HN2) fertilize eggs from mus101 homozygous females.no chemically induced recessive lethal mutations we found. 4n contras when such sperm fertilize eggs from the control or from mei-45 , musl04 or mei-9 femalesE, the recessive lethal frequency is on the order of 4-6%. Similar results are reported here using 5iprocal tranocations as an end- point (Table 1). In these experiments SM1, Cy; TM2, TJbx e 5 /T(2;3p males were fed 0.2% HN2 for 24 hours and mated with females homozygous for either me-i-41 , mus 101Di, mus104 or w so that lesions induced in mature sperm could be repaired in eggs produced by these females. Cy Ubx sons were crossed with e 1 ' females and the resulting F2 progeny screened for the segregation of Cy and e 5 . Females bearing musl04D 1 or mei-41D5 produced about 0.5% translocations, similar to the control. However, muslolDI females produced no translocations in 1291 progeny. Thus mus101 has the same effect on the recovery of 11N2 induced translocations as recessive lethals. Wurgler and Graf (1980) suggested that, because DNA-DNA crosslinks are induced by FIN2 and are normally resolved with a loss of information, recessive lethals are a by-product of normal repair of these lesions. They further proposed that mus101 mutants are defective in the ability to resolve DNA crosslinks and that such unresolved lesions cannot replicate and are dominantly lethal. Similar arguments can be made for the absence of HN2 induced translocations from mus101 females. 82 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

r Table 1. Reciprocal translocations from mutagen- The untreated controls produced a sensitive mutants. surprising result; two independent translocations were recovered from me i_41D5 females, while no spontaneous Genotypes of progeny recovered Maternal translocations were recovered from the Dose + T(Y;2) T(Y;3) T(2;3) trans genotype other crosses. A recent large scale

w - 1366 0 0 0 - study suggests that the spontaneous translocation frequency is about 10 - 1314 0 0 0- musiO1 (Mason et al. in prep.). In previous me mus1O4' - 1458 0 0 0 - studies i_41D5 females did not show D5 an increase in the spontaneous reces- - 0 2 0.16 mei-41 1259 0 sive lethal frequency (Graf et al. w 0.2% 1106 0 1 7 0.72 1979). Smith (1973) reported an - increase in the spontaneous recessive 0.2% 0 0 0 musiOi 1 1291 lethal frequency from emi41 males, mus1O4 1 0.2% 1553 1 1 5 0.45 although Mason (1980) could not find an D5 increase from mei_41D3 or mei41D5 mei-41 0.2% 707 1 1 3 0.71 males. It is not entirely clear why mei_41D5 should increase the frequency of spontaneous translocations but not recessive lethals, although the extremely low spontaneous translocation frequency in the control makes any induced translocations much more noticeable. References: Graf, Green & Wurgler 1979, Mutation Res. 63:101-112; Mason 1980, Mutation Res. 72:323-326; Smith 1973, Mutation Res. 20:215-220; Wurgier Graf 1980 in "DNA Repair and Mutagenesis in Eukaryotes" pp. 223-240.

Mather, W.G. & A.K. Pope. University of In July 1982 thirty-six isolines of D.s. albo- Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. Inver- strigata and six isolines of D. albomicans were sions from Chiang Mai, Thailand. established from Chiang Mai, Thailand. Inversions in these species were last reported on from a collection made at Phuket in February 1982 (Mather & Pope DIS 59:-). (a) D.s. albostrigata: Seven simple inversions were detected. All had previously been recorded from East and South East Asia (Table 1). (b) D. albomicans: Four simple and one complex inversion were detected. All had been previously recorded elsewhere (Table 2). The material was collected and the isolines established by W.B.M. The laboratory work was carried out by A.K.P.

Table 1. D.s.albostrigata, ChiangMai. Table 2. D. albomincans, Chiang Mai.

Inversion Chromosome Het. Freq. % Inversion Chromosome Simple Complex A5 IlL 27.7 S 5 IlL X C 1 III 2.7 C 1 III X IlL X 12 IlL 22.2 12 B 5 III 13.8 E6 III X N5 III 2.7 L3 III X C 5 hR 2.7 P 5 III 2.7 October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 83

Mather, W.B. & A.K. Pope. University of In February 1982 seven isolines of D.s. albo- Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. Inver- strigata and four isolines of D. albomicans sions from Phuket, Thailand. Second were established from Phuket, Thailand. Report. Inversions in these species were last reported on from a collection made at the River Kwai region of Thailand (Mather & Balwin 1982, DIS 58:106). Inversions from Phuket were first reported on from a collection made in Dec. 1975 (Mather & Thongmeearkom DIS 53:150; Mather & Thongrneearkom DIS 55:101). (a) D.s.albostrigata: Six simple and one complex inversion were detected. All were first records from this locality but had previously been recorded elsewhere (Table 1). (b) D.albomicans: Two simple and two complex inversions were detected. Of these L 3 had been recorded previously from Phuket. None were new inversions (Table 2). The material was collected and the isolines established by W.B.M. The laboratory work was carried out by A.K.P.

Table 1. D.s.albostrigata. Table 2. D.albomicans.

Inversion Chromosome Simple Complex Inversion Chromosome Simple Complex C 1 III X III x F3 III X C 1 III X A5 IlL X E 6 III X C 5 hR X L 3 III X 12 IlL X N5 III X D 5 IlL X

Mather, W.G. & A.K. Pope. University of In July 1982 thirty-seven isolines of D.s. Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. albostrigata and two isolines of D.albomicans Inversions from Phuket, Thailand. were established from Phuket, Thailand. Third Report. Inversions in these species were last reported on from a collection made at Phuket in February 1982 (Mather & Pope 59:-). (a) D.s.albostrigata: Six simple and one complex inversion were detected as in Febru- ary but this time a sample of thirty-seven allowed an estimate of heterozygosity frequency to be made (Table 1). (b) D.albomicans: Three simple and one complex inversion were detected, all on chromosome III. Of these C 1 and E 6 had been recorded previously from Phuket. None were new inversions (Table 2). The material was collected and the isolines established by W.B.M. The laboratory work was carried out by A.K.P.

Table 1. D.s.albostrigata, Phuket. Table 2. D.albomicans, Phuket. Inversion Chromosome Simple Complex Het.Freq.% Inversion Simple Complex A5 IlL X 27.02 C 1 X C 5 hR X 64.86 E 6 X C 1 III X 78.37 B X D 5 IlL X 29.73 N 5 X 12 III, X 32.43 F3 III X 8.1 N 5 III X 16.2 84 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

Mayer, P.J. &*G.T. Baker.*Drexel Univer- The following longitudinal study of D. melano- sity, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. *Uni_ gaster was undertaken in order to determine versity of Maryland, College Park. the paternity of offspring produced by one Delayed desemination by low temperature female mated sequentially with two males. Two exposure in two strains of D. melano- strains were used, a Sevelen line and a mutant gaster. line, wmei_41D5(Boyd et al. 1976, Genetics 84:485-506), maintained in our laboratory for 10 years and 2 years, respectively. Twenty-nine 1-3 day old Sevelen females, randomly collected from a population cage, were mated overnight with similarly aged Sevelen males. Each mated pair was housed separately in 80 ml plastic vials with standard yeasted medium. The next day, following Novitski and Rush (Biol.Bull. 97:150-7, 1949), females housed individually in plastic vials without medium were "frozen" at -11–1C for 20 mm. After recovery (3-4 hr at room temperature) the females were mated with 8-12 day old Basc males for the duration of the experiment. These separately housed pairs were transferred to fresh media every day or every other day, as indicated in Tables 1 and 2. No flies were etherized at any time during the experiment. The Muller-5 test was used to ascertain the paternity of female offspring produced by all post-freeze (Sevelen by Basc) matings.

Table 1. Summary data on fertility and desemination effects of exposure to 11± 0 1C for 20 minutes, Sevelen strain.

pre- day 1 post- day 2 days 3-4 days 5-6 days 7-18 treatment treatment post-treatment post-treatment post-treatment post-treatment #pairs 29 28 28 28 28 28 Fertility (X±s.d.) 8.45±7.62 0.43±1.37 2.21±2.85 35.14±23.09 38.21±27.64 37.18±30.76 % offspring sired by 2nd e(N) 0%(0/8) 53.1%(17/32) 93.6%(479/512) 100%(546/546) 99.6%(460/462) # fertile pairs with 100% ?offspring 5(45%) 21(81%) 21(100%) 18(90%) sired by 2nd cf(%)

As Table 1 demonstrates, it is not until the 6th day post-freezing that 100% of the female offspring were sired by the second (i.e., Basc) male. Apparently not all of the sperm from the first mating (Sevelen by Sevelen) stored by the female were rendered iinmotile (DIS 36:86) by exposure to low temperature. Expected levels of fertility were not observed until days 3-4 post-freezing (cf. DIS 36:86). DUring freezing there was one death among the 29 Sevelen females housed individually and no deaths among 271 same-aged Sevelen males and females housed in 4 vials and frozen simultaneously. At 25 and 30 minutes duration, freezing at -11–1C resulted in substantial mortality and markedly reduced fertility from which the female Sevelens did not recover (see Table 2).

Table 2. Mortality and infertility effects of three durations exposure to low temperature, Sevelen strain. % Infertile matings (N) day 1 day 2 days 3-4 days 5-6 days 7-18 Treatment %Mortal- pre- post- post- post- post- post- @-11–1C ity (N) treatment treatment treatment treatment treatment treatment 20 mm 0%( 1/301) 14%(4/28) 82%(23/28) 50%(14/28) 7%( 2/28) 25%( 7/28) 25%(7/28) 25 min 22%( 52/234) 12%(3/25) 67%(16/24) 83%(15/18) 67%(12/18) 65%(11/17) 54%(6/11) 30 min 48%(118/245) 13%(3/23) 90%(19/21) 100%(9/9) 67%( 6/9) 60%( 3/5) 33%(1/3)

October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 85

The same protocol was followed with the wmei_41D5 strain. Thirteen 1-2 day old females were mated for two days with same-aged vtel.males, each mated pair housed separately. The next day individually housed females were "frozen" at -11–1C for 20 min along with 368 2-4 day old wmei males and females. After one hour at room temperature, 94.2% (359/381) of the flies recovered. Wmei females were then mated with same aged (3-4 day old) Sevelen males for 7 days. The paternity of female offspring produced by post-freeze matings was ascertained by scoring eye color, with 100% red-eyed daughters indicating complete desemination.

Table 3. Summary data on fertility and desemination effects of exposure to 11± 0 1C for 20 minutes, arIa i_41D5 s t ra in .

day 1 day 2 day 3 day 4 day 5 day 6 day 7 pre- post- post- post- post- post- post- post- treatment treatment treatment treatment treatment treatment treatment treatment # pairs: 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 fertility (X±s.d.): 7.62±10.29 11.62±13.82 14.23±10.85 15.69±8.81 16.92±9.66 11.69±10.98 9.69±9.07 16.00±13.90 % offspring sired by 2nd o (N): 14.1% 88.3% 99.0% 100% 100% 100% 100% (12/85) (83/94) (96/97) (95/95) (70/70) (62/62) (106/106)

# fertile pairs with 100% offspring sired by 2nd cf(%): 1(10%) 8(67%) 11(92%) 12(100%) 11(100%) 11(100%) 12(100%)

As Table 3 demonstrates, 100% of the female offspring are sired by the second (i.e., Sevelen) male beginning with the fourth day post-freezing. The more rapid desemination of the wmdi strain as opposed to the Sevelen strain (4 vs 6 days post-freezing) may be related to the reduced DNA repair capacity of the former (Boyd & Setlow 1976, Genetics 84:596-26). Moreover, fertility is not reduced after exposing wmei females to low temperature (Table 3), unlike the situation with Sevelens (Table 1). This work was supported by the Eberhard Foundation PJM was supported by NIA Post-doctoral Fellowship #AG00097-01.

Mazar-Barnett, B. & E.R. Munoz. Comision A certain decrease in egg hatchability has been Nacional de Energia Atomica, Buenos Aires, observed both in Drosophila melanogaster and Argentina. Dominant lethal tests with Dacus olea cultures when nipagin (p-hydroxyben- nipagin in Drosophila melanogaster. zoic acid methyl ester) is added to the food as fungicide. Since this drug is of current use, an investigation was started to study its action on the developing germ cells of D. melanogaster as a contribution to establishing the causes of the observed increase in embryonic lethality. We report here preliminary results of dominant lethal tests performed to determine the effect of nipagin administered by injection (thus circumscribing the analysis to its direct effect on the male and female germinal cell lines) in motile sperm and mature oocytes. The flies were raised in acid medium, with- Unhatched/ % embryonic out nipagin and treated when 7 days old. To total eggs death study the effect on motile sperm, Samarkand controls 81/642 10.39 males were injected intraabdominally with treated nipagin at a concentration of 1.67% in NaC10.4%. The treated males were then pair mated with x 67/645 10.39 untreated untreated cn bw, e females in empty vials. After one observed mating the males were dis- treated carded and the females transferred to oviposi- x 69/525 13.14 tion chambers (Munoz & Mazar 1978) for two 24 h untreated ro - periods. The eggs were counted and the 86 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983 unhatched eggs scored after 24 h and again after an additional day to ensure the detection of late hatching. The experiments were carried out at 25C. All cultures with 100% of unhatched eggs were discarded. The same experimental procedure was followed when studying the effect on oocytes, except that in this case cn bw, e females were injected and mated with untreated Samarkand males. The results thus far obtained are shown in the table and suggest that the embryonic death observed in the cultures when nipagin is used does not depend on a direct action exerted by the fungicide on Drosophila germinal cells mature at the time of treatment. Since there was no difference between 1st and 2nd oviposition periods the data were pooled. References: Munoz, E.R. & B. Mazar-Barnett 1978, Mutation Res. 51:37-44.

Miglani, G.S. & A. Thapar. Punjab Agri- Thirty-five to forty virgin D.melanogaster cultural University, Ludhiana, India. females carrying the genetic markers dumpy (dp) On the effect of ethyl methane-sulphonate black (b) cinnabar (cn) were mated with wild and chioroquine phosphate on fertility type (Oregon-K) males for 1-2 days at 25C. and longevity in D.melanogaster. Inseminated females were starved for 2 to 3 hours and then allowed to lay eggs on standard food medium for 2 hours. At 25C, larval life of D.melanogaster is of 96 hours duration. For sake of treatment the larval period was divided into three equal periods. LD50 concentrations of ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) and chlorquine phosphate (CHQ), determined earlier by us, were given to the developing larvae. Thus the F1 larvae were reared on food mixed with 0.90 percent EMS in the first 32 hours and with 0.75 percent EMS in the second and third 32 hours of larval life. In other experiments October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 87

Table 1. Brood-pattern analysis of treated F males the F larvae were treated with and females of D. melanogaster during different O.l85 1 Percent CHQ in the first 32 parts of larval life, hours, with 0.165 percent CHQ in the second 32 hours and 0.180 per- Broods Number of F flies obtained cent CHQ in the third 32 hours of from larvae 4eated during period with larval life. The frequency of F progeny I II III eggs that developed upto the adu't Males Females Males Females Males Females stage in these experiments was very Treatments close to 50 percent with EMS and with EMS CHQ. Experiments were also conduc- All broods 6 17 15 16 4 13 ted where no EMS or CHQ was fed to 1 a,b,c,d 2 3 - 3 4 the developing larvae. a,b,c,e - 1 1 - - - a,b,d,e - 1 - - - - a,b,c - - 2 - - 4 Effect on fertility. Brood- a,b,d - - - - 1 - pattern technique was used to study a,b 1 1 2 - 2 1 fertility of F adults. For this, a,c - - - - 1 -. a two-day old male was crossed a 4 2 - - 3 3 every 3 days to 1 3 to 4 fresh virgin b,c - - - - - 1 dp b cn females to obtain five b,c,d,e - 1 - 1 11 - broods. Similarly, a two-day old b,d - - - - 1 - F virgin female was crossed to 3 b1 - - - - - t 4 dp b cu males and all flies No Brood 4 - - 1 8 were transferred every 3 days to Total 18 24 23 18 27 34 fresh food vials to have five Treatments with CHQ broods. Separate records were main- All Broods 25 20 25 20 19 21 tamed for each of the untreated a,b,c,d - - - - - 1 and treated F male and female for a,b,d,e - - - - 1 - its ability to yield the desired a,b,c - 1 - - - - number of broods. In the control a,b - 1 - 1 - 1 experiments, 20 F 1 males and the No Brood - - - 1 - - same number of F females were Total 25 22 25 22 20 23 selected at random for every one of the three larval periods. All the individuals in these experiments produced progenies in all Table 2. Time of death of the treated F flies* of the five 3-day broods. Brood- pattern of treated F D. melanogaster selected for obtaining Lroods. males and females is given in +able 1. All Brood** Number of flies died after the F individuals that were selec- Chem- at which treatment to larvae during period ted after treatment with EMS or ical fly I III CHQ did not yield the desired number of died Males Females Males Females five 3-day broods. The individuals EMS a 6 0 1 2 that gave progeny in all the five b 1 0 0 3 broods were considered as fully c 0 0 1 1 fertile, those that yield progeny d 0 1 2 1 in one to four broods as partially Total 7 I 4 7 sterile and others that yielded progeny in no brood as completely CHQ b 0 1 0 1 sterile. The number of flies ob- c 0 1 0 0 tamed from a partially sterile F d 0 0 0 1 individual was less than that Total 0 2 0 2 obtained from a fully fertile individual depending upon the number of * Total number of F flies selected for obtain- broods missing. This indicated ing broods is given in Table 1. that sterility was induced in some **The brood indicated yielded the progeny. of the treated flies. Completely and partially sterile individuals were found more frequently after treatment with EMS than with CHQ (Table 1). It has been suggested 88 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983 that mechanisms for inducing chromosome breaks may lead to sterility (Woodruff & Thompson 1977). Considerable degree of sterility observed in the present experiments may also be the result of chromosome breaks induced by EMS and CHQ. Effect on longevity. In the control experiments, no F 1 male or female died before completing the desired number of five 3-day broods. No F 1 male or female Drosophila died before giving the desired number of broods when treatments with EMS or CI-IQ were given during the second period of larval life. Whereas 7 F 1 males died in various broods in the first period and 4 died in the third period with EMS, no F 1 male died with CHQ during these periods before completing five broods (Table 2). Only one F 1 female died with EMS in broods d in the first period and 7 died in various broods in the third period; the number of F females that died owing to CHQ was 2 in each of these periods (Table 2). In case of both MS and CHQ, the LD 50 concentrations were used. This means that the percent egg-to-adult development obtained after treatment with either of these chemicals during any part of the larval life led to 50 percent mortality. Induction of greater degree of complete sterility, partial sterility and decrease in longevity subsequent to treatment with EMS than with CHQ may be attributed to prolonged residual effect of the probe, EMS. Reference: Woodruff, R.C. & J.N. Thompson, Jr. 1977, Heredity 38:291.

Miglani, G.S. & A. Thapar. Punjab Agri- Four concentrations of ethyl methane- cultural University, Ludhiana, India. sulphonate (EMS)--0.25, 0.50, 0.75, Relative effectiveness of ethyl methane- and 1.00 percent--and five concent- sulphonate and chloroquine phosphate in trations of chioroquine phosphate egg-to-adult development of D. melanogaster. (CHQ)---0.0645, 0.0967, 0.1290, 0.1612 and 0.1935--were used to determine their effect 6n egg-to-adult develop- Table 1. Effect of EMS and CHQ on egg-to-adult ment when fed to D. melanogaster development of D. melanogaster larvae. One ml solution of a parti- Chemical Percent egg-to-adult development in cular concentration of EMS or CHQ was conc. larvae treated during period mixed to 9 g of food medium. Thus (%) control I II III the concentrations of the chemicals EMS available to the developing larvae 0.25 100(162) 85.4(96) 84.1(95) 85.3(159) were one-tenths of the concentrations 0.50 100(125) 71.0(129) 64.3(83) 76.0(114) prepared. The experiments were con- 0.75 100(77) 58.5(94) 50.2(77) 41.6(108) ducted at 25 C. At this temperature 1.00 100(156) 47.7(130) 32.5(150) 32.8(165) total larval life is of 96 hours duration. As it was desired to deter- CHQ mine the effect in different stages 0.0645 100(80) 82.4(114) 81.0(100) 83.3(96) of larval development, the larval 0.0967 100(97) 71.2(108) 66.6(99) 76.4(110) period was divided into three equal 0.1290 100(110) 67.2(110) 59.2(81) 64.0(86) parts. The information on egg-to- 0.1612 100(75) 58.8(90) 55.0(120) 55.5(81) adult development is given in 0.1935 100(75) 46.6(90) 43.8(105) 45.5(90) Table 1. Figures in parentheses indicate number of eggs laid. The actual egg-to-adult development values for controls, run along with 0.25% and 0.50% ENS Table 2. Determination of LD 50 values for EMS and treatments, were 98.7% and 99.2% CHQ through least square regression line analysis. respectively. In order to compare these results with those of the Treatment Least square LD 50 remaining treatments, the egg-to- Chemical period regression line (%) adult development for these controls EMS I Y = -52.60X + 98.82 0.90 was assumed to be 100 percent and the II Y = -67.56X + 99.99 0.75 corresponding values for these EMS III Y = -71.24X + 102.75 0.75 treatments in the three parts of larval life were corrected CHQ I Y = -17.30X + 53.20 0.185 accordingly. II Y = -18.48X + 53.12 0.165 The three periods of larval life III Y = -18.28X + 53.30 0.180 of D. melanogaster gave a weak differential response to treatment with the October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 89

four concentrations of EMS used with regard to egg-to-adult development. For example s 0.25 percent EMS was toxic almost to the same extent in the three larval periods; 0.50 percent EMS was the most toxic in the second part and least toxic in the third part of larval life; 0.75 percent EMS was the most toxic in the third part and least toxic in the first part of larval life; 1.00 percent EMS was toxic to the same extent in the second and third parts and less toxic in the first part of larval life. With the five concentrations of CIIQ also, the three larval periods of D. melanogaster gave a weak differential response. For example, the lower doses (0.0645 and 0.0967 percent) of CHQ were the most toxic in the first part and least toxic in the third part of larval life whereas the higher doses (0. 1290, 0.1612 and 0.1935 percent) of CHQ were the most toxic in the second part and least toxic in the first part of larval life. In order to measure relative effectiveness of the two chemicals used, LD 50 values were determined for each of the 32 hour periods of larval treatment. LD0 values were calculated from the least square regression equations, for the three periods o larval life, determined on the basis of percent egg-to-adult development obtained with different concentrations of EMS and CHQ. Table 2 gives the least square regression equations and LD values considering Y50, where Y is the percent lethality. A comparison of LD 5 values or EMS with those for CHQ revealed that on the average 4.5-fold higher doses of MS were required than those of CHQ to obtain 50 percent egg-to-adult development in D. melanogaster.

Morcillo, E. & J.L. Mensua. University By means of two-dimensional thin-layer chroina- of Valencia, Spain. Two new spots on tography (TLC) on cellulose plates, using as thin-layer chromatography plates of eye extraction dissolvent isopropanol acetic acid- colour mutants of Drosophila melanogaster. water (4:1:5 by vol.) and as elution dissolvent isopropanol-2%-ammonium acetate (1:1, v/v) for first dimension (2 hr 30 min long) and 3% aqueous ammonium chloride for the second one (25 mm), a study of variations on pterines pigments concentrations accumulated in the development of D. melanogaster (pupa and imago) has been performed. A total of 12 strains have been analyzed. Among them two were wild strains (the laboratory strain Oregon-R and a wild cellar strain), eight eye-colour mutants strains from

laboratory (v, se, ca, car, cd, ci, pr and 11r ) and two mutant strains from cellar (95/2 and 1/51.3). Flies were reared at 25±1 C in low competence conditions. The results permit the detection of two new spots, which have not been described by other authors (Fig. 1). One of these spots is found in all the analyzed strains, with a similar developmental CZ pattern in all of these. The spot is found in pupal stage, so it is described as P.S. In most 0 cases, the concentration attained by this spot within 30 hr after pupation is kept for the rest of pupal life, whenever sepiapterin reaches a level similar to Or-R, which is taken as control o in our experience. But in those strains where AS sepiapterin has a cncentration higher than 0 normal (ci, se, Hn and 95/2), the P.S., concentration increases all the pupal life long, being directly relative to sepiapterin concen- C tration, The P.S. spot is not detectable since the beginning of imagotage except in the strains car, cd and Hn where P.S. is still 3% NH ci detected in recently emerged flies. 4 This compound is found mostly or completely on bodies (experimentally shown by us) being Fig. 1. Fluorescent pattern on TLC of 1 Rf:Rf = 0.32 and Rf 2 = 0.22. These Rfs, its an extract of D.m. Shadowed spots colour and itsi yellowish fluorescency seem to represent the two new spots. 90 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983 indicate that this compound belongs to the yellow pigment group. r3 The other spot (A.S.) is found in 4 among the 12 strains described. Car, flu , se and 95/2, being in the two last strains in a low concentration which seems to indicate that it may be present in most strains but it is not detected for not reaching the necessary level of accumulation. It is colourless and has a blue fluoresency, as Rf = 0.35 and 0.32 respectively. This spot is found in the strains car and Hn in 80-90 hours old pupae at low concentration, attaining its maximum concentration in newly emerged flies and disappearing in adult flies from the third day on. In strains se and 95/2, the spot appears at the beginning of adult life at very low concentration, and disappears in adult flies from the third day on. The fact of this compound appearing in a development phase and disappearing after, seems to indicate this spot is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway which leads to drosopterins. Work is in progress to further studies on these two spots in our laboratory.

Moya, A. & J.L. Mensua. University of The overfeeding technique has been designed in Valencia, Spain. Dynamics of larval com- order to analyze experimentally what happens in petition process: the overfeeding competition conditions cultures. Basically it technique in Drosophila. consists of a break in the competition conditions, giving us information about the dynamics of larval competition process. The experimental procedure was the following. Seventy larvae aged 2±2 hr were placed in two kinds of vials: large vials (10x2.7 cm) containing 5.0 ml of Lewis' medium and small vials (4x0.8 cm) with 0.5 ml of same medium. The large vial was considered as control in non-competitive conditions. Nine small vials, working at 25–1C, were prepared, one of them not overfed and considered as control in highly-competitive conditions. The other eight small vials were overfed. The overfeeding technique (see Figure 1) was as follows: the small vials were transferred singly to a large vial with inclined food (overfeeding vial), a total of

iiii--- non overfed overfeeding INNER POPULATION

overfeeding vial OUTER POPULATION

Figure 1. The overfeeding technique.

October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 91

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- -

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4 6 5 I 0 I2 1.1 16 18 C). 5 rn

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eight separate occasions. The first small vial was introduced into the overfeeding vial on the 4th day of culture, the second one two days later and so on until 18th day when the last small vial was overfed. After 24 hours contact between the two vials was interrupted by taking away the small vial. All larvae migrated spontaneously and rapidly to the overfeeding vial except a very few which stayed in the small vials when the overfeeding was carried out on the 4th and 6th days. In this way the population was separated into two groups: the inner population, composed of larvae near pupation, pupae and adults, and the outer population, composed of those larvae which had emigrated to the overfeeding vial. Emerging adults were counted and removed every day up to the end of the culture in the four kinds of cultures (control of non-competition, control of competition, overfed small vials and overfeeding vials). This procedure has been used not only for larvae of D. melanogaster at 25 C, but also in D. melanogaster, D. siinulans and D. subobscura at 19 C. In general this procedure could be used to study the process of larval competition of any insect, changing temperatures, competitive food doses and number of overfeedings according to the length of larval period. Figure 2 shows adults emerged in inner and total (inner+outer) populations for three laboratory strains: Oregon-R, +/+ and the eye-colour mutant cd/cd. For each kind of vial a total of eight replicae was made. This kind of information permits us to contrast the mortality-process and the dynamics of the competition process from an experimental point of view. 92 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

Najera, C. University of Valencia, Spain. Effect of alcohol and overcrowding on viability of eye colour mutants of Drosophila melanogaster.

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In a previous work (Najera & Mensua 1982) we analyzed cellar, vineyard and pine wood populations in respect to eye colour mutants. The cellar flies had almost double the number of mutants of the vineyard and pine wood populations. In order to prove the influence of alcohol on the viability of eye colour mutants obtained in a wine-cellar, a factorial experiment was designed. Five strains were used: 2/58A (sepia), 2/54A (cardinal), 2/74B (cardinal, cinnabar and possibly another colour mutant not yet identified), 1/51.3 (dark colour not yet identified), and a wild strain from the same cellar. Three factors were proved: (a) two levels of competition for food (25 cc or 2 cc of agar-corn medium), (b) four levels of ethanol concentration (0%, 5%, 10% and 20%), (c) three different genotypes (mutant homozygote, wild homozygote and heterozygote for each strain--a total of nine different genotypes). One hundred eggs were placed in each vial. A total of ten replicae was made for each factor. The results are presented in graphic form (Fig. 1). The wild strain has better viability in a non-overcrowding situation (25 cc). When alcohol concentration increases there is a decrease of viability, but there is no differences between the two levels of competition for food. In 2/54A strain (Fig. la) there is no difference between homozygotes and heterozygotes. Viability is not affected when the alcohol concentration is increased, as it is in the wild strain. In 2/58A and 1/51.3 strains (Figs. lb and ic) the viability of the heterozygotes is always higher than that of the homozygotes and the viability in an overcrowding situation does not decrease (2/58A) or increase (1/51.3) in regard to a non-overcrowding situation with increased alcohol concentration. Thus, a higher viability is always observed when both overcrowding and high alcohol concentration are present. A factorial analysis (2x3x4) was made for each mutant (Table 1). Overcrowding does not affect viability except in 2/54A strain. The effect of genotype and alcohol are always significant.

Table 1. Facotrial analysis overcrowding-genotype-alcohol.

Sources of fd 2/58A 1/51.3 2/54A 2/74B variation F P F P F P F P Overcrowding 1 0.099 ns 2.32 us 17.77 <0.001 0.18 ns Genotype 2 82.30 <0.001 82.06 <0.001 80.75 <0.001 27.77 <0.001 % alcohol 3 36.77 <0.001 14.89 <0.001 26.71 <0.001 67.66 <0.001 Overcrowd-Genotype 2 2.39 ns 2.26 ns 1.81 ns 1.61 ns Overcrowd-alcohol 3 13.04 <0.001 16.55 <0.001 10.71 <0.001 10.49 <0.001 Genotype-alcohol 6 5.42 <0.001 13.48 <0.001 8.38 <0.001 4.13 <0.001 Over-Geno-alcohol 6 2.07 0.05 3.84 <0.001 2.23 0.05 1.26 ns Replicae 216

Overcrowding-genotype interactions are not significant but alcohol always interacts significantly with overcrowding and genotypes. The alcohol-overcrowding interactions results in better viability in mutant strains than in the wild strain, especially in heterozygous ones. Because the wild strain also comes from a cellar, we conclude that eye colour mutants have a better viability in the special conditions of a cellar. This interaction could in part explain the higher frequency of eye colour mutants in the cellar. References: Najera, C. & J.L. Mensua 1982, Jornadas de Genetica Luso-Espanolas XVIII:133. 94-D1S59 P esearch Notes October 1983

Najera, C. & J.L. Mensua. University of The adaptation of D. melanogaster to environ- Valencia, Spain. The evolution of arti- ments with high levels of alcohol is a question ficial populations of eye colour mutants of interest to several authors. McKenzie & of Drosophila melanogaster in mediums Parsons (1974) find that flies from wine cellar with and without alcohol. populations have a higher tolerance to alcohol

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NJ C-) (iS) M w (&) October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 95 than those from other populations. Najera & Mensua (1979) analyzed two cellar populations and they found that flies from these populations had a greater number of eye colour mutations than flies from other non cellar populations. In order to explain this fact we tested the behavior of some wine cellar mutants against their wild allele in artificial populations, comparing two culture mediums, one supplemented with alcohol at 10% and the other without alcohol. We chose four eye colour mutants for their phenotype: two of light colour and two of dark colour, which we named 2/54A (allele of cardinal), 2/74B(strain segregating cardinal and cinnabar mutants), 2/58A (allele of sepia), and 1/51.3 (dark eye not yet identified). The Buzzati-Traverso (1955) serial exchange technique was used to study the action of natural selection and to follow the population dynamics. The populations were started with 100 heterozygotic individuals, obtained from crossing each mutant with a wild wine cellar stock descending from a female which did not give any variability in F 2 of eye colour mutants. The initial frequency of both alleles was, then, p=q=0.5. Two replicae for each mutant population in each medium (alcohol and non-alcohol) was made (making a total of sixteen populations). The culture temperature was 19–1C and the exchanges to new bottles were carried out every week. All individuals were counted every three weeks at the beginning, every six weeks afterwards, and, every twelve weeks at the end of the experiment. Figure 1 shows, in graphic form, the evolution of all populations. Each mutant attained different gene frequency at equilibrium. Equilibrium was attained approximately 300 days from starting. There were no differences between the normal and the alcohol experiment except in the 1/51.3 mutant, in which the gene frequency was clearly higher in the alcohol medium. It seems that the different gene frequencies attained are correlated with the grade of colour from darker to lighter. References: Buzzati-Traverso, A.A. 1955, Heredity 9:153-186; McKenzie, J.A. & P.A. Parsons 1974, Genetics 77:385-394; Najera, C. & J.L. Mensua 1979, IV Bienal. Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural 65Z.

Narise, S. Josai University, Saitama, Starch gel electrophoregrams at pH 7.0 of Japan. Activity difference among acid crude extracts from D. virilis showed the phosphatase allozymes from D.virilis. different activity in acid phosnhatase (acph) among homozygotes for each Acph 1 , Acph 2 and Acph4 allele (Narise 1976) at Acph locus which presumably corresponds to Acph-1 described by Maclntyre (1971). As shown in Fig. 1, acph migrated to cathode under this condition and some activity was found near the origin in Acph 1 and Acph 2 strains, but not in Acph 4 . Extraction of the enzyme with 0.5% Triton from Acph 1 and Acph 2 flies resulted in increase in activity of the main band and decrease in activity near the origin. However, no effect of Triton was observed in Acph 4 . These facts indicate that the activity near the origin is partly due to the enzyme in particle fractions. Acph in D. melanogaster has been found to be localyzed to lysosomes (Sawicki & Maclntyre 1978). On the basis of these findings, biochemical study to search the factor(s) causing the activity difference has been conducted. Adult flies, one day old, from the three allozyme strains were separately homogenized in 0.25M sucrose buffered with 20 mM Tris pH 7.0 in a Potter's homogenizer. The slurry was squeezed through two layers of gause. The crude extract was then centrifuged at 15,000g for 30 mm. Acph activity in the supernatant was compared with that in the crude extract (Table 1). 72% of activity in the crude extract from Acph4 strain was found in supernatant, while 31% from Acph' and 45% from Acph 2 . Thus, the activity difference in supernatant among three strains is greater than that in crude extract. In order to examine intracellular distribution of acph, cell fractions (nuclei, moti- chondria and lysosomes, microsomes, and supernatant) were prepared by means of differential centrifugation and acph activity of each fraction was determined. Distribution of Acph' activity among these four fractions (26, 29, 4 and 31%) was similar to that of Acph 2 activity, whereas the distribution of Acph 4 activity was 13, 17, 4 and 62%. These results suggest that Acph4 enzyme is easily released to supernatant from cell particles to (or in) which acph is attached or contained. Evidence for this was obtained using sucrose gradient fractionation. A combined cytoplasmic particle fraction prepared by centrifugation at 100,000g after removal 96 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

Table 1. Acid phosphatase + activity in crude extract and supernatant of Acph allozyme strains. -- ... _ Strain Activity (mg PNP/hr/g fly) Crude extract Supernatant Acph 1 60.9±6.3 18.7±1.7 * Acph 2 70.1±12.5 31.7±6.6 Acph4 87.7±13.2 63.3±12.6 2 3 4 5 6 PNP: p-nitrophenyl phosphate

Fig. 1. Electrophoregrams of acid phosphatase of crude extracts from adult flies of three homozygous genotypes. 1,2: Acph 1 /Acph; 3,4: Acph 2 /Acph 2 ; 5,6: Acph4/Acph4. 1,3,5: Extracts with 0.02M Tris pH 7.0 2,4,6: Extracts with 0.5% Triton in 0.02M Tris pH 7.0. of the nuclear fraction was fractionated by centrifugation through a non-linear gradient of sucrose ranging in concentration from 0.4 to 2.0 M, and distribution of acph was examined. The peak of activity was found in fractions corresponding to lysos.omes and at the top of the gradient, probably soluble. Acph 2 activity in soluble fraction was 12% of total activity, whereas Acph 4 was 27%, with an accompanying reduction of the activity in lysosomal fraction. The results described here demonstrate that activity in acph allozymes on electrophoretic gel greatly depends on the difference in capability of the allozymes being incorporated into particle fractions, mainly lysosomes, although it is not clear whether the difference is ascribed to lysosomes or enzyme itself. References: Maclntyre, R.J. 1971, Biochem.Genet. 5:45-46; Narise, S. 1976, Jap.J.Genet. 51:428; Sawicki, J.A. & R.J.Maclntyre 1978, Dev.Biol. 63:47-58.

Parkash, R.* & P.S. Rajput. Punjab Agri- D. jambulina belonging to montium subgroup of cultural University, Ludhiana, India. melanogaster species group (Sophophora; Droso- *Now at G.N.D. University, Amritsar. phila) constitutes the most abundantly available Photomap of the salivary gland chromo- species in North India. The study of neuroblast somes of D. Jambulina (Parshad & Paika). cells from a male larva of D. jambulina indicates that the mitotic chromosomes comprise three pairs of V-shaped, one rod and one J-shaped elements. The three pairs of V-shaped chromosomes differ in length; one is bigger, the second is smaller and the third one is intermediate. In the female larvae, the J-shaped chromosome is replaced by a rod-shaped chromosome. The rod and J-shaped elements, representing the unidentical members of a pair are, therefore, the X and Y chromosomes, respectively. The cytological map of D. jambulina is shown as Figure 1. The salivary chromosome complement has been divided into 106 equal divisions. The X, 2L & 2R extend over 13, 19, 20 divisions while 3L & 3R contain 26 divisions each. The fourth chromosome comprises only two divisions. The landmarks in different salivary chromosomes of D. jambulina have been outlined as follows: X chromosome: When the chromocentre gets broken, this arm lies singly within or on the outskirts of salivary gland cell. Its smaller size, as compared to others, facilitates its identification. This arm has a compact distal end consisting of two thick dark bands. In the region 5 C, a sharp constriction is preceded by one prominent band and followed by a lightly stained portion and then two bands. At the proximal end of this arm (region lic to 12a) there is a bigger swelling accompanied by a comparatively smaller swelling on either side. 0 C) ct SALIVARY GLAND CHROMOSOME MAP OF 0 DROSOPHILA JAMBULINA PARSHAD & PAIKA CD

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H 1o4 103 102 101 bc 99 98 97 96 5 94 53 92 91 So 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 8o 79 Cl]

"C 98 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

2L chromosome: Its distal end is characteristically flared at the tip. Next seen are the eight darkly stained bands separated into two groups of four each. The region 20c shows three bands fused together to form a V; this is preceded by five consecutive thin bands and followed by two light and two dark bands. The region 28c to 30b appears like graded capsules. The centromeric end is bulbous in shape. 2R chromosome: The free end, consisting of three bands, is bell-shaped. The six bands of segment 39c to 41b look like a snake charmer's flute. The region 46a to 47c is spindle in shape. The barrel-like centromeric end is preceded by a narrow region of two divisions, i.e., 49 and 50. 3L chromosome: Its club-shaped free end makes its identification easy. The region 55c to 57b looks characteristically like a spindle. The segment 60c to 61c showing a prominent puff is immediately followed by a dark band and then by heart-shaped structure. The centromeric end of about two divisions is conical in shape. This is preceded by a spindle-like structure and a thin sparsely banded segment of four divisions. 3R chromosome: The pointed and slender free end is an important feature of this chromosome. A weak spot appears at sub-division 81b. Most of the chromosomal arm, particularly the region 88b to 98b, shows scattered banding pattern. The region 98b to 99c is rectangular. The centromeric end of about one division length appears cylindrical in shape; this is preceded by two thin faint bands and then a thick dark band. Fourth chromosome: This is the smallest arm of two divisions only. In most of the nuclei it lies embedded in the chromocentre. Only in a few cells its distal end has been observed but the bands are not clear.

Pascual, L. R.de Frutos & A.Latorre, The developmental time in D. subobscura is University of Valencia, Spain. Polytene longer than in other Drosophila species such chromosomes of Drosophila subobscura at as D. pseudoobscura, D. melanogaster, D. hydei, the end of the prepupal stage. etc. We have established that 24 hours is the duration of the prepual stage in D. subobscura at 19 C, whereas in D. melanogaster at 25 C (Ashburner 1967)it is 12 hr; in D. pseudoobscura 15 hr (Stocker & Kastritsis 1972) and in D. hydei 13 hr at 25 C (Berendes 1965). The prepupal stage extends (Ashburner 1967) from the end of third instar to the beginning of true pupation. These two moments are related to morphological changes in the individuals. The beginning of prepupa (end of third instar) is related to the eversion of the anterior

J E

...

clam

Figure 1. A, J. U, E and 0 chromosomes. The terminal region of each chromosome is indicated with an arrow. October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 99 spriacles and the end of prepupa to the head eversion (Ashburner 1967). Stocker & Kastritsis (1972) related the end of prepupa to the disappearance of the abdominal bubble. The polytene chromosomes of the salivary glands show a decondensed aspect 24 hours after the eversion of the anterior spiracles and they tend to remain grouped, which makes their observation difficult. At over 24 hours, the appearance of the chromosomes is more degraded every time; not only is recognition of the bands, or the possible puffing pattern more difficult, but also chromosomal identification. Samples have been taken up to 30 hr. At this moment of development, salivary glands were observed in several individuals, but chromosomal structures were not seen in any case. In stages before 24 hr, the polytene chromosomes tend to maintain their characteristic structure. However, four and six hours before (20 and 18 hr) the polytene chromosomes show, in addition to the respective puffing pattern, a tendency to decondensation of the telomeric regions. Indeed, the terminal region of the five chromosomes of the cariotype of D.subobscura generally appears decondensed, taking on a fan-shaped structure. In Figure 1, the terminal region of the sexual chromosome A and of the autosomes, chromosomes J, U, E and 0 can be observed. The photograph of the A and E chromosomes were taken from preparations done at 18 hours and the rest (J, U and 0 chromosomes) at 20 hr. In this study, the Ra121 strain, homozygotic for the A2, J 1 , U1+2, E1+2+9+12 and 03+4 arrangements, was used. The decondensed terminal regions extend to the following chromosomal regions: A CHROMOSOME: region 16D. The fine bands of the region become decondensed, whereas the strong bands of the 16C region remain condensed. J CHROMOSOME: region 35DE. There is a decondensation of all the bands located between the strong band of the 35C region and the end of the chromosome. U CHROMOSOME: region 53CD. This is formed from the decondensation of the right-hand strong band of the 53C region and all the rest of the fine bands up to the end of the chromosome. E CHROMOSOME: region 74BD. At maximum decondensation of all the bands of region 74BD, even the three of region 74D, become decondensed. In the photograph the three bands remain condensed. 0 CHROMOSOME: region 99BC. The strong band 99B and the two of region 99C become decondensed. References: Ashburner, M. 1967, Chromosoma 21:398-428; Berendes, H.D. 1965, Chromosoma 17:35-77; Stocker, A.J. & C.D. Kastritsis 1972, Chromosoma 37:139-176.

Payant, V.. Laboratoire de Biologie et Polymorphism of the abdominal tergites pigmenta- Genetique Evolutives, C.N.R.S., Gif-sur- tion of Drosophila melanogaster females has been Yvette, France. Temperature sensitive pointed out in natural populations on several period of abdominal tergites pigmentation occasions (Jacobs 1956; Zurcher 1960). Males in Drosophila melanogaster females. are monomorphic. Robertson et al. partly cleared up its genetical basis: it is polygenic. Flies that hatch from eggs maintained at low temperatures are darker than those maintained VA Figure 1. Phenotypes of hybrids issued from crosses between dark females and light males reared at 24 C (patterns A and B) or at 17C (patterns C and D).

100 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

at high temperatures. Temperature may influence the gene expression through a 0 continuous action or only during a short c1 period of larval development, the temperature sensitive period (T.S.P.). The classical method used is trans- 0. ferring of larvae from one temprature to 0. je another at different stages of their O O development. When dark virgin females are inseminated by genotypically light males (Figure 1), the phenotype of Fl hybrids is more variable at median temperatures than that of their parents. These Fl hybrids are therefore particularly suitable to determine the T.S.P. of abdominal pigmentation. In order to use newly laid eggs, several groups of 50 four-day old dark females inseminated C 0 by light males were permitted to lay eggs at 24@C for an hour period. E 0 Batches of 40 eggs were set in vials of maize medium providing an oversupply of E food (it is therefore irrelevant to

O 0.w expect larval competition). One vial was immediately placed at 17 C. The other vials were transferred to 17 C until adults emergence. Four days after emergence the different phenotypes were scored. Results are summarized in Figure 2. The pattern of emerging females is plotted against age of transfer at 17C. The relative frequencies of the four patterns vary continuously with the period of transfer: -- when the transfer is made between O and 116 hr after the end of egg-laying, proportions of pattern C and D within

>. the vials are nearly 50-50%. C -- pattern B appears at 118th hr, at D5 + 0 +0 M0 +0 0 the same time as the first pupae. + + ++ + + CL <0 0 0 -- pattern A appears intermittently from 126th to 166th hr and continuously Figure 2. Occurrence of phenotypical patterns afterwards. as a function of the time of transfer from -- pattern D disappears after 168th 24 C to 17 C. hour. -- pattern C disappears after 186th hr, and until the emergence of flies patterns A and B are found in ca. equal proportions. The T.S.P. occurs within the limits of the 116th and the 186th hr of development at 24C, i.e., between the formation of the puparium and ca. 20 hr before pupae coloration. Since temperature plays a prominent role in pigmentation, it seems worthwhile to look for an enzyme reaction which could be influenced by temperature. T.S.P. for abdominal coloration is between the two peaks of phenoloxidase synthesis (Mitchell et al. 1967). This enzyme is involved in the synthesis of melanin and in the formation of adult cuticule. References: Jacobs, M.E. 1956, DIS 30:123; Mitchell, H.K., U.M. Weber & G. Schaar 1967, Genetics 57:357-368; Robertson, A., D.A. Briscoe & J.H. Louw 1977, Genetica 47:73-76; Zurcher, C. 1960, DIS 34:112. October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 101

Pfriem, P. University of Tilbingen, The D.obscura species group (subgenus Sopho- Germany (FRG). Eclosion time and progeny phora) can be divided into two subgroups on the size of twelve D.obscura group species in basis of morphological traits; the obscura sub- relation to different temperature. group and the affinis subgroup. Lakovaara and Kernen (1980) have shown recently by using allozyme differences that the obscura subgroup can be further divided into the pseudoobscura subgroup and the obscura subgroup. By evaluating distance matrices the authors further found that the pseudoobscura subgroup is more related to the affinis subgroup than to the obscura subgroup s.str. To obtain additional information about the relationship between the D.obscura group species we have tested the fitness pattern of twelve species in terms of eclosion time and progeny size at different temperatures. From laboratory strains of twelve obscura group species vials each containing ten females and ten males (all about ten days old) were kept at 18C for five days. Five females of each of the cultures were then transferred to a new vial with standard wheat medium and allowed to lay eggs at 23, 18 or 14 C. The females were discarded when the first larvae appeared, respectively. Daily counts of hatching flies were made subsequently from those cultures in which all females survived. Laboratory strains from the following species were used in the experiment: (1) subgroup obscura s.str.: D.subobscura, D.obscura, D.tristis, D.subsilvestris (all derived from natural populations near TLibingen in 1978), D.ambigua (Austria 1973), D. bifasciata (Norway 1975): (2) subgroup pseudoobscura: D.pseudoobscura, D.persimilis, D.miranda; (3) subgroup affinis: D.affinis, D.algonquin, D.azteca (the latter six species, all common to the Nearctic region, were kept in our laboratory since 1980). For comparison a laboratory strain of D.melanogaster (Sicily 1978) was also tested. Ranges and means of eclosion time are given in Table 1. The values in the table base on counts of three cultures at each temperature. Mean progeny sizes are given in Table 2. The mean eclosion time, as expected, increases with the decrease of temperature (Table 1), however the correlation observed is not linear; the average increase in eclosion time from 18 to 14 C is nearly twice that from 23 to 18C (average mean eclosion time at 23C: 20.0d, 18 C: 31.8d, 14 C: 50.8d). Further, at all temperatures the time for eclosion is longer for the obscura group species than for D.melanogaster. If the time elapsed from the transfer of the females to the appearance of the first offspring fly is used for comparison the averages are for the obscura species: 15.0d, 22.3d, 40.5d and for D.melanogaster: lid, 14d, 36d at 23, 18 and 14 C, respectively. The species of the obscura group most similar to D.melanogaster at all three temperatures is D.subobscura. The eclosion pattern of the affinis group species differs markedly from that of all the other species in two ways. First, there exists a rather narrow range of eclosion time for the three affinis species (Table 1). This phenomenon is more pronounced at 23 than at 18C and 14C. Second, the average size of progeny per culture is the lowest one observed (Table 2). Average range of eclosion time and progeny size appear

Table 1. Eclosion time (in days) for D. obscura group species at 23, 18 and 14C.

Species Range of ecolosion time Mean eclosion time - - -

23C 18C 14C - 23C - 18C - 14C 2 2 2 mm-max mm-max mm-max x s x 5 x s

subo - - 14 35 21 56 31 - 57 20.9 ( 7.41) 36.5 (31.47) 40.1 (11.54) obsc 15 - 31 - - 22 45 38 60 20.1 ( 5.55) 32.6 (14.35) 46.0 (15.85) tris 16 - 35 21 - 35 43 - 63 22.8 (12.11) 28.1 ( 5.21) 52.9 ( 5.35) subs 23 - 42 38 - 68 29.6 ( 9.77) 50.3 (32.33) ambi 15 - 32 21 - 45 37 - 56 21.7 7.90) ( 30.3 (14.76) 53.6 ( 7.79) bifa 16 - 34 23 - 57 40 - 61 22.0 (12.30) 35.6 (27.36) 50.5 ( 6.60)

pseu 14 - - 35 24 63 42 - 84 22.2 ( 8.47) 42.4 (21.94) 59.5 (37.84) pers - - 15 32 23 63 42 - 64 19.7 ( 5.26) 35.0 (33.40) 52.5 (15.12) mira 16 - 29 24 - 41 21.0 ( 4.10) 30.3 (10.84)

affi 15 - 21 21 - 31 43 - 61 16.6 1.06) ( 24.7 ( 3.16) 55.3 ( 6.16) algo 15 - 27 22 - 42 41 - 65 17.1 2.29) 29.4 ( (12.71) 45.2 ( 8.84) azte 14 - 23 23 - 39 50 - 61 16.0 1.57) ( 26.9 ( 8.16) 52.6 ( 3.34) 102 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

Table 2. Progeny size per five females of the to be correlated with each other and a various D.obscura group species at 23, 18 regression analysis using the data from and 14 C. individual cultures (not given here) gives a high significant correlation Average Species 23 C 18C 14C (r=0.763 with 33 d.f., p<0.001). subo 189.7±70 312.7±26 129.0±52 210.4±38 The differences between the subobsc 205.7±20 333.0±37 85.7±23 208.1±38 groups obscura s.str. and pseudoobscura tris 62.7± 6 117.3±16 149.0±64 109.7±23 are less drastic. However, for the subs 128.0±43 60.7±20 87.6±24 species of the pseudoobscura phylade the ambi 194.7±22 163.7±32 147.3±67 168.6±23 minimum eclosion time at 18C starts bifa 94.0±19 296.0±39 156.3± 3 182.1±32 later than for all the other species tested (Table 1). The average values pseu 173.0±24 258.3±15 323.0±57 251.4±28 are 23.7±0.3 days for the pseudoobscura pers 137.0±17 188.0±28 208.3±35 177.8±17 species and 21.9±0.3 days for the other mira 84.0±32 79.0±23 82.2±18 species. Further, for the species affi 32.0±12 24.0±15 13.5± 5 24.4± 7 D.pseudoobscura and D.persimilis the algo 43.7± 9 64.7±16 41.0±17 .49.8± 8 average size of progeny per culture azte 89.7± 3 53.3± 8 57.0 69.4± 8 increases with decreasing temperatures; progeny sizes of almost all other species are lower at 14 than at 18 C (Table 2). In conclusion it can be said that the ecologically relevant characters "mean progeny size" and "minimum eclosion time" at 18C can be used to subdivide the species of the D.obscura group in subgroups which correspond with those derived from allozyrne variation studies. References: Lakovaara, S. & L.Kernen 1980, Genetika(Yugos.) 12:157-172.

Portin, PM. Erarnaja & E. Luoma-aho. The Y chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster is University of Turku, Finland. Test of the wholly heterochromatic and is believed to be effect of the Y chromosome on quantitative genetically nearly completely 'inert'. It is characters of Drosophila melanogaster. known to carry only the bobbed gene which is the locus of rRNA-genes, and also a number of genes necessary for male fertility. In spite of the 'inertness' of the Y chromosome the addition of extra Y to the chromosome complement of D.melanogaster females or males in many cases almost completely suppresses variegation of euchromatic genes which have been moved in the proximity of heterochromatin by structural rearrangements of chromosomes (Schultz 1939). Mather (1944) also suggested that the Y chromosome contained polygenes that could affect the expression of quantitative characters such as number of sternopleural chaeta. The evidence for this was based on the observation that the mean number of sternopleural chaeta was different in stocks which were presumed to differ only in their Y chromosome. In the present study Mather's hypothesis was tested by comparing the mean numbers of sternopleural chaeta and chaeta in the last abdominal sternite in females and males of D. melanogaster carrying or not carrying and extra Y chromosome. The presence of the extra Y in the chromosome complements was verified by making use of the suppressive effect of the extra Y on variegation. In (1)4/I n (1) wm4/Y females (XXY-females) and In(1)wm 4 /Y/Y males (XYY-males) have wild-type eyes while I n (1) wm4/I n (1) wm4 females (XX-females) and In(1)wm4/Y males (XY-males) have motled eyes. XX- and XXY-females as well as XY- and XYY males were picked up from an In(1)wm -stock in which an extra Y chromosome was segregating. Two independent experiments were made. In both of them the numbers of sternopleural bristles as well as the number of bristles in the last abdominal sternite were counted in at least 30 XX- and XXY-females and 30 XY- and XYY-males. The mean numbers of sternopleural bristles and bristles of the last sternite in XX?- and XX-females as well as in XYY- and XY-males in the two experiments are given in Table 1. As appears from the table, there were no significant differences in the bristle numbers between XXY- and XX-females or XYY- and XY-males. Thus the results suggest that the extra Y chromosome has no effect on the numbers of sternopleural bristles or bristles of the last sternite. DIS 59 - 103 October 1983 Research Notes

Table 1. Effect of the extra Y chromosome on the numbers of sternopleural bristles and bristles of the last- sternite in females and males. Mean number of bristles ± S.D. Number Significance of Significance of of flies Sternopleurals the difference Last sternite the difference Experiment No. 1 XXY_females* 32 11.81±1.53 16.47t3.08 t = 1.25 n.s. t = 0.41 n.s. XX- females 33 11.33±1.57 16.12±3.76 XYY-males 32 10.78±1.70 15.38±2.95 t = 0.52 n.s. t = 1.90 n.s. XY- males 39 11.00±1.91 16.55±2.03 Experiment No. 2 XXY-females 30 12.03±1.45 16.73±2.73 t = 0.15 n.s. t = 0.13 n.s. XX- females 30 11.97±1.71 16.83±3.19 XYY-males 30 10.80±1.97 16.87±2.17 t = 0.14 n.s t = 1.47 n.s XY- males 30 10.87±1.84 15.97±2.54 * The presence of the extra Y chromosome in the chromosome complement of females and males was verified by making use of its suppression on variegation in I n (1) wm4.

The results of the present study are thus in contradiction with those of Mather (1944) and suggest that the Y chromosome does not contain any genes affecting the quantitative characters which Mather calls "minor genes" or polygenes (Mather 1941). The discrepancy between the results of the present study and those of Mather is possibly due to that the stocks investigated by Mather differed slightly in other chromosomes thant Y as well and/or to too small samole sizes (10) in Mather's study. References: Mather, K. 1941, J.Genet. 41:159-193; Mather, K. 1944, Proc.Roy.Soc.London B. 132:308-332; Schultz, J. 1939, Proc. 7th Intl. Genet. Congress 257-262.

Prevosti, A., L. Serra & M. Monclus. D.subobscura was considered a typically palae- University of Barcelona, Spain. artic species distributed all over Europe, North Drosophila subobscura has been found Africa and the Near East, until it was found in in Argentina. Chile in 1978 (Brncic et al. 1981). Since then samples have been taken all around the country, from La Serena (29 55' South) to Punta Arenas (53 80' South)(Budnik & Brncic 1982), being the most abundant species in the majority of sampled populations. In October 1981, during a collecting trip through the southern part of the country, we decided to find out if the species had been able to cross Los Andes mountain range, which constitutes an ecological barrier that separates Chile from Argentina. From Coyhaique southwards, the ecological conditions are quite different on each side of the mountain range, being the Argentinian part a dry and windy "pampa," where only few scattered bushes are found. The species was not found in this area. So we tried to find it northwards and chose San Carlos de Bariloche, which is an Argentinian resort next to Nahuel Huapi Lake. There is a natural pass from the Chilean side to Bariloche, with a lot of lakes and continous arboreal vegeta- tion. The sample was taken in a suburbial part of the village, near the lake, for all day long. From a sample of 998 individuals caught, 987 were D.subobscura, 1 D.immigrans and 10 Scaptomyza melancholica. We also tried to find out if the species had reached the eastern part of Argentina, in Buenos Aires. A sample was taken near Ezeiza Airport in a forest, not far away from the city. Although a great number of individuals belonging to different Drosophila species were trapped, D.subobscura was not found in the area. We think it most probable that the species has dispersed in Argentina to the north and south from Bariloche. On the other hand, dispersion to the east will be most difficult because the "pampa" separates this area from the Atlantic shore. References: Brncic et al. 1981, Genetica 56:3-9; Budnik, M. & Brncic, D. 1982, Actas V Congreso Latinoamericano de Genetica 177-188.

104 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

Rauschenbach, I., V.Budker & L.Korochkin In previous communications (Korochkin, Matveeva Inst. of Cytology and Genetics, Novosi- 1978; Rauschenbach et al. 1977) it was described birsk; Inst. of Developmental Biology, one specific isozyme of esterase in Drosophila Moscow, USSR. Pupal esterase of Droso- of the virilis group. This isozylne was espe- phila virilis splits juvenile hormone. cially clearly demonstrated during pupal stage of development and therefore it was designated as pupal (p)-esterase. Some traits of fast Cpni esterase complexes of D.melanogaster (Berger, x 16-3 Canter 1973) and JH-esterase of butterflies (Whitmore et al. 1974) were also peculiar to Organic phase (JH-I) p-esterase of D.virilis (Rauschenbach et al. 2.0 1980). ------The following results were obtained: (1) p-esterase is synthesized in the fat body at some stages of development (during a pupal stage preferentially). (2) p-esterase is activated by injections of the juvenile hormone into larvae. 1.5 It was also proposed a schema for the role of . p-esterase of Drosophila in the regulation of Aqueous phase (JH acj..u1 the hormonal status under the different stress- like conditions (Rauschenbach et al. 1980). The results of the preliminary investigations of the capacities of p-esterase to split -1 r - IL1. - juvenile hormone are represented in this communication. By the method of Hammock and Sparks (1977) we analysed: (1) extracts of larvae of D.virilis, 2 hr after the 2nd moulting. These ex- 0.5 tracts did not contain p-esterase. (2) extracts of pupae of D.virilis (48 hr after the larval extract 2nd moulting) which were characterised with a high activity of p-esterase. D pupal extract The labelled Juvenile hormone I (NET-494) was used as a substrate (N.W.295.5; concentration 0.02 mg/id Specific activity 13.5 Ci/inmol). The results of the analyses of both ex- 10 tracts were compared (Fig. 1). Larval extract 50 did not hydrolyse the labelled juvenile hor- Concentration of the extract mone. The action of pupal extract (which J11250fl of buffer expressed very high pupal esterase activity) was effective. Based on these data we suggest that pupal esterase splits juvenile hormone and Figure 1 it can be designated as JH-esterase. References: Berger, E. & R. Canter 1973, Develop.Biol. 33:48-55; Hammock, B. & T. Sparks 1977, Analyt. Biochem. 82:573-579; Korochkin, L. & N. Matveeva 1974, Biochem.Genet. 12:1-7; Rauschenbach, I., L. Golsheikina, L.S. Koroch- kina & L.I. Korochkin 1977, Biochem.Genet. 15:531-548; Rauschenbach, I., N. Lukashina & L. Korochkin 1980, Develop.Genetics 1:295-310; Whitmore, D, L. Gilbert & P. Ittycherian 1974, Mol.Cell Endocrinol. 1:37-54. October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 105

Ribera, I.L. University of Santiago de The purpose of this work is to contribute to Compostela, Santiago, Spain. A Study of the revision of the ideas which have been the influence of r and K reproductive advanced about rigid and flexible chromosomal chromosomal arrangements O and 0+4+7 polymorphism, since Dobzhansky (1962) first of chromosome 0 of Drosophda suboscura. proposed and defined these terms. To do this, we have studied the influence of the reproductive strategies r and K on the arrangements 0 and 03+4±7 of the chromosome 0 of Drosophila subobscura. Among popuations which had responded differentially to these strategies over a period of nineteen generation in a variable temperature (v), no difference in response was observed when a change in strategy was induced in these populations. We attributed this result to a loss of genetic variability in the chromosomal arrangements, caused by the special conditions of selection in the laboratory. Next, the populations were mixed in order to generate new variability by recombination. When the populations were again ubjected to the reproductive strategies r and K, a differential response was observed favoring the arrangement 03+4+7 with strategy vr, and favoring the arrangement 0 with strategy vK. These results were consistent with those already observed in the original populations, and led us to conclude that the polymorphism of chromosome 0 for the arrangements O and st 3+4+7 does not meet the conditions established by Dobzhansky to allow it to be categorized as rigid. References: Dobzhansky, T. 1962, Am.Nat. 96:321-328; MacArthur, R.A. & E.O. Wilson 1967, Princeton Univ. Press, N.J.; Pianka, R.E. 1970, Am.Nat. 104:592-597; DeFrutos, R. 1978, Genetica 49,2/3:139-151; Taylor, E.C. & C. Condra 1980, Evolution 34:1183-1193.

Robertson, J.P., H.K.Kaya & J.B;Boyd. In the Fall of 1982 several mutant stocks of University of California, Davis, USA. Drosophila melanogaster that had developed poor Microsporidian strikes again--a further fertility were found to contain flies with warning, bloated abdomens. Giemsa staining (Hazard et al. 1981) of smears obtained from larvae, pupae, and flies revealed the vegetative stage (schizonts) and spores of the intracellular parasite Nosema. A similar infection was reported in 1957 by Wolfson, Stalker and Carson in which they state: "Infected individuals can be recognized, upon dissection in saline, by the - presence of spores in the tissues and body fluid. The spores are easily identified by their strikingly consistent size and shape and by an extremely thick and rigid capsule. They are ovoid in shape, 4-5 ii in length, and may occur singly in the body cavity or associated with tumor-like structures." Subsequent refer- enes which have been particularly helpful in dealing with this problem include: Stalker & Carson 1963; Armstrong 1977; Burnett & King 1962; Kramer 1964; and Hazard et al. 1981. In particular, care must be taken to avoid confusing Nosema spores with intestinal yeast. The extent of infestation in our stocks was monitored by squashing those flies with the largest abdomens in a drop of physiological saline. Phase contrast microscopy reveals high spore concentrations in infected flies once they have reached 1-2 weeks of age. This survey revealed that 30% (6/21) of all mutant stocks carried in bottles were infected, but no Nosema was detected in 25 vial stocks. Within a single infected mutant stock, between 25-100% of the individual bottles contained infected flies. This pattern of infection suggests that the fly-handling equipment is the primary vehicle of transmission, since vial stocks are transferred directly whereas the bottle stocks are frequently anesthetized. Thus far we have been unable to eliminate this protozoan with Fwnidil B as has been done in the case of a Nosema kingi infection in Drosophila willistoni (Armstrong 1976). Although a strong uninfected stock survived the treatment, flies in weak or infected stocks seem to be more sensitive than the microsporidian. Fortunately we have been able to rescue all mutant stocks by selective elimination of contaminated cultures. This has been accomplished by regular sterilization of the fly-handling equipment with heat or 1-2% sodium hypochlorite. At present our first indicator of infection is the presence of distended abdomens in older flies. Although reduced fertility is a frequent sign of infection, infected flies can exhibit reasonable fertility. 106 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

References: Armstrong, E. 1976, J.Invert.Path. 27:363; Armstrong, E. 1977, Z.Parasitenk. 53:311; Burnett, R.G. & R.C. King 1962, J.Insect Path. 4:104; Hazard, E.I., E.A. Ellis & D.J. Joslyn 1981, pp 163-182 in Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970-1980 (Burges, Ed.) Academic Press; Kramer, J.P. 1964, J.Insect Path. 6:491; Stalker, H.D. & H.L. Carson 1963, DIS 38:96; Wolfson, M., H.D.Stalker & H.L. Carson 1977, DIS 31:170.

Ruiz, A. & J. Alverola. Univ. Autonoma Natural populations of Drosophila buzzatii are de Barcelona, Spain. Lack of evidence of polymorphic for several overlapping inversions embryonic mortality in the progeny of on the second chromosome and one simple inver- Drosophila buzzatii females heterozygous sion on the fourth chromozome (Fontdevila et al. for included inversions. 1981, 1982). The most widespread second chroo- some arrangements are standard (st), j and jz the fi9t two arrangements being the most frequent in every population. The frequency of the 2 jz arrangement is in general low (ranges from zero to 0.296 with a mean value of 0.080) and is negatively correlated with that of the standard arrangement (r=-0.45; P<0.05). One way to explain this correlation is to postulate a selective force acting against 2 jz 3 /st heterozygotes due to the deleterious effect of crossing-over associated with included inversions. In fact, inversion 2 z 3 includes the region occupied by inversion 2 j (Wasserman 1962) so in both, the standard and the jz 3 arrangements, the j segment is oriented in the same direction. In 2 jz 3 /st heterozygotes, crossing-over within the limits of this segment (which constitutes 27% of the total length of the chromosome) must produce aneuploid gametes carrying duplications and deficiencies, thus leading to a reduced fertility (Sturtevant 1938; Wallace 1953). - In order to test ttis typotesis, mortality among the eggs laid by 2 Table 1. Number of hatched (HT), dead (DD) and jz3/st heterozygous females was compared unfertilized eggs (UF) in the progeny of the nine to that of st/st and jz 3 /z 3 homozygous different genotypic combinations. females. Two strins of Drosophila buzzatii were used. Strain C-il is day homozygous for the standard sequence female male 1 2 3 4 5 in both the second and the fourth HT 288 284 255 292 259 chromosomes. 3 Strain PDO is homozygous st/st UP 103 98 136 97 131 for the 2 jz arrangement and polymor- DID 9 18 9 11 19 phic for inversion 4 s on the fourth HT 300 311 303 306 279 chromosome. The two strains were st/st jz 3 /st9 UF 93 7 75 85 103 derived from wild females collected DD 7 10 22 9 18 in Adeje and Pingado, respectively, HT 297 330 297 310 303 both localities situated in the Island jz liz 3 UF 90 57 89 78 81 of Tenerife (Pontdevila et al. 1981). DD 13 13 14 12 16 Individuals of the three second chromo- HT 371 368 371 362 369 some genotypes (st/st, jz 3 /st, j.j 3 ) st/st UF 28 28 23 29 27 were mass crossed in the nine possible DD 1 4 6 9 4 combinations. For each combination, HT 364 385 391 391 388 100 one-to-three day virgin females jz 3 /st jz 3 /st UF 24 11 5 5 9 were placed with 100 males of the same DID 12 4 4 4 3 age in an egg collecting chamber. A HT 382 386 385 384 382 sample of 400 eggs was picked up each jz 3 /jz 3 UP 16 6 10 10 14 day, up to five days, and allowed to DD 2 8 5 6 4 hatch on a Petri plate with 1.5% agar. HT 342 357 378 377 379 The eggs were examined three days st/st UP 23 25 18 16 13 after the collection and scored as DID 35 18 4 7 8 hatched, dead or unfertilized. Dead HT 343 349 375 370 377 embryos turn brown while unfertilized 3 jz /jz jz /st UF 29 29 14 16 18 eggs remain white (Riles 1965; DD 28 22 11 14 5 Curtsinger 1981). HT 370 382 382 366 373 The results of the observations jz /jz UP 17 7 6 22 20 are shown in Table 1. A three-way DID 13 11 12 12 7 factorial analysis of variance (Sokal October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 107

Table 2. Three-way factorial ANOVA of the & Rohif 1969) was performed with the arcsine arcsine transformed values of the percent transformed values of the percent mortality. mortality data. Table 2 shows the results of this test. As it Source of variation df MS Fs can be seen, there is no significant effect of two main factors (male and day), the effect of A (female) 2 15.5148 14.52* the third factor (female) being slightly sig- B (day) 4 0.9135 0.85 nificant (fs=14.52; P<0.05). The significant C (male) 2 0.3363 0.31 effect of the female is due to the lower percent mortality in the progeny of 2 jz /st A x B (female x day) 8 2.2086 2.06 heterozygotes (1.26%) when compared with that A x C (female x male) 4 0.2994 0.28 of st/st and jz 3 /jz 3 homozygotes (3.18% and B x C (day x male) 8 0.4814 0.45 3.45%, respectively). This is just the A x B x C 16 1.0682 opposite result of what we expected according * P

Schalet, A. University of Leiden, The Among approximately 150 independent spontaneous Netherlands. Vital loci located at the X-chromosome lethals, obtained from crossing junction of polytene X chromosome sec- wild-type males (M56i, Amherst) to In(1)sc 8 tions 2B and 2C in D. melanogaster. In(1)dl-49, y 3ld sc 8 wa vof f females, there were 5 lethals that mapped genetically between 4) and pn (2E1), but none were covered by 2 67g19.1 scB (1 or T(l*3)w,Lo or both of these duplications taken together. Nevertheless, all the lethals were covered by Dp(1;f)R (1A4-3A) and the 3 lethals tested, (5-114, 5-39, 6-62), were covered by Dp(l;f)Z9 (1AI-3E7). Lethal bearing chromosomes marked with y ac sc were obta4ned from linkage mapping experiments and used in combination with Df(l;f)R, which carries y ac+ sc+, to perform allelism tests in the type cross: Dp(1;f)R/y ac sc males X y ac sc 1Y/FM7 females. The 5 lethals fell into 3 complementation groups. The 3 groups and their estimated linkage map positions are: 1. 5-39, 6-62 (0.5); 2. 5-114, 14-28 (0.5); 3. 11-94 (0.7). 2 According to Lefevre (1981) the proximal limit of the distal region duplicated in y y67g19.l is 2B17±. Lindsley & Grell (1968) gives the distal limit of the wvcO duplication as between 2B17 and 2C1, however, in a personal communication to P. Kramers, Lefevre indicates that the duplication does not include 2Cl. Accordingly, our results suggest that there is indeed a " gap " between the regions covered by the two duplications, i.e., at the junction of polytene chromosome sections 2B and 2C, and that the 5 lethals described above are located in this interval. In the June 1982 Computerized Stock List 3 these lethals are -designated under 1 (1)S-2B-C. References: Lefevre, C. 1981, Genetics 99:461-480; Lindsley, D.L. and E.H. Grell 1968, Carnegie Inst.Wash.Publ. 627.

108 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

Semeshin, V.F., I.F.Zhimulev, A.G.Shilov, Round electron-dense bodies were observed in the E.S.Belyaeva & E.M.Baricheva. Institute 710E puff under the electron microscope (EN). of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, The occurrence frequency of these bodies is 0.5- USSR. RNP-bodies in puffs of Drosophila 1% in 0-1 h. prepupae under normal conditions melanogaster. but more frequently in 710E of prepupae transferred from 14C to 25C. Their number in the

71 CE I S 71 CE *"

V. -: 4 4 a A C W!, " - 'W 0. IV . . I _-k i!i

I t't ' -. 87C p 1? . , 87. 71C' : 4 1 ' A

J / e 4 ;.- I )je et*

Figure 1 a-f. RNP-bodies in puffs of 0-1 hr prepupae Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosomes. (a) The 710E puff, salifary glands were fixed in ethanol : acetic acid (3:1) mixture and squashed in 45% acetic acid. Preparing of squashed chromosomes for EM is described in more detail in Semeshin et al. 1979. (b) RMP-bodies after double fixation with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide. The method used was that described by Yamamoto (1970). (c) and (f) EM autoradiography of well developed 710E puff. Salivary glands were incubated with 3H-uridine during 15 min 3 hr after the temperature shift from 14C to 25 C (1000 pCi/mi, spec. activity 24 Ci/mM). (d) 87A and 87C heat shock puffs and (e) 50C and 50F puffs. The conditions for the induction of RNP-bodies were as follows: Larvae were kept 24 hr at 14 C, subsequently shocked during 30 mm at 37 C and transferred to 25 C. Salivary glands were fixed 30 min after the heat shock period and prepared for EM as (a). Bars in (a) and (b) are equal to ip. Magnification in (c-f) is the same as in (a). Arrows in (f) indicate the RNP-bodies. October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 109 puff varies from 1 to 8 and their size 1-5i in diameter (Fig. la). In salivary gland chromosomes fixed in glutaraldehyde, these bodies are spherical and they consist of densely packed fibrillar material surrounded by granules about 200 X in diameter (Fig. Ib). Morphologically these bodies are similar to the nucleolus. Silver grains after 3H-uridine incorporation are homogeneously distributed over the bodies and other parts of the 710E puff (Fig. lc,f). The RNP-bodies appear in the 710E puff with a frequency about 10% 3 hr after a temperature shift from 14 C to 25C. They are particularly abundant 5 hr after the shift (about 70%). A 30 min heat shock (25 C-37 C-'-25 C) also induces the appearance of the RNP-bodies in the 710E puff, but in lesser extent (about 105%, 1 hr after cessation of the heat shock and about 25% after 25 hr). The following experiment was performed to stimulate the formation of the RNP-bodies. Shortly before puparium formation larvae were collected at 14 C and transferred promptly to 37C. Only individuals which formed puparium 30 min at 37 C were taken. The 0 hr prepupae were transferred to 25C, their salivary glands were dissected and fixed after 15, 30, 60 and 120 mm. The 710E puff appears quite small after the heat shock but during subsequent 30 mm its size increases and 2 hr later it becomes as large as in a normal 2 hr prepupa. The sizes of the 87A and 87C heat shock puffs concomitantly decrease and these puffs were also found to contain R1'TP bodies (Fig. id). Other puffs containing RNP-bodies were 38B, 50F, 66B, 78D, 82F. They all well developed in 0-1 hr prepupae (Ashburner 1972), but the RNP-bodies do not make their appearance in all the puffs (the 50C puff in Fig. le, for example). Figure 2 shows the variations in the frequency of RTP-bodies in the 710E puff after heat shock recovery and in the 87A and 87C puffs as they regress. The RNP-bodies observed are 0/ rople t s lT /0 very similar to the ItRNP_d in puffs of salivary gland chromo- 60 CE somes of Chironomjdae (see for references Stockert & Diez 1979). These "RNP-droplets" can be induced by cold and heat shock and also cycloheximide (an inhibitor of pro- 40 tein synthesis). The "RNP-droplets'T are inducible by dimethylsul- foxide under a normal temperature condition (18 C) with a frequency of 70-90% (Sass 1981). According 20 to Dr. Sass these "RNP-droplets" are formed as a result of a delay in the packaging of transcripts during the stimulation of the puff. It may be regarded as if RNP- mm bodies could be an additional 15 30 60 120 characteristic of the cell response to the heat shock. Their appearance is presumably connected with Figure 2. Kinetic of RNP-bodies in the 710E puff (closed impairment of transcriptional pro- circles) and in the 87A and 87C puffs (open circles). cesses and transport newly synthe- Ordinata: Frequency in %. Abscissa: Heat shock, min of sized product from the nucleus. recovery at 25C after 30 min at 37 C. References: Ashburner, M. 1972 in Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation 4:101-151; Sass, H. 1981, Chromosoma 83:619-643; Semeshin, V.F., I.F.Zhimulev & E.S. Belyaeva 1979, Chromosonia 73:163-177; Stockert, J.C. & J.L. Diez 1979, Chromsoma 74:83-103; Yamamoto, H. 1970, Chromosoma 32:171-190. 110 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

Shekaran, S.C. & R.P. Sharma. Indian While evaluating a total of 120 temperature Agricultural Research Institute, New sensitive lethal mutations on the second chromo- Delhi, India. Apang (apg)t5: a tempera- some of Drosophila induced in our laboratory by ture sensitive gene for tarsus development feeding 0.3% EMS to OR-K males, one of the in Drosophila melanogaster. 'lethals' was found to be endowed with developmental defects in the tarsal segments of all the six legs, when grown at a restrictive temperature of 28±1 C. The typical phenotype of the legs of this mutant is represented in Figure 1. The major temperature dependent defects of this mutant are: (1) condensed, poorly developed and curved metatarsus and tarsi; (2) duplications in the tibia and tarsal segments; and (3) absence of claws. This mutant has been named 'apang' (apg) {the word 'apang' stands for an individual with mutilated and underdeveloped legs in Hindi]. Genetic studies reveal that the mutant genotype is controlled by a recessive gene located at 7.7 map units on the second chromosome. The penetrance of this gene was found to be 100% at restrictive temperature. Temperature shift up \ and shift down experiments, revealed that the / temperature sensitive phase (TSP) ranged from early first instar to early pupa in the life cycle \ of the fly. / Homozygous (apang(apg/apg) flies obtained - from Cy/apg x Cy/apg matings at 28±1'C remained adhered to their pupal cases and eventually died. - .. 7 Such flies when retrieved from their puoal eases I were unable to stand or walk. At the permissive it temperature (19–1C) on the other nand, apg/apg / flies did eclose and were found to be near normal for tarsus development. However, occasional absence of one or both the claws was noticed in these otherwise normal flies. Homozygous apg/apg flies were fertile at 19C, but when shifted to 29 C did - not breed. They laid fertile eggs, which did not hatch. The unhatched embryos at 29 C were found to be associated with a range of germ band abnormalities. A few other abnormalities associated with tarsus development, which were temperature independent, involved interruption of wing veins L 4 and L 5 and incomplete and partially fused abdominal segments. Fig. 1. A pair of mesothoracic legs So far, a number of out crossing experiments under- from apang flies reared at 28C. taken have proved refractory in separating these temperature dependent and independent phenotypes associated with this mutation.

Shekaran, S.C. & R.P. Sharma. Indian Shaker (Sh 5 ), a neurological mutant on the x- Agricultural Research Institute, New chromosome (58.2 map unit) of Drosophila iuelano- Delhi, India. Phenol induced phenocopies gaster when anaesthetised shows characteristic of Shaker--a neurological mutant of leg shaking and wing scissoring. This aberrant Drosophila melanogaster. behaviour is caused by abnormal nerve transmission (Ikeda and Kaplan 1970) which is primarily due to defects in the potassium channel at the neuromuscular junctions (Jan et al, 1977). In our laboratory we have observed that Shaker phenocopies can be induced by treating the normal flies with phenol. Wild type flies when after etherization are brought in contact with a thin film of phenol (0.1 ml of the test concentration smeared evenly over a 6"x6" ceramic tile) show vigorous leg shaking, abdominal twitching and wing scissoring within a few seconds of exposure. This behaviour is also expressed when etherized flies are exposed to an atmosphere saturated with vapours of the test concentration of phenol. This indicated the olfactory nature of the effect of phenol. October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 111

Table. Vigorous leg shaking and abdo- 5 The frequency of wing scissoring following minal twitching similar to that of Sh exposure to phenol in both normal and Sh 5 flies was observed at all concentrations of was measured visually using a semi-automatic phenol. It could not however be recorder. The results show (Table) that wing quantified manually. scissoring in phenol treated flies was of the same order as that in Sh 5 . Phenol was not able to accentuate wing scissoring in Sh Conc. of Wing scissoring/minute 5 flies. In order to rule out the possibility that phenol(M) 5 Ore-K Sh phenol might act as a surface irritant, various phenol derivatives as well as some commonly O 0 76.4t7.91 known corrosive agents were used. All compounds 0.5 0 768+826 with a benzene ring and bearing structural 1:0 55.4±6.37 82:7±3:55 affinity to phenol (Benzene, Pyrocatechol, 5.0 67.8±11.45 69.0±9.21 Quinol, Toluene, etc.) were found to be highly effective in inducing Shaker phenotype. Other general surface irritants such as acetic aicd, propionic acid, 1 N hydrochloric acid, 1 N sodium hydroxide, carbon tetrachloride, ammonia and acetone were found to be ineffective. Since the phenols mimic the shaker phenotype which is known to be a neurological mutant, it is possible that these substances affect the nervous system of the fly. It would be worthwhile to investigate whether phenol affected the nerve membranes thereby influencing conduction or exerted its effect on the pre- or post-synapses. Besides abnormal shaking behaviour other interesting observations on phenol treated flies were, extended recovery time and blackening maxillary palpi under prolonged treatment. This blackening probably indicates high localized activity of the enzyme tyrosinase in these organs. Reference: Ikeda, K. & W.D. Kaplan 1970, Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 66:765-772; Jan, Y.N., L.Y. Jan & M.J. Dennis 1977, Proc.Roy.Soc. Lond.(B) 198:87-108.

Singh, B.N. Banaras Hindu University, The present communication reports new data on Varanasi, India. Non-random association the asssociations between two linked inversions of linked inversions in D. ananassae. namely delta (3LA) and eta (3RA) in the opposite arms of the third chromosome of D.ananassae. In many species of Drosophila, the linked inversions show non-random associations (Levitan 1958, 1961, 1973, 1978; Levitan & Saizano 1959; Brncic 1961; Prakash 1967; Sperlich & Feuerbach-Mravlag 1974). According to Levitan (1958) the main factor in maintaining the non-random associations of inversions is natural selection which involves interaction between widely separated loci. D.ananassae is a cosmopolitan domestic species. Natural and laboratory populations of this species are frequently polymorphic due to the presence of three cosmopolitan inversions viz., alpha, delta and eta (Shirai & Moriwaki 1952; Futch 1966; Singh 1970, 1974a, 1982, 1983a). The data on the combinations between delta and eta inversions obtained earlier show that both these inversions occur in non-random association caused due to the suppression of crossing over and epistatic gene interaction (Singh 1973, 1974b, 1983b, unpublished results). During the present study, the data on the intrachromosomal associations were obtained from two laboratory strains maintained under laboratory conditions for several generations. The frequencies of different combinations between 3L and 3R karyotypes are presented in Table 1. The expected frequencies are calculated under the assumption of randomness of combinations. In Calcutta strain, only five combinations could be detected. There is an excess of individuals which are homozygous for ST gene order in one arm and heterozygous for inversion in the other and x 2 test for goodness-of-fit between observed and expected values shows that the differences are significant (P<0.005). In Shillong strain, there is over abundance of larvae showing homo-homo and hetero-hetero associations and other combinations are deficient. The x 2 value indicates that the deviation from randomness is highly significant (P<0.001). Thus it is evident from the present results that the linked inversions are associated nonprandomly. The present results also indicate that there are inter-strain variations regarding the pattern of association. The variations are attributable to strain (genic) factors. 112 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

Table 1. Observed and expected associations between 3L and 3R karyotypes in laboratory strains of D,ananassae. Karyotypes 3L Karyotypes 3L 3R ST/ST ST/DE DE/DE Total 3R ST/ST ST/DE DE/DE Total A - Calcutta strain B - Shillong strain ST/ST obs. 70 73 3 146 ST/ST obs. 22 16 4 42 exp. 79.78 63.87 2.39 exp. 7.32 19.73 14.95 ST/ET obs. 30 7 0 37 ST/ET obs. 1 46 20 67 exp. 20.22 16.17 0.61 exp. 11.67 31.47 23.86 Total 100 80 3 183 ET/ET obs. 0 0 23 23 exp. 4.01 10.80 8.19 Total 23 62 47 132

= 13.22 d.f. = 2 P < 0.005 x2 = 96.84 d.f. = 4 P < 0.001

The occurrence of non-random association of delta and eta inversions in the third chromosome of D.ananassae is probably due to differential selection involving interaction between widely separated loci which supports the hypothesis postulated by Levitan (1958). References: Brncic,D, 1961, Genetics 46:401-406; Futch, D.G. 1966, Univ.Texas Pubi. 6615:79-120; Levitan, M. 1958, Cold Spring Harb.Symp.Quant.Biol. 23:252-268; 1961, Science 134:1617-1619; 1973, Evolution 27:215-225; 1978, Genetics 89:751-763; Levitan, M. & F.M. Saizano 1959, Heredity 13:243-248; Prakash, S. 1967, Genetics 57:385-400; Shirai, M. & D. Moriwaki 1952, DIS 26:120-121; Singh, B.N. 1970, Ind.Biol. 2:78-81; 1973, Genetica 44:602-607; 1974a, Cytologia 39:309-314; 1974b, Caryologia 27:285-292; 1982, Genetica 59:151-156; 1983a, Experientia 39:99-100; 1983b, Genetica (in press); Sperlich, D. & H. Feuerbach-Mravlag 1974, Evolution 28:67-75.

Slatko, B., L. Fritts, M. Parker, P-M hybrid dysgenesis is known to at least S. Hanlon & S. Carperos. Williams Col- partially involve transposable P elements which lege, Williamstown, Massachusetts. can be activated in appropriate hybrid individ- P-N hybrid dysgenesis in D. melanogaster: uals. One attempt to ascertain the biochemical Interaction with repair deficient mutants, basis of P element control of hybrid dysgenic I. Male recombination induction, function involves the construction of appropriate P-M hybrids which contain mutants defective in various pathways of repair of induced genetic damage (mei and mus mutants). F 1 males containing an X-linked mei or mus mutant and containing second chromosomes heterozygous for a P chromosome and a cn bw chromosome were produced in such fashion as to be a dysgenic genotype (e.g., a P chromosome from the P stock and the cn bw and mei or mus mutant chromosomes from the female parent. One dysgenic trait common to all P-N systems is the presence of recombinants among the progeny of dysgenic males, albeit at lower frequencies than in females. An assay of male recombination activity in dysgenic P-M males containing an X-chromosome repair deficient mutant was performed by crossing mei (or mus)/Y; P/cn bw males (constructed as above) to cn bw females and assaying for recombination among the progeny. 12 Three P chromosomes from diverse natural populations--T-007 (Texas), haif a (Israel), N-i (California) were tested, in addition to a control (non-F) strain, Canton-S. In addition, where feasible, two alleles at each mus/mei locus were also tested. Mei-9 defines an excur- sion repair defect, mei-41 and mus-101 define post-replication repair defects and mus-102 is, as yet, undefined. - Results from these crosses are presented in Table 1. None of the mei or mus mutants utilized in this report showed significant frequence of male recombination over the Canton-S control. In addition, none of the tested combinations showed a statistically significant increase or decrease in the frequency of male recombination induction over the P chromosome control for each set. It should be noted that as crosses were performed with individual males, it was possible to account for clusters (premeiotic events) in the data set. Clusters October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 113

S Table 1. #F males #Progeny were counted as single recombinants Genotype tested scored %Recomb. and the data adjusted accordingly. Canton-S/en bw 176 13,305 0.02 Insignificance was ascertained by A mei 9 /Y; if it 20 1,677 0 the methods of Kastenbaum-Bowman mel 9/Y; IT IT 15 1,212 0 (1970). No evidence of increased mus 101D1/ y ; TI IT 16 1,687 0 clustering was apparent in any one mus 101 D 2/y; IT it 20 2,256 0 particular genotype. mus 102D1/; It II 45 2,767 0 Therefore, it appears from the IT II mei 41D / y; 38 2,778 0 data that these repair deficient mei 4 1 D5/y; TI 23 1,602 0.12 mutant males, tested for the influ- mei 9A, mel 4 1 A/y; IT 32 1,909 0 ence upon P-N dysgenesis via a male mei 9A, mel 4 1 D5/Y; IT 29 1,219 0 recombination assay, fall to show such an influence. (Supported by +Y; T-007/cn bw 99 5,175 0.66 Williams College Discretionary mel 9A/Y; TI IT 26 1,272 0.31 Funds and Research Corporation mus 101D1/Y; IT it 20 1,677 0.66 Funds.) mus 101D2/Y; it it 22 2,149 0.23 References: Kastenbaum, N. mus 102D /y; TI II 51 1,447 0.55 and K. Bowman 1970, Tables for mel 41D1/ y; IT TI 27 3,145 0.20 determining the statistical signi- mel 4 1 D5/y ; TI II 17 1,060 0.28 ficance of mutation frequencies, mei 9A, mel 41/Y; TI 30 1,676 0.89 Mut. Research 9:527-549; Owen, D. mel 9A, mei 4 1 D5/y ; IT 14 558 0.18 1962, Handbook of Statistical Tables, Addison-Wesley Publ. Co., +/Y; halfa 2 /cnbw 41 4,124 0.41 Inc. (Reading, MA), pp. 259-261. mei 9A/y; TI II 16 1,289 0.39 mel 9D1/y; TI II 19 1,150 0.26 mus 1Oi1/Y; IT 21 2,009 0.15 mus 1 0 1 D2/ y ; IT II 26 2,202 0.20 mus 102D /y ; IT IT 36 1,880 0.43 mei 41D1/y IT IT 44 3,147 0.29 mei 41D5/ y; H IT 29 1,402 0.43 mel 9A, mel 41/Y; 45 1,711 0.31 mel 9A, mel 41D5/y; 36 1,818 0.44

+Y/; N-1/cn bw 37 1,421 0.86 mei 9A/ y; TI IT 40 3,114 0.19 mei 9D1/y . TI II 32 2,475 0.61 mus 1 0 1 D1/ y; II II 21 1,970 0.41 mus 1 01D2/ y; II TI 19 1,729 0.75 mus 102D1/y; IT II 59 3,868 0.39 mei 4 1 Dl/y; TI IT 36 1,955 1.89 mei 4 1 D5/y ; IT IT 35 2,222 0.54 mel 9A, mei 41/Y; 31 1,052 0.95 mei 9A, mei 4 1 D5/y ; IT 34 888 0.90

Slatko,B. 1 , S.Hanlon', S.Carperos 1 , R.C. In the preceding report, Slatko, Hanlon & Woodruff 2 & J.Mason. 3 1-Willams College, Carperos used male recombination induction as an Williamstown, Massachusetts. 2-Bowling assay for Increased or decreased P-N hybrid dys- Green State University, Bowling Green, genesis activity in males in the presence of a Ohio. 3- N.I.E.H.S., Research Triangle variety of X-linked repair deficient mutants. Park, North Carolina. P-M hybrid dysgen- In this report, sex-linked recessive lethal esis in D.melanogaster: Interaction with (SLRL) tests have been utilized to assay P-M repair deficient mutants. II. Recessive activity. Similar to the previous report, F 1 lethal Induction. dysgenic males were produced from crosses of P strain fathers to M strain en bw mothers who also contained an X-linked repair deficient mutant (mel or mus). These F 1 males were Individually crossed to Base females and individual F 2 heterozygous Base females were crossed to Base males. These crosses were scored for 114 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983 the absence of any wild type males, indicating an induced lethal. Retests were performed from vials showing less than 20 progeny when feasible. Results are presented in Table 1. Clusters of lethals were identified by the cumulative Poisson Distribution Test of Owen (1962). Clustered cases were counted as Individual lethals and the data adjusted accordingly. The Kastenbauni-Bowman statistical tables were used to judge significance levels (Kastenbaum & Bowman 1970).

Table 1. 11 Parental males /1 SLRL tests Genotype tested (fertile) % SLRL (#SLRL Canton-S 20 1,595 0.19(3) w 234 11,710 0.15(17)

+Y; T-007/cn bw 118 4,471 1.21 (54) mel 9-/y; TI if 22 857 0.93(8) mel 9A/y ; II tT 134 1,071 0.84(9) mei 4111/Y; IT II 196 1,883 1.17(22) mei 41D5/y; It IT 163 1,820 1.70(31) mus 1 01D1/y; it 179 2,129 1.22(26) mus 1 01D2/y ; TI II 137 1,842 1.54(28) mus io2D1/y; IT TI 23 1,086 0.55(6) mei 9A, mel 41D5/y ; ' 1 20 823 1.44(12) mel 9A, mel 41/Y; TI 31 1,149 1.22(14)

+Y; haifa 12 /cn bw 107 4,507 0.93 (42) mel 9D1/y; H IT 24 1,396 1.29(13) mel it if 81 2,324 1,03(24) mel 41D1/y; II II 118 2,075 0.72(15) mel 41D5/y; IT if 89 2,129 1.03(22) mus 101D1/y; TI IT 80 2,198 1,05(23) mus 10112/Y; TI IT 71 2,426 1.15(28) mus 102D1/y; 11 II 32 1,547 1.23(19) mei 9A, mel 4 1 D5/y ; it 22 1,117 0.45(5) mel 9A, mei 41/Y; II 28 1,357 1.25(17)

+Y; N-1/cn bw 104 4,381 1.23(54) mei 9 )l/y; IT U 25 1,251 1.68(21) mei 9A/ y; IT II 105 2,531 2.21(56)* mel 41h/Y; TI II 145 2,106 1.57(33) mel 41 DSiy; IT II 77 2,399 1.67(64)* mus ioi'1/; II IT 55 2,224 2.07(46)+ mus 10 02/y ; TI II 83 2,234 1.66(37) mus 102Dl/ y . II 26 1,384 2.02(28)+ mel 9A 41/Y; IT IT 26 1,357 1.77(24) mel 9A 41/Y; II II 23 980 1.73(17)

* p < 0.01 + 0.01 < p < 0.05

It can be seen that most combinations of P-M dysgenesls and various mus(mei) mutants fail to display significant alterations in SLRL mutation frequencies from the frequencies observed from the P-M dysgenesis observed in the absence of the repair deficient strains. Exceptions exist for the P strain N-i, in combination with mel (but not with its allele mei 9D1), mel 41D5 (but not with its allele mel 41), mus ioi' (but not with its allele mus 101D2) and must 102D1. None of the mus or mel mutants used in this study significantly increase or decrease the SLRL frequency by themselves (Mason 1980). Overall, P-M dysgenic SLRL frequencies do not appear to be altered in the presence of the repair deficient strains, as a general rule. Supported by Williams College Discretionary Funds and Research Corporation Funds (BS) and NSF Grant DEB-7923007 and NIEHS Research Development Award KOA-ES 00087 (RCW). October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 115

References: Kastenbaum, M. & K. Bowman 1970, Mut. Research 9:527-549; Mason, J.M. 1980, Mut. Research 72:323-326; Owen, D. 1962, Handbook of Statistical Tables, Addison-Wesley Pubi. Co., Reading MA. pp. 259-261.

Slatko,B.', S. Hanlon 1 & R.C.Woodruff 2 . In the two preceding reports, Slatko, Hanlon 1-Williams College, Williamstown, Massa- & Carperos (DIS, this issue) and Slatko, chusetts. 2-Bowling Green State Univer- Hanlon, Carperos, Woodruff & Mason (DIS, this sity, Bowling Green, Ohio. P-M hybrid issue) used male recombination induction and dysgenesis in D.melanogaster: Interaction mutation induction (sex-linked recessive with repair deficient mutants. III. Dis- lethals) to assay for effects of repair torted transmission frequencies (K value) defective mutants (mus, mei) upon the P-M and unequal zygotic recovery, hybrid dysgenesis syndrome. We have utilized a third parameter of hybrid dysgenesis, distorted transmission frequencies (k), as a further assay. The k value is defined as the frequency of progeny containing the wild (+) phenotype second chromosome among all non-recombinant progeny of the cross +/cn bw d x cn bw 9 . The expected Mendelian k is 0.50 (e.g., ½ the non-recombinant progeny receive the + chromosome from the male parent and I receive the cn bw chromosome). Results from crosses used to generate dysgenic F 1 males in the presence (or absence) of various repair deficient mutations [e.g., +/Y; P (or Canton-S)/ca bw male x (mei, mus, or +/Basc; cn bw female] are presented in Table 1. Five P chromosomes from diverse geographic natural populations [T-007 (Texas), haif a 12 (Israel), N-i (California), OK1 (Oklahoma) and W8D (Georgia)] were utilized, in addition to a control series utilizing the Canton-S second chromosome. It can be seen from the data that for each P chromosome set, mei-9 Table 1 #Fertile #Progeny alleles had no effect on K values, Genotype males tested scored Av. K whereas all 41, 101, 102 alleles +/Y; Canton-S/cn bw 176 13,213 0.539 reduced the k value significantly mei 9A/Y ; it 20 3,437 0.546 (as judged by 2-Factor F tests). mel 9D1/Y; it 20 1,212 0.522 Mei-9 mutants define defects mei 41D1/ y; 1 38 2,778 0.581 in wild type excision repair, mei 41 5 /Y; 23 1,602 0.513 whereas mei 41 and mus 101 mutants mus 101D1/y; II 16 1,687 0.590 define defects in post-replication mus 101 D / y; II 20 2,256 0.599 repair (PRR). Mus 102 has not yet It mus iO2/Y; 2,767 0.549 been characterized. mei 9A, mei 41A3/y; ' 32 1,909 0.429 To verify that these results mel 9A, mel 41D5/ y; II 15 942 0.413 followed the pattern observed for other phenotypes associated with +/Y; T-007/cn bw 99 5,141 0.385 hybrid dysgenesis, two sets of 9A/y ; II mel 26 1,268 0.353 additional crosses were performed mei 4i1/Y; TI 27 1,483 0.026* 4lD/Y; utilizing a P chromosome stock iso- mei 17 1,057 0.083* lated from Wisconsin and kindly mus 20 1,648 lol-/y; 0.197* supplied by Bill Engles, 112. In the mus 1012/Y; IT 22 2,144 0.288* 1 02D1 /y; set A crosses, 112 males were crossed mus 51 1,429 0.304* to cn bw (A-i), mei 41D1; cn bw 9A, II mei mel 41/Y; 30 1 9 661 0.153* cn bw 9A, 41D5/y; (A-12) and mel 41D5; (A-3). mei mel 14 557 0.072* In the set B crosses, C(1)DX, +/Y; haifa 12 /cn bw 41 4,102 0.529 y, f; ff2 were crossed to mel mel 9A/Y; 11 16 1 9 284 0.523 cn bw males (B-2) or mei 41D 5 ; cn bw mel 9 I/ Y; T1 19 1,147 0.555 males (B-3). These crosses should mei 4l/Y; if 44 3,138 0.374* generate non-dysgenic F 1 males. From mel 4115/Y; if 29 1 9 396 0.228* these five crosses, males were col- mus 1 01D1/y; if 21 2,006 0.465* lected (the genotypes are shown in mus 101D2/y; " 26 2 9 296 0.463* Table 2), and backcrossed to cn bw mus 1 02D1/ y ; " 36 1,870 0.459* females. mei 9A, mel 41A3/y; II 45 1 9 703 0.299* mel 9A, mel 41D/Y ; " 36 1,809 0.266* 116 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

Table 1 (contin.) #Fertile #Progeny The k value drops significantly Genotype males tested scored Av. K. in dysgenic crosses A-2 and A-3 as compared to the dysgenic cross A-i, +/Y; N-1/cn bw 37 1,408 0.528 9A/y ; it but in the B-2 and B-3 crosses, the mel 40 3,107 0.446 k is restored to its normal A-i mei9 Di/ y ; II 32 2,460 0.520 41D1/y; it value. Thus the effect of mei-41 mei 36 1,918 0.183* alleles upon k is directly attribu- mei 4 1 D5/ y; II 35 2,210 0.140* 101D11y; table to whatever genetic control is mus " 21 1,962 0.426* exhibited by the hybrid dysgenesis 101D2/y; TI mus 19 1,716 0.409* syndrome. Of further interest are mus 10 2D1/y; " 59 3,853 0.453* three additional observations: First, mel 9A, mei 41/Y; 31 1,042 0.273* 9A 4 1 D5/y ; the "control" k values for P chromo- mel , m ei 34 880 0.248* somes in the absence of any mus or +/Y; OKi/cn bw 244 25,377 0.515 mei mutants show that some P chromo- mei 9A/y; 50 6,370 0.528 somes have a reduced K value (e.g., mei 41 1 /Y; 25 2 9 412 0.293* T-007) (compared to the Canton-S mel 41D5jy; 15 667 0.225* control), whereas others do not mus 101D /Y ; 37 2,236 0.387* (e.g., haifa 12 , N-i, 0K-1, W8D), and mus 101D2/y; 37 2,336 0.437* PRR mutants which reduce the K value, mus 102/Y; " 19 1,216 0.469* do so to approximately the same rela- mei 9A, mel 41/Y; 9 413 0.336* tive amount in all P strains. Mel 41 alleles have stronger affects than +/Y; W8D/cn bw 149 15,770 0.522 mus 101 alleles and mus 102 alleles. mel 9A/y ; TI 50 5,838 0.528 The magnitude of the reduction in the mel 4l 1 Y;/ II 50 5,082 0.412* case of mel 41 T-007/ cn bw males is mus lO2/Y; " 19 1,900 0.492* such that only 2-8% of the non-recom- mei 9A, mel 41A3/y; 9 413 0.346* * binant chromosomes which are present P < 0.01 among the adult progeny are of the T-007 genotype, as opposed to almost Table 2. #Fertile #Progeny 40% in the absence of the mei 41 Genotype males tested scored Av. K allele. A Second, it may be suggested that (1)+/Y; 7 2 /cn bw 19 1,719 0.467 the above results allow the easy (2) mei 41Dl/Y; /cn bw 8 168 0.165 identification of PRR mutants, in (3) mei 41D5/Y; 7 2 /cn bw 6 136 0.207 the absence of biochemical information. Mutants which reduce the k B value may be PRR mutants, and based (2) mei 41D1/y; ir 2 /cn bw 8 349 0.473 upon this suggestion, we propose that (3) mei 41D5/y; ir 2 /cn bw 11 573 0.462 mus 102 is PRR defective.

Table 3. # Adults! # Adults! Genotype (male) # eggs %Flatch Genotype (male) # eggs %Fiatch +/Y; Canton-S/cn bw 3607/4671 77 +/Y; halfa 1 /cn bw 1370/1888 73 mei 9A/y; IT 142/173 82 mei 9A,. II 425/616 69

41D1/y; IT 102Di/y ; It mel 371/493 75 mus 485/652 74 mel 41D5/y.; TI 795/1104 72 mel 41D1/y; II 1766/3642 48 mel 9A, mei 41/Y; II 315/459 69 mei 41D5/y; it 1683/3422 49 mel 9A, mel 4l/Y; if 140/220 63 mel 9A, mei 4i/Y; TI 344/705 49 mus 1 01D1/y; TI 263/323 81 mei 9A, mel 41D5/y; 41/81 51 101D1/y ; if mus 214/315 68 +/Y; T-007!cn bw 303/467 65 +/Y; N-1/cn bw 2336/4176 56 mel 9A/y . II 522/623 84 mei 9 A/y . II 38/57 67 mus 102/Y; " 465/536 87 mus 1 0 2D1/y ; it 887/1857 48 mei 4i/Y; IT 88/188 47 mel 4111-/Y; II 1901/5160 37 mel 4 1 D5/y ; IT 116/223 52 mel 41D5/y; " 1516/4491 34 mel 9A, mei 41/Y; " 60/122 49 mus iolDl/y; II 309/572 54 mus 1 01D1/ y ; II 128/217 59 October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 117

Third, males whose genotypes contain mel 9, mel 41 and a P chromosome are largely sterile. Less than 10% of males of this genotype are fertile, and among the fertile males, fertility is low. These effects are not observed with P mel 41, P mei 9 or mei 9 mel 41 males. It is unclear why the P mel 9 mei 41 combination leads to male sterility, especially when mel 9 appears to have no effect on k. As to the mechanism of the k value reduction in P males containing PRR mutants, light microscopy reveals no obvious structural defects in the testis and there appear to be as numerous an amount of motile sperm as in P males themselves. Electron microscopy of spermiogenesis is in progress, but a series of "egg hatch" experiments (Table 3) reveals that the cause of the reduction in k may be due to zygote mortality, rather than a spermiogenic defect. It may be recalled that Matthews (1981) has shown that 71% of the reduction in k in T-007/ en bw males is due to spermiogenic defects and 29% is due to dominant lethality of eggs. In the presence of PRR mutants, this "egg hatch" is drastically reduced, even in P combinations where there was little or no original k reduction. This dominant lethality defines a new hybrid dysgenesis phenotype. (Supported by Williams College Discretionary Funds and Research Corporation Funds(BS) and NSF Grant DEB-7923007 and NIEHS research development award K04-ES00087 (RCW)).

Smirnova, S.G. & E.M. Khovanova. Insti- A factor of instability, termed the H factor, tute of Molecular Genetics, USSR Academy has been discovered in D.simulans (Khovanova of Sciences, Moscow, USSR. Temperature 1977). H selectively raises the somatic recom- effects on the activity of H-factor in bination rate in the X chromosomes of dorsal Drosophila simulans. prothoracal disc cells by a factor of 5 to 10, while the frequency of somatic mosaicism in the derivatives of the eye-antennal and dorsal mesothoracal disks remains at a low level. The H factor is localized in the X chromosome. Its activity in dorsal prothoracal disk cells rises sharply in the presence of live yeast in the cultural medium. Studies of H-carrying stocks have suggested that the activity of H may be influenced by the temperature at which the culture grows. To test this supposition, the following crosses were effected:

1) yw(H) x cf +JY (H) 2) yw(11) x ed v/y (Ff)

(the H-carrying stocks are marked H+); those without the 1-1 factor are marked H). Eggs laid in 4-5 hours on a medium containing live yeast were placed in a thermostat at 25C (A series) and at 16 C (B series). Macrochaetae of the head and thorax were analyzed in F 1 females. The results are shown in the Table. In cross (1) the rate of mosaic spots is low in the humeral region and other regions, it changes insignificantly with the temperature downshift from 25 to 15C in the humeral region and remains practically unchanged in the other regions tested. In cross (2) the rate of mosaic spots in the humeral region at 25C is five times as high as in cross (1) at the same temperature. The spot rate in the other regions is no different from that in cross (1). At 16 C in cross (2) the spot rate increases significantly in the humeral regions, while in the eye-antennal and dorsal mesothoracal disk derivatives it grows 10 to 20-fold.

Table 1. Somatic mosaicism Somatic mosaicism Number of in humeral in other Type of cross Series F 1 region regions I/ spots % # spots 1) yw(H)x acf+/Y(H) A(25C) 1669 8 0.47 6 0.35 B(16C) 2085 22 1.05 9 0.43 2) ?yw(H)x ovIy(H+) A(25C) 1629 37 2.27 4 0.24 B(16 C) 2477 124 5.00 107 4.32 118 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

It was hypothesized that the selective effect of the H factor in dorsal prothoracal disk cells at 25 C might be due to some distinctive features of that disk. One of them could be the time of its growth. According to Madhaven and Schneiderman, the mitotic activity of eye- antennal and dorsal mesothoracal disc cells is expressed early, as the beginning of the first larval instar, whereas the dorsal prothoracal disk cells start dividing at the beginning of the third larval instar. Presumably the activity of the H factor starts at this time. If the explanation is correct, one should expect a high rate of mosaicism for all the anlages whose mitotic activity starts later than 48 hours after hatching. A study of the rate of mosaicism in the tergite area confirmed our supposition. The development of histoblasts starts at the pupal stage, and-the rate of mosaic spots in the tergite area was ten times higher in H+ females than in 1C. females. It is not possible to explain the results at 16C as well. At this temperature the growth rate is sharply slowed down but the H factor does not seem to change the duration of its own latent period. Therefore its activity begins at an earlier stage in the development of eye-antennal and dorsal mesothoracal disks, leading to a much higher rate of mosaicism in their derivatives. References: Khovanova, E.M. 1977, Genetics XIII:1966-1975; Madhaven, M.M. & H.A. Schneiderman 1977, Wilhelm Roux's Archiveb. 183:269-305.

Sokolowski, M.B. York University, Downs- The outcome of oviposition site preferences view, Ontario, Canada. Gregarious ovipo- (OSP) is a particular pattern of egg distri- sition behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. bution which is dependent on a variety of factors affecting the complex behavior patterns of the ovipositing female. Examples of parameters which have been shown to influence oviposition site choice are temperature (Fogleman 1979), ethanol (Richmond & Gerking 1979), oviposition substrate texture (Takamura & Fuyama 1980), presence of preadult forms on the oviposition substrate (Del Solar & Palomino 1966 & Del Solar 1968) density of females (Rockwell & Grossfield 1978) and presence of adult males (Mainardi 1968, 1969; Ayala & Ayala 1969). Gregarious oviposition is an OSP pattern which results in the eggs being distributed unevenly over the oviposition substrate. Gregarious egg-laying behavior in Drosophila pseudoobscura was reported by Del Solar & Palomino (1966). Selection for and against gregariousness in the choice of oviposition sites in D.pseudoobscura was successful indicating a genetic component to this behavior in this species (Del Solar 1968). I have been interested in whether adults from stocks of Drosophila melanogaster known to have genetic differences in a preadult behavior (larval foraging behavior) also demonstrate differences in gregarious OSP. Before OSP for sites occupied with larvae as compared to unoccupied sites could be tested, it was necessary to determine whether gregarious OSP in Drosophila melanogaster exists. The present report documents the results of this preliminary study. The oviposition preference apparatus used was modified from the one used by Del Solar & Palomino (1966). Eight plugs (2.5 cm in diameter and .75 cm in height) of Brewer's yeast- agar medium, were placed in a petri dish (13.5 cm in diameter and 2.0 cm in height) and positioned as in Fig. 1. The plugs were darkened with charcoal (4 gm of powdered charcoal/1,000 ml of medium) so that the oviposited eggs were visible. Each plug was surrounded by a plastic ring 1.5 cm in height and 3.1 cm wide, with walls .4 cm thick. The rings utilized to ensure that the larvae remained on the plugs in which they were originally placed. The plugs were numbered and lettered 1 through 8 and either A or B, as indicated in Fig. 1. The 4 stocks used in this study were designated W 2W3 , E 2 E3 , E 2W3 and W, ) E. A breeding scheme that utilizes the presence of crossover suppressors to permit substitutions of intact second or third chromosome pairs from one stock into another is described in Sokolowski (1980). The reconstructed stocks were W 2 E3 and E 2W3 . The latter stock would have the same second chromosome pair as E 2 E3 , but differ in having the same third pair of chromosomes as WW 2 Thirty 5 day old flies (15 females and 15 males) from one of the four stocks (W 2W,, E 2 E3 , W and E,W3 ) were placed into the centre of the oviposition preference apparatus. Adults were2 E 3 left to oviposit for 24 hours (starting between 1300 and 1500 hours) under conditions of constant illumination, 23±1 C and approximately 60% relative humidity. After the oviposition period, the flies were removed and the number of eggs laid on each of the plugs was counted.

October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 119

Figure 1. OSP apparatus modelled after Del Solar & 1 Palomino (1966). Oviposition plugs were numbered 1 through 8 and A or B. Each plug was surrounded by a ring whose measurements are indicated in the text.

B A 3 Casual observation of the ovipositing females revealed C) 0 that the eggs found on a single plug were oviposited by more than one female. This observation supported the findings of A B Del Solar & Palomino (1966). / In Table 1 the number of eggs laid on each of the 8 plugs is presented individually for each replicate. A chi squared test was performed for each OSP test. In all cases, for all stocks (except for one replicate of W E ), females showed signifi- cnly gregarious egg-laying 13.5 c. ,n patterns. The null hypothesis, whereby each of the 8 plugs had an equal probability of having eggs oviposited on it (that is a 1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1 ratio), was rejected at the p <.001 level. When the replicate chi Table 1. Gregarious Oviposition Behavior in squares are combined with Drosophila melanogaster. each stock, there was a one Stocks Replicate A B A B A B A B X2 P in one-thousand chance that 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 the eggs were oviposited W 2W3 1 58 29 9 14 14 23 36 11 78.4 .001 evenly. All stocks of 2 137 28 24 17 14 29 9 21 350.1 .001 Drosophila melanogaster X 5 778.8 3 54 34 36 86 65 45 52 36 43.2 .001 tested showed OSP's that 4 38 65 52 15 30 155 55 30 253.3 .001 resulted in aggregation of P < .001 5 7 3 9 5 22 23 26 4 53.8 .001 their eggs. References: Ayala,F.J. E 2 E 3 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 29 162.4 .001 & M.Ayala 1969, DIS 44:240. 2 29 41 6 51 2 6 68 10 545.5 .001 Del Solar, E. 1968, Gene- X 5 1150.2 3 62 45 25 37 20 4 102 39 149.3 .001 tics 58:275-282; Del Solar, 4 82 40 30 27 35 11 120 8 231.2 .001 E. & H.Palomino 1966, Am. p < .001 5 23 32 2 10 7 3 15 28 61.8 .001 Nat. 100:127-133; Fogelman, J.C. 1979, Behav.Genet. 9: W E 1 0 2 29 37 52 9 1 16 126.0 .001 407-412; Mainardi,M. 1968, 2 10 8 9 52 11 2 22 13 107.0 .001 Boll.Zool. 35:135-136; Mai- X 8 =304.1 3 18 3 1 0 0 6 0 0 63.1 .001 nardi,M. 1969, Boll.Zool. p < .001 4 7 4 6 3 5 14 3 1 8.1 u.s. 36:101-103; Richmond,C.R. & J.L.Gerking 1979, Behav. Genet. 9:233-241; Rockwell, EW2 3 1 25 0 0 2 20 0 50 100 670.2 .001 R.F. & J.Grossfield 1978, 2 9 7 20 10 68 24 72 13 156.0 .001 Mi.Mjdl.Nat. 99:361-368; X 8 =3948.7 3 19 20 2 18 16 3 7 1 40.9 .001 Sokolowski,M.B. 1980, 4 2 12 0 10 12 6 13 41 81.6 .001 Behav.Genet. 10:291-302; P < .001 120 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

Takamura,T. & Y.Fuyama 1980, Behav.Genet. 10:105-120; Weisbrot, R.D. 1966, Genetics 53:427-435.

Sondergaard, L. University of Copenhagen, It is well-known that the mutant ebony (e) has Denmark. Mating capacity of e/e and e/+ several pleiotropic behavioural effects. Some males under non-competitive conditions. of these have been thought to be the reason why the e gene, in contrast to most other mutant genes, stabilizes at a certain level in population cage experiments. One factor which is rarely considered is what one might call the "Don-Juan" factor, i.e., the number of females a male can mate within a given period. A male with a very efficient courtship could be at a selective disadvantage if he needs too long a recovery period after copulation compared to a male with a less effective courtship, but with a very short recovery period. To test the mating capacity, single unexperienced dcl (12-24 hrs of age) were confined for 24 hrs with 12 one-week-old in light or complete darkness. e/e, e/+ and +1+ da were mated with e/e; e/+ and +1+ also to test the effect of the female genotype on male performance. Results are shown in Table 1. The overall tendency is that e/+ and +1+ cfcf perform better in light, whereas e/e cfo perform equally well in light and darkness when mated to e/+ and e/e ?. In the light the order of the D.J. factor is e/+ > e/e > +1+, indicating overdominance for this trait. These observations are explainable by the fact that e/e flies are blind and that e/+ and e/e have a Table 1. D.J. factor ± s.d. (see more efficient courtship behaviour (Kyriacou et al. text) for males confined for 24 1978). However, this does not explain the observed hrs with 12 of the indicated differences between different females when tested to genotype; experiments were per- the same male genotype: in the light the scores are formed in 24 hrs light and 24 lower with +1+ . In darkness the results are more hrs of darkness. In each complex: no differences were observed between mated experiment 75-100 were tested to e/+ crc!; e/e cfcf show lower scores with +1+ ; +1+ individually. ee have a higher mating frequency with e/e . These darkness light differences could be explained by differences in female +1+ x e/+ cf 3.3±1.5 4.8±2.0 heat. A more possible explanation is a difference in e/e ? x e/+ e 3.6±1.7 5.9±2.0 the activity levels of both males and females. That x e/+ ci 3.4±1.9 5.7±2.4 is, increasing spontaneous activity in the order +1+; e/+; e/e. In the light +1+ do not move around as f 2.9±1.3 +1+ x e/e 3.7±1.9 much and therefore rarely meet a male; in the darkness 4.3±2.1 4.5±2.0 e/e x eie e they move around even less. However, with e/+ males cf 4.3±1.9 4.4±2.1 e/+ x e/e this is compensated for by the higher activity of +1+ ? x +1+ cf 1.8±1.1 2.4±1.6 these males also in the dark. In the experiment with e/e x +1+ cf 2.5±1.3 3.1±1.5 +1+ cfcf sluggishness is only compensated for by the e/+ x +1+ cr 1.7±1.5 3.2±1.5 high activity of the e/e 2 in darkness. In the dark the high acti,yity of e/e c!cf compensates for differences between e/e and e/+ activity. Reference: Kyriacou,C.P., B.Burnet & K.J.Connolly 1978, Anim.Behav. 26:1195.

Spiess, E.B. University of Illinois, Population box experiments were designed in 1979 Chicago, Illinois. Discrete generation with selection for early maturation of females populations of D.persimilis selected for (D.persimilis) in order to substantiate the female receptivity and frequencies of relative frequency changes expected of KL and ND KL-MD karyotypes. arrangements that had been characterized for female "switch-on" of receptivity by Yu & Spiess (1978). Three strains of KL (4,11,17) with amylase variant amy-1.09 and 3 strains of MD (7,16,35) with amy-1.00 derived from a McDonald Ranch, CA, population were intercrossed within homokaryotypes and introduced into plastic refrigeration boxes ("Bennett cages") with 8 holes for as many food vials to provide oviposition area for 200 initial pairs of flies. Females were virgins of 1-2 days past eclosion while males were as old or slightly older. Initial frequencies were approximately 90%: 10% of either arrangement and four populations were monitored by electrophoresing a sample of October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 121

96 females each generation to ascertain the amy-variant as 4- indicative of chromosomal arrangement frequency. In two 0 of the populations (A-i, A-2), females that matured early and Zl laid eggs within 2-3 days were o - 4- favored, while in the other two 0 (B-i, B-2) females were allowed 0 C 7-8 days for egg-laying at 25 . > On the basis of the original o c'J study by Yu & Spiess (1978), it 4- was expected that, if the KL and MD strains were going to C]) perform with the average female time of receptivity known for the 19 kinlines we had charac- O terized from the natural population, then the KL arrangement should increase relative to ND EE at 25 but reverse at cool (15 ) temprature. Populations planned for 15 proved to have LU low productivity and long delays in female egg-laying so that they were abandoned after W 2 generations; instead, we decided to transfer any population that plateaued at 25 into 15 later. From tests, low female receptivity of two N N - - strains (KL) out of the three used (reference this issue of m DIS) indicated that their low c'J performance was associated with factors included within the KL arrangement and that the expected performance of KL I I would be lower than the outcrossed KL typical of the 0000000000 remaining 17 kinlines. In Q N-WuNDC'J_ Figure 1, frequencies of MD relative to 1(1 indicate that indeed the ND arrangement has ONIDONN LN3Ofld a higher equilibrium frequency than was expected. - Populations that were allowed /-Li days for egg-laying (B-i, B-2) converged on 60% MD, 40% KL within 6 generations. Of the other two populations (only 2-3 days for egg-laying the one with low KL (high MD), A-2, converged more slowly than the 7-8 day egg- laying population, B-2. The remaining (A-i) population did not change much from its original frequency, though initially it made a start in the same direction as its corresponding B-i population. Thus, of the two selection regimes, the less restrictive (B) for time of mating and egg-laying indicated a balanced state slightly favoring the MD arrangement. The more restrictive (A) did not converge so that either fitnesses are frequency dependent in those populations or sampling error, particularly in A-i could be responsible. Further resolution of this problem in the selection outcome for the A cages must await repeat experiments now being designed. It can be stated that selection regimes affecting limitation to maturation and egg-laying time do influence the arrangement changes. With respect to influence of temperature, the A-2 population that had plateaued at 60% MD was transferred to 15 where the MD arrangement females were expected to have faster

122 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

receptivity than KL. Indeed ND rose rapidly to over 95% in 4 generations. Females were allowed 4-5 days for maturation and egg-laying at that temperature (time determined for fast maturation at 15 by Yu & Spiess 1978). Populations initiated at that temperature originally with strain hybrid flies had been so infertile as to be abandoned but this population had normal fertility until it was discarded after 5 generations. Thus flies bred in these conditions but at 25 did adjust to those conditions better than original strain hybrids were capable of doing. Acknowledgements: The assistance of Lyn Guinsatao and Charles Wilke and support from NSF Grants DEB-7903259 and DEB-8113615 are gratefully acknowledged. Reference: Yu,I-I.F. & E.B.Spiess 1978, Genetics 90:783-800.

Spiess,E.B. University of Illinois, New strains of D.persimilis were kindly sent to Chicago, Illinois. Female receptivity this laboratory in 1978 by Drs. John A. & Betty and emergence of WT and ST karyotypes C. Moore (University of California, Riverside). from the James Reserve population of These had been derived as 68 isofemale lines D.persimilis. from a natural population at an elevation of 5400 ft near Mt. San Jacinto (James Reserve). They were uniquely characterized for this species by an unexpectedly high frequency of Standard (ST) arrangement of the third chromosome, nearly 80% in this population (Moore et al. 1979), with the Whitney arrangement (WT) second in frequency, and MD and KL third and fourth, respectively, but rare in this population. In contrast with the McDonald Ranch population, there have been no recorded seasonal cycles in relative frequencies of these arrangements at James Reserve (Moore et al. 1979). Ten strains each of ST and WT were chosen to be made homokaryotypic and the amy variant identified. ST persimilis has the amy-1.00 variant generally, though in this population the amy-0.84 (slow allele typical of ST D.pseudoobscura) is found equally commonly. For contrast the WT arrangement is marked with axny-1.09. To analyze female receptivity association with chromosomal arrangements, we wished to simulate the karyotypes and genotypes of the wild population by testing female receptivity of the following combinations: (1) strain homo- karyotype ST and WT females, (2) outcrossing the 10 strains of each arrangement simply by pairing strains (ST x ST . . .ST x ST 10 ) and the same for WT arrangement strains, followed by testing progeny (F 1 femaes, (3 outcrossing F 1 ST x F WT to obtain heterokaryotypes, and (4) inbreeding the heterokaryotypes (ST /WT 4) to obtain and test females in 5 sets of segregating progenies (expected ratio o- /4 T: 1/2 WT/ST: 1/4 WT, identified by the amy variants). This design differs from that used by YU & Spiess (1978) in that control of the genetic background by marking the remaining principal autosomes was not done, but theoretic- ally the genetic background by being uncontrolled would be sufficiently randomized to allow us to observe any control of female receptivity by the third chromosome arrangements (ST and WT), particularly in the segregating progeny of (4) above. All cultures were made both at 25 and 15 for consideration of temperature effects on female receptivity. Flies cultured at 25 were tested for female receptivity when aged for 2 days posteclo- Table 1. Average percent females receptive from the sion, while those cultured at James Reserve Population. 15 were tested when 4 days old 25 0 15 (ages determined by Yu & Spiess WT/WT WT/ST ST/ST WT/WT WT/ST ST/ST for "switch on" of receptivity). Intrastrain 58.8 74.6 72.1 82.8 Each test comprised 20 virgin F 1 (strain females with 20 double-cross- hybrids) 59.9 67.0 67.4 69.5 hybrid KL males known to court Heterokar. from intensely. For each strain or F 1 WT x F 1 ST ---- 54.7 ---- ---- 67.0 cross type 5 repeats were run. Segregating F 2 59.3 56.9 66.9 57.7 59.4 67.3 Overall average female receptivity (% mating) for 3 karyo- Segregating F 2 Emergence (Mating and Nonmating Females types before and after crossing Pooled) Relative to Expected 1:2:1 Ratio between strains and in F pro- (N=480 emerged at each temperature). genies is given in Table 2 l to- 0.90 1.03 1.03 1.025 1.07 0.84 gether with relative emergence October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 123

S numbers. (Each data entry has N=500 females approximately.) While there was some heterogeneity between strains and their outcross progenies, these data inform us of any third chromosome effects persisting through various genetic background changes. We may note that ST/ST females are more receptive than the karyotypes containing WT at both temperatures by about the same amount (8-10%). In comparing temperatures, females are generally more receptive when cultured at cool than at warm temperature, in contrast with the population from McDonald Ranch. Thus there is no temperature sensitivity differentially affecting female receptivity of these karyotypes. Among the F 2 , however, pooling both mated and unmated females together, as given at the bottom of Table 1, indicate frequencies of emergence, differential temperature effects for what amounts to preadult viability: WT/WT karyotype is apparently at a 10% disadvantage at warm temperature, while the ST/ST has a 20% disadvantage at cool, with heterokaryotype (WT/ST) relatively unaffected throughout. However at 25 it was just two of the 5 sets of segregating progenies that showed a significant deficiency of WT/WT, while at 15 two different sets of progenies displayed a significant deficiency of ST/ST. Thus chromosomal polymorphs in this population contrast with those in the Napa Valley (McDonald Ranch) in these respects at least: (1) James Reserve population has no apparent seasonal cycle of karyotypes, and female receptivity is not temperature sensitive differentially by chromosomal arrangement. (2) The commonest arrangement in this population (ST) contributes to fast receptivity among females of some strains irrespective of temperatures. (3) Preadult viability is temperature sensitive in some strains, favoring ST at warm and WT at cool. Acknowledgements: Assistance of Lyn Guinsatao, Charles Wilke, Linda Rosen, and Lori Stevens as well as support from NSF Grants DEB-7903259 and DEB-8113615 are gratefully acknowledged. We are especially grateful to Dr. Betty C. Moore for the strains of D.persimilis from James Reserve. References: Moore, J.A., C.E.Taylor & B.C.Moore 1979, Evolution 33:156-171; Yu, H.F. & E.B.Spiess 1978, Genetics 90:783-800.

Spiess, E.B. University of Illinois, Strains of D.persimilis collected at Chicago, Illinois. Low female recepti-? McDonald Ranch, California, in 1975 and char- vity factor(s) on chromosome 3KL of acterized for speed of female receptivity D.persimilis. ("switch-on:) by Yu & Spiess (1978) were surveyed for n-amylase variants. Of 3 KL kinlines with amy-1.09, two (lines McD-4 and MeD-11) were lowest in receptivity of 19 kinlines tested, while the third was equal to the remaining 16 kinlines (with amy-1.00). We had concluded that KL/KL and KL/MD females matured faster on the average than ND/MD females when cultured at 25 . Thus it became of interest to determine whether the low receptivity in the two amy-1.09 lines was due to a factor (or factors) linked to the KL arrangement (chromosome 3) or to an independent factor(s) on a honhomologous chromosome. Since one KL line (McD-17) with amy-1.09 had the high receptivity characteristic of the remaining KL lines, there was no need to postulate association of the amy-1.09 variant with low receptivity behavior. Crosses were made in the following manner designed to test for association between low receptivity and the KL arrangement chromosome using amy-variants as markers. Each KL line was outcrossed to a line (McD-33, IKL, amy-1.00) that has highly receptive females. G 1 progeny males (McD-4/33 or McD-11/33) were backcrossed to the parent line females:

Table 1. Association contingencies for backcross progeny females. A B C D

M 12 38 50 32 41 73 14 24 38 19 14 33 NM 30 20 50 23 19 42 30 21 51 9 11 20

IOU 115 89 53 x2 - = 13.3, P < 0.01 x2 = 1.3, n.s. x2 = 4.21, P = 0.04 x2 = 0.8, n.s.

124 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

Backcross A =1 (4/33) males x McD-4 females C = G (11/33) males x McD-11 females B = it if it x McD-33 females D = " IT It x McD-33 females. Since there is no expected crossing over in males, association between chromosome 3 and receptivity speed can be ascertained with a 2x2 test. Backcross progeny females were aged for 2 days at 25 and tested for receptivity with fast courting doublecross hybrid males (Yu & Spiess 1978), in lots of 20 pairs per mating chamber. After 30 minutes, females mated (M) or not mated (NM) were electrophoresed and determined by amy-variant genotype to be either homozygous (amy-1.09; amy-1.00) or heterozygous (1.09/1.00). Association contingencies given in Table 1 show the numbers of females in each category. It is clear from the "control" backcrosses to line McD-33 (B & D in the table) that there is no significant difference between the heterozygous females and homozygous McD--33. With both lines McD-4 and McD-11 however receptivity is at about 30% compared with more than 62% mating in the controls. Thus after recombination of whole chromosomes in C 1 males, factors for low receptivity are still associated with the particular line's KL arrangement chromosome. References: Yu,H.F. & E.B.Spiess 1978, Genetics 90:783-800.

Spiess,E.B. & L.I.Salazar. University of Previously in this laboratory it has been shown Illinois, Chicago, Illinois. Age of males that females of D.melanogaster with red (R) as a factor in female mate choice in (bw75/bw 75 ; st/st) and orange (0) (bw 75 /bw; D.melanogaster. st/st) eye color tend to accept the type of male that is not the first to court, presumably because they become conditioned against signals from that male's type (Spiess 1982a,b; Spiess & Schwer 1978; Spiess & Kruckeberg 1980). In earlier tests, flies of both sexes were aged for 5 days posteclosion, while they were aged 3 or 4 days in the more recent tests. One contrasting point between earlier and later tests, in addition to those points emphasized by Spiess (1982b), was that the red (R) and orange-eyed (0) males tended to mate about equally (55% R: 45% 0) in the earlier tests; in later tests, O males were significantly less successful than R, especially when flies were more inbred (0 males mated 25-28%), while outcrossed 0 males mated more (35%). Experiments by Long, Markow, and Yaeger (1980) indicated that males mated at higher frequency with increasing age. Thus a control factor that could account for earlier test results was itiie’ae. - If the R males had a sexual advantage over 0 during the first two or three days of the adult, it might diminish as both types approach 4-5 days posteclosion, since the latter might catch up with the former within a day. Eye color of these mutants darkens within that period of time, though they are always distinguishable. Thus perhaps a day's difference in visual ability or other factors of maturation during the first 4 days of the adult could be minimized by testing the 0 type when a day or two older than the R type male. Flies of R and 0 were cultured with the same method as that used by Spiess & Krucken- Table 1. Experiment 1: matings with all males 3 days old, be 9 (1980). Mutant strains bw7 ;st and bw;st homozygote Male Total matings Excluding trials where males -:ere first outcrossed to first to male mated one male only courted Lausan..ie-Special (LS) wild Female court R 0 R 0 2C X type females that had shown 12 a 15b R 23 15 positive female conditioning R 5.9 (discrimination ability) pre- b 5a 0 18 11 18 viously (Spiess 1982a), and progeny (C 1 ) were inbred to 16a b R 44 11 produce recombinant C 2 homozy.- 0 4.7 gotes of red and white eye b 3a 20 10 20 color (Spiess 1982b). Crossing Total: 105 47 66 34 G 2 red x white gave orange-eyed a=Total x first male to cou = 36; b=Total x second male progeny that were then back- to court = 64; c=Chi-square contingency on trials where crossed male 0 x female R. On both males courted. emergence flies were sexed and October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 125

Table 1. Experiment 2: matings with R males 2 days old, stored, 10 to 15 per food vial O males 3 days old. (yeasted). Flies matured for Male Total matings Excluding trials where 3 days when testing with no age first to male mated one male only courted differential (experiment 1) or Female court R 0 R 0 for 2 days in the case of R 8a 17b R 23 17 males when testing with an age differential (experiment 2). R 13.9 b O 21 10 21 Testing was done with one R + one 0 male followed by the 11a R 25 20 20 b female into a 9.5 x 2.5 cm 0 13.6 glass vial, and courtship by b 3a O 19 8 19 either male was recorded. Total: 88 55 59 44 All other conditions were the a=Total x first male to court = 26; bTotal x second male same as those used (Spiess & to court; c=Chi-square contingency on trials where both Kruckeberg 1980). Tables 1 and males courted. 2 present the mating data for experiments 1 and 2, respectively; total matings include the trials in which just one male occurred. In conformity with prevous results, females accepted the second to court male preferentially in both experiments 1 and 2 in the trials where both males courted. Associations are significantly negative between courtship order and mating success. However the amount of mating to the second-to-court male is significantly greater when the 0 males are a day older than the R males (experiment 2) than when the two types are of equal age (experiment 1). Using confidence limits tables for percentages (e.g., Table W in Rohlf and Sokal's Statistical Tables, Freeman & Co. 1969), we find the total matings (above footnotes)to be significantly different at the 95% confidence level. In addition, it should be noted that 0 males mated about 10% more in experiment 2 than in experiment 1, and at a level comparable with that achieved in earlier tests with 4-5 day old males (cited above). References: Long,C.E., T.A.Narkow & P.Yaeger 1980, Behav.Genet. 10:163-170; Spiess,E.B. 1982a, Am.Nat. 119:675-693; ----1982b, Behav.Genet. 12:209-221; Spiess,E.B. & J.F.Kruckeberg 1980, Am.Nat. 115:307-327; Spiess,E.B. & W.A.Schwer 1978, Behav.Genet. 8:155-168.

Springer, R. University of Vienna, In the light-independent strain of D.subobscura Austria. flwhit e !! D.subobscura prefers (Springer 1973, DIS 50:133) the allele white, darkness for pairing, sex-linked, recessive, was rediscovered as a spontaneous mutant by Irene Stursa (see new mutants, spp. in this copy). While in the past (Wallace & Dobzhansky 1946) white individuals proved themselves unable to breed because of the dependence of courting and mating on visual stimuli, in the light-independent strain the allele w shows reasonable fertility. Nevertheless some of the mass cultures always failed to breed. The phenomenon vanished when the cultures were kept in complete darkness. In order to establish the peculiar effect 108 culture-bottles were started with about 20 individuals each. The flies, 0-1 day old, from the w-strain that was kept in darkness were distributed in red light, without narkosis, into the bottles. 54 cultures stayed in complete darkness (DD) at 19.5-20.5 C, the other 54 were exposed to constant day-and-night light (LL) at 18 C. All 54 cultures bred normally in the dark, only 39 of the cultures in LL yielded offspring (larvae and/or pupae) within three weeks. To obtain more detailed quantitative data, single pair cultures in 25 cc tube glasses were used. Besides LL and DD conditions, a simulated circadian rhythm of light, 8 hr a.m. - 8 hr p.m. and darkness "overnight", was tested (LD). The temperatures were: DD: 19-20.5C LL: 19-21.5C LD: 18C Flies from the w-strain kept in darkness were isolated according to sex at the age of 0-1 day. The glasses with 50 or more individuals of same sex were permitted to age in darkness 7-9 days at 18C. Then single pairs were put into the tube glasses. Each individual of these tests therefore twice underwent light narkosis with ether. 18-20 days later the 126 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983 investigation of the tubes gave the following result: DD N = 101 pairs, 44 with offspring, 57 negative LL N = 105 pairs, 22 with offspring, 83 negative LD N = 85 pairs, 21 with offspring, 64 negative

Mass cultures and single pairs concordantly show a clearly negative influence of light on successful mating. That result is rather remarkable in a species originally completely light- dependent in courting behaviour and mating. Further investigations concerning circadian rhythmics and the evolutionary importance of the reversion of the ecological valence of light under special conditions are in progress.

Stursa, I. University of Vienna, Austria. White mutants in D.subobscura have been found Fertility in a white eye mutant of repeatedly (Spurway 1945). These mutants all D.subobscura. proved to be sterile. This in itself is surprising, since in other Drosophila species white mutants are fertile. The reason that has always been given for this discrepancy is that D.subobscura depends, for mating, largely on the optical sense, so that white mutants are essentially behaviorally sterile, not physiologically. This interpretation is supported by our finding that a white eye mutation selected from a light-independent selection stock of D.subobscura (Springer 1973) turned out to be fertile. Attempts to see whether carriers of this white allele lose their fertility in a genetic background of a light-dependent wild-type stock are under way. References: Springer,R. 1973, DIS 50:133; Spurway,H. 1945, J.Genet. 46:268-286.

Taylor, C.E. University of California, Waddington, Woolf, and Perry (1954) described Los Angeles, California. Microhabitat an apparatus in which microhabitat preferences selection by mutant strains of D.pseudo- of Drosophila could be measured. With this they obscura. compared several mutant strains of D.melanogaster (wild type, rough, aristaless, purple, apricot, and forked) and found large differences among their microhabitat preferences. They interpreted this to mean that habitat choice might contribute to the maintenance of stable polymorphisms. We have constructed a similar apparatus and have measured the microhabitat preferences of mutant strains of D.pseudoobscura. Our purpose was to see if Waddington, Woolf, and Perry's results extended to this species as well. Five strains of D.pseudoobscura were used: 7,8,45,76, and 82. These were supplied to us by W.W.Anderson, and are homozygous for the following markers respectively: w; y Sfl V co sh; gi; or px; or. Undoubtedly the strains differed at other, unknown, loci as well. They were raised at low density on standard, cornmeal molasses medium at 19 C and were run when 4-6 days old in groups of approximately 200--40 individuals of mixed sex of each strain. At no time prior to running were they anesthesized. The maze consists of 8 large plexiglass chambers (12" high, 18" long, 18" wide at the outside, 4½" wide at the inside) joined to form a central antechamber (see Figure 1). Micro- habitats consisted of the eight possible combinations of light or dark (0 ft candles or ca. 13 ft candles), maltose/agar or lactose/agar medium cups, and dry or moist (ca. 25% RH or ca. 65% RH). The moisture conditions were produced by placing either CaSO, in a gas chromato- graph bag or else H 20 in a flask with a cheesecloth wick into the chamber. (It is possible, in addition, to regulate temperature in the maze by means of heating coils under the bottom of the chambers controlled by thermostats that extend into the centers. These are shown in the figure.) The chamber was charged for 4-5 hours before the flies were introduced at 4:00- 5:00 p.m. At 8:00-9:00 the next morning the chambers were flooded with CO and the flies removed. There were 10 replicates. October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 127

Table 1. Distribution of mutant strains of D.pseudoobscura among microhabitats. Dry Humid Center Total Strain Dark Light Dark Light Maltose Lactose Maltose Lactose Maltose Lactose Maltose Lactose 7 N 4 8 43 23 54 23 43 72 48 318 % 1 3 14 7 17 7 14 23 15 8 N 3 4 59 40 44 18 65 77 53 363 1 1 16 11 12 5 18 21 15 45 N 65 39 78 68 41 23 29 22 1 366 % 18 11 21 19 11 6 8 6 0 76 N 2 3 48 40 45 24 93 81 42 378 1 1 13 11 12 6 25 21 11 92 N 1 8 47 40 44 28 47 65 42 322 0 2 15 12 14 9 15 20 13

Total 75 62 275 211 228 116 277 317 186 1747

The numbers of flies going to each chamber are shown in Table 1. In general the light chambers were preferred to the dark (1080 vs 481), the wet were preferred to the dry (938 vs 623), and the maltose was preferred to the lactose (855 vs 706). All these differences are significant at the .001 level. Overall the most popular chamber was the light, humid chamber with lactose. This was most favored by 3 of the 5 strains (7,8 and 92), and was second most favored by the fourth strain (76). The remaining strain (45) however, went to this chamber least often. In contrast to the others, strain 45 generally avoided the humid chambers and went most frequently to the dry, light chamber with maltose. The test of strain X chamber 128 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

homogeneity was highly significant (x 2 = 427.7, 32 df, p < .001), in good agreement with the earlier observations in D.melanogaster mutants made by Waddington, Woolf, and Perry. Reference: Waddington, C.H., B. Woolf, and M.M. Perry 1954, Evolution 8:89-96.

Thompson, V. Roosevelt University, r3 Taira (1960) and Goldberg et al. (1962) report Chicago, Illinois. Failure of the Hn that the D.melanogaster third chromosome mutant ry 6 combination to behave as a recessive eye color alleles Hn3 and ry6 combine to form synthetic lethal, a recessive synthetic lethal and Lucchesi (1968) lists the Hnri ry6 combination among the established synthetic lethal systems involving laboratory mutants. I have synthesized Hn' ry 6 chromosomes and find the homozygotes to be viable. 6 The ry alleig was obtained from A. Chovnick in the form of a balanced stock of genotype M(3)S34 Dfd kar ry /I n (3R)Ub xA, cu kar ub xA. Males of this stock were crossed to females homozygous for Hnr3 and 6 sr (Fig. 1) following the general scheme of Goldberg et al. Heterozy- gous M(3)S34 Dfd kar ry /Hnr3 sr daughters were backcrossed in turn to males homozygous for i-ir3 and sr. F2 males with Henna eye color and no Deformed eye phenotype were individually test crossed to a stock carrying the ry2 allele linked to Sb (sr could not be readily scored and was ignored). F3 Stubble rosy phenotype males from test crosses that produced rosy offspring T.7re crossed to females heterozygous for the Ubx 130 balancer chromosome and resulting F4 Ubx130 heterozygotes (without Sb) were crossed inter se to produce the F5 generation. All crosses were performed at 25±1'C P sr M Did kar ry6 on cornmeal-malt-yeast medium. One hundred twenty-four Henna phenotype F2 males were success- Hflr3 sr fully test crossed. Twenty-six proved to carry the ry 6 allele on the maternally derived Hflr3 bearing Fl Hflr3 sr M Did kar ry chromosome. Sixteen of the twenty- X X? six also bore the Dfd allele and r3 r3 were discarded. The F3 and F4 sr Hn sr/ Hn crosses were carried out indepen- / dently and in parallel for the ten F2 Hflr3 M kar ry2 Sb remaining lines each of which carried an independently arising Hnr3 ry 6 chromosome. Hflr3 sr,/

/ 130 F 3 Hflr3 ry6 Ubx X

M kar ry2

r3 6 ry 6 F4 Hn ry Hn Fig. 1. Crosses used to synthesize and test the homozygous viability Ubx" of Hflh'3 ry 6 third chromosomes. Only mutant alleles are shown and F5 z I no attempt is made to indicate pro- 130 r36 r3 6 Ubx Hn ry Hn ry portional map distances. Cross HHOHHH H] hatched chromosomes carry recombination suppressing rearrangements. 130 130 r3 6 Ubx Ubx Hn ry Genotypes of balancer chromosomes are omitted when not directly p LETHAL VIABLE relevant. October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 129

In six of these ten lines every F5 individual exhibited the Ultrabithorax phenotype, indicating that the synthesized Hnr3 ry 6 chromosome was lethal in homozygous condition. In the other four lines 10-20% of the F5 individuals exhibited orange eye color and failed to exhibit the Ultrabithorax phenotype. The orange eye color was distinct from the eye color of kar, ry and kar ry homozygotes. These observations indicated that four of the independently arisen Hn13 ry6 chromosomes were viable in homozygous condition, a suggestion confirmed by test crossing putative homozygotes to appropriate tester stocks. Subsequently, Ubx heterozygotes from the six lines which produced no viable homozygotes were also test crossed. In each case the presence of the Hr3 allele was confirmed, but heterozygotes for the synthesized chromosomes and the original ry 6 bearing chromosome proved to be lethal. Apparently, the recessive lethality of these six chromosomes was due to homozygosity for factors present on the original ry6 bearing chromosome, not to homozygosity for the Hnr3 ry 6 combination per se. The reported En ry synthetic lethal system was peculiar in its limitation to only one of five ry alleles tested in combination with Hnr3 (Goldberg et al. 1962). It is possible that in the previous work on this system the ry 6 allele served as a marker for a linked hidden lethal interaction factor that has since been lost. Alternatively, the viability of Hnr3 ry6 homozygotes may depend critically on the genetic background at one or more other loci (three of my four homozygously viable Hnr3 ry 6 chromosomes carried the kar allele, which was probably present in the FInr3 ry 6 chromosomes of Goldberg et al. as well). Whatever the source of the discrepency in results, the extant ry 6 allele does not combine with Hnr3 to form an uncondi- tional synthetic lethal. References: Goldberg, A., A. Schalet & A. Chovnick 1962, DIS 36:67-68; Lucchesi, J.C. 1968, Genetics 59:37-44; Taira, T. 1960 DIS 34:107.

Thompson, V. Roosevelt University, Multiple heterozygosity for balancer chromosomes Chicago, Illinois. Second chromosome often leads to a breakdown in the effectiveness crossing over in D.melanogaster females of individual balancers (Maclntyre & Wright heterozygous for first, second and third 1966). Here I report the effect on second chro- chromosome balancers. mosome recombination of simultaneous heterozygosity for the first chromome balancer wincsy [I n (1) sc S L Sc 8 R+dl49, y sc sc 8 WI and Wallace's "Al" second-third chromosome translocation. The Al rearrangement is the result of a reciprocal translocation between two balancer chromosomes, In(2L ty In(2R)Cy, Cy L and In(3LR)Ubx 130 ,Ubxl3OeS(=TM2) (Wallace 1966; et al. 1966). In the absence of first chromosome structural heterozygosity the Al rearrangement suppresses most second chromosome recombination, with the notable exception of about 4% crossing over in the vicinity of the centromere (Thompson 1977). Males hemizygous for the winscy chromosome and heterozygous for the Al rearrangement were crossed to females from stocks homozygous for net, vg and dp b bw. Daughters carrying Cy, L and Ubx were backcrossed to males from the appropriate mutant stock and the progeny scored for phenotype. The results, based on 1004 vg cross offspring, 582 net cross offspring and 383 dp b bw cross offspring, appear in Table 1. Left arm recombination is not affected by the introduction of winscy heterozygosity and remains at very low levels, perhaps because the left arm includes the second chromosome break point of the translocation. Right arm recombination is markedly increased (about 10-20 fold over Al heterozygote levels). Not unexpectedly, most or all of the increase in recombination appears to take the form of double crossing over. This is reflected in strong negative crossover inter- Table 1. Second chromosome crossing over in females hetero- ference in the Cy-vg-L and zygous for the wincsy and Al balancer chromosomes. Cy-L-bw intervals, which Map position 0.0 6.1 13.0 48.5 67.0 72.0 104.5 exhibit interference values Marker net Cy dp b vg L bw of -2.3 and -1.8 respec- % crossing over 0.0 1.0 0.5 16.1* 4.5 9.4 tively. *Estimated from Cy-vg and Cy-L crossover values in conjunction with the other values given. 130 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

References: Maclrityre, R.J. & T.R.F. Wright 1966,DIS 41:141-143; Thompson, V. 1977, Genetics 85:125-140; Wallace, B. 1966, Am.Nat. 100:565-583; Wallace, B., E. Zouros & C. Krimbas 1966, Mt.Nat. 100:245-251.

Toda, M.J. & O.K. Kwon.* Hokkaido Univer- The location of the Quelpart Is. is important tc sity, Sapporo, Japan. *Cheju National consider the faunistic relationship between University, Cheju, Korea. Collection Japan and the East Asian Continent. We made a records of drosophilid flies from the brief collection of drosophilid flies in the Quelpart Island, Korea. Island. The collections were made in a secondary deciduous broad-leaved forest with admixture of laurels and Cryptomeria japonica at Mt. Booriak, Quelpart Is., for two days on August 12 and 13, 1979. The collections were mainly based on bait trapping with grapes and peaches fermented by Baker's yeast. Besides, to collect other species which are hardly attracted to fruit traps, sweeping collections with an insect net were made at various places: on fleshy fungi, on forest floor, at shelters of cliffs or rocks, and on tree trunks covered with moss or lichen. Males of genus Ainiota flying around human eyes were also captured. The present collection yielded 745 specimens of 30 species belonging to seven genera in Drosophilidae. Up to the present, 42 drosophilid species have been recorded from the Island (Chung 1955, 1958; Paik & Kim 1957; Kang et al. 1959; Lee 1964). Of the 30 species obtained in the present study, 17 are new to the Island, of which 6 are also new to Korea. A total of 59 drosophilid species so far recorded from the Quelpart Is. are listed below, together with information of their geographical distributions, which are classified into eleven types: endemic to the Quelpart Is. (E), recorded only from Korea (K), only from Korea and China (KC), only from the Quelpart Is. and Japan (QJ), only from Korea and Japan (LU), Eastern Asiatic (EA), Southeastern Asiatic (SA), Palaearctic (P), Holarctic (H), Cosmopolitan (C) and others (0). The species new to the Island are marked with *, and those to Korea with ** For the species obtained in the present study, numbers of specimens collected are given in parentheses as Total +dd after the codes of respective collection methods: by fruit traps (Tf), on fleshy fungi of Agaricales (Mg) and Aphyllophoralles (Np), sweeping on forest floor (Sff), on tree trunks (TT), at rock shelters (RS), and around human eyes (HE).

** 1. Amiota (Amiota) albilabris (Roth) P: Korea, Japan, Europe (HE:3=0+3) 2. A. (A.) chungi Okada (= A. alboguttata f. koreana Okada & Chung) K ** 3. A. (Phortica) okadai Maca (= A. variegata Fallen type A) QJ (Tf:1=0+1) 4. Leucophenga (Leucophenga) maculata (Dufour) P: Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Java, Europe * 5 L. (L.) orientalis Lin & Wheeler (= L. magnipalpis Duda) EA: Korea, Japan, Taiwan (Mp:1=0+1, Sff:16=0+16, TT:1=0+1, RS:1=1+0) * 6. L. (L.) ornata Wheeler SA: Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Philippine, Java, Nepal, Australia (Mp: 1=0+1) * 7. L. (L.) sorii Kang, Lee & Bahng LU (TT:1=0+1) 8. Microdrosophila (Oxystyloptera) urashimae Okada KJ 9. Liodrosophila castanea Okada & Chung K (Sff:1=1+0) 10. Scaptomyza (Scaptomyza) choi Kang, Lee & Bahng E 11. Sc. (Sc.) graminum Fallen H: Korea, Japan, S.Asia, Siberia, Europe, N.America, Africa 12. Sc. (Parascaptomyza) pallida (Zetterstedt) C **13. Sc (P.) elmoi Takada 0: Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Hawaii, Australia (Sff:1=1+0) **14. Nesiodrosophila sp. E (RS:10+1) 15. Mycodrosoph-ila basalis Okada LU *16. My. gratiosa (de Meijere) (.1y. splendida Okada) 0: Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Micronesia, S.Asia, Polynesia, Seychelles, Africa (Mg:1=0+1, Mp:1=1+0) *17. My. planipalpis Kang, Lee & Bahng KJ (Mp:1=1+0) *18. My. poecilogastra (Loew) P:Korea, Japan, China, Europe (Mp:2=0+2) *19. My. shikokuana Okada LU (Sff:1=0+1) **20. My. subgratiosa Okada QJ (Sff:1=0+1) 21. Drosophila (Scaptodrosophila) coracina Kikkawa & Peng SA: Korea, Japan, China, Borneo 22. D. (Sc.) puncticeps Okada LU 23. D. (Sc.) subtilis Kikkawa & Peng EA: Korea, Japan, China October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 131

24, D. (Sophophora) bifasciata Pomini P: Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Europe, India 25. D. (So.) suzukii (Matsumura) SA: Korea, Japan, China, Thailand, India, Hawaii (Tf:11+0, Sff:1=1+0, TT:1=1+0) 26. D. (So.) lutescens Okada (= D. lutea Kikkawa & Peng) KJ (Tf:87=40+47, TT:1=1+0) 27. D. (So.) melanogaster Meigen C 28. D. (So.) magnipectinata Okada KJ 29. D. (So.) auraria Peng EA: Korea, Japan, China (Sff:1=1+0) *30 D. (So.) triauraria Bock & Wheeler (=D. auraria Peng C type) KJ (Tf:12164+57, Mg:1=1+0, Sff:4=4+0) **31. D. (Lordiphosa) collinella Okada EA: Korea, Japan, Mongolia (Mg:1=1+0) 32. D. (Hirtodrosophila) alboralis Momma & Takada KJ (Sff:1=1+0) 33. D. (H.) confusa Staegar (=D.hjstrjojdes Okada & Kurokawa) P: Korea, Japan, Europe *34 D. (H.) macromaculata Kang & Lee KJ (RS:1=0+1) 35. D. (H.) quadrivittata Okada KJ 36. D. (H.) sexvittata Okada KJ (Mg:9=9+0, Sff:6=3+3, TT:113+8, RS:1=1+0) 37. D. (H.) trilineata Chung K 38. D. (H.) trivittata Strobl P: Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Java, Ceylon, Europe *39 D. (H.) kangi Okada KJ (Sff:2=1+1, TT:67=31+36, RS:1=0+1) 40. D. (H.) nokogiri Okada KJ (Sf f:1=O+1, RS:1=0+1) 41. D. (Dorsilopha) busckii Coquillett C 42. D. (Dichaetophora) quelpartiensis Kang, Lee & Bahng E 43. D. (Drosophila) repleta Wollaston C 44. D. (D.) cheda Tan, Hsu & Sheng KC 45. D. (D.) lacertosa Okada SA: Korea, Japan, Taiwan, India, Nepal (Tf:19=14+5) 46. D. (D.) virilis Sturtevant C 47. D. (D.) curviceps Okada & Kurokawa SA: Korea, Japan, India 48. D. (D.) inimigrans Sturtevant C (Tf:65=46+19, Sff:1=1+0) 49. D. (D.) testacea von Roser H: Korea, Japan, Europe, N. America 50. D. (D.) angularis Okada KJ (Tf:27=16+11, Mg: 27=8+19, Mp:2=0+2, Sff:13=2+11) 51. D. (D.) brachynephros Okada SA: Korea, Japan, India 52. D. (D.) unispina Okada KJ (Ng:28=9+19, Mp:10=2+8, Sff:12=5+7, RS:1=1+0) 53. D. (D.) kuntzei Duda P: Korea, Japan, Europe 54. D. (D.) nigromaculata Kikkawa & Peng KJ 55. D. (D.) bizonata Kikkawa & Peng 0: Korea, Japan, Hawaii (Tf:5535+20, Mg: 73=21+52, Mp:3=0+3, Sff:4619+27, TT:10+1) 56. D. (D.) histrio Meigen P: Korea, Japan, China, Europe 57. D. (D.) sternopleuralis Okada & Kurokawa KJ (Tf:21+1, Mg:1=0+1, Sff:31+2) 58. D. (D.) grandis Kikkawa & Peng LU *59 D. (D.) tenuicauda Okada KJ (Sff:1=0+1)

Judging from the relatively large proportion (28.8%, 17/59) of the species newly recorded in the present study, the above list is supposed to be yet rather incomplete. A considerable number of species may remain undiscovered from the Island. Although the faunistic know- ledge is thus limited to a considerable extent, the drosophilid fauna of the Island is provisionally characterized as follows. The LU species occupy a large part of the fauna (20 spp. 33.9%), followed by P (8 spp. 13.6%), SA (6 spp. 10.2%), C (6 spp. 10.2%), K (4 spp. 6.8%), EA (4 spp. 6.8%), E (3 spp. 5.1%), 0 (3 spp. 5.1%), QJ (2 spp. 3.4%), H (2 spp. 3.4%) and KC (1 sp. 1.7%). In connection with the location of the Island between the Korean Penin- sula and Japan, the fauna is divided into five elements. The first is the continental element (K+KC, 5 spp. 8.5%). The second is of Japan and Pacific Islands, composed of three species (5.1%), two QJ and Sc. elmoi (0), all of which were newly recorded from the Island in the present study. The third is the element common to both areas, composing the majority of the fauna (KJ+EA+SA+P+H+two 0, 42 spp. 71.2%). In addition to these three elements, the other two, endemics (E) and cosmopolitans (C), contribute to the fauna. In conclusion, the drosophilid fauna of the Island is not much endemic and related so closely both to those of the Korean Peninsula and of Japan that the majority is composed of the species common to both areas. Finally, it should be noted that collections on tree trunks and at rock shelters brought respectively characteristic samples composed of peculiar species which are usually quite rare or absent in samples by ordinary collection methods such as bait trapping and sweeping on fleshy fungi or on bushes. Particularly, D. kangi, belonging to the hirticornis group

132 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

of the subgenus Hirtodrosophila, was frequently collected on tree trunks. The abundance of this species and others of the hirticornis group on tree trunks was observed also at other localities in Japan (Toda 1982, unpubi.). Thanks to President Dr. S.M. Pyun and Prof. C.C. Choung of Cheju National University and to Nagasaki Biological Society for supporting our survey in the Island. This work is No. 2314 contributed from the Inst. Low Temp. Sci., Hokkaido University. References: Chung, Y.J. 1955, DIS 29:111; - 1958, Kor.J.Zool. 1:33-37; Kang, Y.S. et al. 1959, Kor.J.Zool. 2:61-65; Lee, T.J. 1964, Chungang Univ. Thesis collection 9:425-459; Paik, Y.K. & K.W. Kim 1957, DIS 31:153; Toda, M.J. 1982, D.Sc.Thesis, Hokkaido Univ., Sapporo.

Valentin, J. University of G5teborg, It has been known for quite some time that the Sweden. The maternal age effect on age of a female affects the recombinant fre- recombination is entirely reversed in quency among her offspring (the early work is mei-9b D.melanogaster. summarised by Bridges 1927). The textbook description is that this maternal age, or brood, effect causes recombination to decrease during the first ten or so days of egg-laying. In fact, the pattern is more complicated, and in the X chromosome two opposing trends occur: distally, recombination increases with increasing age, while proximal recombination decreases with increasing age (Valentin 1972, Ltining 1981). In the middle of the chromosome, maternal age has little influence on recombination. The preceding paragraph describes the normal situation in the X chromoxome. A number of meiotic mutants display a similar pattern, although of course at much lower levels of recombination. However, it appears that mei-9b has an entirely different brood pattern. Table 1 shows recombination frequencies in the X chromosome in mei-9b and in control flies, displayed separately for five 2/3 day broods. Actually, the marker genes were sc-cv- c t 6 _ v _f5_Dp(1;1)scV1, y+, but for clarity the material is shown lumped for sc-ct (distal region), ct-f(middle region) and fy (proximal region). The difference in pattern between mei-9b and control is dramatic. In the distal region, the control series shows the expected increase of recombination, but mei-9b shows a decreasing trend. The very low value in the first brood is probably a spurious effect, but even if it is real the pattern deviates entirely from control. In the middle of the region, the control values also increase (quite reasonably and in agreement with older data, since the segment studied includes more distal than proximal material). In mei-9b, there is instead a considerable reduction of recombination with broods. And in the proximal region, the control pattern is a steady decrease as expected, while in mei-9b data hint a minimum value in the third brood. Admittedly, the difference between patterns is not as striking proximally as elsewhere in the chromosome, but at least for the distal and middle regions, there can be no doubt that the maternal age effect is quite difference in mei-9b than in control flies. Since the cause of the maternal age effect is unknown, it is very difficult to explain what the abnormal Table 1. Recombination frequency in the X chromosome behaviour of mei-9b might depend on. of mei-9b and control (mei+) D.melanogaster as a But accumulation of data on devia- function of brood (maternal age). tions from "normal" brood effects Days after mating (broods) is probably necessary if we are to Region Strain 1 - 2 3 - 4 5 - 7 8 - 9 10-11 begin to understand such brood sc-ct mei-9b 1.8 4.6 3.8 3.4 2.5 effects some time in the future. Control 15.0 15.0 18.9 22.9 20.8 References: Bridges, C.B. ct-f mei-9b 7.5 8.5 5.1 3.9 2.9 1927, J.Gen.Physiol. 8:698-700; Control 36.2 34.4 51.4 55.2 54.0 Lilning, K.C. 1981, llereditas 95: f-y+ mei-9b 2.3 2.4 1.6 1.7 1.9 181-188; Valentin, J. 1972, Control 14.9 12.8 13.2 13.0 11.1 DIS 48:127. No. of off- mei-9b 440 950 1066 939 970 spring Control 1330 2281 2640 2460 2565 October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 133

Vasudev, V. & N.B. Krishnamurthy. Univer- Environmental pollution due to cadmium is sity of Mysore, India. Non-induction of increasing due to its multifaceted usage. It 11-111 translocation by cadmium chloride has been shown that cadmium causes drastic in D.melanogaster. effects in different test systems. Further it has been demonstrated that cadmium is toxic (Sorsa & Pfeifer 1973; Vasudev & Krishnamurthy 1981) but not mutagenic (Vasudev & Krishnamurthy 1982) in Drosophila melanogaster. The present communication reports the effect of cadmium chloride on the induction of II-III translocation in D.melanogaster. Oregon-K strain of D.melanogaster and mutant stock of 'Oster' having the genetic constitution In (1) 5cSIL sc 85-i-dl-49, y SCSI sc 8 bw:st formed the materials for the present studies. II-III translocation test was analyzed following the procedure of Wurgler et al. In these experiments, after continuous larval feeding, the males that emerged out of the sub-lethal doses of 30, 40 & 50 ppm of cadmium chloride and normal medium were used. All the experiments were carried out at a constant temperature of 23±1 C. The test for translocation is capable of identifying the reciprocal translocations invol- Table. Frequency of II-III translo- ving chromosomes 2 & 3, thereby detecting cations induced by cadmium chloride breakage and chromosome rearrangement (Zimmering in Drosophila melanogaster (larval 1975). The results of 2-3 translocation test feeding). are present in the table. From this table it No. of No. of ZIl-Ill is clear that none of the concentrations are chromo- II-III translo- able to induce II-III translocations. By this, Conc. somes translocations it is opined that, cadmium chloride is unable tested cations to break the chromosome and to rearrange. - In par with this 0' Riordan et al. (1978) in Control 3125 - - the blood lympocytes of man occupationally 3500 - - exposed to cadmium, Suter (1975) and Sutou et 3275 - 40 pp - al. (1980) in mice have demonstrated the non- 50 ppmppm 3675 - clastogenic nature of cadmium. In contrast to the above results, clastogenic nature of this chemical has proved in different test systems (Shiraishi et al. 1972; Shiraishi & Yoshida 1972; Bauchinger et al. 1976; Kumaraswamy & Rajasekarasetty 1977; Bleyl & Lewerenz 1981). Even in D.melanogaster Vasudev & Krishna- murthy (1979) have shown the clastogenic nature of cadmium using dominant lethal test. Hence the results of the present findings supports the view of Wurgler et al. (1977), wherein they have pointed out that the frequency of translocations are not high after chemical treatment. Acknowledgement: One of us (V.V.) is thankful to the U.G.C., New Delhi for the financial assistance. References: Bauchinger,M., E.Schmid, H.J.Einbrodt & J.Dresp. 1976, Mutation Res. 40:57; Bleyl,D.W.R. & H.J.Lewerenz 1981, Genetic Abst. 13:1319; Kumaraswamy,K.R. & M.R.Rajasek:ra- setty 1977, Curr.Sci. 46:475; O'Riordan,M.L., E.G.Flughes & 1-1.J.Evans 1978, Mutation Res. 58:305; Shiraishi, Y. & T.H.Yoshida 1972, Proc.Jap.Acad. 48:248; Shiraishi, Y. & F1.KurahaShi & T.H.Yoshida 1972, Proc.Jap.Acad. 48:133; Sorsa,M. & S.Pfeifer 1973, Hereditas 74:273; Suter,K.E. 1975, Mutation Res. 30:365; Sutou,S., K.Yamamoto,H.Sendota & M.Sugiyam 1980, Genetic Abst. 12:11985; Vasudev,V. & N.B.Krishnamurthy 1979, Curr.Sci. 48:1007; Vasudev,V. &. N.B.Krishnamurthy 1981, DIS 56:153; Vasudev,V. & N.B.Krishnamurthy 1982, Proc. IV All Ind. Cytol.Genet. Congress (in press); Wurgler, F.E., F.H.Sobels & E.Vogel 1977 In: Handbook of mutagenicity test procedure (Kilbey et al., eds.) North-Holland; Zimmering, S. 1975, Ann. N.Y. Acad.Sci. 269:28. 134 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

Viassova, I.E., E.S. Belyaeva & I.F. The great changes in puffing pattern of Droso- Zhimulev. Institute of Cytology and phila salivary gland chromosomes are known to Genetics, Novosibirsk, USSR. Induction occur after heat shock as well as under the in- of giant heat-shock puffs in polytene fluence of several substances (Benzamide, chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster dinitrophenol, valinoniycin, uridine in high con- by 20-OH-ecdysone and ethanol. centration et al.). In these cases the new set of puffs is induced (33B, 63B, 64F, 70A, 87A, 93D, 95D), they were called "heat-shock puffs" (Ashburner & Bonner 1979). They are the main model for investigation of chromosome active region. -6 The induction of giant heat-shock puffs by adding 20-OH-ecdysone (7.4x10 M) and 8% ethanol to the incubation medium is described in the present communication. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The wild stock Batumi L of Drosophila melanogaster has been used. The salivary glands were excised from the third instar larvae at PSi and transferred to the medium for Drosophila cell culture (Poluektova et al. 1980) and containing both 7.4x1O 6M 20-OH-ecdysone (Rohto Pharmaceutical, Osaka, Japan) and 8% ethanol or each of the two components separately. The incubation period varied from 15 min to 8 hours. Then the glands were fixed in ethanol-acetic acid (Ephrussi & Beadle 1936:1), stained with orcein and squashed in 50% lactic acid. The puffs were estimated according to special four-class system: (1) small puffing, (2a) puff size exceeds a chromosome diameter 2-3 times, (3) this exceeding is 3-4 times, (4) 5-6

a I!

87A

Al 87C

874

Fig. 1. General picture of giant Fig. 2. Induction of puffs 87A and 87C in the medium, heat-shock puff induction, containing 7.4x10 6M ecdysone and 8% ethanol. The induction time: a) 15 mm, b) 30 mm, c,d) 60 mm. October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 135

Table 1. Puff sizes after the incubation of times. From three to ten glands for each Drosophila melanogaster sglivary glands in the incubation time point were examined and medium cintaining 7.4x10 M 20-OH-ecdysone and ten nuclei on the preparation were analyzed. 8% ethanol. The results obtained were everaged for each Incubation Puff sizes larva. time 87A 87C 93D 95D 63B 64F 67A RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Induction of 15 min 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 giant puffs 87A, 87C and 93D was carried 30 min 0 0 0 0 out when the salivary glands were incubated 0 0 0 . . -6 1 hr 1 4 1 2 0 8 in the medium containing both 7.4x10 M 2 hr 25 17 17 0 1 1 1 0 6 20-OH-ecdysone and 8% ethanol (Fig. 1). i Ne 5 hr 3:4 3:3 2:3.6 1 1:6.4 1 1:4 ther ecdysone nor ethanols in these 8 hr 0 5 0 5 0 o concentrations produced this effect being added to the medium separately. Table 1 shows the induction of the giant heat- shock puffs in relation to the time. In this experiment 87A, 87C and 93D were fully developed only after 1-2 hour incubation of salivary glands in the medium with ecdysone and ethanol (Fig. 1). In other experiments the puffs 87A and 87C are induced after 15 min incubation although do not reach the giant sizes (Fig. 2a). The reason for such variation in the time of the incubation start are not clear. The giant puffs developed after the 1-2 hour incubation in vitro, kept their sizes till five hours of incubation and did not totally reduce even after eight hours, although the chromosomes structure was already poor. The giant puffs, thus, increase far slower, than heat-shock puffs do which reach their maximum.iwithin the minutes after the heat shock (Fig. 2). This way of induction is very convenient for studying the puffing morphology. The point of interest is that at the giant puff induction in glands excised at PSI ecdysone puffs do not appear. If the glands from later PS' are used, when the ecdysone puffs have been already formed, they regress after the giant puffs induced. Table 2 presents the data on the heat-shock puff activity in separate nuclei of different preparation (incubation for 2 and 5 hrs). Under this of induction, the relationship of puff sizes corresponds to that after the usual temperature shock: the largest are 87A and 87C, then 93D, the rest of the puffs have considerably smaller sizes. On an average it is possible to say about the correlation between the puffs sizes in a nucleus: if the giant puffs in 87A and 87C are formed, then the rest of the puffs are also induced to considerable sizes. On the contrary, at slight induction of 87A and 87C the other puffs can be totally absent. The puffs in 87A, 87C and 93D exceed the chromosome diameter 4-6 times (Figs. 1-2). Attention is given to the fact that 87A and 87C either have approximately equal sizes (Fig. 2d) or 87A is larger than 87C (Fig. 2c). Among the puffs induced after the standard heat shock 87C is always larger than 87A.

Table 2. Variation in sizes of giant heat-shock puffs in separate nuclei of Drosophila melanogaster salivary glands after 2 hrs and 5 hrs incubations with 7.4x1O 6M 20-OH-ecdysone and 8% ethanol. The numbers represent puff classes (results of one experiment are given). Nucleus 5 hrs incubation - 2 hrs incubation No. 87A 87C 93D 95D 63B 64F 67A 87A 87C 93D 95D 63B 64F 67A 1 3 33 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 - 1 - 1 2 3 3 3 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 3 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 0 5 4 4 1 3 2 1 3 4 3 3 0 2 2 2 6 4 4 2 2 3 1 3 3 2 3 0 2 2 1 7 4 4 2 2 2 1 - 4 3 3 - 1.5 1.51 8 4 4 3 3 2 2 - 3 2 1 - 2 2 0 9 2 2 2 0 2 2 0 3 3 3 - 3 3 1 10 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 3 - 2 3 1

11 4 - 4 3 2 - - 4 4 4 1 2 2 1 12 3 3 3 1 2 1 2 13 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 14 4 4 2 2 2 2 0 136 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

When after 15 min incubation in the medium containing ecdysone and ethanol the induction of puffs in 87A and 87C begins, the small puff in 87B can be seen (Fig. 2a). The new way, thus, is proposed for the induction of puffs in 87A, 87C and 93D, which are distinctive in their giant sizes and delay time of development. Inducing agents seem to be 20-OH-ecdysone (7.4x10 6M) and 8% ethanol altogether since neither the former, nor the latter added separately do not induce these puffs. It is unclear whether the composition of the incubation medium is important for the induction of the giant heat-shock puffs. It is to be noted that when the multicomponent medium used in the experiments was changed by the simple salt Effrussi-Beadle's one (Ephrussi & Beadle 1936), the adding of 20-OH-ecdysone and ethanol also induced the heat-shock puffs though they had smaller sizes. It is unknown so far what the giant sizes of this puff are caused by: the increase of transcription or transport delay. The giant puffs incorporate 3H-uridine actively, but quantitative analysis of labelling intensity and the rate of RNA transport has not been performed. The mechanism underlying the induction of the giant puffs is unclear. Of interest is the fact that ecdysterone and ethanol significantly increase the activity of catalase, which is located in the mitochondria (Best-Belponune & Ropp 1982). The giant puffs may arise as a result of drastic disturbance of mitochondrial function. This appears plausible because the heat-shock puffs can be induced by injection of the supernatant of heat-shock mitochondria (Ashburner & Bonner 1979). The proposed technique can be useful at the investigation of control of heat-shock gene activity. References: Ashburner,M. & J.J.Bonner 1979, Cell 17:241-254; Poluektova,E.V. V.G.Mitro- fanov, & V.T.Kakpakov 1980, Ontogenez(USSR) 11:175-180; Ephrussi,B. & G.B.Beadle 1936, Amer. Naturalist 70:218; Best-Belpomme,M. & M.Ropp 1982, Eur.J.Biochem. 121:349-355.

Yardley, D.G. Clemson University, Third instar larvae have been examined for Clemson, South Carolina. Amylase midgut amylase midgut activity patterns in two activity patterns in third instar larvae strains isochromosomal for the third chromo- of Drosophila pseudoobscura. some and in 40 isofemale lines collected from a population at Bryce Canyon, Utah. Dissections and staining were carried out as described by Abraham & Doane). Amylase activity, seen as a cleared area against a dark blue background, was observed in the anterior midgut and posterior midgut regions. In most cases this activity is lower than that observed in adults. In the anterior midgut region, two subregions of activity were observed in the posterior midgut region, three subregions of activity were observed (Fig. 1). Individuals showed considerable variability as to which subregions had activity, with greater variability observed in the posterior midgut region than in the anterior midgut region. Figure i snows tue appLOxuLt.Le regions and subregions of activity as Table 1. Third instar midgut activity patterns well as some of the variants observed. resulting from genetic crosses between two Letting "0" designate the lact of acti- isochromomal strains. vity in a particular subregion, the Cross Midgut Activity Observed numbers "1,2,3" designate activity in Patterns - No. subregions 1, 2 and 3, respectively. ANG PMG Table 1 presents the results of genetic 00 100 14 crosses using the two isochromomal 00 000 2 1.0/1.0 1.0/1.0 strains. One strain was isogenic for Amy xmy 00 023 1 the Amy- 84 allele 1 ad the other iso- 00 123 1 genic for the Amy . allele. Several points can be made about these data. 00 123 12 .84/.84 Amy .84.84 First, the MG patterns are the same Amy x pu 00 100 13 in both strains and it appears to be 00 120 1 a "true-breeding" phenotypic trait. Second, there is no simple Mendelian 00 100 14 1.0/1.0 .84/.84 pattern evident in the PMG data. Amy x Amy 00 000 1 Third, the PMG data implies that what- 00 123 1 ever is the genetic basis for the PMG 00 103 1 October 1983 Research Notes DIS 59 - 137

ANG MNG PMG HG Fig. 1. Diagram of Phenotypic Class 1 2 1 2 3 midgut amylase activity patterns and ANG-12, PMG-123 a representative I I I I I I midgut seen in 3rd AMG02, PMG123 I instar larvae. I II I i I These and addition- ANG-00, PMG-100 al patterns were AMG-00, PNG-123 observed among iso- I I I I genic and wild I A}IG-OO, PMG-023 I I i i I strains of D.pseudo- I I I I obscura. Solid ANc-00, PMC-103 I I I vertical lines I I I represent extent of I ANG-00, PMG-120 ______I the range of activity and demarcate I I I anteriod midgut I I (AMG), middle midgut (Mt1G), posterior midgut (PMG) -m and hindgut (HG) regions. Each horizontal line represents a midgut extending from its anterior (left) to its posterior end (right). Darkened thick regions on the horizontal lines designate subdivisions showing amylase activity. Phenotypes are listed on the left. A representative late third instar larvae midgut is diagrammed below with appropriate regions aligned for the patterns above. 5, salivary gland; C, gastric caeca; N, malpighian tubule.

activity patterns (assuming there is a genetic basis), non-third chromosomal factors are affecting the PMG phenotype. This is so because the strains used in these crosses were isochromosomal for chromosome three and isogenic for the Amy alleles. Amy is located on chromosome three. Variability of midgut activity patterns were studied in 40 isogemale strains from Bryce Canyon, Utah (Table 2). For Table 2. Number and fre- each strain three larvae were examined. As can be seen, the quency of third instar predominant midgut activity pattern was that of the AMG-00 larvae midgut activity PMG-100 in this population. For the anteriod midgut the patterns (MAP) observed predominant pattern was ANG 00 with a frequency of 87 percent. in isofemale strains from For the more variable posterior midgut region the predominant Bryce Canyon, Utah. pattern was the PMG 100 pattern with a frequency of 57 per - cent. No associations were observed between the patterns MAP N Frequency seen in adults and those seen in larvae of the same strain AMG PMG % (data not shown). This suggests that different factors 00 100 17 14.2 (genetic?) determine midgut activity patterns in the two 00 100 66 55.0 00 120 8 6.7 stages. This research supported by a grant from N.I.H. GM 27915. 00 103 1 0.8 Reference: Abraham & Doane, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 00 123 11 9.2 USA 75:4446-4450. 00 020 1 0.8 10 123 4 3.3 02 123 1 0.8 12 100 2 1.7 12 120 2 1.7 12 103 1 0.8 12 123 6 5.0 138 - DIS 59 Research Notes October 1983

Zelentsova,E., T.Braude*, & M.B.Evgen'ev. A novel class of repeated genes of Drosophila Institute of Molecular Biology, *Insti_ rneianogaster has been recently described (Finne- tute of General Genetics, USSR Academy gan et al. 1977; Ilyin et al. 1977). These of Sciences, Moscow, USSR. Supernumerous genetic elements exist in many copies in the family of mobile dispersed genetic genome of D.meianogaster and code for abundant elements isolated from D.virilis genome poly(A)-containing RNAs. Later it was shown lacks the ability to amplify, that such sequences often called "mobile dispersed genetic elements" (mdg) are capable to transpose from one place of the genome to another. Moreover, now it's well documented that these multiple elements often called "Jumping genes" may be amplified in tissue culture cells of D.melanogaster. Almost all the investigations on Drosophila "jumping genes" structure and behaviour have been performed in D.melanogaster, however we were lucky to isolate and describe a multi- pie gene family from D.virilis. Evgen'ev et al. (1982) designated pdvlll. This family occupies more than two hundred sites in D.virilis chromosomes, thus it is by far the most abundant one described until now (Fig. 1). We studied the copy number of these sequences in the DNA isolated from adult flies, salivary glands and embryonic cell culture of D.virilis by means of filter hybridization. In our experiments, the DNA isolated by usual phenol detergent method was hybridized with cloned sequences of the family studied immobilized on nitrocellu- , -- - -. I. lose filters. The DNA isolated from the above mentioned sources was labeled by nick-translation. The experiments summarized in Table 1, enable one to conclude that super multiple family representing "Jumping genes" of D.virilis does not amplify in embryonic cell culture on the other hand these sequences apparently normally replicate in salivary gland nuclei (no drastic underreplication occurs). References: Ilyin,Y.V., N.A.Tchuri- f kov & G.P.Georgiev 1976, Nucleic Acids . .: Res. 3:2115; Finnegan,D.J., G.M.Rubin, H.W.Young, & D.S.Hogness 1977, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. 42:1053.

: Awl

Fig. 1. Polytene chromosomes of D.virilis hybridized with 3 F1-pDvlll sequences.

Table 1. The hybridization of total nick-translated DNAs of D.virilis isolated from different cell types with an excess D.virilis cloned mdg DNA immobilized on nitrocellulose filters. Hybridization was carried out in Immobilized D.virilis DNA 100 ul 4xSSC, 0.2 SDS for 20-24 DNA used adult cell embryos salivary h at 65C. Each hybridization for hybri- flies culture glands a tube contained about O.5x10 6 cpm. dization cpm % cplu % cpm % cpm % a=The figure represents the pDV 111 5200 1.05 5100 1.02 5600 1.1 3800 0.71 proportion of the total amount of label in the hybridization mix of the 31-I--labeled DNA isolated from different sources bound to mdg DNA on the filter. October 1983 TECHNICAL NOTES DIS 59 - 139

Doane, J.A. Hopkins Marine Station, Measuring polarotaxis of any animal in the Stanford University, Pacific Grove, Calif- field is difficult, due to the usual presence ornia. An apparatus for observing of visual and other stimuli. The goal of any polarotaxis in Drosophila. polarotaxis study should therefore be to eliminate all points of reference in an animal's environment, other than the plane of polarization. We utilize a system depicted schematically (figure 1) that attempts to eliminate con- founding environmental stimuli potentially affecting an animal's behavior. Two 6"x6" squares of glass sandwich a flat-blacked fiber board of identical dimensions, though the fiber-board section has a 5" diameter circle cut into its center. This arrangement, using tape or metal hinges for opening, serves as the walking chamber (here it may be assumed that this set-up is primarily interested in locomotor responses; postural or turning behavior polarotaxis demands entirely different approaches). The circular nature of the walking area provides a uniform environment without visual cues other shapes might present. Flat-blacked cylinders above and below this chamber (d=5") screen the tested flies from surrounding apparati and distractions. Below the lower cylinder lie two sheets of diffusing plastic, then two water-cooled light sources. The temperature is maintained at 20C via water bath, and light impinging on the testing chamber is held at 12-15 FC. Background illumination in the testing room is generally below .03 FC. Flies are tested at times of high circadian activity--the interfaces between subjective AM and PM--for 3-10 minutes. Trials are recorded on video camera recorded (VCR), played back on a fast-replay option, and fly-track data are transcribed onto clear plastic sheets clearly indicating the plane of polarization. The fly-track data are then analyzed on a cartesian coordinate digitizer. Preliminary data indicates that animals move randomly when the polaroid is removed, while strong polarotaxis is elicited in a variety of species. Dark adaption, food deprivation, and testing several animals simultaneously (as opposed to single animal assays) alter the degree of polarotaxis though effects vary with species, and indeed, strain.

Q.) -

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0 140 - DIS 59 Technical Notes October 1983

Holliday, M., M. Vargo, & J. Hirsch. The proboscis extension reflex in Drosophila University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, melanogaster (Vargo & Hirsch 1982b; Vaysse & Illinois. An automated system for stimu- Medioni 1973) has been used for studies of con- lating several flies individually in ditioning (Medioni et al. 1978; Medioni & studies of the proboscis extension reflex. Vaysse 1975) and of central excitation (Vargo & Hirsch 1982a). In Medioni's research one fly is stimulated automatically. It walks on a rotating, vertically positioned kymograph drum carrying, on the surface, felt pads soaked with appropriate solutions to stimulate the fly's tarsal chemoreceptors. A limitation to this arrangement is that only one animal can be tested at a time, making tedious the collection of large data sets for genetic studies. The Vargo & Hirsch (1982a, 1982b) study employed a technique whereby the stimulus solutions were delivered to the animals by hand. While this method was sufficient to demonstrate the existence of the central excitatory state, it caused concern because (a) experimenter fatigue could produce uncontrolled variations in the timing and manner of stimulus presentation and (b) differences in technique among experiments might affect results. Because of these concerns about the manual technique, we modified the Medioni apparatus to permit testing several flies together, thereby circumventing the problems of sample size and inter-experimenter reliability. The equipment consists of a vertically positioned, electrically powered kymograph connected in series with a rheostat (used for adjusting rotational drum speed), a stereomicroscope mounted on an adjustable arm (for moving the microscope over an array of mounted flies), and an 18 inch fluorescent lamp (15 W) placed approximately 30 cm above the flies to illuminate the animals. The kymograph drum is made by bolting together from the inside two 16 cm diameter X 15.5 cm drums and spray painting them white (Figure 1). Our major modification of the Medioni apparatus has been to use long stimulus strips (Whatman #3 filter paper) instead of felt pads and to place these strips obliquely across the drum. With oblique placement of the stimulus strips, flies positioned vertically along the side of the drum s one above another, encounter the stimulus strips at different times, allowing the experimenter time to observe the proboscis extension by each, one after another. The length of time that an individual fly walks over a strip (length of stimulus presentation) is dependent on (a) width of the strip, (b) drum rotational speed, and (c) the angle the stimulus strip is placed along the drum. Therefore, depending on the requirements of the paradigm to be employed, many combinations of these parameters may be used. The stimulus strips (approximately 1 mm in height) are saturated with solutions held in 15 ml polyethylene reservoirs placed on top of the drum. Solutions are fed to the strips through capillary tubes, whose tip diameter controls the rate of flow. The saturated strips adhere to the drum surface and require no other means of attachment. The stimulus strips act as wicks and prevent solutions from spilling over onto other sections of the drum. However, if two strips need to be contiguous, lekftg could occur. To prevent leaking, a rubber band is cut open, stretched along the boundary between the two strips, and secured around sheet metal screws at the ends of the drum. The stimulus strips, positioned on each side of the rubber band, are now nearly contiguous. To test the effectiveness of the barrier to leaching, the strip placed below the barrier was given distilled water, while the one above received dyed water. After one hour of observation, no dye was found on the adjacent undyed strip. Finally, a drip pan (19 cm in diameter with a 6 cm hole in the center) is placed under the drum to catch the fluid run-off. Drosophila are mounted in micropipet tips (Vargo & Hirsch 1982a, 1982c). Wooden dowels (1/16 in diameter x 6 in) are inserted into the larger opposite ends of the micropipet tips. The dowels are secured in modeling clay molded around a support stand positioned next to the kymograph. The clay provides the flexibility in three dimensions to adjust the pitch, yaw, and extension of a pipet tip so that each fly is positioned as desired. Flies are positioned so that when their prothoracic legs are fully extended, the ends of their legs are approximately 1 mm above the drum surface. As the drum rotates and the strips approach each animal, the flies extend their legs and walk over the strips, thus stimulating the chemoreceptors on the tarsi. With the above technique, individual flies positioned along the drum can be observed sequentially as the stimulus strips approach each fly. So far we have used this apparatus to simulate in Drosophila the paradigms for central excitatory state (Vargo & Hirsch 1982a, 1982b) and a modification of the excitatory classical conditioning paradigms used with Phormia regina (Hirsch & McCauley 1977; McGuire & Hirsch 1977; Nelson 1971). October 1983 Technical Notes DIS 59 - 141

Figure 1. Basic equipment and their relative positions during a test. The kymograph is shown with the 2 drums (A) bolted together, stimulus strips placed obliquely across the drum (B), fluid reservoirs (C) placed on top of the drums, and the drip pan (D) which empties into a larger container (E). The dowel rods (F) are attached to the support stand (G) with clay (H). On the ends of the dowel rods are pipet tips containing the flies. The fluorescent light and stereomicroscope are also shown.

This work was supported by a Grant for research training in Institutional Racism (MH15173), from the National Institute of Mental Health and a Biomedical Research Support Grant (NIH RR 7030-1-5-21703), from the National Institute of Health. References: Hirsch,J. & L.A.McCauley 1977, Animal Behav. 25:3; McGuire,T.R. & J.Hirsch 1977, Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci. USA 74:5193-5197; Medioni,J. N.Cadieu & G.Vaysse 1978, C.R.Soc.Biol. 172:961-967; Medioni,J. & C.Vaysse 1975, C.R.Soc.Biol.169:1386-1391; Nelson,M.C. 1971, Jrl. Comp. and Physiol.Psych. 77:353-368; Vargo,M. & J.Hirsch 1982, Jrl.Comp. and Physiol.Psych. 96:452-459 (a); 1982, DIS 58:149 (b); 1982, DIS 58:173 (c); Vaysse,G. & J.Medioni 1973, C.R.Soc.Biol. 167:560-564.

142 - DIS 59 Technical Notes October 1983

Maroni, C. & S.C. Stamey. University of Hatching of the first instar and the two larval North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Caro4 molts are events when it is possible to collect lina. Use of blue food to select synchro- D.melanogaster larvae of a well defined develop- nous, late third-instar larvae, mental age. The larval molts are not practical for this purpose because the larvae are buried in the food, at this time, and they require close inspection to be classified. The harvest of developmentally synchronous late third- instar larvae presents a special problem because this is so far removed from hatching, the most convenient collection stage, that synchrony is deteriorated: in our experience, larvae that had hatched over a one-hour period reached pupariation with an asynchrony of ten to fifteen hours. Larvae stop feeding late in the third instar and here we report a method that makes use of this fact to identify and collect synchronous larvae two and four hours before puparium formation. Eggs from several thousand flies were collected on a yeasted agar dish from a population cage. Newly hatched first instar larvae were transferred to 236 ml (half-point) culture bottles at a density of 100 larvae per bottle. The medium used was the standard corn meal, molasses and agar to which was added, while soft, the dye bromphenol blue, at a concentration of 0.05%. Larvae that feed on medium containing bromophenolblue show a distinctly blue alimentary canal. This color persists for a while after they cease feeding and enter the wandering stage that precedes pupariation. After three to four hours the color becomes noticeably lighter and finally it disappears completely just before pupariation. The process of color loss is probably continuous, but one can distinguish larvae of three classes with respect to gut color: dark, light and clear. Figure 1 shows plots of the cumulative number of larvae which have reached different stages of 500 ______I I I development. In this particular '( experiment, the lightening of gut color was evident approximately 3.75 hr after the initiation of the wandering stage and pupariation followed - 2.0 hr later. When observing 400- a large number of larvae as in this experiment, it is imprac- tical to keep track of the clear larvae because pupariatiori U) ensues shortly afterwards. In an experiment in which the individual progress of a few larvae - was followed, we found that the time between clearing of the gut - color and pupariation is 10-15 minutes.

4iISJ

Figure 1. Cumulative points of the number of Samarkand larvae which have reached three different stages in late larval development: , wandering stage, dark blue; 4, wandering stage, light blue; o , prepupae. The data are pooled from four bottles grown concurrently and with approximately equal numbers of larvae. Time was measured from the mid-point of the hatching period which was one hour. 95 100 105 110 115 120 October 1983 Technical Notes DIS 59 - 143

The length of the wandering stage may be quite variable in different cultures; however, this variability can be substantially reduced by keeping the number of individuals per culture constant and by incubating cultures in a high humidity atmosphere. The presence of bromophenol blue in the medium has no detectable effect on development time and it does not interfere with the assays for such enzymes as alcohol dehydrogenase, alpha glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, aldehyde oxidase or with protein assays. References: Maroni & Stamey 1983, DIS this issue; Maroni et al. 1982, Genetics 101:431-446.

McCrady, E. University of North Carolina, Survival of larval hosts injected with disc Greensboro, North Carolina. Possible parts reached an unacceptably low level in a detrimental interaction between etherized recent series of experiments. After reducing larvae and polystyrene culture vials, the period of etherization to its lowest practical length, the possibility arose that the high mortality might be due to interaction of larval cuticle retaining ether molecules with the surfaces of polystyrene culture vials (Carolina Biological) in which the operated larvae were isolated. Dead larvae were frequently found stuck to the walls of such vials, while the few surviving animals appeared to have remained in the food until pupariation. To test this possibility, the control series summarized in the graph was carried out, comparing the survival of operated and control animals in glass and polystyrene vials after differing amounts of etherization. Data on control etherizations are averages of four wild-type stocks, including the 100 one routinely used in our experimental work. No significant differences were found in the Survival survival of the differ- After ent stocks. The results 50 indicate strongly that Treatment if etherization of larvae exceeds one minute, the use of polystyrene vials for subsequent culture should be 0 avoided. Experimental Control: Control: Control: Operated operations performed Unetherized 1 mm. 2 mm. Larvae since change over to Ether Ether glass vials have routinely averaged over P= Polystryene Vials (Carolina Biological) 60% survival, and we have adopted one minute, G= Class Vials 25 seconds as the optimal length of etherization for larvae in a saturated chamber.

McRobert, S.P. & L. Tompkins. Temple Uni- We have developed a simple and efficient proce- versity, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. dure for collecting Drosophila in the field. Stalking the wild Drosophila. Instead of a paper cup suspended from a branch with string (e.g., Spencer 1950), our trap is a clear plastic cup, available wherever disposable picnic supplies are sold, which is hung by a loop of red yarn. We bait these traps with mashed banana topped with active dry yeast. Flies are collected by being shaken into a plastic sandwich bag which has been quickly placed over the open end of the cup. The flies are 144 - DIS 59 Technical Notes October 1983

S then aspirated into a food vial. Our aspirator is made by cutting an automatic pipet top so that the smaller end is 2-3 mm (i.d.), then covering the large end with polyethylene mesh (Fisher Scientific Co.) and inserting it into a length of plastic tubing. Flies are sucked from the plastic bag into the pipet tip and subsequently blown into the food vial by mouth. This procedure is superior to traditional techniques in a number of respects. First, the traps are virtually indestructible; they are not destroyed by rain nor consumed by animals, although they may be carried away by raccoons. We have used these traps for several months, replenishing the bait at weekly intervals while the traps still hung on branches. Use of red yarn to suspend the traps makes them readily visible in the field. Finally, the collection procedure is remarkably efficient. The transparency of the cups makes it easy to observe the presence of flies without disturbing them, and use of the plastic bag and aspirator as described above provides little or no opportunity for flies to escape. With practice, it is possible to transfer all of the flies from a trap to a food vial in less than a minute. S.P.M. was supported by a Biomedical Research Grant awarded to Temple University. Reference: Spencer, W.P. 1950, Biology of Drosophila (Demerec, ed.) pp. 535-590.

Powers, N.R., R.Wirtz & W.Jederberg. At Letterman Army Institute of Research, Letterman Army Institute of Research, mutagenicity testing of various materials are San Francisco, California. Computer being conducted using the Sex-linked Recessive assisted techniques for use with the Lethal (SLRL) essay with Drosophila melanogas- sex-linked recessive lethal testing ter. These tests are conducted in compliance with Drosophila melanogaster. with Food and Drug Administration-Good Labora- tory Practice Regulations (1978) needing a unique numbering of D.melanogaster, their progeny and storage of raw data. A FORTRAN V program and associated subroutines have been designed for the rapid generation of large numbers of labels for culture vials and cards for recording data for each unique numbered male. In addition, this system 'records new data, stores it, and allows the user to receive a selected copy of the data set. This program also summarizes the testing results so that statistical techniques can be applied. The use of the system has greatly reduced the time spent generating these ma- CL? STUDY :;o. 82001 terials, eliminated errors RUN: 37 and insured continuity from T2-898 BR: 1 5MAR82 the initiation to the ter- COMPOUND CODE: 002T mination of the assay. NOTES: The first program generates labels (Figure 1) for vials containing the P 1 -F 1 progeny CL? STuDy .. 82001 C’IiPOD COD-: 002MPT from these vials. To generate lables and cards the T2-898 L:I 5MAR82 RUN: 37 program request from the user: study number, repli- F2 CROSS LEDIUIi BATCH : cation (run) number, DATE: II'ftALS sequential unique identfy- ing number for each fly, AILURE LETHALB NONLETHALS code for control or test compound, exposure date F3 CROSS IIEDIUN BATCH #: and brood number. The DATE: IiITIALS

r'AlLUHES LETHAL NONLETHALS Figure 1. Sample of the NOTES: label and card for a test-compound. October 1983 Technical Notes DIS 59 - 145

000 25 25 .00 12 898 OO2Pt 0 025 500 000 000 0 0 0 I9 14 .00 07 IS 897 0Q2'PT I 025 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 025 I 0 0 0 0 99 99 .00 31 12 898 0029 PT 1 021 0 025 0 025 0 025 1 0 0 0 100100 00 37 12 899 002407 0 025 0 025 0 025 0 025 0 . Figure 2. Raw data. 0 0 05 03 .00 7 12 900 0054P1 0 055 0 025 0 025 0 0 8 0 0

I.1I1ERANAR4Y I7IST1IUT OR RESEARCH SEX-1IP1KED RLC33IV( LIII*L DROSOPHILA 85387 (RAM 5818 P8041-OUT) Figure 3.

DAILI LOJUN82 PA: oo Formatted

UOLIQD.V..AIL - 5QL0L0_t2I . 8UUQ_8.3L .. SQQL.00L.-. ._...... 5U53&aL_1QLIL&..__.IUTAL .. -MUTATION data. RUN. MALE C0 9 POJND Fl L OLI F L: NLI F: L 91.1 RI L OL: IF SI. ML IL TOL ISISI R&IA 101

37 72 896 002901 D 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 25 25 .00

37 12 097 0021'I I 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 55 1 0 0 0 49 - - 89 .00

37 12 898 002421 I 0 25 0 0 55 0 0 55 0 0 55 I 0 0 0 99 99 .00

.00 37 12 814 002PI 0 U25 - 0 0 25 0 0 25 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 jUl 100

37 12 900 002PT 0 0 25 0 0 25 0 0 25 0 0 8 I 0 0 0 61 83 .00

XPLA9&T05V 1OILS FF1LUPES, L4LLIMALS, NL4N0lLEIHALS IFT07*L FAILuROS, 3L-SINGLE UIHAL3,)IL4MULTIPL LEIHALS, TL4IO7AL LEJ148L3, INLIUIAL NONLETHAL3 cards are generated with the above information and spaces to record the following observations of SLRL progeny: Dates of the F 9 and F 3 cross, batch number of media, initials of the obser- ver, and the resulting numbers o failures, lethals, and nonlethals. The labels and cards may be generated on a printer with a tractor feed (Diablo Printer). The program is formatted so that lables (1x3.5 in) and cards (3x5) are printed on continuous feed single width stock material. The cards provide permanent records and greatly facilitate data entry into permanent data files on the computer. The second program enables the user to record and store raw data in such a manner that it can be retrieved as a printout in raw form (Figure 2) or in a formatted form (Figure 3) of selected data. This program requests of the user: replication (run) number, unique number of the male; compound (test or control) code, number of failures, lethals and non-lethals for that unique numbered male. If a mistake was made in entering the data provisions in the program allow the user may re-enter the corrected data. The user may request a print-out of the raw data or data in a formatted form. By utilizing this program the raw data may be presented in a form which is easy to view and saves time in analysis.

147M5 OF FT LE TO SF SF'.7\RC1- 1 7 7 :

**** DRO9nPPTLA PFCflR SF'?'OCT 011) PLEASE NTVS R1Jr’ Nu’PFS TO P.5 q[1s 7 757r. r) 1

ENTER GROUP REST.G"ATOP. TO OF' SF CSF'.fl flr (T1,T2,Pl,07 C] ETC. ALLfl 7 'S):'? EU51T,i.2Y TT 7\L9: RUN 'W113EP: GROUP TYPE: T2 Figure 4. Pp' ')t) fl7\TA,: Data summary. LETNALE: 0 1. 1 0 NOLETFIAL: 5" 2 532 i1A GRAND TOTAL LET1ALS: 2 GRAND TOTAL NONLETTIALS: 7f)O -) TOTAL RECORDS PROCESSED: 25 TOTAL TESTS REPRESENTED: 200 L 146 - DIS 59 Technical Notes October 1983

The last program searches the raw data file and summarizes the data of a specific subgroup (control or test) of a given replicate (run). The program requests: name of the file to be searched, replicate (run) number, and group designation code of males exposed to the control or test substance. The number of lethals and nonlethals for each brood is printed out as well as the total number of lethals, nonlethals and total records of males assayed for a particular group of replicates (Figure 4). This program summarizes the raw data in each brood from either a control or test compound so that statistical analysis may be performed with ease. All three of these programs and their subroutines can be modified to fit a particular laboratory protocol. Copies of these programs and subroutines may be obtained from the senior author. Food and Drug Administration. Good Laboratory Practices regulations. Federal Register 43(163): 377336-37403, 1978. This materials has been reviewed by Letterman Army Institute of Research and there is no objection to its presentation and/or publication. The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the author(s) and are not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense.

Remington, M. & S.K. Hotchkiss. Clarkson We have developed a method of feeding a chemical College, Potsdam, New York. An alterna- to adult Drosophila in a paste of cellulose tive method of feeding a chemical to rather than in sucrose solution on tissue paper. adult Drosophila. Since the cellulose paste method solved a particular technical problem for us, it may be useful to others as well. We found the frequency of X-linked recessive lethals produced in sperm of males fed on N,N-diethylnitros amine (DEN) in cellulose paste was the same as when the mutagen was fed on tissue paper. The cellulose we used was Avicell, a powder obtained from the FMC Corporation. Before preparing a paste, we dried Avicell in 37 C incubator overnight and ground it to a fine powder with a mortar and pestle. Each treatment vial received 0.7g of the Avicell powder and 0.5 ml of DEN in 1% sucrose solution. Since the cellulose powder absbrbs water readily, we stoppered the vials, allowed them to sit at room temperature for 24 hours, then added more DEN solution to give a consistency similar to that of instant fly food. The flies could then be added to the vials and allowed to feed in the usual manner.

TEACHING NOTES

Erickson, J. Western Washington Univer- I've found that the yellow eye color trait which sity, Bellingham, Washington, USA. I reported previously (DIS 51:22 1974) shows an A temperature-sensitive yellow eye color, interesting change with temperature. The trait, originated spontaneously in my sepia stock, and I use it in this way, that is, w5y; se. The eyes are a clear lemon-yellow color at 25 . At 18, the eye color of the flies of this stock is indistinguishable from w. I have found that sepia-yellow works well to show the effect of temperature on phenotype. Students simply make up cultures from stock and incubate them at the two temperatures, or at several temperatures. One may also use the trait, of course, for temperature-shift experiments, so that students may observe what stage of development is sensitive to temperature, in the development of pigment in this case. I shall be pleased to send the stock.

October 1983 Teaching Notes DIS 59 - 147

Sperlich, D. University of Tlibingen, In a basic course in population genetics we are F.R.Cermany. Useful population cage using successfully for years a simple cage experiments for demonstrating direc- experiment to demonstrate the effect of natural tional and balancing selection. selection in populations carrying a recessive lethal. Depending on the population system the lethal is either going to be balanced or eliminated (Sperlich & Karlich 1970). Strains used for the experiment are: a wild type strain of D.melanogaster P L (D.pseudoobscura can be also used; see A Sved & Ayala 1970) and a LCy/Pm strain PM with good expression of the markers (occasional selection of the strain for good manifestation of Cy is recommended). Using the ordinary marker strain technique pairs of lines are established (see Figure 1) carrying the same wild chromosome II in homozygous condition (+A/+A) or in combination with LCy (LC y /+A). At least ten such pairs of

F 1 L L lines (A/A - LCy/A, B/B - LCy/B ...,

J/J - LCy/J) must be available for the experiment. Lines with homozygotes A/A PM ~ being lethal (about 30 percent!) must be discarded. "Monochromosomal" popu- Cy J Cy lations are then started each by founder flies from one pair of the lines only; e.g., line C/C and line LCy/C. Wild sin. ig1e3!! flies are taken from the c/c line and LCy-phenotypes from the LCy/C line (there are wild type flies in this line too which must be either discarded or F 2 L I L I counted as"wild" type C/C). The ratio II I A between c/c and LCy/C genotypes in the A founder population is chosen 2:1. 1 TlPo l ychromosoma l?t population are founded in the same way but wild type flies are Cy V Cy] now taken equally from all different

pairs of lines (A/A, B/B, ..., J/J) and Lcy flies from the corresponding

LCy-line (LCy/A, LCy/B, ..., Lcy/J). The ratio wild: LCy is again 2:1. Any population cage system can be used to keep the populations for three to F 3 Lfl four months. The temperature should be A A A 25C which ensures good manifestation + + + of Cy and a generation time of about 15 days. Egg samples should be taken every Cy second generation (this means monthly) by inserting 4-6 fresh vials into the All LCy- AU wild cage for 24 hours. The flies hatching from these samples are then counted. phenotypes phenotypes The relative frequency of the Lcy establish establish chromosomes in the cage populations is Line LCy/A line A/A easily calculated. Three to four

Fig. 1. Crossing procedure for the 1 1 construction of ttmonocrhomosomal T ' and This is a pair of lines Itp olychromosoma llt populations. 148 - DIS 59 Special Note October 1983 samples are usually enough to demonstrate that LCy is almost completely eliminated in this short period from the gene pool of the polychromosomal populations but appears balanced in the monochromosomal populations (Sperlich & Karlich 1970; Sved 1971). Starting with a LCy frequency of q=.167 (=1/6) it becomes nearly zero in the polychromosomal and around q=0.25 to almost q0.50 in the monochromosomal populations. The population system is very simple since LCy/LCy phenotypes are completely lethal. Putting the relative fitness of the heterozygotes (e.g., LCy/A) 1 only the fitness of the wild type "homozygotes" (e.g., A/A in mono, and A/B ... D/D in poly.) remains unknown. Starting with q=.167 and the following fitness distribution calculations can be easily made with any pocket calculator by the students: A/A LCy/A LCy/LCy fitness W 1 0 population fitness = W = W frequency p 2 2pq q2 + 2pq

(q =.1667; W=1.4, 1.2, 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, = w 2 pq W + 2 q 0 p0 p0 0.4, 0.2, 0.0)

By iteration of this formula and by using different W values students can easily gain basic understanding for selection processes maximizing population fitness. Additional discussions arise automatically about genetic load, balancing selection and computer simulations of populations systems (Sperlich et al. 1982). References: Sperlich, D. & A. Karlik 1970, Genetica 41:265-304; Sved, J. 1971, Genet. Res. 18:97-105; Sved, J. & F.J. Ayala 1970, Genetics 66:97-113; Sperlich, D., A. Karlik & P. Pfriem 1981, BiolZbl. 101:395-411.

SPECIAL NOTE

Ashburner, M. & H.L. Carson*. University Published maps (not always complete karyotypes) of Cambridge, England and *University of of Drosophila polytene chromosomes. (*) mdi- Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. cates a photomap. If a species is not on this A checklist of maps of polytene chromo- list check close relatives (e.g., those of same somes of Drosophilids. species group). We have tried to use only Wheeler approved names (Wheeler, M. 1981, Chapter 1 of "The Genetics and Biology of Drosophila" volume 3a). Please send any corrections or additions to M. Ashburner. acanthoptera (*) Ward & Heed 1970 J Hered 61:248. adiastola (*) Carson & Stalker 1968 Univ Texas Pubs 6818:367. affinis L E Stone 1968, Thesis, Nebraska (see also athabasca) albomicans (*) Lambert 1976 J 1-lered 67:92; Lin et al 1974 DIS 51:42. algonquin Miller 1939 Genetics 24:699. ambigua Frumento 1954 Scientia Genetica (Turino) 4:205; Mainx et al 1953 Z indukt Abstamm -u Verebungsl 85:354. americana Hughes 1939 Genetics 24:811 a.texana Hughes 1939 Genetics 24:811 ananassae Dutta Gupta et al 1973 The Nucleus (Calcutta) 16:130; Hinton & Downs 1975 J Hered 66:353; Kikkawa 1938 Genetica 20:458; Kikkawa 1939 Cytologia 9:452; Futch 1966 Univ Texas Pubs 6615:79; (*) Moriwaki & Ito 1969 Jap J Genet 44:129; Seecof In: Stone et al 1957 Univ Texas Pubs 5721:260; (*) Sreerama Reddy & Krishnamurthy 1973 DIS 50:142. andamanensis Sing & Gupta 1979 Genetica 51:55. athabasca Miller & Voelker 1968 J Hered 59:86; 1969 J 1-lered 60:230; 1969 J Hered 60:306; 1972 J Hered 63:2; Miller & Sanger 1968 J Hered 59:322; Miller 1979 J Hered 68:105. auraria (*) Oguma et al 1982 DIS 58:118. October 1983 Special Note DIS 59 - 149 azteca Dobzhansky & Sokolov 1939 J ilered 30:3; 1938 An Escuela Nacio Ciencias Mexico 1:37. bandeirantorum Saizano 1963 Rev Brasil Biol 23:141. biarmipes Gupta 1969 Proc Zool Soc Calcutta 22:53 (as raychaudhuri). bifasciata Moriwaki & Kitagawa 1955 Cytologia 20:247. bipectinata Narda 1966 The Nucleus (Calcutta) 9:153; Jha & Rabman 1973 Cytologia 38:425. birchii (*) Baimai 1970 J Hered 61:22. busckii Krivshenko 1955 Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 41:1077; Sirotina 1938 Mem Genetics Acad Sci Ukraine 2:61. buzzatii Wasserman 1962 Univ Texas Pub 6205:85; Ruiz & Fontdevila 1981 DIS 56:111. crassifemur (*) Yoon et al. 1975 Evolution 29:249. crocina (*) Kastritsis 1966 Univ Texas Pubs 6615:413. cubana (*) Valente & Morales 1982 DIS 58:146. euronatus (*) Stalker 1964 Genetics 49:669. fasciola Wasserman 1962 Univ Texas Pubs 6205:119. flavopilosa Brncic 1962 Chromosoma 13:183; (*) 1966 Evolution 20:16; (*) 1978 Canad J Genet Cytol 18:111. funebris Perje 1954 Acta Zool (Stockholm) 35:259; Slizinska & Slizinski 1941 Proc 7th Int.Cong.Genet:266 (abstract: map ever published?); Tiniakov 1936 Biol Zh (Moscow) 5:753; 1965 Bull Moscow Obsh Isopyt Priv Otdel Biol. USSR 70:141; Cohen 1976 Chromosoma 55:349. gasici (*) Brncic & Koref-Santibanez 1965 Chromosoma 16:47; (*) Brncic et al 1971 Univ Texas Pubs 7103:1. gaucha (*) Brncic et al 1971 Univ Texas Pubs 7103:1. grimshawi (*) Carson & Stalker 1968 Univ Texas Pubs 6818:335. griseolineata (*) Kastritsis 1969 J Hered 60:50. guaramunu (*) Kastritsis 1969 J Hered 60:50. guarami (*) Kastritsis 1969 3 Hered 60:50. hamatophila Wasserman 1962 Univ Texas Pubs 6205:85. hydei Berendes 1963 Chromosoma 14:195; Wasserman 1962 Univ Texas Pubs 6205:73; (*) Ananiev & Barsky 1982 Chromosoma 87:239. hypocausta (*) Khan 1966 J Flered 57:51 (as pararubida). hystricosa (*) Yoon et al 1972 Univ Texas Pubs 7213:179. immigrans Le Calvex 1953 Chromosoma 6:170; Parshad & Arora 1971 Res Bull Panjab Univ Sci 22:19; Singh & Gupta 1979 Cytobios 26:193; Freire-Maia et al 1953 Dusenia IV:303; Tribe 1981 MsC Thesis, LaTrobe Univ, Mel- bourne, Australia. jambulina Rajput et al 1980 Proc Indian Acad Sci (Animal Sd) 89:39; Singh & Gupta 1980 Jap J Genet 55:81. kepulauana (*) Lambert 1976 J Hered 6:92. kikkawai Freire-Maia 1947 Bol fac f ii Ciencias Letr Univ S Paulo 87 No.7:3 (as montium); (*) Roy & Lakhotia 1977 DIS 52:118; (*) Roy & Lakhotia 1979 Indian J Exp Biol 17:231. kohkoa (*) Mather & Thongrneearkom 1971 DIS 53:150; (*) Lambert 1976 3 Hered 78:92. lacertosa (*) Narayanan 1973 Genetics 73:319. lebanonensis Berendes & Thijssen 1971 Chromosoma 33:345. longiseta (*) Yoon & Richardson 1976 Genetics 83:827. lutescens Fukatami 1975 Jap J Genet 50:433. macrospina Weinberg 1954 Univ Texas Pubs 5422:153. malerkotliana Jha & Rahman 1972 Chromosoma 37:445; Jha & Rahman 1973 Cytologia 38:425. mediodelta (*) Kastritsis 1966 Univ Texas Pubs 6615:413. mediodiffus (*) Kastritsis 1966 Univ Texas Pubs 6615:413. mediopictoides (*) Kastritsis 1966 Univ Texas Pubs 6615:413. mediopunctata (*) Kastritsis 1966 Univ Texas Pubs 6615:413. mediostriata (*) Kastritsis 1966 Univ Texas Pubs 6615:413; (*) Kastritsis et al 1970 Canad J Genet Cytol 12:952. melanica Ward 1952 Univ Texas Pubs 5204:137. melanogaster Bridges C.B. 1935 3 Flered 26:60; Bridges C.B. 1938 3 Hered 29:11(X); Bridges P.N. 1942 J Hered 33:403 (2L); Bridges C.B. & Bridges P.N. 1939 J Hered 30:475 (2R); Bridges P.N. 1941 J Hered 32:64 (3L); 150 - DIS 59 Special Note October 1983

Bridges P.N. 1941 J Hered 32:299 (3R); (*) Lefevre 1976 In:The Gene- tics & Biology of Drosophila (ed Ashburner & Novitski) Vol la; (*) Wu & Wadell 1982 Chroiinosoma 86:299; (*) Sorsa & Saura 1980 Hereditas 92:73 (X:1-2); (*) 1980 Hereditas 92:341 (X:3-5); (*) Sorsa, Saura & Heine 1983 Hereditas 98:181 (X:6-10); (*) Saura & Sorsa 1979 Hereditas 90:39 (2:21-22); (*) Saura 1980 Hereditas 93:295 (2:23-26); (*) Saura & Sorsa 1979 Hereditas 91:219 (2:27-29); (*) 1979 Heredjtas 90:257 (2:30-31); (*) 1979 Hereditas 91:5 (2:37-39). melanura (*) Stalker 1965 Genetics 51:487. mercatorum Wasserman 1962 Univ Texas Pubs 6205:63; (*) Sene et al 1981 Rev Brasil Genetics IV:1. mesophragmatica (*) Brncic et al 1971 Univ Texas Pubs 7103:1. metzii (*) Kastritsis 1966 Univ Texas Pubs 6615:413. micromelanica (*) Stalker 1965 Genetics 51:487. mimica (*) Yoon et al 1972 Univ Texas Pubs 7213:301. miranda (*) Anderson et al 1977 J Hered 68:71; Dobzhansky & Tan 1936 Z indukt Abstamm -u Vererbungsl 72:88; (*) Daset al 1982 Chromosoma 87:373. montana Moorehead 1954 Univ Texas Pubs 5422:106. moriwakii (*) Narayanan 1973 Genetics 73:319. mulleri Wasserman 1954 Univ Texas Pubs 5422:130; 1962 Univ Texas Pubs 6205:85. nannoptera Ward & Heed 1970 J Hered 61:248. nasuta (*) Roy & Lakhotia 1981 Indian J Exp Biol 19:797. nasutoides (*) Cordeiro et al 1975 Chromosoma 51:65. nebulosa Pavan 1946 Genetics 31:546. nepalensis Parshad & Gandhi 1971 Res Bull Panjab Univ Sci 22:5. nigricruria Wasserman 1962 Univ Texas Pubs 6205:85. nigromaculata Toyofuku 1960 J Fac Sci Hokkaido Univ Sen VI 14:473. nigromelanica (*) Stalker 1964 Genetics 49:883; (*) 1965 Genetics 51:487. obscura Mainx et al 1953 Z indukt Abstaxnm -u Vererbungsl 85:354. pachea (*) Ward & Heed 1970 J Hered 61:248. pallidipennis (*) Pasteur & Kastnitsis 1971 Canad J Genet Cytol 13:29; Freire-Maia & Engel 1949 Ciencia e Cultura 1:204. pallidosa Futch 1966 Univ Texas Pubs 6615:79. paramediostriata (*) Kastnitsis 1966 Univ Texas Pubs 6615:413. paramelanica (*) Stalker 1960 Genetics 45:95. paranaensis Wasserman 1962 Univ Texas Pubs 6205:63. paulistorum Kastnitsis 1966 Chromosoma 19:208. pavani Brncic 1957 Chromosoma 8:699; (*) Brncic et al 1971 Univ Texas Pubs 7103:1. persimilis Dobzhansky & Tan 1936 Z indukt Abstainm -u Vererbungsl 72:88. (*) Ander- son et al 1977 J Hered 68:71. planitibia (*) Carson & Stalker 1968 Univ Texas Pubs 6818:355. primeva (*) Carson & Stalker 1969 Univ Texas Pubs 1918:85. prosaltans (*) Bicudo 1974 Genetica 44:520; Cavalcanti 1948 Genetics 33:529. pseudoobscura (*) Anderson et al 1977 J Hered 68:71; (*) Kastritsis & Crumpacker 1966 J Hered 57:150; (*) 1967 J Hered 58:112; (*) Stocker & Kastritsis 1971 Chromosoma 37:139; Dobzhansky & Tan 1936 Z indukt Abstamm -u Vererbungsl 72:88; Tan 1937 Z Zellforsch 23:439. pseudosordidula (*) Narayanan 1973 Genetics 73:319. punalua (*) Carson & Stalker 1968 Univ Texas Pubs 6818:367. repleta Wharton 1942 Univ Texas Pubs 6818:367; Wasserman 1954 Univ Texas Pubs 5422:130. robusta (*) Carson 1958 Advances Genetics 9:1; Carson & Stalker 1947 Evolution 1:113; (*) Narayanan 1973 Genetics 73:319. rubida (*) Mather 1961 Genetics 46:799. sordidula (*) Narayanan 1973 Genetics 73:319. subbadia (*) Kastnitsis 1969 J Hered 60:50. subobscura Frizzi 1949 Scientia Genetica (Turin) 3:205; Kunze-Muhl 1958 Chromosoma 9:559; Mainx et al 1953 Z indukt Abstaimn -u Vererbungsl 85:354; (*) Loukas et al 1979 J Hered 70:17. October 1983 Stock Lists: D. melanogaster DIS 59 - 151 sulfurigaster (*) Thongmeearkom 1977 DIS 52:154; (*) Lambert 1976 J Hered 67:92. takahashii Dwivedi & Gupta 1980 Genetica 54:35. tetrachaeta (*) Angus 1968 J Hered 59:289. tripunctata (*) Kastritsis 1966 Univ Texas Pubs 6615:413. unipunctata (*) Kastritsis 1966 Univ Texas Pubs 6615:413. virilis Fujii 1936 Cytologia 7:272; 1942 Cytologia 12:435; Hsu 1952 Univ Texas Pubs 5204:35; Hughes 1936 J Hered 27:305; 1939 Genetics 24:811; Patterson et al 1940Univ Texas Pubs4032:218; Kress 1972 S B Bayer-Akad Wiss Math Naturw-Kl 1972:129; (*) Gubenko 1976 Tsitologia 18:969. Samoaia attenuata (*) Ellison 1968 Univ Texas Pubs 6818:421. S.leonensis (*) Ellison 1968 Univ Texas Pubs 6818:421.

SUBMITTED STOCK LISTS - D. melanogaster

Universitilt Basel, Abt. Zelibiologie, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.

Corrections to stock list supplied for DIS 57: 665 C(i)Dx, y f/dorj69L2/T1E change small case c to capital L 666 C(i)Dx, y f/dor 693 /T1E change small case c to capital L 667 C(1)Dx, y f/dor_l69L4/TIE change small case c to capital L

Universitgt DUsseldorf, Institute fr Genetik, Universitatsstrasse 1/Geb. 26.02, D-4000 DUsseldorf, F. R. Germany. 2 T.T-41A y su-wa w abb,sc8y&XC2yv eriin V f B/Y & suS2 -v-pr v Chromosome 1 stocks iC2, wvC/In(i)dl..49, y w lz a/sc 8 .Y B Muller-5 autosomal sc 8 6la vg (2) w L 2 /Cy (2) w m f se cu (3) w sn3 m D/G1 (3) wa2 55 a (3) f/y & a chiy vg; se (2;3) y 2 su_wa wa bb/O & v f B.Y

Universitet G8teborg, Dept. of Genetics, Stigbergaliden 14, S-414 63 G3teborg, Sweden.

Change to stock lists in DIS 56 and DIS 57:

Deletions (DIS 56 - DIS 57 numbering): 340 5741 In(2L)Cy In(2R)Cy, S 2 Cy pr BI cn 2 L4 bw sp2/In(2L)NS In(2R)NS, px sp 360 6788 In(3L)D, D 3 /Payne 420 8010 st c(3)G ca/ve h th c(3)G Sb Ubx 500 9780 Dp(1;1)sc' y2y+ sc scVImei_9b ct 6v f 5 /FM7c, y 31d sc 8wasnv B 1(1)TW-24; mel-i

Addition 185 n. a. ymei-9b cv Ct 6 mei-218/FM7c,y 31dscwsn 8 a XI v 1(1)TW_24/BSY 152 - DIS 59 Stock Lists: D. nielanogaster October 1983

Revision Vi 2+ Vi 6 - 31d 8a Xl 490 9779 Dp(1;i)sc , y y sc se ec ct v mei-218 car/FM7c, y sc W Sfl V B i(1)TW-24; mej-1 (i.e., balancer FM7c substituted for FM6)

Hebrew University, Dr. Raphael Falk, Dept. of Genetics, Jerusalem 91904 Israel. ts-37 TJ-1.-1 c1-, - PL- Q pn ts- 3k Serlin pn 2 Canton S sc pn Qiryat Anavim sn QA-81 (New Qiryat-Anavim, collected t g spring 1981) TB-1 TB-3 Chromosome 1 stocks V su(wa) aa bb/ YSX.YL, v 0/ C(1)RM,y 2 bz In(1)EN, y B V mal 0/ C(i)RN, y 2 su(wa) wa bb/YSX.YL, In(1)EN, w In(i)EN, In(i)dl 49, y v f car Wa e 0/ C(i)RM, y v bb/ XYL.YS(108-9) y w sn W 0/ C(i)RN, y2 s u (wa) wa bb/YSX.YL, In(i)EN, y y y+ cv y ac Sc pn sn B 5 T/ Df(1) svn spi f36a/ FM6 y 2 cho 2 BS Y y+/ C(i)DX, y £ Y2 cv B/ C(i)DX, y y f36a br we ec rb t 4 Y mal+ #2/ y 2 v mal Bx y rb cx Sn C(i) / Dp(1;1)112, y B.y+ C(i) , y y sn C(1)DX, y f/ i(i)Ji+ Y/1(1)J1 scj y C(i)DX, y f/y wl spl yV f C(i)RM, y/ I n (i) se4L se 8R In(i)S, y sc 4 v f car c 8 a B/ + Y ("s-S") Y C(i)RM, y w £1 R(1)2F, y f Y w+/ C 1 B/ lz y w sn cv f Dp(i;i), y w f. Y + /w+ Y Chromosome 2 stocks Dp(i;F)i(i)$i8 1(1)B12+ #56/ In(1)FM6--, b 1VI 3Td sc 8 dmB 1/XYL.YS(108-9, y 2 b en bw pBx/ In(2LR)CyO, Cy pr en 2 su(wa) wa i(i)sH-4 Bi L/ In(2)Cy f36a bw FM6/ In(1)sc 8 , y51 sc 8 pni C(2)EN, b bw FM6/1(1)X15 y ac sc pn5Oi, y y C(2L)RM, b/ C(2R)RM, en FM6/ M(i)0 C(2L)RM, j63/ C(2R)RM, en FM6/ pn w T/ wa f 1(1)3DES C(2L)RM, j63/ C(21)RM, px FM6/ XYL.YS(108-9, y2 su(wa) wa 1(1)sh-4/ C(2L)RN/ F(2R), bw Y mal+ en FM6/ y ac sc i(1)X6 1(1)3DES cnbw FM6/ y i(1)Q464/ Y 1(1)Q464 #17 cn ene / SM5 FM6/ Y rnal+ y+/ y pn v i(1)B275 dp In(1)dl 49, y 11w m 2 g4 /N2641-O 5 (dm) dp b en bw In(i)FM61, 31d Sc 8 dm B 1/ a 1(1)B121 en Y Mal + F(2L), dp/ C(2R)1.H, px In(i)sc1 5 8R In(1)S, Sc8 sc Si a B ("Basc") In(2L)Cy, Cy L/ In(2LR)bwV bw" ("CyL/Pm") In(i)sc 8 , ySi sc 8 sn3 w In(2LR)bw ,bw/ In(2LR)CyO, dpiVI Cypr en 2 In(1)w'4 , y 2 wm4 / + y ("improved Cy/Pm") mal In(2LR)CyO, dp 1 ' Cy pr en 2 ! stw pBx FG Pin FS-1 pr vg pnts-e6 str en en 1 ! SM5 October 1983 Stock Lists: D. melanogaster DIS 59 - 153

Chromosome 2 stocks (contin.) y; C(2L)SH1;+/ F(2R)V1i2, bw TB-2 y; F(2L), dp/ C(2R)RM, cn vg y; net pr cn 2 su(wa) Wa; C(2)EN Chromosome 3 stocks 2 5(a) wa; C(2)EN, b bw Antp73b/ Sb Ser y wm4; C(2L)RM, dp/ C(2L)RM, dp/ C(2R)RN, px AntpR/ In(3)D C(3L)RM, se h 2 rs2/ C(3R)RM, sbd gi e 5 Chromosomes 1;23 ca Kpn y; Gpdh-1 5 adh; mwh D rM] 0 Kpn/ TMe, Ser y Y/ y; SM1/ mei-S332 cn; e e Chromosomes 1;3 i 63 0/ C(1) , y/ YSX.YL, In(1)EN, y;C(3L)RM, In(3)D/G1 1 h 2 / F(3R), (e 8 ro ca) In(3)D/ pb JM4 P 0/ C(1) , y/ YSC.YL, In(1)EN, y;C(3L)RM, In(3)D/ ri pb p h 2 / F(3R), (e 5 ro ca)/TR(Y;3) (A95) y In(3)D/ Sb C(1) , y B! y; C(3L)RM/ C(3R)RM Kpn #1 car; St M(3)i55 Df(1)sc 8 , Sc 8 wa/ Dp(1;3) sc 4 pb- 55 a40a/ TN3 f36a ; mwh ri Df(3R)84 B3/ TM1, ri Me FM6/ v g i(1)B275 1(3DES)/ Y mal+; ca Kpn ru h th cu sr e 5 cal TM3, Sb Ser pn; RK-C2/ Sb ("rucuca) y; C(3L)RM, h 2 / F(3R), e 8 ro ca se e y; mwh/ y+.3L3R, mwh (Ki) ssa y; mwh jv TM6, IJbx/ y+.3L3R, mwh pb 1 #302-2911 Chromosomes 2;3 Chromosome 4 stocks bw; e 0/ C(4)RM bw; st ci ey cn bw; ri e ci/ Df(4)G dp; e c iD/ eyD In(2)Cy, Cy/ In(2LR)bw, bw - ; .3L3R/ Cat eyD & spa / 4Y ("Tp4.Y") D r u g ("acro #87") eyD/ TB-4 In(2LR)CyO, dp 1- 1 Cy pr cn 2 / In(2LR)bwh], de 1(4)40a, 1(4)20/ sv bwVl; Sb/ In(3)D ("Cy/Pm;Sb/D") s paPOl - Chromosomes 2;3;4 Chromosomes 1;2 bw; e; ci ey- 0/ y 5() /YSX.YL, Iri(1)EN, y;C(2)EN 0/ Y 2 SU(Wa) wa/ySx.yL, In(1)EN, y; C(2)EN, b bw ac3/ bw+ Y cn bw C(1)DX, y f/ y+ Y BS; dp b cn bw C(1)DX, y f/ y Y BS; F(2L); dp/C(2R)RM, cn C 1 B! T(1;2)Bld, Bid v; bw

Korea: Chung--Ang University, Dr. Taek Jun Lee, Dept. of Biology, Seoul, Korea.

tT41,1 ,-.,-1,, Chromosome 2 stocks 201. cn bw I. ULLL1E 2. Seoul (Korea) 202. vg 3. Kimpo (Korea) 203. Cy/Pm 4. Anyang (Korea) 5. Ulsan (Korea) Chromosome 3 stocks 301. se Chromosome 1 stocks Chromosome 4 stocks 101. y 102. w 401. ey 103. sc cv v f 154 - DIS 59 Stock Lists: D. melanogaster October 1983

Universitt Mllnster, Prof. H. Traut, Institut f. Strahienbiologie, Hittorfstrasse 17, D-4400 MUnster, F.R. Germany.

1. + (Berlin wild) 7. y f:= & y scSi B 1n49 6c 8 ("Binscy") 2. B 8. y&y/y+Y 3. y 9. y f:=/yY & y/yY 4. w 10. y / y / y+Y & y/y+Y ("Trisom") e1-1 Si 11. C(2L)RM, b; C(2R)RM, vg 5. 8 6. y sc 1n49 sc ; bw; St pp

University of New England, Department of Animal Science, Dr. J.S.F. Barker, Armidale 067, New South Wales, Australia. Chromosome 2 stocks Wild stocks y ec vg 4 strains from N.S.W. y cx cn and Victoria y kz cx cv dp y kz cx Chromosome 1 stocks ycxcv Chromosome 3 stocks 6 d wy 2f / FM3 wb 1 y ec Oce cv,ct t 3 e'' w y cxcv ct6 t 3 dywyZ f / FM3 e se y ykz cxcvct6t 3 dywy 2 f / FM3 m St V d / FM3 se y 2 sc' Mult ichromosomal y w; b B vg; e

Punjab Agricultural University, Dept. of Genetics, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.

Wild stock Chromosome 2 Chromosome 3 Oregon K V Sni Se h vg St x bw eb Chromosome 1 y dp b cn w y cv v f car b cn Multichromosomal we y w ec f eb; vg w 1 Se h Z w65 spi Sn3 Cy / Bl i 2

University of Sydney, Dept. of Animal Husbandry, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia

There is no longer any Drosophila work being conducted in the laboratory and no longer carry any Drosophila stocks.

Yale University, Dr. D.F. Poulson, Dept. of Biology, Oaborn Memorial Laboratory, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.

No longer maintains all the stocks of melanogaster listed as YH in DIS 57. October 1983 Stock Lists: Other Species DIS 59 - 155

S SUBMITTED STOCK LISTS - Other Species

University of Barcelona, Faculty of Biology, Dept. of Genetics, Barcelona-28, Spain. andalusciaca - Bordils, Spain mercatoruni - Prat de Llobregat, Spain bifasciata - Pavia, Italy obscura - Caraips, Spain busckii - Barcelona, Spain phalerata - Bordils, Spain buzzattii - Armentera, Spain picta - Bordils, Spain cameraria - Bordils, Spain repleta - Bilbao, Spain funebris - Sentmenat, Spain simulans - Gran Canaria Island, Spain guanche - Tenerife Island, Spain subobscura - Barcelona, Spain hydei - Bordils, Spain testacea - Bordils, Spain immigrans - Prat de Liobregat, Spain transversa - Castellar d'en Huch, Spain kuntzei - Delica, Spain virilis - Elche, Spain lebanonensis - Tarragona, Spain Parascaptomyza disticha - Bordils, Spain littoralis - Pobla de Lillet, Spain Zaprionus vittiger - Tenerife Island, Spain

Universitat DUsseldorf, Inst. f. Genetik, Universittsstr. 1/Geb.26.02, D-4000 DUsseldorf, FRG.

D. hydei Chromosome 2 32. eDu 1. wild (Pasadena) 2. H 194 23 (Austin) ('1, ii. pb sca cn vg

J. Chromosome 5 to_1ytU_1mt11_1 34. se 5. choR 6. f 2 Muitichromosomal 7. g y m 35. bb; p; vg (1;2;3) 8. m 2 36. st;sca;pb; jv (2;3;4;5) 9. N/w lt 37. "Multi-5": st;vg; ng; se; Hex (2;3;4;5;6) 10. pn 38. "XX-multi-5": y m ch;st;vg;ng;se;Hex 11. yl T(Y,3) (1;2;3;4;5;6) 12. v3 homozygous lethal) 39. vg; red eye (3;5) 13. v g 14. w several stocks with mutant morphology of Y chromo- 15. wa somal lampbrush loops 16. w it 17. w 11 many stocks with T(X,Y) 18. wm2 3 stocks with X.3 compound chromosomes (entire 19. wm3 arms of X and 3) 20. w y m 21. w Anp D. virilis 22. v sc sn y m ch bb 23. ch y m/Y & w lt/Y wild 24. w lt/Y & +/Y w 25. w lt/Y & or/Y 26. w v m/Y & +/Y Other Species (wild stocks) 27. v fly & w lt/Y 28. 1/Y & +/Y D. bifurca 29. w''/Y & y sc sn y m ch bb/Y D. eiohydei ('/o- viable) D. fuivimacula 30. y m ch/3.FP & w lt.SKT/3.FP D. iminigrans (KOM FP) D. neohydei 31. y m ch/SKT.3/3 & w lt.FP/ D. simulans SKT.3/3 (KOM TKS) 156 - DIS 59 Stock Lists: Other Species - Linkage Data October 1983

S Hebrew University, Dr. Raphael Falk, Dept. of Genetics, Jerusalem 91904 Israel. D. hydei D. simulans D. funebris

Korea: Chung-Ang University, Dr. Taek Jun Lee, Dept. of Biology, Seoul, Korea.

D. auraria (5 strains) D. quadraria D. immigrans (2 strains) D. biauraria (2 strains) D. nigromaculata (2 strains) D. virilis (3 strains) D. triauraria (3 strains)

Universitat MUnster, Prof. H. Traut, Institut f. Strahienbiologie, Hittorfstrasse 17, D-4400 Mtlnster, P.R. Germany.

D. subobscura Caucasus (USSR) Marker strains Fort Augustus (Scotland) Kllsnacht vg,pp Wild stocks ZUrich (Switzerland) (Va/Ba) 210 cn,ma Formai (Italy) Belgrad (Yugoslavia) Oc ch,cu Tilbingen (Germany) Bizerte (Tunisia) y nt Sunne (Sweden) Cinisi (Sicily)

University of New England, Dept. of Animal Science, Dr. J.SF. Barker, Armidale 067, New South Wales, Australia.

D. siinulans mutants D. aidrichi D. buzzattii st e wild stocks various wild populations f2 - various stocks homozygous for allozymes

Yale University, Dr. D.F. Poulson, Dept. of Biology, Osborn Memorial Laboratory, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.

Keeping only a small number of species stocks, chiefly those of interest in relation to SR.

LINKAGE DATA

Report of M.M.entley. University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Heterozygous females of the genotype se h app / se+ h+ app+ were crossed to homozygous recessive males and 9770 progeny scored. Parental phenotypes comprised 8468 of the offspring with 1247 recombinants between h and app and 55 recombinants between se and h. No double recombinant progeny were found, although seven were expected, given no interference. Pub- lished map locations are se (3-26.0), h (3-26.5) and app (3-37.5; Lindsley & Grell 1968). In this experiment the recombination between se and h was 0.56%, in close agreement with the reported 0.5%. The h - app region exhibited 12.76% recombination, slightly more than the reported 11%. The complete lack of double recombinants indicates high positive interference.

October 1983 DIS 59 - 157

NEW MUTANTS

Report of G. JUrgens H. Kluding C. Nllsslein-Volhard E. Wieschaus j-Friederich-Miescher--Laboratorium der Ma-Planck-Gese1lschaft, Ttibinge;, FR Germany; 2-EMBL,Heidelberg FR Germany; 3-Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA. Embryonic visible mutations in Drosophila melanogaster: identification of 44 loci on the third chromosome.

The third chromosome of D. melanogaster was screened for zygotic loci that mutate to embryonic visible phenotypes, i.e., cause morphological alterations of the embryonic cuticle. Lethal-free rucuca and st e chromosomes were mutagenized with 25 mM EMS which in this experiment produced approx. 44% lethals (112 of 257 balanced lines did not yield homozygous flies. Mutagenized males were mated to 1ns561, DTS4/Ser females and their male offspring were individually crossed to 1ns561, DTS4/Ser females. Fl larvae were subjected to a 29 pulse to kill DTS4-bearing individuals (Marsh 1978). Therefore, only flies of the genotype rucuca* (or st e*)/Ser eclosed and a quarter of their progeny should be homozygous for mutagenized third chromosomes. Flies of approx. 12,600 lines were shaken into egg-laying blocks inverted over agar plates (NUsslein-Volhard 1977). After determination of larval hatch rates, about 4,000 egg collections were processed for microscopic examination of cuticle preparations (Van der Meer 1977). When distinct morphological alterations were recognized in these preparations, single males were taken out of the corresponding tubes and individually mated to DTS7, st pR./TM3, Sb females to establish stocks. These putative embryonic visibles (EVs) were re-examined two generations later. 197 of them were finally confirmed as zygotic EVs located on the third chromosome. Mutations with similar phenotypes were assayed for complementation with each other and with previously isolated mutants. 32 complementation groups were identified, each with 6 alleles on the average. Also, there were 12 single mutants which complemented all others. Representatives of all complementation groups and all single mutants were localized on the genetic map by recombination analysis. Available deficiencies were used to delimit the cytological positions of some of the loci. The data are summarized in Table 1, including brief descriptions of embryonic phenotypes. For several loci, alleles were isolated in other screens such that the total number of alleles amounts to: 12 (barrel), 11 (Delta), 5 (haunted), 9 (hedgehog), 12 (hunchback), 5 (knickkopf), 24 (krotzkopf - verkehit), 7 (knirps), 6 (neuralised), 7 (odd-paired). An account of the mutants affecting segmentation has been published (Ntlsslein-Volhard & Wieschaus 1980).

Table 1. N of alleles map cytology Locus Pheno total weak ts pos. antenna (atn) no antenna, no filzk8rper, head open - - 54.0 87F12;88B1 Antennapedia (Antp) homoeotic; meso- and meta- resemble - - 47.5 84B1,2 pro thorax

barrel (brr) (=hairy) segmentation; pair rule 8 4 - 26.766D

bithoraxoid (bxd) homoeotic; first abdom. segment 1 - - 58.8 89E1,2 resembles mesothOrax

crumbs (crb) many small holes in cuticle 6 (1) - 83.0 Delta (Dl) no ventral cuticle 10 3 2 66.2 92A1,2 dorsal holes A (dlh) holes in dorsal cuticle 14 4 1 49.0

dlh B 3 1 - 52.0

dlh C 2 - - 58.0 88F9; 89B4-1O

dlh D 2 - - 100.0 Enhancer of split E(spl) no ventral cuticle 1 - - 89.096F fushi tarazu (ftz) segmentation; pair rule 4 - - 47.5 84B1,2 haunted (hau) only head skeleton visible - 4 - 48.0 hedgehog (hhg) segmentation; polarity 7 2 2 81.0 158 - DIS 59 New Mutants October 1983

Table 1. (contin.) N of alleles map cytology Locus Phenotype total weak ts pos.

homothorax (hth) homoeotic; thoracic segm. similar 1 - - 48 hunchback (hhb) segmentation; gap 11 (5) 1 48 85A knickkopf (knk) head skeleton defective, some 4 1 (1) 49 dent ide rows missing knirps (kni) segmentation; gap 3 2 - 47.0 77D;77F krotzkopf verkehrt head skeleton reduced, 20 - - 47.5 (kkv) embryo sometimes inverted in egg case little faint balls (lfb) faint balls, dorsal closure incomplete 5 - - 26 naked (nkd) no denticles 5 3 - 47 neuralised (neu) no ventral cuticle 3 (1) 1 50.0 86D1;86D8 odd-paired (opa) segmenation; pair rule 5 3 - 48 pale (ple) unpiginented cuticle and head skeleton 4 - (1) 18 pointed (pnt) head skeleton and denticle bands pointed 2 - - 79 Polycomb (Pc) metathorax resembles first abd. segment 1 1 - 47.2 78D; 79B rhomb (rho) head skeleton and denticle bands pointed 1 - - 3 serpent (spt) posterior end of embryo remains 5 - - 58.8 88F9; on dorsal side 89B4,5

Sex combs reduced (Scr) homeotic; labium and prothorax affected 4 - - 47.5 84B1,2 shadow (sow) A no differentiation of cuticle 5 - - 51 86F6;87B2 II sow 5 - - (53) it sow 5 - - 41 sow 4 - - 100 H sow E 3 - - 12 spiracles (spc) filkBrper not elongated 2 - - 47 string (stg) number of denticle rows strongly reduced 8 2 (1) 99 tailless (tll) eighth abdom. segment and telson 1 - - 102 missing, head defective tolloid (tld) embryo twisted, 15 9 (1) 85 denticle belts lateraiiy spread tracheae (trh) no tracheae, filzk8rper not elongated 2 - - -1

5G83 dorsal open 1 - - 80 -

7E103 dorsal open 1 - - 47

10E113 fusion of segments 1 - - 46 10K28 similar to tolloi1 1 (1) - 15

St e 1-35 dorsal open 1 - - 58

References: J.L.Marsh 1978, DIS 53:155; C.Nlisslein-Volhard 1977, DIS 52:166; J.M.Van der Meer 1977, DIS 52:160; C.Nlisslein-Volhard & E.Wieschaus 1980, Nature 287:795-801.

Report of C. NUsslein-Vo1hard E. Wieschaus & H. Kluding. 3 1-Friedrich-Miescher-Lab. der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Tlibingen, FR Germany; 2-Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA; 3-Eur. Mol. Biol. Lab., Heidelberg, FR Germany. Embryonic visible mutations in Drosophila melanogaster identification of 62 loci on the second chromosome.

We report here on the isolation of mutants which alter the cuticular pattern of the Dro- sophila larva (embryonic visible mutations) mapping at 62 loci on the second chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. Most of the mutants are embryonic lethal and all show a phenotype visible in cuticular preparations of homozygous individuals. The mutants were induced with 25 niH EMS on a lethal-free cn bw sp chromosome and isolated using the DTS-procedure suggested by Wright (1970). A total of 5764 F3-lines were established, 4217 of which did not yield white eyed cn bw sp homozygous progeny and thus carried one or more newly induced lethals. Eggs were collected from lethal-bearing lines using a block-agar-method (Nllsslein-Voihard 1977). Unhatched October 1983 New Mutants DIS 59 - 159 embryos from the lines in which 25% or more of the eggs did not hatch were collected and prepared for microscopic inspection of the embryonic cuticle (Van der Meer 1977). 272 mutants were isolated with a phenotype unequivocally distinguishable from wild type on the basis of the cuticular pattern. These mutants define a total of 62 complementation groups: 13 with one, 14 with two, 7 with three, 8 with four, 3 with five, 4 with six, 5 with nine and one each with seven, eight, ten, fourteen, fifteen, seventeen and eighteen alleles. While some of the mutants are allelic to previously known loci (Star, KrUppel, engrailed, wingless, Dopadecarboxylase), most define new loci. The following list gives a brief description of the phenotypes as well as number of alleles isolated in this screen and map position of the loci. For several loci, alleles were isolated in subsequent screens such that the total number of alleles amounts to: 9(KrUppel); 3 (even-skipped); 7 (paired); 8 (wingless), 15 (patch); 5 (odd-skipped); 3 (sloppy-paired); 4 (snail). An account of the mutants affecting segmentation has been published (Ntlsslein-Volhard & Wieschaus 1980).

Table 3 N of alleles map cytology Locus Phe total weak ts pos. anterior open (aop) head open 6 (12) arrow (arr) denticle belts broad, pointed 9 66 basket (bsk) dorsal anterior hole 3 33 big brain (bib) ventral cuticle missing 5 32 broad head (bhe) head broad 9 (0) brown head (brh) head broad 7 61 clift (cli) head broad 2 17 head broad 2 77 crack (cra) Dopadecarboxylase (Ddc) unpigmented cuticle + mouth parts 3 1 - 54.0 37C1,2 engrailed (en) segmentation, pair rule 6 (2) (1) 62 48A2 segmentation, pair rule 2 1 1 59 (44F-46E) even-skipped (eve) faint (fai) unpigmented cuticle + mouth parts 6 2 - 61 larval lethal faint little ball (flb) ball of dorsal cuticle 15 2 3 101 faint sausage (fas) undifferentiated cuticle + head 4 68 filzig (flz) denticle morphology abnormal 5 59 fizzy (fzy) ventral cuticle undifferentiated 8 51 ghost (gho) undifferentiated cuticle 3 68 gooseberry (goo) segmentation, polarity 1 107.6 60E9,10; Fl ,2 Krlippel (Kr) segmentation, gap 3 3 - 107.6 60F2-5 leak (lea) head broad 2 3 belts thin, spiracles missing 2 59 lines (lin) master mind (main) ventral cuticle missing 9 7 - 71 1 0 - midline (mid) belts defective in ventral midline 3 16 25F mummy (my) mouth parts and dentci-cles poorly 5 1 1 (16) differentiated odd-skipped (odd) segmentation, pair-rule 2 1 - 8 paired (prd) segmentation, pair-rule 3 2 1 45 33B6,7;E2,3 patched (ptc) segmentation, polarity 10 2 1 59 43F-44F pimples (pim) undifferentiated cuticle and head 2 58 raw (raw) dorsal closure and 3 19 differentiation defective 9 2 - 88 ribbon (rib) belts narrow and fused scab (scb) middorsal hole 4 - - 73 - schlaff (slf) arrangement of cuticle abnormal 4 - 15 dorsal cuticle missing 17 7 - 62 47E3-6;48B2 schnurri (shn) shavenoid (sha) denticles sparse, hairs missing. 4 - - 62 47E3-6;48B2 Viable and adult visible many small holes in cuticle 18 11 - 92 shotgun (shg) dorsal cuticle missing 2 - - 17 slater (str) first & second abdominal segment fused 1 - - 8 (24C-24D) sloopy paired (sip) smooth (smo) all denticles point posteriorly 2 - - 4 160 - DIS 59 New Mutants October 1983

Table 3 (contin.) N of alleles map cytology Locus Phenotype total weak ts pos.

snail (sna) belts narrow, larva twisted 1 - - 51 35C3-D1; 35D4-7

spalt (sal) head broad 2 - - 44

Spitz (spi) head and denticle-belts narrow 4 - - 54 37E2-F4; split (sli) Head broad 2 77 37F538A1

Star (S) head and denticle-belts narrow, 4 - - 1.3 21D2-3; dominant S-phenotype in adults 21F2-22A1

tail up (tup) posterior wound up, head broad 2 - - 54

thick head (thi) head broad 2 - - 72 three rows (thr) denticles sparse, arranged in few rows 9 1 1 86 55A-F tridenticle (tn) denticles thickset and forked, 4 1 - 52 viable and adult visible alleles

twist (twi) belts narrow, larva twisted 4 - - 100 unpigmented (upi) unpigmented cuticles and mouth parts 4 1 - 93

U-shaped (ush) no shortening 2 - - 0.1 21C8-B1; 21D8-E1 wingless (wg) segmentation, polarity 6 - 1 30 zipper (zip) dorsal anterior hole 13 11 - 107.6 60E9,10; F1,2

I A 109 dorsal anterior hole 1 - - 60 I G 76 head broad 1 1 - 53 37F5,38A1; 38A6,7

I L 97 undifferentiated cuticle and head 1 - - (30)

I M 45 head skeleton differentiation abnormal 1 - - 86 55A-f

I P 85 undifferentiated 1 - - 73

II F 51 head broad, homeotic transformation 1 - - 72 in thorax

II J59 head broad 1 - - 49

II N 48 head broad, homeotic transformation 1 - - 67 49D3-4; in thorax 49E2-6

II 032 head broad 1 - - 27

III F 12 undifferentiated cuticle and head 1 - - 72

References: Wright, T.R.F. 1970, DIS 45:140; Nllsslein-Volhard, C. 1977, DIS 52:166; Van der Meer, J. 1977, DIS 52:160; NUsslein-Volhard, C. & E. Wieschaus 1980, Nature 287:795-801.

Report of Y. Perez-Chiesa, I. Ramos, B.I. Morales, E.L. Caceres, C. Cardona & J. Vazquez. Rio Piedras Campus & School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.

fs(l)N: female-sterile (l) of Nasratm. (1-0.0, Lindsley & Grell 1968). A new allele (B.I. Morales), EMS induced in a y cv v f stock and isolated according to Mohler (1977 Genetics 85:259-272). Complements with Df(1)260-1, Df(1)ac and Df(1)y74k24.1 but not with Df(1)S39 nor Df(1)A94. lp(1';f)RA carries a wild type allele; therefore, fs(1)N is between bands 1E4 and 1F-2A. Males are fertile. Homozygous females are fecund but sterile as reported by Counce and Ede (1957 J.Embryol.Exptl.Morph. 5:404-421). 80% of the eggs laid are collapsed or without the usual turgor. Eggs with normal appearance are permeable to neutral red and lose their ooplasm when dechorionated. ip Epon sections of ovaries from mature 5 day-old females, stained with paragon, show post-vitellogenic oocytes (stages 11-14) with gaps or discontinuities in the vitelline membrane. These gaps appear to be randomaly distributed around the oocyte. Some advanced chambers degenerate. Exter- nal anatomy, size, development, viability and longevity of homozygous and hemizygous flies is normal at 25C. October 1983 New Mutants DIS 59 - 161 fs(1)se: female sterile (1) small eggs. (1-6±). (E.L. Caceres) EMS induced in a y cv v f stock and isolated according to Mohler (1977 Genetics 85:259-272). Cytologically localized between bands 4B1-4C12 by deficiency mapping. Complements with Df(1)JC70 but not with Df(1)RC40 nor Df(1)HC244. Males fertile. Homozygous female sterile and 50% less fecund than females from original stock or their FM3/y fs cv v f sisters. Eggs laid, smaller with less yolk than control. Topical applications of 3 p1 of a juvenile hormone analogue, ZR515 (Zoecon Corporation; Gavin & Williamson 1976b, J. Insect Physiol. 22:1737-1742) did not return fertility to homozygous mutant flies. Feulgen stained whole mounts of ovaries from newly eclosed, 2, 5 and 7 day-old flies show the same number of ovarioles as control, and upon eclosion, normal looking previtellogenic follicles. However, once vitellogenesis begins the following defects can be seen: agglomeration of follicles, high frequency of degenerating follicles and a reduced oocyte area for a given stage. External anatomy, size, development and viability of homozygous and hemizygous flies, normal at 25 C.

Report of I. Stursa. Institut fUr Allgemeine Biologie, Vienna, Austria.

D. subobscura. w 5 : white-fertile of Stursa. Spontaneous mutant found as males in light-independent selection stock. X-chromosomal recessive; females and males white eyed, testes colorless. Fertility appears to be almost normal, in that mass cultures, although apparently developing somewhat more slowly than normals, grow as successfully as normals. - Allelism to formerly found white mutants (all on the X-chromosome) conjectural. cf . research note dn page 126 of this volume.

Report of E. Valade del Rio. Department of Genetics, Universidad de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.

D. melanogaster: aea. Chromosome III, locus 20. Recessive. The wing appears opened and curved downwards. Appeared under the action of a mutator gene. Several alleles according to time of appearance. One of them the aea4 is stable, other alleles behave as unstable reverting to wild type at a low rate. Phenotype easily distinguishable. Homozygotes show low viability. 162 - DIS 59 October 1983

1ltflQX3jZAp{y ON DROSOPHILA

PART EIGHT: SECTION TWO

IRWIN II. F1EI5KOW11Z

TNTPOnTTrTTnN

Bibliography on Drosophila Part VIII covers the literature for the period from 1979 through 1981. It contains some titles appearing before 1979 that were not listed in earlier parts of this series. As in the earlier parts, although most of the titles deal with the genetics of Drosophila, all other references to Drosophila are also included. Drosophila continues to increase in usefulness as a research organism. Whereas the average number of references per year was 1114 in Part VII, it has grown to 1391 in Part VIII. The 4174 new references included in Part VIII are in two sections: D.I.S. No. 58: 227-280 (1982) and this issue. In both sections titles are arranged alphabetically according to author. For the sake of accuracy, references were checked whenever possible with either the original paper, or a copy prepared by its author. This was true for 92 percent of the titles. For indexing, references were given consecutive numbers, starting with 1 in D.I.S No. 58, and continuing in this issue. The bibliography section in this issue is followed by a Coauthor Index and a Title Index. These indexes cover the references in both sections of Part VIII. The Title Index is divided into three parts: Part I is a general index, listing various subject headings alphabetically, concluding with headings for the X, Y, II, III, and IV chromosomes. All titles have been indexed under at least one heading. An asterisk preceding a number indicates a reference dealing with a species other than D.melanogaster, as determined from the title. Methods and names of mutants are listed alphabetically under the headings "methods" and "mutants " ; Part II is a geographical listing; and Part III is a systematic index for Drosophilidae and Drosophila species. Subscribers may find it helpful to combine the section from D.I.S. No. 58 with this section, to make one volume of Part VIII. This volume concludes my editorship of the Bibliography of Drosophila. I wish to take this opportunity to thank all my colleagues who during the past 35 years have sent D.I.S. or me reprints and/or titles. Above all, 'I wish to thank my wife, Reida Postrel Herskowitz, for her invaluable help with the bibliographies. Supported by Grant No. LM03623 from the National Library of Medicine.

HERSKOWITZ BIBLIOGRAPHIES:

Part VII 1973 - 1978 Part VIII 1979 - 1981

DIS 51 (1974) p. 159-193 DIS 58 (1982) p. 227-270 (I) DIS 52 (1977) P. 186-226 DIS 59 (1983) P. 162-207 (II) DIS 53 (1978) p. 219-294 INDEX: DIS 59 p. 208-257 DIS 55 (1980) p. 218-237 (I) it p. 238-262 (II) DIS 56 (1981) p. 197-220 INDEX: DIS 56 p. 221-258 DIS 59 - 163 October 1983

BIBLIOGRAPHY

D. = Drosophila D. m. = Drosophila melanogaster

A period following the code number indicates that the reference was not checked with either the original paper or a copy prepared by its author.

2144 ABBOTT, L. C., KARPEN, G. H., and SCHTJBIGER, G. 1981. Compartmental restrictions and blastema formation during pattern regulation in D. imaginal leg discs. Dev. Biol., 87 (1): 64-75. 2145 ABBOTT, L. C., SCHUBIGER, G., and KARPEN, G. 1980. Clonal analysis of regeneration and duplication in D. imaginal leg disc fragments. (Abstr.) Am. Zool., 20 (4): 740. 2146 ABOU-YOUSSEF, A. Y. 1979. Genetic studies on isozyme polymorphism in D. II. Gene frequency changes at the amylase locus in cage population of D. virilis. Egypt. J. Genet. Cytol., 8: 80-94. 2147 ABRAHAMSON, S., DeJONGH, C., and MARINO, S. 1980. Neutron-induced specific locus and X-linked lethal mutations in D. (Abstr.) Environ. Mut., 2 (2): 292. 2148. ABRAHAMSON, S., MEYER, H. U., and DeJONGH, C. 1981. The shapes of the radiation dose-mutation response curves in D.: mechanisms and implications. Environ. Sci. Res., 21: 477-496. 2149 ABRAHAMSON, S., WURGLER, F. E., DeJONGH, C., and UNGER MEYER, H. 1980. How many loci on the X-chromosome of D. m. can mutate to recessive lethals? Environ. Mut., 2: 447-453. 2150 ACRARY, P. M. R., MAJUMDAR, K., DUTTAGUPTA, A. K., and MUKHERJEE, A. S. 1981. Replications of DNA in larval salivary glands of D. after in vivo synchronization. Chromosoma, 82 (4): 505-514. 2151 ADLER, P. N. 1981. Growth during pattern regulation in imaginal discs. Dev. Biol., 87 (2): 356-373. 2152 1981. Cell proliferation in the imaginal wing disc of D. m. (Abstr.) J. Cell Biol., 91 (2 Part 2): 29a. 2153 1981. Haltere determination and mutations at the bithorax locus. Dev. Genet., 2 (1): 49-73. 2154. AGUADE, M., CUELLO, J,, and PREVOSTI, A. 1978. Selecci6 per a la longitud de l'ala i variaci6 de les frequencies geniques als sistemes d'alloenzime de D. m. Soc. Catal. Biol. Colloquis, 10-11: 27-32. 2155 1981._ Correlated response to selection for wing length inallozyme systems of D. m. Theor. Appi. Genet., 60 (5): 317 -327. 2156. AGUADE, M., and SERRA, L. 1980. Analisis de la posible contribuci6n de los factores estocasticos en la diferenciaci6n microevolutiva de las poblaciones de bodega de D. m. XVI J. Genet. Luso Espanolas. Programa y resmenes de comunicaciones: 75. 2157. 1980. Spanish cellar populations of D. m. I. Study of variability at three different levels: quantitative, chromosomal and molecular. Genetika (Belgrad), Ser. F, 12 (land 2): 111-120. 2158. AGUADORODRIGIJEZ, P., and ROBLES PORTE LA, E. M. 1980. Study of a mutant of D. m. Genet. Iber., 32 (3/4): 181-200. (In Spanish.) 2159 AHEARN, J. N., and KUhN, D. T. 1981. Aldehyde oxidase distribution in picture-winged Hawaiian D. : evolutionary trends. Evolution, 35 (4): 635-646. 2160 AIZENZON, M. G., BELYAEVA, E. S., KISS, I. I., KOCZKA, K. K., and ZHIMULEV, I. F. 1980. Cytogenetic analysis of the 2B1-2 to 2139-10 region of the D. m. X chromosome. II. Complementation groups. Soy. Genet., 16 (2): 164-178; and Genetika, 16(2): 251-269. (In Russian.) 2161 AKAI, S. M. 1981. 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2586 EATON, B. T., and STEACIE, A. D. 1980. Cricket paralysis virus RNA has a 3' terminal poly (A). J. Gen. Virol., 50 (1): 167-171. 2587 EBERLE, P., MAY, C., and VOIGT, M. 1951. Cytogenetic, genetic and teratogenic investigations following exposure to homogeneous high strength magnetic fields. (Abstr.) Mutat. Res., 85 (4): 286. 2588 ECKES, B., GRUBERT, B., MISCHKE, D., and SCHWOCHAU, M. 1980. Organisation of the mitochondrial DNA in D. m. and D. hydei (Abstr.) Eur. J. Cell Biol., 22 (1): 125. 2589 ECKSTRAND, I. A. 1981. Heritability of water-loss rate in D. m. J. Hered., 72 (6): 434-436. 2590 ECKSTRAND, I. A., and RICHARDSON, R. H. 1980. Comparison of some water balance characteristics in several D. species

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2622. FABRICANT, J. D., and CHALMERS, J. H. (Jr.) 1980. Evidence of the mutagenicity of ethylene dichloride and structurally related compounds. Banbury Report, 5: 309-330. 2623. FADEEV, Y. N., and SMETNIK, A. I. 1980. Use of insect pheromones in plant protection in the USSR. S-Rh. Biol., 15 (6): 803- 809. (In Russian with English summary.) 2624. FAIN, A. 1980. Hormosianoetus aeschlimanni n. g., n. sp. (ACari, Anoetidae) phoretic on D. reared in Switzerland. Rev. Suisse Zool., 87 (3): 753-756. (In French.) 2625 FALK, D. R., BELLAMY, R., El KOUNI, M., and NAGUIB, F. 1980. A genetic and dietary study of the physiology of pyrimidine synthesis in D. m. J. Insect Physiol., 26 (11): 735-740. 2626 FALK, D. R., and DeBOER, E. III. 1980. The isolation and genetic characterization of X-linked mutations that affect pyrimidine metabolism in D. m. Mol. Gen. Genet., 180 (2): 419-424. 2627 FALKENTHAL, S., and LENGYEL, J. A. 1980. Structure, translation, and metabolism of cytoplasmic copia ribonucleic acid of D. m. Biochemistry, 19 (25): 5842-5850. 2628 FALKNER, F. -G., SAUMWEBER, H., and BIESSMANN, H. 1981. Two D. m. proteins related to intermediate filament proteins of vertebrate cells. J. Cell Biol., 91 (1): 175-183. 2629 FARGNOLI, J., and WARING, G. L. 1981. Identification of vitelline membrane proteins in D. m. (Abstr.) J. Cell Bin!., 91 (2 Part 2): 189a. 2630 FAURON, C. M. -R., and WOLSTENHOLME, D. R. 1980. Extensive diversity among D. species with respect to nucleotide sequences within the adenine + thymine-rich region of mitochondrial DNA molecules. Nucleic Acids Res., 8 (11): 2439-2452. 2631 1980. Intraspecific diversity of nucleotide sequences within the adenine + thymine-rich region of mitochondrial DNA molecules of D. mauritianp. D. m., and D. simulans. Nucleic Acids Res., 8 (22): 5391-5410. 2632 FAUSTO-STERLING, A. 1980. Studies on the female sterile mutant rudimentary of D. m. III. Cell death in rudimentary wing imaginal discs. J. Exp. Zool., 213 (3): 383-390. 2633 FEDER, R., and SAYRE, D. 1980. Recent developments in X-ray contact microscopy. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 342: 213-229. 2634. FEDERER, H., and CHEN, P. S. 1980. Ultrastructure and function of the paragonia in D. funebris. Rev. Suisse Zool., 87 (4): 875- 880. (In German.) 2635 FEIGEN, M. I., JOHNS, M. A., POSTLETHWAIT, J. H., and SEDEROFF, R. R. 1980. Purification and characterization of acid phosatase-1 from D. m. J. Biol. Chem., 255 (21): 10338-10343. 2636 FEKETE, E., and LAMBERTSSON, A. 1980. High temperature-induced changes in morphology in imaginal disc cells of a temperature sensitive lethal mutant of D. m. Hereditas, 93 (1): 169-176.

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2684 FRISTROM, J. W. 1981. D. imaginal discs as a model system for the study of metamorphosis. In: Metamorphosis, a problem in developmental biology, 2nd Edition, Gilbert, L. I., and Frieden, E., Editors, pp. 217-240. 2685 FROL'KIS, V. V., BOGATSKAYA, L. N., STAPINA, S. A., MTJRADYAN, K. K., TIMCHENKO, A. N., and KOVTUN, A. I. 1980. Influence of inhibitors of protein biosynthesis on lifetime. Doki. Biochem., 251 (1-6): 150-153; and Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 251 (4): 1009-1011. (In Russian.) 2686 FU, L. -J., and COLLIER, G. E. 1981. Cytogenetic localization of the dosage sensitive regions for arginine kinase and glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase in D. m. (Abstr.) Genetics, 97 (1), Suppl.: s37-s38. 2687 FUJIKAWA, K. 1980. Relative sensitivity of mature D. oocytes to the induction of dump mutations by X-rays. Jap. J. Genet., 55(5): 409-413. 2688 FUJIKAWA, K., and KONDO, S. 1981. Exposure-frequency relationships of somatic eye-color mutations induced in repair deficient strains mei-41, mus(1)101 and mus (1)104) of D. by ethyl methanesulfonate. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 56(6): 592. (In Japanese.) 2689. FUJIWARA, D., NICKLA, H., and FRIED, R. 1981. Developmental abnormalities of D. m. reared in increased atmospheric oxygen. (Abstr.) Proc. Nebr. Acad. Sci., Affil. Soc., 91: 16. 2690 FUKUNAGA, A. 1980. Sterility in D. m. due to nucleocytoplasmic interactions. J. Hered., 71 (5): 349-352. 2691 FUKUNAGA, A., and OISHI, K. 1981. Non-dosage compensation in the yolk protein genes of D. m. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 56 (6): 593. (In Japanese.) 2692 FUYAMA, Y. 1981. Ethological isolating mechanisms in the suzukii species-subgroup of D. II. Relationship with post-mating isolation. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 56 (6): 594. (In Japanese.) 2693 FYRBERG, E. A., BOND, B. J., HERSHEY, N. D., IVIIXTER, K. S., and DAVIDSON, N. 1981. The actin genes of D.: Protein coding regions are highly conserved but intron positions are not. (Abstr.) J. Supra. Struct. Cell Biochem., Suppl. 5: 415. 2694 1981. The actin genes of D. : protein coding regions are highly conserved but intron positions are not. Cell, 24 (1): 107 -116.

2695. GADAGKAR, R., NANJUNDIAH, V., JOSH, N. V., and CHANDRA, H. S. 1981. Measurement of the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to sets of autosomes in D.m. Curr. Sc., 50 (18): 805-807. 2696 GADIA, E. S., and JEFFERSON, M. C. 1981. Role of visual and auditory cues in mating behavior of two desert species of D. Experientia, 37 (2): 134-135. 2697. GALlS, F., and van ALPHEN, J. J. M. 1981. Patch time allocation and search intensity of Asobara tabida Nees (Braconidea), a larval parasitoid of D. Neth. J. Zool., 31 (3): 596-611. 2698 GALL, J. G. 1981. Chromosome structure and the C-value paradox. J. Cell Biol., 91 (3 Part 2): 3s-14s. 2699 GALL, J. G., COHEN, E. H., and ATHERTON, D. D. 1974. The satellite DNAs of D. virilis. Cold Spring Harb. Sympos. Quant. Biol., 38: 417-421. 2700. GALLO, A. J., MARTINS, I. C., and de SOUZA, E. N. 1980. Response of D. m. and of D. simulans to check width selection. Cienc. Cult. Soc. Bras. Progr. Cienc., 32 (10): 1376-1380. 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2819. GUPTA, S. K., and JAIN, A. C. 1981. Antibacterial activity of some compounds related to drosophilin-A. Curr. Sci., 50 (19): 856-857. 2820 GUTZEIT, H. 0., and HEINRICH, U. -R. 1981. Abnormal organization of ovarian follicles in the mutant l(l)surn)mad.tS of D. m. Ecperientia, 37 (11): 1192-1193. 2821 GUZMA, J., LEVINE, L., OLVERA, 0., POWELL, J. R., de la ROSA, M. E., SALCEDA, V. M., DOBZHANSKY, Th., and FELIX, R. 1975. Population genetics of D. of Mexico: III. Preliminary study of the chromosomal variation of D. pseudoobscura. in two geographical zones in the center of Mexico. An. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nal. Aut6n. Mxico, 46, Ser. Z,00l. (1): 75-86. (Spanish with English summary.) 2822 GIJZMAN, J., and SALCEDA, V. M. 1979. Analysis differencial de dos poblaciones de D. m. del mismo origen del distrito federal. Agrociencia, 37: 199-207. (Spanish with English summary.) 2823 GVOSDEV, V. A. 1981. The nature and functions of intercalary heterochromatin in D. m. Proc. 14th Int. Congr. Genet., Moscow, 3 (Book 2): 257-271. 2824 GVOZDEV, V. A., ANANIEV, E. V., KOTELYANSKAYA, A. E., and ZHIMULEV, I. F. 1980. Transcription of intercalary heterochromatin regions in D. m. cell culture. Chromosoma, 80 (2): 177-190. 2825 1981. Transcription of chromosome segments corresponding to regions of intercalary heterochromatin in a culture of D. m. cells. Soy. Genet., 16 (10): 1075-1084; and Genetika, 16 (10): 1729-1740, 1980. (In Russian.) 2826 GVOZDEV, V. A., BELYAEVA, E. S., ILYIN, Y. V., AMOSOVA, I. S., and KAIDANOV, L. Z. 1981. Selection and transposition of mobile dispersed genes in D. m. Cold Spring Harb. Sympos. Quant. Biol., 45 (2): 673-685. 2827 GVOZDEV, V. A., GERASIMOVA, T. I., KOGAN, G. L., ROZOVSKY, Y. M., and SMJRNOVA, S. G. 1981. Nature of the mutations interfering with the formation of active glucose -6-phosphate dehydrogenase in D. m. Soy. Genet., 17 (6): 655-664; and Genetika, 17 (6): 997-990. (In Russian.)

2828 HACKETT, R. W., and US, J. T. 1981. DNA sequence analysis reveals extensive homologies of regions preceding hsp70and alphabet a heat shock genes in D. m. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., U. S., 78 (10): 6196-6200. 2829 HADJIOLOV, A. A. 1980. Biogenes,)s of ribosomes in eukaryotes. In: Subcellular biochemistry, Roodyn, B., Editor, 7: 1-80. 2830 HADLACZKY, G., BURG, K., MAROY, P., and DUDITS, D. 1980. DNA synthesis and division in interkingdom heterokaryons. In Vitro, 16(8): 647-540. 2831 HAFEN, E., and GEHRING, W. J. 1981. Effect of a heat shock on the differentiation of germ cells in D. (Abstr.) Experientia, 37 (6): 647. 2832. HAIRSTON, J. T., and YOON, J. S. 1981. Ultrastructure of mouth parts as a means of identifying sex and species in Hawaiian D. Micron, 12 (2): 203-204. 2833 HAJ-AHMAD, Y., and HICKEY, D. A. 1981. Frequency-dependent viability of amylase null mutants in D. m. (Abstr.) Genetics, 97 (1), Suppl. : s46. 2834 KALFER, C. 1981. 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2924 IBARS, G. C., SE LICK, H. E., and KAUFFMAN, S. A. 1981. Inhibition of two homeotic mutants of D. by 5-bromodeoxyuridine and fluorouracil. J. Exp. Zool., 216 (2): 261-265. 2925 ICHIJO, N., KJMURA, M. T., and MINAMI, N. 1980. Eco-physiological aspects of reproductive diapause in D. sordidula and D. lacertosa (Diptera:Drosophilidae). Jap. J. Ecol., 30 (3): 221-228. 2926 ICHINOSE, M., HONDA, H., YOSHIMARU, H., and MUKAI, T. 1981. Genetic variance for sternopleural and abdominal bristle numbers in the Ogasawara population of D. m. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 56 (6): 602-603. (In Japanese.) 2927. IINO, A., and NAGI, S. 1981. Chromatin and chromosomes observed by scanning electron microscopy. Biomed. Res., 2 (Suppl.): 91-98. 2628 IKEBUCHI, M., and TERANISHI, Y. 1981. Storage effects on sex-chromosome losses induced by triethylene melamine (TEM) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) in D. m. Jap. J. Genet., 56 (2): 145-153. 2929. IKEDA, H., IDOJI, H., and TAKABATAKA, I. 1981. 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4124 YAMADA, M. A., NAWA, S., and WATANABE, T. K. 1981. An SR-spiroplasma unable to kill D. males. Ann. Rep. Nat. Inst. Genet., Japan, 1980, 31: 51. 4125 YAMAGUCHI, 0., ICHINOSE, M., MATSUDA, M., and MUKAI, T. 1980. Linkage disequilibrium in isolated populations of D. m. Genetics, 96 (2): 507-522. 4126 YAMAMOTO, M. 1981. The mechanism of meiotic chromosome pairing in the D. m. male. Jap. J. Genet., 56 (1): 79-96. (In Japanese.) 4127 YAMAZAKI, T. 1981. Genetic variation of amylase control genes in a natural population of D. m. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 56 (6): 652. (In Japanese.) 4128 YANNONI, C. Z., and PETRI, W. H. 1980. Characterization by isoelectric focusing of chorion protein variants in B. m. and their use in developmental and linkage analysis. Wilhelm Roux's Archiv, 189: 16-24. 4129 1981. D. m. eggshell development: localization of the s19 chorion gene. Wilhelm Roux's Archiv, 190 (5): 301-303. 4130 YANNOPOULOS, G., and ZACHAROPOULOU, A. 1980. Studies on the chromosomal rearrangements induced by the male recombination factor 31. 1 MRF in D. m. Mutat. Res., 73 (1): 81-92. 4131 YEDVOBNICK, B., KRTDER, H. M., and DUTTON, F. L. 1980. Analysis of disproportionate replication of ribosomal DNA in D. m. by a microhybridization method. Biochem. Genet., 18 (9/10): 869-877. 4132 YEDVOBNICK, B., KRIDER, H. M., and LEVINE, B. I. 1980. Analysis of the autosomal mutation abo and its interaction with the ribosomal DNA of D. m. : The role of X-chromosome hetero chromatin. Genetics, 95 (3): 661-6T2 -. 4133 YEN, P. H., and DAVIDSON, N. 1980. The gross anatomy of a tRNA gene cluster at region 42A of the D. m. chromosome. Cell, 22 (1): 137-148. 4134 YIM, J. J. 1981. Development of an assay procedure for gene product in D. m. (Abstr.) Biochem. Soc. Trans., 9 (2): 299P. 4135 YIM, J. J., JACOBSON, K. B., and CRUMMETT, D. C. 1981. Detection and some properties of an enzyme from D. m. that releases the side chain from dihydroneopterin triphosphate. Insect Biochem., 11 (4): 363-370. 4136 YOKOYAMA, S. 1980. The effect of social selection on population dynamics of rare deleterious genes. Heredity, 45 (2): 271-280. 4137. YOON, J. S. 1980. Mechanisms of chromosome evolution in Hawaiian (USA) D. (Abstr.) 2nd Int. Congr. Syst. and Evol. Biol., P. 111. 4138 YOON, J. S., BULLION, P., MASTERS, S., and NOBLE, R. D. 1981. Cytogenetic effects of sulfur dioxide. (Abstr.) Genetics, 97 (1), Suppl. : s117. 4139 YOSHIKAWA, H., and KAJI, S. 1981. Comparative studies of the visual system in the eye mutants of D. m. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 56 (6): 653. (In Japanese.) 4140 YOSHIMARU, H., ICHINOSE, M., HONDA, H., and MUKAI, T. 1981. Genetic variation of ABE activity in the Ogasawara population of D.m. (Abstr.) Jap. J. Genet., 56(6): 653-654. (In Japanese.) 4141 YOUNG, M. W. 1980. Transcription of polytene chromosomes in D. m. (Abstr.) Eur. J. Cell Biol., 22 (1): 20. 4142. 1981. Repeated DNA sequences in D. Genet. Eng. Princ. Methods, 3: 109-128. 4143 YOUNG, M. W., and SCHWARTZ, H. E. 1981. Nomadic gene families in D. Cold Spring Harb. Sympos. Quant. Biol., 45 (2): 629-640. 4144 YOUNG, R. S., and WATSON, J. E. 1981. Heterosis for wing length variation at the miniature locus in D. m. (Abstr.) Genetics, 97 (1), Suppl. : s117-s118. 4145 YUND, M. A., and HILL, J. R. 1980. E cdysteroid -receptor -chromatin interactions in imaginal discs of D. m. (Abstr.) Am. Zool., 20 (4): 862.

4146 ZACHAROPOULOU, A., and PELECANOS, M. 1980. Seasonal and year-to-year inversion polymorphism in a Southern Greek D. m. wild population. Genetica, 54 (1): 105-111. 4147 ZAKHAROV, I. A. 1981. Comparative studies of mutagenesis in radiosensitive mutants of yeast and D. Proc. 14th Int. Congr. Genet., Moscow, 3 (Book 1): 180-193. 4148 ZAKHAROV, I. K., and GOLUBOVSKY, M. D. 1981. The influence of temperature and the Y chromosome on manifestation and frequency of simultaneous mutation of two unstable genes in D. m. Soy. Genet., 16 (9): 1001-1007; and Genetika, 16 (9): 1603-1612, 1980. (In Russian.) 4149 ZALOKAR, M. 1981. A method for injection and transplantation of nuclei and cells in D. eggs. Experientia, 37 (12): 1354-1356. 4150 ZHIMULEV, I. F., BELYAEVA, E. S., and AIZENZON, M. G. 1981. Cytogenetic analysis of the 2131-2--2139-10 region of the D. m. X chromosome. Ill. Puffing changes in salivary gland chromosomes in homozygotes for the 1(1)pp-ltlO mutation. Soy. Genet., 16 (9): 1008-1021; and Genetika, 16 (9): 1613-1631, 1980. (In Russian.) 4151 ZHIMULEV, I. F., BELYAEVA, E. S., POKIIOLKOVA, G. V., SEIVIESIUN, V. F., BGATOV, A. V., and BARICHEVA, H. M. 1981. Cytogenetic study of the 9E -10A region of the X chromosome of B. m. II. Mutations affecting viability and some morphological characters. Soy. Genet., 16 (8): 896-908; and Genetika, 16 (8): 1404-1424, 1980. (In Russian.) 4152 ZHIMULEV, I. F., BELYAEVA, H. S., and SEIVLESIIIN, V. F. 1981. Informational content of polytene chromosome bands and puffs. Crit. Rev. Biochem., 11 (4): 303-340. 4153 ZHIMULEV, I. F., BELYAEVA, E. S., SEMESHIN, V. F., POKHOLKOVA, G. V., and GRAFODATSKAYA, V. E. 1981. On the structural and functional organization of polytene chromosomes. Proc.14t)i mt. Congr. Genet., Moscow, 3 (Book 2): 271-283. 4154 ZHIMULEV, I. F., BGATOV, A. V., FOMINA, 0. V., KRAMERS, P. G. N., EKEN, Y., and POKHOLKOVA, G. V. 1981. Gene loci in the ras-dsh interval of the X chromosome of D. m. Doki. Biol. Sci., 255 (1-6): 549-552; and Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 255 (3): 738-742, 1980. (In Russian.) 4155 ZIUMULEV, I. F., IZQUIERDO, M., LEWIS, M., and ASHBURNER, M. 1981. Patterns of protein synthesis in salivary glands of D. m. during larval and prepupal development. Wilhelm Roux' s Archiv, 190 (6): 351-357. 4156 ZEIMULEV, I. F., POKHOLKOVA, G. V., BGATOV, A. V., SEMESHIN, V. F., and BELYAEVA, E. S. 1981. Fine cytogenetical analysis of the band 10A 1-2 and the adjoining regions in the D. m. X chromosome. U. Genetical analysis. Chromosoma, 82 (1): 25-40. 4157 ZHIMULEV, I. F., SEMESHIN, V. F., and BELYAEVA, E. S. 1981. Fine cytogenetical analysis of the band 1OA1-2 and the adjoining regions in the B. m. X chromosome. I. Cytology of the region and mapping of chromosome rearrangements. Chromosoma, 82 (1): 9-23. 4158 ZIELKE, U., KLOETZEL, P. -M, and SCHWOCHAU, M. 1980. Mass isolation of a RNP-protein which binds selectively to the nuclear EN RNA of D. 11 ydei. (Abstr.) Eur. J. Cell Biol., 22 (1): 66.

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4159 ZIELKE, Ti., MJSCHKE, D., and SCHWOCHAU, M. 1979. Molecular characterization of the mitochondrial RNA and DNA of I). hydei Hoppe Seyler's Z. physiol. Chem., 360: 409-410. 4160 ZIJLSTRA, J. A. KLAPWIJK, P. M., BLIJLEVEN, W. G. H., and VOGEL, E. 1981. In vitro and in vivo metabolic activation of some procarcinogens in D. m. (Abstr.) Mutat. Res., 85 (4): 272. 4161 ZIMMERING, S. 1981. Radically improved detection capacity for chemical induced chromosome loss in D. m. with excision repair deficient mutant mei_9a. (Abstr.) Environ. Mut., 3 (3): 354. 4162 1981. Chromosome loss induced by procarbazine and diethylnitrosamine in D. from matings of treated males with repair-deficient mei_Ba, mei-41 1 mus 101, and mus 104 females. Environ. Mut., 3 (6): 687-690. 4163 1981. The repair deficient mutant mei_95 confers high sensitivity on the test assaying for chemically induced chromosome loss in D. m. In: Health effects investigation of oil shale development, Griest, W. H., Guerin, M R., and Coffin, D. L., Editors, pp. 209-224. 4164 ZIMMERING, S., and COOPER, S. F. 1980. A maternal effect in homozygous mei_9a mei_41D 5 repair deficient D. m. females influencing the recovery rate of progeny bearing a Y chromosome. Environ. Mut., 2 (4): 543-545. 4165 ZIMMERING, S., and DEITEIVLEYER, N. 1981. A further note on the utility of the excision repair-deficient mei- 9 - females of D. m. in detecting chromosome breakage induced by procarbazine in male germ cells. Environ. Mut., 3 (3): 293-295. 4166 ZIMMERING, S., HARTMANN, A. W., and COOPER, S. F. 1980. Evidence that the repair deficient mei_9a female in D. M. is a strong potentiator of chromosome loss induced in the paternal genome by dimethylnitrosamine. Environ. Mut., 2: 187-190. 4167 ZIMMERING, S., and KAMIVIERMEYER, K. L. 1980. Potentiation of chromosome loss induced in the paternal genome by methyl methanesulfonate and procarbazine following matings with repair deficient mei_9a females of D. Environ. Mut., 2 (4): 515-520. 4168 ZIMMERMAN, J. L., FOTJTS, D. L., and MANNING, J. E. 1980. Evidence for a complex class of nonadenylated mRNA in D. Genetics, 95 (3): 673-691. 4169 ZINGDE, S., and KRISHNAN, K. S. 1980. The acetylcholinesterase from D. m. In: Development and neurobiology of D., Siddiqi, 0., Babu, P., Hall, L. M., and Hall, J. C., Editors, pp. 305-311. 4170. ZOLOTAREVA, G. N., FONSHTEIN, L. M., RUDZIT, E. A., REVAZOVA, Y. A., BEREZOVSKAYA, I. V., LAVRETSKAYA, E.F., AKAEVA, E. A., BAKAI, T. S., BRATSLAVSKII, V. V., et al. 1981. Influence of hexamidline on reducing the mutagenic effect of dioxidine. Pharm. Chem. J., 14 (7): 440-445; and Khim-Farm. Zh., 14 (7), 1980. (In Russian.) 4171 ZOUROS, E. 1981. The chromosomal basis of sexual isolation in two sibling species of D. : D. arizonensis and D. molavensis. Genetics, 97 (3/4): 703-718. 4172 1981. The chromosomal basis of viability in interspecific hybrids between D. arizonensis and D. molavensis. Can. J. Genet. Cytol., 23 (1): 65-72. 4173 ZOUROS, E., and d'ENTREMONT, C. J. 1980. Sexual isolation among populations of P. molavensis: response to pressure from a related species. Evolution, 34 (3): 421-430. 4174 ZOUROS, E., and van DELDEN, W. 1981. Expressional differences between two duplicated esterase loci in P. mojavensis. (Abstr.) Gecetics, 97 (1), Suppl. : s118. 4175 ZULAUF, E., SANCHEZ, F., TOBIN, S. L., RDEST, U., and McCARTHY, B. J. 1981. Developmental expression of a D. actin gene encoding actin I. Natyre, Lond., 292: 556-558. 4176 ZULAUF, H., TOBIN, S. L., SANCHEZ, F., and McCARTHY, B. J. 1980. Actin genes of D. m. (Abstr.) Eur. J. Cell Biol., 22 (1): 13. 208 - DIS 59 Bibliography October 1983

COAUTHOR, INDEX

AARON, C. S. 1291 1292 ARMSTRONG, F. B. 1363 345 3 BARR, L. G. 2217 BIcKER, G. 441 ABBONDANDOLO, A. 105 ARNOLD, J. T. A. 2665 BARSKY, V. E. 2174 BIRMONT, C. 193 ABBOTT, U,. K. 1139 ARNOLD, M. T. 2958 BASHKftLOV, V. N. 948 2449 BIENZ, M 2538 2574 ABELEVA, E. A. 3429 3430 ARRIBAS, C. 2955 BATT, G. 1149 BIESSMANN, H. 2508 2628 4055 3431 ARRIGO, P. 57 BAUM, J. W. 893 894 895 BIJLSMA, M. 579 ABILEV, S. H. 1716 ARTAVANTS-TSAKONAS, S. 44 3 2993 2994 2995 BIJLSMA, R. 945 ABIVIAYR, S. M. 792 793 2605 824 825 1276 3236 BAUMANN, M. 3729 BINGHAM, P. 1241 3334 2920 2921 ARTHUR, C. G. 626 BAUMILLER, R. C. 1429 BINNARD, R. 2593 ABOU-YOUSSEF, A. 474 ASHBURNER, M. 140 581 102 3 BAUTCH, V. 3900 BISCHOFF, W. L. 111 ABRAHAMSON, S. 3184 3335 1975 2318 4031 4049 4155 BAUTZ, E. K. F. 2044 2045 BISHOP, C. P. 4114 4012 ASHLEIGH, D. 2427 2325 2529 2919 2985 2986 BISHOP, J. G. 3908 ACHARY, P. M. 3415 ASMUSSEN, M. 3206 3118 3119 3708 4054 BISHOP, J. 0. 828 3006 ADDISON, C. F. 3318 ATHERTON, D. D. 2699 BAYEV, A. A. 990 991 BISHOP, L. G. 1786 ADDISON, W. R. 2863 ATJDIA, J. 504 BEARDMORE, J. A. 377 378 BISTON, J. 28 ADENA, M. A. 603 ATKINSON, R. 2205 2499 2528 BIYASHEVA, Z. M. 2271 ADLER, P. N. 652 2793 2794 ATWOOD, K. C. 3660 BEARER, E. L. 2679 BIZZO, N. M. V. 1710 4115 AUERBACH, C. 1727 1728 379 9 BEARSS, N. D. 1741 BLACK, B. C. 4114 AFANSOVA, L. A. 3776 3790 BECK, A 1544 2076 BLIJLEVEN, W. G. H. 2222 4160 AFONINA, V. M. 292 AULT, J. G. 1097 3222 BECK, H. 1810 2678 3878 BLOCK, K. 2950 AGUADE, M. 3602 3603 3775 AVERY, R. J. 2867 BECKER, J. L. 3799 BLOMQUIST, G. J. 2958 AGUIRRE, M. 2970 AVILA, J. 4011 BECKERS, C. 3486 BLONDEL, D. 2079 AHMAD-ZADEH, C. 2193 AWAD, A. A. M. 580 2714 BEERIVIANN, W. 4113 4114 BLUMENFELD, M. 169 1324 AIELLO, V. R. 1217 AYAKI, T. 2115 BEHAN, A. 3480 1425 AIST, J. 2285 AYALA, F. J. 1772 1773 318 BEIKtRCH, H. 3084 BLUMENTHAL, A. B. 1685 AIZENZON, M. G. 128 129 3190 3298 3407 3408 3974 BEINORITE, I. B. 1278 BLUMER, A. 438 2538 2269 237 4150 4000 BELENEV, Y. N. 1432 BLUMER, A.-M. 396 AKAEVA, E. A. 2141 4170 AYLES, G. B. 3732 BELEW, K. 207 2347 BOCK, I. R. 1446 1447 1448 AKAM, M. E. 1605 2897 AXEL, R. 2498 BELL, A. E. 1312 2367 3410 1925 3534 AKIFIEV, A. P. 1333 1382 3411 3909 BOEREMA, A. C. 191 192 2330 AKINO, M. 1212 BELL, J. B. 616 BOESIGER, E. 2359 ALAHIOTIS, S. N. 146 959 BABAN, D. F. A. 2392 BELL, L. A. 1846 BOEZI, J. A. 96 960 2837 3506 BABU, P. 2841 3793 BELL, P. B. (Jr.) 34 BOGATSKAYA, L. N. 2685 ALATOSSAVA, T. 1040 BACKNER, B. 1634 BELLAMY, P. R. 2538 BOGDANOVA, E. S. 291 ALEXANDROV, Y. N. 2735 BACOULAS, H. 414 BELLAMY, R. 2625 BOHL, K. 734 ALLEN, J. R. 2865 BAEV(BAYEV), A. A. (Jr.) BELLONI, M. P. 353 BOHMAN, R. 3894 ALLIS, C. D. 3277 2934 2935 3939 BELYAEVA, E. S. 1016 1708 BOLLONS, M. 133 ALONSO, C. 2278 2955 BAHNS, M. 965 2133 2160 2317 2826 3081 BOLOTOVA, N. L. 1211 ALONSO, G. 2659 3600 BAK, A. L. 2132 3632 4150 4151 4152 4153 BOMAN, H. G. 2653 ALVAREZ, C. M. 3486 3894 BAK, P. 2132 4156 4157 BONCINELLI, E. 2787 3895 BAKAI, T. S. 4170 BELYATSKAYA, 0. Y. 3962 BOND, B. J. 2693 2694 ALVES, J. N. 1310 BAKER, B. 1766 BENCZE, G. 531 582 823 BONHOEFFER, F. 3742 AMOSOVA, I. S. 2270 2826 BAKER, B. S. 575 1134 2266 2714 BONNER, J. J. 60 AMPY, F. R. 1252 1253 1254 BAKER, G. T. 1681 2205 242 7 BENDER, W. W. 2897 3859 BONPACE, J. M. 1504 3352 3353 2527 2530 BENECKE, B. -J. 3124 BONVINO, V. 3604 ANANIEV, E. V. 102 593 808 BAKKEN, A. H. 2842 BENNETT, J. 797 BOOKER, R. 1542 809 2162 2824 2825 2933 BAKKER, K., 1963 BENNETT, L. 1064 BORACK, L. 1. 230 2934 2935 3939 BAKULINA, E. D. 1507 BENTLEY, K. W. 2070 4115 BORNER, P. 3873 ANDERSON, C. 2718 BALAKIREVA, M. D. 3026 39 27 BENTLEY, M. M. 2050 2051 BORSETT, L. M. 653 ANDERSON, H. V. 670 BALDARI, C. 3758 4089 4090 BOTANA, J. H. 536 ANDERSON, K. V. 3202 BALL, L. A. 2810 BEPPU, K. 3363 3921 BOTEV, B. 1962 ANDERSON, S. M. 3320 BALLARD, R. C. 2593 BERENDES, H. D. 59 BOURAI, F. 3404 3405 ANDERSON, W. W. 1402 3206 BALOCK, J. W. 670 BEREZOVSKAYA, I. V. 4170 BOURGERON, P. 3559 4003 BALWIN, G. 1220 1221 1222 BERG, P. 774 BOURGOIS, M. 3231 ANDJELKOVIC, M. 1523 3595 1223 BERGER, E. 1265 BOURNIAS-VARDIABASIS, N. ANDREGG, M. 428 BAMBARA, R. A. 4038 BERNASHEVSKAYA, A. G. 2167 200 2340 ANDRESS, L. 941 BANDO, K. 1347 BERNHARD, H. P. 1576 1577 BOUTON, A. H. 2292 2293 ANDREW, D. J. 3128 BANERJEE, I. 3415 BERNINI, L. F. 2324 BOWLING, M. 3066 ANISIMOVA, L. E. 1973 BANERJEE, J. 724 BERNS, G. S. 2285 BOWMAN, J. T. 586 ANTONOV, S. M. 3274 BANERJEE, R. S. 3772 BERREUR, P. 3808 BOWMAN, S. C. 331 ANTONOVA, N. V. 47 BARABANOVA, L. B. 1904 BERRE UR-BONNENFANT, J. BOWNES, M. 196 197 841 1707 ANTONY, C. 2963 2964 BARALE, R. 105 151 2748 3808 2234 2524 2525 3592 AOKI, T. 3920 BARIGOZZI, C. 686 BEST-BELPOMME, M. 2541 BOYCE, J. T. 4110 APPELS, R. 3545 3546 3886 BARITCHEVA (BARICHEVA), I LM. BETINA, V. 2558 BOYD, J. B. 222 1358 1405 APPLEWHTTE, P. B. 1536 2269 4151 BEWLEY, G. C. 1050 1051 2365 2366 2892 3303 3781 ARAI, K. 1343 BARKER, A. 2245 1125 1363 3181 3453 4087 BOZCUK, A. N. 1949 1950 ARAI, Y. 914 BARKER, J. S. F. 673 1321 2110 BGATOV, A. V. 2133 4151 BRACK, C. 2956 ARENS, M. F. 2531 3400 4154 4156 BRADSHAW, W. S. 509 ANIMURA, J. 1023 BARNER, G. 20 BHAT, S. G. 2224 2225 BRADY, T. 119 120 187 2263 ARKING, R. 1430 1431 3549 BARNES, B. W. 174 BHULLAR, B. S. 1140 2264 ARMEL, P. R. 4053 BARNETT, T. 3616 BIBER, U. P. 639 BRASCH, K. 131 132 ARMON, E. 3367 BARR, H. J. 1754 BICHNELL, J. 2073 BRATISLAVZKII, V. A. 1716 October 1983 Bibliography DIS 59 - 209

BRATSLAVSKLI, V. V. 4170 CARSON, H. L. 227 419 2202 CLISSOLD, P. M. 177 2316 DAVIS, R. W. 1829 BRAVER, G. 690 3409 3503 3861 3908 COBBS, G. 3178 DAWID, I. B. 1111 1112 1113 BREGLIANO, J. C. 1477 CARSWELL, N. 2205 COCHRANE, B. J. 1719 2719 1114 1115 2026 3242 3243 BREHELIN, M. 2416 CARTON, Y. 308 2241 3174 3175 3244 3519 BREIMER, D. D. 2135 2222 CARTWRIGHT, I. L. 2605 3255 COCKERHAM, C. C. 2024 DEAK, I. I. 162 438 2223 CASALE, A. 1230 COEN, E. 3902 DEAN, M. R. 1148 1149 BRENNAN, M. D. 2003 CASSIDY, J. D. 3073 COHEN, E. H. 902 2699 3077 de ARAfJO, A. M. 1954 BRENNER, S. 2285 CASTEDO, L. 536 3147 DEB, A. R. 158 BREWEN, B. 1369 3460 CAULTON, J. H. 29 1164 1165 COHEN, L. H. 1620 DEBEC, A. 3918 BREWER, I. W. 3082 1946 3277 COHEN, W. S. 3638 De BLOIS, L. D. 670 BRIDGES, K. W. 3409 3512 CAVALIERE, D. 1504 COHET, Y. 2531 De BOER, E. 501 2626 BRISCOE, D. A. 2669 3281 CAVENER, D. R. 2719 COHN, B. H. 3035 De CRISTINI, F. 2788 3746 BRITTEN, R. J. 833 2915 CAVICCHI, S. 615 1480 3564 COLLIER, G. 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S. 2695 CORDEIRO, A. R. 1339 1399 Dc LORI1VIER, R. 2605 BRUCE, M. J. 2436 CHANG, E. S. 3485 CORRADI, M. A. S. 1310 del PRADO, J. M. 570 BRUGH, T. H. .2715 CHANG, H. C. 2165 COSENS, D. 3913 DeMARCO, A. 353 BRUTLAG, D. L. 255 256 548 CHARLES, D. 1063 1064 COSOPODIOTIS, G. 436 deMEESTER, C. 2582 795 796 1356 3450 3546 CHARLESWORTH, B. 3696 COSTLOW, N. 3235 DEMETRI, G. 2447 3744 4079 4080 3697 COTE, J. 2709 DEMPSEY, B. 3974 BRYANT, P. J. 263 1105 1106 CHARLESWORTH, D. 284 1725 COTHRAN, M. L. 1897 DENELL, R. E. 921 942 1086 2285 2374 2750 2965 2966 CHARNIAUX-COTTON, H. 2748 COTTON, B. 2538 2948 3214 3215 3075 3643 CHARNOCK, M. 295 COUCH, P. A. 2312 den HERTOG, F. 4016 BRYANT, S. H. 2978 CHASALOW, F. I. 3174 3175 COUDRON, T. A. 2436 2437 DENNIS, E. S. 3547 BUCHANAN, B. 1170 CHASTAIN, B. 3788 COULO1VIBE, J. 2285 DENNIS, R. 3486 BUCHETON, A. 210 211 1477 CHATTERJEE, C. 1316 3415 COULTER, D. E. 653 654 d'ENTREMONT, C. J. 4173 BUCHNER, S. 235 236 2375 CHATTERJEE, B. N. 1316 3415 COUNCE, S. 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L. 2246 2247 SHORROCKS, B. 2439 SOUKOVATITSIN, V. V. 992 SWENSON, D. H. 497 TOIVIIMURA, Y. 1226 1908 1909 SHRESTA, H. 2712 SOURDIS, J. 3251 SWIFT, H. 3698 TOMPKINS, L. 2838 2839 SHUPPE, N. G. 3125 SOUTHGATE, R. 4042 4043 SYMMONS, P. 3742 TOMSETT, A. D. 4114 SHVARTSMANN, P. Y. 3204 SPAN(), A. 549 550 SYROTA, T. V. 1688 1689 TONEY, J. V. 1897 SJDDAVEERE GOWDA, L. 1551 SPARE. W. J. 200 SZABAD, J. 968 969 TONOMURA, Y. 1910 3621 3622 SPATZ, H. -C. 2658 2039 3081 TONETICH, J. 1741 3851 SIDDIQI, 0. 1618 2562 2841 SPENCE, G. E. 1449 3535 SZABO, P. 469 TOROK, I. 625 3689 3824 3536 3883 SZAUTER, P. 1416 TORRES, A. M. 1552 SIDOROVA, N. V. 3371 3372 SPERLICH, D. 20 1490 2559 SZIBER, P. P. 1542 TOSIC, M. 45 SIEBER, K. P. 2057 3571 SZIDONYA, J. 517 582 780 TOSTA, Z. 457 SIEGEL, R. W. 2838 2839 SPIEGELMAN, S. 3660 2637 3916 TRACEY, M. L. 483 484 2346 2957 SPIERER, A. 3859 3328 216 - DIS 59 Bibliography October 1983

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J. 432 433 434 TSUN9, K. 819 2912 2135 2223 4160 WILKERSON, R. D. 1369 3461 435 657 1913 TUCIC, N. 45 3287 3288 VOIGT, M. 2587 WILKINSON, L. 1033 YIM, Y. J. 301 TIJLLY, J. G. 2048 VOLKERS, W. S. 1653 WILKS, A. V. 2434 2737 YOKOYAMA, A. 1865 TURNER, F. H. 1948 3042 VOLLMY, I. 625 2738 YONGE, C. D. 2446 2447 TURNER, M. E. 44 von BORSTEL, R. C. 1770 WILL, B. 2229 YONSETTO, D. 2205 TURNER, S. H. 3147 Von HALLE, E. S. 3184 4012 WILL, H. 3119 3153 3742 YOON, J. S. 404 2832 TURCO, E. 3751 von SCHILCHER, F. 2839 WILLCOCKS, D. A. 3477 YOSHIKAWA, I. 73 TYL, B. T. 586 2585 VOROBTSOVA, I. E. 631 WILLIAMS, C. M. 2446 2447 YOSHIMARU, H. 2852 2905 TYL, B. T. 586 VORONTSOV, N. N. 612 WILLIAMS, T. R. 1217 1218 2926 TYSELL, B. 244 VOUTDTBIO, J. 2484 WILLIAMSON, D. L. 1939 YOUNG, B. 3520 TYSHCHENKO, V. P. 3141 VOURNAKIS, J. N. 1454 WILLIAMSON, J. H. 136 137 YOUNG, E. 1634 VYSKOCIL, F. 1160 138 587 588 1234 1400 1401 YOUNG, M. W. 2983 2274 2719 3174 3175 4050 YUND, M. A. 544 UEDA, R. 1288 3088 4051 4052 YURCHENKO, Y. A. 3010 UENOYAMA, T. 4005 WACLAWSKI, I. 244 WILLIAMSON, R. 1928 UHLENBECK, 0. C. 469 WADE, R. P. 3617 WILLINS, M. J. 3321 3322 ULDRIKIS, Y. R. 2769 WADSWORTH, S. C. 356 WILLMUND, B. 2357 ZACHAROPOULOU, A. 4130 UNDERWOOD, E. M. 29 WAKIL, H. M. 3933 WILSON, D. 1287 ZAJAC, L. A. 3722 UNDRITSOV, I. M. 1964 4027 WAKIMOTO, B. 921 922 3868 WILSON, R. 2379 2380 ZAKHAROV, I. A. 950 URGER MEYER, H. 2149 WAKIMOTO, B. T. 2548 3215 WILSON, S. R. 603 3058 3205 4025 UNNASCH, T. R. 221 WALKER, V. K. 587 WILTON, A. N. 3174 3175 ZAKHAROV, I. K. 630 632 URBINATI, C. 27 WALLACE, B. 338 2657 WINGE, H. 344 ZAPATA, C. 2170 USHIODA, V. 887 888 889 3216 WINSTON, J. A. 2351 2352 ZAYMULUN, V. G. 1904 890 891 WALLACE, S. S. 3286 WOLOSHYN, E. P. 867 3445 ZELENTSOVA, E. S. 2465 UZZAN, A. 2573 WALLDORF, U. 2919 WOLSTENHOLME, D. R. 512 3939 WALT, H. 1912 513 514 620 621 1479 ZETTLER, E. E. 2739 WALTER, H. 2285 2630 2631 2761 3563 ZHIMULEV, I. F. 128 129 VACEK, D. C. 2117 WANG, N. S. 139 3301 WONG, D. 779 1016 1320 1708 2160 2269 VAINIO, H. 430 1458 1788 WARD, D. C. 3164 WONG, F. 1046 3513 2271 2272 2317 2824 2825 2565 3470 WARING, G. L. 423 2629 WONG, P. 1928 3081 VAL, F. C. 3773 WARREN, T. G. 212 2349 WONG, Y.-C. 2605 ZIJLSTRA, J. A. 2223 VALENCIA, R. 3184 4110 WATABE, H. 2954 WOOD, D. 3659 ZIMM, G. G. 1102 1103 van ALPHEN, J. J. M. 2697 WATANABE, N. 1389 WOODRUFF, R. 61 ZIMMERING, S. 1406 van BREUGEL, F. M. A. 117 WATANABE, T. K. 819 820 WOODRUFF, H. C. 763 1765 2496 3184 4012 Van BRINK, J. M. 4045 821 931 932 1869 1870 2092 1897 1898 1901 2358 2359 ZIMMERMAN, L. 3255 Van DAMME, J. M. M. 782 2947 3029 3030 3031 3492 3550 3954 3955 4012 ZINGDE, S. 4033 van DELDEN, W. 467 803 897 3494 3495 3925 4124 WOODS, D. F. 1014 3128 ZORN, C. 1110 3086 3594 4174 WATERS, M. D. 3016 3733 3129 ZSCHUNKE, R. E. 87 van den BROEK, H. C. 4016 WATSON, J. A. 713 2680 WOODS, L. C. 3360 3693 ZUBLIN, E. 163 van der AART, Q. J. M. 1956 WATSON, J. E. 4144 WOODWAIID, S. 1199 ZUCHOWSKI, C. I. 704 van der MEULEN-BRUIJNS, C. WATTS, D. T. 4058 WOOLEY, J. C. 307 2463 ZULAUF, E. 3725 3726 166 WEBER, H. 2593 2492 3319 ZUR HAUSEN, H. 2712 van der PLOEG, M. 2441 WEBER, K. 4018 WORCEL, A. 3248 3721 ZUST, B. 1015 Van DIJK, H. 467 WEBER, L. 2283 2284 WORTHINGTON, A. 296 ZVI, S. 2573 van DUIJN, P. 2255 3883 WOSNICK, M. A. 1153 van DYE, D. 2285 WEBSTER, S. L. 2019 2020 WRIGHT, E. Y. 2071 4114 VANELLI, M. L. 27 2166 2021 4066 4067 WRIGHT, T. R. F. 63 1201 van HEEMERT, C. 3674 WEEKS, J. R. 654 2795 1202 1203 2204 3299 3452 van HERREWEGE, J. 385 1427 WEGNEZ, M. R. 3953 WU, C. 473 2533 WEHRHAHN, C. 2377 WU, C. -I. 4068 van KOOTEN, H. 3956 3957 WEIDE, C. M. 58 WU, C.-T. 2721 van SAMBECK, M. P. J. W. WElL, P. A. 1621 1622 WU, S. L. 2029 4072 4019 WEINBERG, E. 139 WULF, E. 112 van STEENBRUGGE, G. J. 3197 WEINBERG, E. S. 1834 1835 WUNDERER, H. 3840 VARENTSOVA, E. H. 949 1836 WURGLER, F. E. 113 638 VARGHA, J. 1200 WEINBERG, R. A. 3785 639 640 641 1544 1758 VARTANIAN, G. 3919 WEIR, B. S. 1050 1051 1822 1823 1824 2149 2257 VASALLO, J. M. 1178 1053 1054 2664 2777 2778 2779 2780 VASHAKIDZE, R. P. 3100 WEISGRAM, P. A. 613 2781 2782 2783 2784 2902 VASUDEV, V. 1006 WEISS, J. 2369 2903 3184 VAYSSE, G. 1232 WELLAUER, P. K. 394 WURGLER, R. E. 4012 VEERKAMP-van BAARLE, WELLS, S. 988 989 WURST, R. M. 1454 A. M. A. J. 3198 WELSHONS, W. J. 943 WYMAN, A. R. 1472 VENARD, R. 2964 WENSINK, P. C. 596 2250 WYMANN, R. 3718 3719 VERGINI, Y. 1122 3252 3253 2733 2996 2997 3720 VERLIN, D. 1855 WERNER, W. 1582 WYSS, C. 1043 2281 2282 VESEUCA, M. M. 53 WEST, R. 1619 3162 3163 VEUTLLE, M. 3145 WEST, R. W. 2102 VEYRUNES, J. C. 3573 WESTERBERG, B. M. VICARI, L. 2787 1566 3632 YACOVLEFF, V. 3113 VICENTE, 0. 3797 WHITCOMB, H. F. 1939 2048 YAEGER, P. 3241 VIGUE, C. L. 613 WHITE, B. 3318 YAGURA, M. 2088 VIJAYAN, V. A. 1005 1006 WHITE, B. N. 132 1153 1594 YAMADA, H. 789 790 791 October 1983 Bibliography DIS 59 - 217

TITLE INDEX

Abbreviations

X = X chromosome bet = heterochromatin Y = Y chromosome mv = inversion II = II chromosome lv = larva Ill = Ill chromosome 1 = lethal Iv = rv chromosome mit = mitochondrion = mutation beh = behavior mu = natural chr = chromosome nat = polymorphism co = crossing over pim = population dev = development pop = pupa diff = differentiation pu = temperature exp = experimental temp t = translocation

PART I. GENERAL INDEX

A isozyme 2052 activated muscle genes 2287 ether sensitivity 3441 abdomen, abnormal 388 active origins *3888 *3889 excess number 195 adult, dev 3271 3272 activation, bithorax complex 2396 feeding & sugar 3380 bristles 997 2110 2926 3779 gene *207 females, sib analysis of 3696 & selection 3059 heat shock gene 2511 2512 longevity 206 compartments 3106 microsomal 2222 of hybrid *1388 *1389 histoblasts 1628 polymerase 208 & lv photoreceptor mu 2914 isolated, & vitellogenesis 1514 protein 56 mit 999 & transplantation *1507 1943 activity, rhythm 987 & MMS 640 aberrant meiotic segregation 3155 in nat pops 3678 3680 3681 3683 polysomes 2343 ability, colonizing 2412 2413 action potentials, abnormal 3932 pre-, low temp survival *92 abnormal 000yte phenotype 2787 acylable haptens 3699 viability & Iv waste 2376 accessory gland, male 2880 adaptation, alcohol 2180 2470 response to ethanol 2184 acetaldehyde 2709 3219 & allozymes 230 ribosomal protein 2451 acetamide -treated Iv 474 biochemical 271 & age 1681 acetic acid, & oviposition 2652 blue 345 RNA polymerase 2458 3459 vapor 3530 chromatic, trp 3913 sterile, released 670 acetone 2533 00- *1882 *1884 survival & low ethanol 2526 & ADH 1427 to cold resistance 1937 temp-sensitive 1 mu 779 N-acetyl--2-aminofluorene 912 913 1325 convergent 385 use of casein 4023 acetylase, histone 4079 ecological, & genetic variation 3287 3288 viability & stress *673 acetylation, actin 2284 pop 1189 vs Iv GPDH 1265 acetylcholinesterase 655 685 1307 2282 & emigration 3355 advantage, rare male, in laboratory strain 2789 3396 4168 enzyme, to temp 18 3290 inhibition 2728 heat 3959 3960 3962 affinity, chromatographic purification 1261 mu 2837 mu repair 1904 1921 acetylcholine, metabolism 689 &ODH 2470 labeling 493 494 receptors 3741 polygenes 3159 aflatoxin 497 1287 acetylglucosaminidase, beta-N - 2038 & recombination 3687 Bi 293 294 295 296 297 2451 3332 L -alpha -acetyl -methadol (LAAM) & tropical Africa 3144 Agallol 3 2716 nondisjunction 3555 adaptedness, pop 2248 3577 age, & ADH 167 3086 acetyltransferase, choline 655 & species hybrid *3621 & adult ribosomal proteins 1681 acid deoxyribonuclease 406 adaptive, advantage, isozyme 3735 of chr plm *2406 acid, fatty 2035 biochemical plm 3076 & DNA thermal stability 2530 phosphatase 474 1435 *1437 1767 evolution, mechanism 3414 exact, determination 873 -1 857 858 859 1148 1149 2635 & regulatory genes 74 2219 experience & sexual selection 1537 -3 & III mv *3469 value PGM plm 2397 & immigrant male 1617 & dev 1250 *1529 adaptiveness of mating advantage 1031 & lipolytic activity *3777 & selection 1352 adenine phosphoribosyltransferase 2973 2974 & loads 45 acidic protein, ribosomal 1639 adenosine 864 &Mran *1226 acoustic stimuli & courtship 453 ADH (see alcohol dehydrogenase) male, & reproductive success 1616 3241 acoustics of songs 2506 adult, abdomen, dev 3271 3272 & mating success 3086 acridine 340 transplant into 1943 & meiotic drive 1337 1338 orange 3336 alcohol ingestion 2442 & nondisjunction 1775 acrocentric, reversed, compound -x 1649 amylase in *1880 & origin Hawaiian D. 2289 acrylonitrile & mu 2582 beh & deficiency 786 parental, & chaeta number 2392 actin 145 563 2283 competition, interspecies 500 & heritability 3232 gene 2640 2694 3640 3724 3725 cuticle proteins 3698 & selection 2186 3726 4175 4176 defect, and blastoderm 1583 paternal, & mutagen 850 human, cloned 2611 & fate map 1110 puffing *1507 iso- 4018 density & fecundity 3400 radiosensitivity 631 multiple 785 dliapause, & geography *3362 & ribosomes 87 pattern, flight muscle 3162 3163 photoperiodic *3257 *3259 & RNA metabolism 336 acetinomycin D & radiation mu 21 & environmental ethanol 3537 sex, & fecundity 1006 218 - DIS 59 Bibliography October 1983 age--cont. temp-insensitive 2602 & selection 100 2244 structure in exp pops 1310 variation 1643 2312 2313 2314 & stress 1588 & thermal stability 87 regulation 1543 thermostability 1264 & tRNA alteration 1417 & Y t 3674 XDH *4083 & wing length selection 3933 & III 2028 amanitin 653 aggregation state, enzyme complex 2220 modifiers 4061 Ames test, non, for mu 37 aggression 1758 environmental, & ADH 2722 amides 178 1171 aging 609 & in vivo ADH 2183 ammnergic receptor 2573 cellular 1998 ingestion, adult 2442 amines, & morphogenesis 1171 & copper 1217 source in substrate 2117 & mu 178 2596 & environment 1440 survival 1713 amino acid, analogs 3389 & female sterility 233 234 tolerance 1172 & evagination 3801 & free amino acids 1294 pop 3279 free, & aging 1294 genetics 3228 3229 & use 4024 & hydroxyproline 1563 & homeostasis 341 wineries, &Adh 3298 omega- 2959 hybrids & mit heterosis 1208 Ala tDNA 3761 pools, Iv, and food deprivation 1562 & lysosomal enzyme 2019 aldehyde oxidase 136 137 138 349 1012 1052 required for disc eversion 1735 & male recombination *1226 1234 2037 2274 2522 2554 4057 tasting 1865 mechanism 1382 & cin 374 aminotransferase, tyrosine *120 metabolism 2590 disc 3871 ammonium ions 2054 microsome protein 2020 & evolution 2159 AMP, cyclic (see 212lip AMP) & mosaics 903 & lao 2050 amphibian oocyte nucleus 2325 oocyte X nondisjunction 3979 plm 522 523 amplification 172 1805 2747 3867 3868 3902 & organelles 2500 aldolase 213 214 1982 3934 3948 & protein synthesis 4066 4067 aldox 1013 amyl acetate 1760 & temporal organization 3722 alkyl phenyl phosphonate 2580 amylase, allozyme 2556 *34 *3467 & thioproline 2593 alkylating agents 1069 control 1922 4127 & translation 2021 & mu 1985 1988 1989 2207 2257 3461 & dev *3024 alanine, beta- 832 & nutrient deficiency 2718 gene evolution 1520 alcohol, adaptation 2180 alkaline phosphatase 1399 *1529 & mv *3466 *3467 & ODH 2470 Allee effect 66 isozymes 425 3756 & bacteria in substrate 2117 alleloenzymes, ADH 3649 3946 midgut 424 692 2842 dehydrogenase (ADH) 42 1457 2275 Allium 1355 null mu 2833 2276 2533 2762 4091 allogenic transplants 2414 plm 781 782 2906 activity 1427 Alocasia 3503 in cage pops *2146 after treatment 3352 alpha-chain gene 1606 pop genetics *1522 *1523 *1524 3595 4127 alcohol, & wineries 3298 alpha -glucosidase781 1873 purification 1921 alleloenzymes 3946 alpha glycerophosphate dehydrogenase regulation *1880 *3941 *3942 allozymes 603 (GPDH) 4091 & selection *44 748 *1523 2556 3756 amount & environment 318 alternate passage method for cell line 4006 species 1261 *1371 & body, dimension 3564 altitude & body weight 1253 analogs, juvenile hormone 1655 1656 1657 weight 1961 allele, *1372 3739 in cages at different temps 3735 complementation 878 879 2720 2721 analysis, restriction 3838 3839 courtship & mating success 1516 electrophoretic 1087 *1751 whole chr 2894 cryptic 2433 2434 2737 3350 3351 enzyme null, in nat pops 1989 anatomical brain mu 734 3353 3354 4088 esterase 347 348 androcidal SR systems 1518 1519 Cys & His 3947 frequency, & distance 2167 anesthetic, & nondisjunction 2474 & dev 2181 disequilibria *1584 resistance 565 566 567 1384 1385 1386 2704 in eggs 167 "giant lv" 1780 1781 aneuploidy 171 electromorphs 397 3122 interaction 1780 & carcinogenesis 3976 & electrophoresis 384 1581 1, heterozygote viability 1781 & catalase 1125 & EMS mu 3393 null 801 802 detection 2666 2667 environmental, alcohol 2722 pairing & gene regulation 831 fractional 1197 variation 2738 rare, selection & plm 2499 in oocytes 916 ethanol, in food 1957 variants & III mv *3468 *3469 patterns 3980 & isopropanol 4037 w 797 segmental 170 & octanol 3850 allelism, interyear *228 *2373 X 3597 resource utilization 2901 1, pop *3251 sex chr 3265 fast & slow dimers 2807 & Ncm *413 terminal 1595 genetics 248 2201 allozyme *1340 *1341 *1342 anise 1184 in vivo, & environmental alcohol 2183 adaptive 230 anlage (see imaginal discs) isoalleles & season 613 ADH 603 annual rhythm 600 isozyme *851 852 *853 3649 amylase 748 *3466 *3467 annulate lamellae 3050 &X 2971 Acph *2912 antenna, bristles 3338 in Japanese pop 4140 & body size 1711 disc 3060 3061 3062 mating success 3086 & chr arrangements *1533 *3466 *3467 eye disc 1266 1263 1303 meiotic cc 959 & dines 3598 3601 homoeosis 875 1830 3898 nIRNA 139 dipeptidase 3493 leg on 239 mu 1 2 1779 diversity in species *354 leg to, mu 3907 null 1493 1494 esterase 348 morphogenesis 238 non-metal requiring 1494 gene frequencies 2154 2155 normal or homoeotic 3898 & ontogenesis 125 loci & chr *1121 1392 receptors & mating 71 plm 270 1691 3324 Iv]DH-2 *1774 transformed 928 & mating success 3594 mu, spontaneous 1984 antibacterial compounds 2031 in pops 1958 & N-S gradient *1490 antibodies 3541 & temp 4017 null alleles 3165 auto-, human 3153 & pops 699 1304 2312 2313 2314 2473 & mating 534 vs chr proteins 793 & position effect 763 pattern & selection 1178 horseradish peroxidase 2967 purification 220 6PGD 272 monoclonal 180 792 2361 2920 2985 3117 & selection 376 2526 plm *1487 3119 3908 3742 4055 & size selection 3774 chr *3602 *3603 & dev 4084 & species 876 2211 clinal variation *3568 RNA polymerase B 2325 stability, heat 3349 & geography *3571 specificity 1676 in vivo 2182 in pops, laboratory 1053 1054 Z-DNA 3465 temp 1647 3323 nat 1044 *1321 *1798 3165 antigens 1676 3153 3742 substrate 854 & quantitative variation *2816 antimorph 3591 October 1983 Bibliography DIS 59 - 219 antimutagen 633 2141 2769 bacteria, anti-, activity 2819 reproductive, & esterase 1591 1592 3652 3653 antioxidant 1274 2646 2769 compounds 2031 & juvenile hormone analogs 1656 1657 & life span 1332 3434 dispersal 2740 male 687 antis chistosomal drug 105 esterase *4064 resource exploitation, & fitness 3370 antiserum vs calmodulin 2923a facultatively aerobic 2117 response to alcohol 2722 antispasmodic as antimutagen 2141 plasmid 2022 ring-Y 1831 AO in wing disc 3125 virulence 2653 sex 461 767 aphrodisiac 1977 2964 bait 124 2265 appeal 838 839 Apr 992 attraction to *1954 & geography 2483 apterous 1428 for collection 1710 Hawaiian 3658 apurinic 4053 banana 124 1760 2265 & locomotion 3142 DNA endonucleases 407 3860 band, Q- 340 mu 2836 sites in DNA 1405 banding pattern, electron microscopy 1661 & phylogeny 3005 apyrimidinic sites in DNA 1405 1662 1663 1664 1665 & strain 885 arctic 3922 3965 barrier, behavioral 9 10 shuddering 1928 arginine, kinase 1043 2686 selection 1965 social, & lek species *2490 tDNA 1740 basal lamella 2348 in subgroup 191 192 arista 1137 1541 basement membrane collagen 3263 tracking 2494 2495 aromatic amine & mu 2596 basic biology, D. 3176 visual learning 2658 Arrhenius plots 1783 BASIC program 1461 & vision 345 arrhythmic 2774 4070 beef, irradiated, & mu 1282 3373 walking 524 2453 artifact nerds 1534 behavior, & acetyicholinesterase 2837 benign neoplasm 573 artificial, regulation of sex 1842 adult, & deficiency 786 benomyl & mu 3156 selection on two correlated traits 2166 & arista 1541 benzamide 1037 1318 3151 ascitic condition 3873 attractive toward human constructions 383 benzanthracene derivative & mu 2661 AsntDNA 3761 barrier 9 10 bias, exp, & rare-male advantage 3043 Asobara 2697 3442 & brain transplantation 1368 bibliography 745 746 Asp tDNA 1682 chemosensory, mu 1915 biochemical, adaptations 271 Aspergillus 1287 chemotactic 1914 3379 3380 loci 2557 aspartate 775 chr 275 map 3981 trans carbamylase 515 & het 1649 biochemistry, of disc dev 1732 aspartite carbamoyltransferase 863 comparative, genetics 1510 3586 & genetics of proteins 1381 aspirin 1971 conditioned response 2488 of growth 1611 assay, ecdysteroid 3651 courtship *135 of male reproductive system 2942 2943 mutagenesis 4044 attractants 4032 biogenesis, ribosome 2829 sex-linked recessive 1 4119 & conditioning 1734 biogeography, & evolution *3990 assembly, chromatin 3449 3450 & evolution 3865 fauna 3993 associative conditioning 2543 & isolation *3291 biohazard 482 Astaurov, B. L. 2268 & sex experience 2569 biological limits of selection 1404 asynapsis 947 1509 2429 3166 & cycloheximide 2057 biology, basic, D. 3176 asynchronous bristle diff 2785 diff 2654 & genetics of D. 63 2202 2204 ATP 671 2378 dispersive *428 1256 1257 1258 1259 1345 biometrics 2488 A + T-rich DNA *2607 2761 1346 bionomics *2954 *3069 mit 513 514 2063 1715 1844 1845 effect of CO2 & ether 610 biopterin synthase 506 atrophy, gonadal 1463 1464 1465 1466 & electric fields 292 biosatellite Cosmos 782 1432 attached-X females 3220 emigration *1613 *1615 3355 biosynthesis, of drosopterins 2566 4078 attention, visual 4096 & ether narcosis 3245 tRNA 3760 attractants, courtship 4032 & evolution 3863 UMP 874 attraction, to bait *1954 & head shape *3866 bistable pigments 1271 3078 to human constructions 383 & eyes 798 biotransformation, xenobiotics 2221 2223 to potato 2351 gene, & chr homologies *20 binding juvenile hormone *972 *973 auditory 2696 *2929 genetics 13 14 15 2862 his (2-methoxyethyl) ether & mu 3322 autofluorescent granules 2087 & evolution 464 bizarre Drosophilidae 2200 autoradiography 187 1708 geotaxis 2161 black beetle virus 2810 2811 autosome, compound 880 2854 gregarian 400 protein 2681 2682 entire compound 3475 & pop size 398 blackleg, potato 2352 excision-repair mu 2342 gynandromorpli 343 blastoderm, anlage 845 & G6PD & 6PGH 3174 3175 & infections 463 defect 1583 meiotic pairing 2096 jumping, or pyokori 1334 1335 3440 fate map 3906 modifier of enzymes 2908 lek *2490 irradiated 1109 nondisjunction 1775 Iv, feeding, and viability 1390 map 3341 paralytic mu 3854 foraging 3847 3848 3849 pre-, transcription 3812 & position effect enhancers 737 male courtship 2488 syncytial 3020 recessive 1 in males 1124 mating 484 *730 blastema 2144 3015 set/X ratio 2695 cues in 2696 blastula, pre-, chromatin 3255 t 3197 & ether *2040 bleomycin & mu 3978 half- 1538 & eye pigment mu 3484 blood, human 351 & somatic recombination 3356 & light *1489 tumor cell lines 2712 &X-rays 1076 & protein synthesis 1536 blowfly, sheep 2665 wing mu 3170 species difference *2018 blue adaptation 345 -Y, combination & sterility *2143 & Y number 65 body, dimension & Adh 3564 t 1540 3264 maze 1498 size, & allozyme 1711 II compound 753 & minority advantage 1800 & desiccation *2245 auxotrophs, pyrimidine 1576 1577 mosaicism, & y 2379 2380 wall protein, Iv 2562 avian sarcoma virus 2717 mu 780 2904 weight, & ADH 1971 avoidance, frost *2616 chemotactic 1914 & altitude 1253 axenic 1296 *1980 2999 nervous 2839 in wild pops 1730 axoneme 3968 non-sexual 668 book 63 72 464 546 572 744 746 849 1082 axons 3515 3516 olfactory 3688 1083 1629 1851 1900 1994 2034 2202 2204 azauraoil 775 oviposition 399 1860 1862 1863 1868 2318 2724 2735 3110 3216 3793 4045 azide, sodium, & mu 898 & methanol *2970 Bombyx 912 913 1325 azo dyes & mu 2596 & sterol 1128 boreal 1131 phototaxis 983 984 1190 *1193 2056 2161 brain, cell *3888 plasticity 440 2571 cultured *3874 plm, Iv foraging 3849 mu 734 2643 2868 & rare male mating advantage 1799 & neuron pathway 3897 October 1983 220 - DIS 59 Bibliography

brain--cont. cardinal 1816 effect of ecdysteroids 2445 2446 2447 opiate receptor 3553 carnitine 186 2148 protein 2562 casein 4023 ecdysterone & protein synthesis 2501 transplantation & beh 1368 catalase 154 155 1125 emb, establishment 1288 break, chromatid, & X rays 1692 1693 catalog, European species 3684 haploid, rickettsia 3918 hidden in rRNA 1689 catecolamine metabolizing enzymes 805 infections 1888 -down, hybrid, II *3825 caudal segments, emb 1940 isozyme electrophoresis 743 points, rearrangement 1070 3191 Cecropia 2653 as metamorphosis model 3485 breeding, program & computer 1899 cell, adhesion 3263 metaphase chr isolation 2849 reversed selection 427 affinities of disc 886 morphology & ecdysterone 2503 selection 121 aging 1998 mutagen-sensitive 2892 selective, & learning 1496 arrangement, & homoeotic mu 2972 pattern of peptide synthesis 2281 site *1117 & spreading substrate 2536 proteins induced 3744 ethanol 2738 basis, morphogenesis 4099 pyrimidine auxotrophic 1576 1577 substrate alcohol 2117 biology & laser 2285 reoviruses 3573 bristle, abdominal 997 2110 3779 brain *3888 RNA incorporating phosphate 3308 & selection 3059 bristle organ forming 1912 Schneider's 2085 abnormal *339 culture, & actin 145 2283 2284 secretion of enzymes 4002 antennal 3338 brain *3874 surface antigens 3117 coxal 2391 circadian rhythm 988 transformed in vitro 4123 determination 601 602 copia 505 3202 transplantation 1943 diff 2785 DNA replication 222 virus-like particle 2806 2807 duplication 1956 & ecdysteroid 2541 3483 lineage 1058 1059 1060 2639 head 810 emb, & protein synthesis 2385 2386 bithorax 1906 interocellar 3285 enzymes & viruses 112 dcv in epidermis 1856 length mu 1248 haploid and diploid 2541 female germ line 2039 number, artificial selection 3745 het 2824 2825 localization of heat shock protein 2193 & dimethylsulfate 3745 & insulin 3399 2194 in pop 2926 makes virus protein 2681 2682 lymph gland 1809 & Y number 65 new virus 3769 mammalian, transduction 141 organ forming cells 1912 regulation of rDNA number 3125 marker for clonal analysis 3177 patterns 1062 regulated transcription 2640 mini- 992 & N *4016 ribosomal protein 3157 monkey 775 & wing compartment *4015 spermatogenesis in 360 movements in embryogenesis 1948 primordlia 3341 spiroplasmas 1821 myogenic 150 region suppressing 19 & tissue 1685 number & size cause pattern 735 scutellar 3779 virus in 2162 nurse 1875 3421 3422 sensory 1585 virus-like particles in 2867 pseudo- 2523 in gj 1244 circadian rhythm 2775 4070 Kc 2436 2437 3124 3755 3895 sternal *698 circulatory 1600 & hormones 2446 2447 2448 sternite, number *2851 clones 249 2081 photoreceptor 887 sternopleural 2392 competition 1743 3807 *4016 pole 1156 3496 3967 bromodeoxyuridine *1039 *1507 1934 2924 crystal 3664 3669 cultured 29 *3583 cycle 891 1934 2701 fate 1946 bromacil 1326 ecdysteroid regulated 3893 3894 transplantation 2547 butadiene & mu 1987 2582 death 197 proliferation in wing disc 2152 3330 butyrate & position effect variegation 1308 & gamma rays 2965 radiation-damaged, & DNA repair 2364 3403 in wing disc 2632 2365 defense reaction 2416 radiation survival & DNA repair 2364 degeneration & vg 3479 receptor, axons 3515 C-value paradox 2698 determination 3204 response to insulin 4122 C virus 3391 3574 division, & cell cycle 2701 retinular 3238 cactophilic 2117 2244 2654 3294 & chr protein 332 333 2482 salivary gland 1891 2296 cadmium 834 2444 epithelial 2361 *2297 2393 chloride 982 1968 1972 excitability 2840 single, & sex 2236 caffeine 3791 fetes and functions during embryogenesis size, number and longevity 1104 & EMS & mu 1353 1354 1945 somatic, chromatid breaks 1692 1693 & ganglion cells 2544 2545 2546 follicle 247 1164 1875 3421 3422 hybrid 2082 & maternal repair 1406 abnormal 1947 spherule 1808 3876 & radiation mu 21 dcv 3867 stage & magnification 3661 cage type & generation interval 3411 -free protein synthesis 1701 surface, effects 34 calcium 999 ganglion 353 1934 protein 2551 cyclamate & mu 2074 2075 & caffeine 2544 2545 2546 & tissue culture 1685 1759 in flight muscle 2637 genial, tumor 2711 ultrastructure *67 flux, mit 3480 hybrid 2083 2084 viability, epidermal 1595 uptake, mit 3482 immune response 3442 somatic 1596 calmodulin 2923a 3040 inter-, junctions 466 virus-infected 2811 Camellia flowers 3966 interaction 8 visual, & darkness 2599 cAMP (see Lc AMP) disc 3337 wall deficient *3852 canalization & selection 1578 & melanotic tumor 1598 wing & haltere 8 1215 1216 cancer & free radical 1998 intra-, location of heat shock protein chaetae (see bristles) carbamyl phosphate synthetase 1571 1974 chaetotaxy 3338 carbamoyltransferase, aspartite 863 microorganisms 3246 channels, potassium 3719 carbohydrases *1980 recording 981 chaos 3950 carbohydrate source & amylase *1523 1 3589 character, model, dcv & polygenes 1896 carbon dioxide 312 610 1143 1 mu, & dcv 2750 2751 polygenic 3159 carbon disulfide & no mu 2564 & pattern replication 2750 quantitative 4060 carcinogen 1287 2222 lethality of extra 83DE 1127 & long selection 2107 2108 2109 2111 chemical 912 1358 line 3734 *3855 chemical, & aneuploidy 2667 environmental 405 & active NOR 3606 communication 2963 pro- 4160 by alternate passage method 4006 & free amino acid level 1294 aflatoxin 497 blood tumor 2712 -induced small deletions 3790 aneuploidy 3976 chr 3398 -induced unstable mu 64 mobile dispersed genetic elements from disc 4007 -induced viability mu 1938 2727 dosage compensation in 1365 insect control 3326 tests 1678 2779 3613 & ecdysone 2282 modifies female co 3000 October 1983 Bibliography DIS 59 - 221 chemical--cont. action visualized 3361 3377 3378 mutagen, environmental 3872 active sites & proteins 792 hypothermia & radiation 3374 potential 3843 & allozyme loci *1121 & inhbreeding 3261 rod vs ring 996 analysis & foraging 3846 male, & X rays 2496 spermatogenesis 695 arrangement, & allozymes *1533 sex-, chemical storage effect on 2928 & nondisjunction 1555 new *1637 female 4025 chemoreceptor, complex 3794 asynapsis, & mv 1509 test 2784 chemosensory mu 1618 1915 asynaptic segments 3166 male recombination 1228 chemotactic beh 3379 3380 band 340 map *1224 mu 1914 compound 943 & plm *3623 chiasmata *1225 *3309 & fluorescence 937 meiotic, synapsis 392 chicken 587 612 labeling 684 metaphase, isolated in bulk 2849 chimeras 3736 &N 2027 mass isolation 697 Chironomus 2803 2805 pattern, X 3856 purification 974 chi-square test 1919 scheme 967 mitotic, het 1036 chitin 2560 & transcription 1035 neuroblast 325 chloroform 565 566 2703 width 1033 sister chromatids *1038 chioroprene & mu 1987 basis, sexual isolation *4171 molecular view of 3859 1 -chloro-1, 3-trans-butadiene & mu 1987 viability *4172 morphology 131 choice, habitat, in nat pops 1879 beh 275 1179 in male meiosis 2213 cholesterol 2680 & deficient loci 2235 & temp 707 choline acetyltransferase 655 genetics 15 mosaics & mutagens 1828 cholinergic 439 442 & bet 1649 MR-h12 2729 chorion 1470 1471 mitotic & meiotic 2428 mutest 4012 defect 1947 bonding 340 nonhomologous, distribution 2430 endo- 1270 breakage 2064 pairing 2430 2431 formation 2400 control 574 575 577 noninducer 1478 gene 2987 detection 540 2666 nonsegregation 2854 amplification 3867 3868 distribution 1320 normal & denatured polytene 131 structure & expression 3868 3869 in nat pops 2359 o *3571 morphogenesis 421 422 423 & procarbazine 4165 organization 3052 protein 1999 4128 & rDNA magnification 1580 orientation 627 genes 1804 1805 1806 & ultrasonication *1932 male 2765 2766 mRNA 3948 C(2;3) EN 636 plm *1926 *3816 precursors 1892 cell line 3398 & allozymes *3602 *3603 chromatic adaptation, jgJl 3913 centric fragment lost 503 age of *2406 chromatid, aberrations 353 2545 2546 3198 characterization aided by cloning 2758 & baits 1954 breaks, & gaps in repair mu 3764 coiling and paba 1560 & genetic distance 3600 & X rays 1692 1693 compound, entire 636 lack *827 sister, exchange 578 1152 2561 2713 contamination 1476 nat *2659 2777 3327 -cytoplasm interaction 477 in pops *2354 no 3763 damage &Xylitol 2073 nat *870 2583 2946 *3313 unequal 3934 deficient in rDNA 1833 polytene, active sites 792 chromatin, assembly, & emb extract 1356 deletion, small, detection 3790 antigens 3153 & histone modification 4080 DNA, & genome organization 3834 asynapsis 947 & organization 3449 3450 & light 3336 band & puff information 4152 changes in emb 3731 organization & transcription 3147 banding 967 cleavage 2420 replication unit 2320 break distribution 1320 condensation pattern *3152 sequence highly repeated 3546 chromatin 350 condensed, & transcription 1035 dot *3089 87 D2-4; 87 E12-F1 756 deletion & addition at chr tips 2294 disconjunction & paba 1560 denatured 131 DNA, 5S 3248 distribution, & asynapsis 2429 DNA, cloned 3751 DNase hypersensitive 2604 3037 3038 of highly repeated DNA 3886 repetitious 3706 -ecdy steroid -receptor interactions 4145 diversity in species *354 5S 132 2863 fiber 307 ecdysone 187 2197 sequences 331 fraction & heat shock 55 evolution 1795 *2403 & temp 707 of gene active or not 2072 mechanisms 4137 & ecdysterone 3585 & heat shock loci transcription 3036 extra-, circular DNA 2645 ecdysterone location 2803 2804 2805 of histone genes 3721 control of mu 478 ectopic pairing 1016 & nonhistones 380 extra, heterochromatized 2296 giant, ovary 3073 & nuclease 267 fat body *1157 growth 403 preblastula 3255 fluorescence patterns 3149 helix destabilizing protein 3542 protein phosphorylation *1553 folding 2369 homoeosis 922 recombination & X rays 683 functional unit 2871 in situ hybridization 2255 repetitious sequence 2419 gene, & behavior homologies *20 interbands 3465 ribosomal, transcribed 2455 homologous, conjunction 489 loci of mobile dispersed genes 2175 in scanning electron microscope 2927 homology, of circular DNA 1812 innat pops 1797 of specific genes 473 species 1003 & nonhistone distribution 2529 2921 structure 516 2752 inducer 1456 -nonpolytene transition zone 1608 histones 1239 inter-, effect of bet deletion 2095 nucleolus 2028 2174 transcription 2605 3036 3317 het hetetogeneity 1762 organization 4153 subunit structure *2952 intra -, effect of duplication 285 organ-specific *1609 as template 2440 site-specific rearrangements 3221 protease 2421 chromatography, general-ligand affinity mv plm & latitude 3085 puffing 59 2203 220 lampbrush 132 842 2876 Q-bands *1754 chromenes 133 location, of cloned genes 1481 *1694 replication 1166 *1632 *1633 chromocenter 275 1277 1319 2045 2428 of helix destabilizing protein 1902 RNP 842 chromomeres 958 *1157 1608 *1609 2983 of HMG proteins 4111 4112 silver stained 2315 chromosome, aberration *817 *818 plm 1839 small 1670 & circadian clock 3837 locus, N 4071 structural organization 2133 genetic control 3765 ofr and tDNA 3660 structure 1032 1033 & ultrasonics *3994 loops, Y *3083 & function 2199 in radiosensitive mu 3205 loss, & caffeine 1406 surface spread 2998 related to ebiasmata *3309 chemically-induced 4162 4163 4166 tip chromatin 2294 spontaneous 574 detection 4161 4163 transcription 1035 1708 4141 Y, & male fertility 3046 hyperthermia and radiation 1284 3376 tRNA hybridization 718 719 222 - DIS 59 Bibliography October 1983 chromosome, polytene --cont. sites for normal recoirbination 714 r 394 *3647 ultrastructure 3401 3402 somatic, banding *1917 *2812 reco.nbinant 990 underreplication 2549 staining & ultrasonication *1932 salivary gland 3751 protein 332 333 structure 2489 satellite 3357 antibodies 793 2985 3742 & C-value paradox 2698 sequence 1481 Dl 1620 evolution 1717 1679 1740 & emb 107 2482 function in gametogenesis 3134 genes 2756 2758 HMG-like 2242 position effect variegation 2869 from dev emb 3758 nonhistone 2441 substitution, & ether resistance 1385 heat shock 777 2498 & evolution 2128 & nondisjunction 113 histone 774 *1694 puff, cytogenetics 128 129 & wing cell 1215 human actin 2611 & ecdysone *lOCJ .2271 2317 3081 supercoiling domains 3813 Iv serum protein 3836 4049 supernumerary *710 muscle 2287 factors influencing *1507 *1508 synapsis, & male meiosis *2673 4126 near cut 2465 gene, regulated 3428 meiotic 2096 2097 heat shock RNA 3235 heat shock 1468 *1482 *1483 3417 nonhomologous 277 279 mit replication origin *1843 & benzamide 3151 somatic 3770 3771 or not rDNA mapping 2026 in vitro 2327 2328 tips 1608 2294 ribosomal protein gene 1967 & position effect variegation 2869 TM3 1718 cloning, middle repetitive sequences *1090 RNA 3203 topological constraint 1759 molecular 2303 & hormones 993 tracing of evolution *2407 & homoeosis 2706 incorporating uridine 1319 unequal exchange in 591 & satellite DNA 548 induction 1037 unit fibers 2132 clotting response 2005 by homogenate 3417 unstable, DNA in 1241 clustered genes 1804 2288 2733 in vitro & hormones *3580 *3581 transmission *2675 *2678 coadaptation *1882 *1884 *3582 variation, & competitor diversity *3936 coadaptive gene complexes 1394 labeled 684 interspecific *1550 cobalt 3899 &I mu 4150 in nat pops *445 *2821 cockatoo 1426 pattern *1157 patterns *2638 coding sequence, hsp 70 1078 X 2272 spontaneous, & t 686 coevolution 2415 3144 in polytene chr 59 varying loci for genes 809 colchicine 811 & protein, changes *119 walking 134 cold, paralytic mu, dominant 1784 correlation 1975 whole, analysis 2894 resistance & dev 1937 & pyridoxine *2347 cigarette smoke & mu 3554 Coleopsis 3437 regulated hormonally 993 circadian, clock 3102 collagen 1133 3263 replication *1633 & chr aberrations 3837 collection, Australian 1925 site replication *1631 control of locomotion 3267 baits 1710 temporal control of 2203 pacemaker 693 Drosophilidae 2226 in transplanted salivaries *1507 rhythm (see rhythm, circadian) notes 3676 93D 3151 3203 3417 circular, small, DNA 1812 1813 trap 1147 rearrangement, break points 1070 1320 stepping-stone model 2167 collochore *2674 3191 circulatory system 1600 Colocasia 264 contact mechanism 3694 circles, Thomas 3753 colonization *2355 DNA & evolution 2516 cis-acting, mu 417 419 2290 2478 ability 2412 2413 & het 2114 regulator 857 1140 3614 after fire 1299 & MRF 4130 cis-PDD clastogen 2358 color, cuticle 1722 & position effect 1567 cistron *2297 2983 3673 food, & mu 2595 radiation -induced 1359 poly- 1348 headlamps 871 in recombinant plasmids 1976 citrinin 2558 & phototaxis 524 site-specific 2280 citrus 1952 *2209 substrate, & oviposition 399 region, near Adh 61 clan lethals *228 *2373 combinatorial code & dev 920 near rosv 2882 class B oocytes 4120 communication, chemical 2963 37B10-37D1 4114 clastogen 1788 2358 company, oil 2799 63F and 90B mapped *2955 cleavage, & cad 3067 compartment 571 920 1062 2144 67B 2497 4043 chromatin 2420 abdomen 3106 83DE 3690 3691 & mitotic recombination 3429 3430 boundaries 3516 84A-D 1085 3214 3215 4047 nascent transcript 2292 2293 & dev 2662 2644 rejoining control 574 575 577 proteolytic 208 formation 3107 repeated sequences 3548 climate *896 1445 3525 head 3906 replacement in pops 2899 dines 1253 2578 3145 *3568 3598 3085 3601 & nervous system 1057 replication *3148 *3702 clock, circadian 3102 3837 proboscis 3905 emb 1154 genes 987 989 wing 3811 regulated 1166 clonal, analysis, & bristle duplication 1956 wing disc 1743 3127 termination 1316 cell marker 3177 & wing margin 4015 reversible lesions 1690 & compartments 3127 compartmentalization 395 ring 690 996 2777 & leg disc 2145 compensation, rDNA 2608 salivary gland *1157 *1995 *3489 wing disc 2360 over- *3974 active origins *3889 wing mu 3809 competition 2390 *4026 band DNA 102 diversity & ecology 1438 adult 500 compound bands 943 clone, Amylase 426 between isolated strains 3611 growth 403 cell & temp 420 between sibling species 2848 map *1748 emb cell 2502 cell, & growth 3807 mapping by electron microscopy 1661 & genitals 2968 & ecology 532 1662 1663 1664 1665 1789 1790 1791 Kc 34 & fecundity 12 & mobile dispersed genes 2175 & N *4016 hierarchies 634 tDNA locus 1009 1010 1011 & morphogenesis 519 & host plants 1181 IlL 23-26 3743 recombinant 991 2919 interspecific *122 309 500 518 728 1630 in scanning electron microscope 2927 & wing compartment *4015 2195 2196 *2298 *2657 3400 4082 SD 3987 cloned, Amylase *2102 intraspecific 3584 4082 segments & fitness 281 282 2438 cells 2081 Iv 69 518 2922 segregation & hybrid sterility 3627 DNA 1594 2508 mating 1028 sets & sterility 3920 -binding protein 2022 in mixtures 1848 sex, heterochromatin *2326 fragments 2301 & temp *530 loss, induced 996 & gene organization 681 competitive, ability & selection 3910 detection 917 hybridization 625 fitness 1557 2535 mit 3306 interactions 3307 October 1983 Bibliography DIS 59 - 223 competitive --coot. success & ADH 1516 cycloheximide & beh 2057 mating success 3241 & mosaics 687 Cynipide 266 competitor diversity & chr variation *3936 multivariate analysis 3295 cysteine 214 3947 complementary DNA *1785 neurogenetics 2835 2838 cystocytes 963 964 965 3072 complementation 1019 1571 2160 2224 & pheromones 3972 3973 cysts, isolated, dev *856 allele 878 879 & rape *3570 spermatocyte, in vitro *3217 *3218 dumpy 2774 sequence in hybrid 4103 cytochemical probing 2923a genetic 3637 & sex experience 2569 cytochemistry, freeze-fracture 2679 mutant, groups 2269 song 491 868 932 2505 2506 3029 3030 nuclear 268 & synapsis 2720 2721 & beh 363 cytochrome 1783 2135 & vg 1707 male 3143 cytogenetics, book 2318 in yeast 2870 & neurons 1991 location of loci 867 components of fitness 2273 2353 sound *807 *2930 *2931 puff 128 129 compound, antibacterial 2031 success, male 2346 X 2160 2269 2271 2272 autosomes, entire 3475 visual stimulus *561 Y 1486 3045 3046 eye 2394 3284 3358 coxal chaetae 2391 cytology, male co *3310 computer, package for transmission genetics cricket paralysis virus 1301 2586 3389 3390 "small" polytene chr 1670 975 crosses, geographic strain 1901 cytophotometry 1322 3422 & polygene location 1899 crossing direction & position effect 948 cytoplasm, & actin 145 program 1853 crossing over, & asynapsis 2429 -chr interaction 477 computerized stock list 1102 1103 female, & chemicals 3000 jRNA 2627 concept of niche 1030 male, cytology *3310 egg, transplanted 2091 condensation, het 1762 equalling female *3258 & gene expression 1545 conditioned, reflex 1667 & radiation 892 2818 2992 -gene interaction & sterility 553 responses 1734 2488 &Y 1305 G3PD *3443 conditioning 1232 meiotic, & ADH 959 RNA 828 1453 2300 associative 2543 mitotic, & EMS or EES & caffeine 3791 & small circular DNA 1813 courtship 2957 in species hybrid 560 cytosal 2436 leg position 2329 & t heterozygote 1180 cytotype 2612 3064 conferences 1327 1648 3225 unequal 2669 conservation, of DNA sequence 2568 3357 crossing schemes & inheritance evaluations 3785 1625 3-D & flight trajectory 2377 nonhistone, in evolution 2128 crosslinking 1270 3953 Dl chr protein 1620 protein coding region 2693 2694 crossover defective mu 1626 D. project, Hawaiian 3864 genome organization 3870 cross-reacting-material 1234 2050 4089 daily activity, in arctic summer 3965 sex chr sequences 3818 crossvein 27 1262 rhythms 3681 contact mechanism, chr rearrangement crowding, temp, & dev rate *1329 dark, mating ability selection in *2185 3694 crude extract plm *1933 darkness, & bristles 810 continuous variation & regulatory genes 2218 cryptic, fathers 54 continuous 1866 contraceptives & mu 3518 satellite DNA *1323 600 generations of 2599 control, course 4095 variants, ADII 1252 2433 2434 3350 3351 dawn & dusk 1866 of diapause *3257 3353 3354 Darwinian fitness 663 disc growth 3810 variation 1255 day & night 987 elements 315 316 crystal, aggregates 701 DDT 945 1052 gene variability 2098 cells 3664 3669 decaptentaplegic gene complex 2720 2721 genetic, of breaks & rejoining 574 575 CsC1 2865 2895 577 cues in mating beh 2696 decarboxylase, dopa 486 1202 1203 mu, rosy 3315 current, junctional 1160 defect, chorion 1947 negative, & early dev 3343 muscle fiber 1992 hereditary, corrected 23 24 pattern, imago structures 3342 outward, in muscle 3720 defense reaction, cell 2416 replication, & transcription 1635 1636 curve, exposure-response 3183 deficiency, 11A6-7 786 3705 cuticle 1722 histone gene 1745 2449 tDNA 662 defects 1109 & position effect 1297 1298 translation 1238 1700 expansion 3033 homozygous, & cell viability 1596 & heat shock 3901 genes 3841 3842 meiotic effects 1603 3670 viability, & mu 1938 protein 545 3802 nutrient, & alkylating agent 2718 of vitellogenesis 2335 adult 3698 in pattern 840 convergent adaptation 385 structure orientation 1916 rDNA 1833 conversion, gene, no 3998 tissue 2639 rudimentary 3433 X-ray-induced 1070 convulsions 2054 culture, cell (see cell culturel coordinate regulation of genes 3318 laboratory 62 zeste -white region 3671 X, & neurogenesis 2395 cooking 1853 medium aflatoxmn contaminated 1.287 copper 1217 organ 1207 degeneration, cell, & y& 3479 copulation 265 359 3483 ovary, in vivo 1810 dehydrogenases (Lee specific dehydrogenase) Coriphosphine-O 3336 primary, initiation 1684 delayed-recovery 312 cortex, egg 2001 3277 salivary gland 1169 deletion, het 754 cosmopolitan, mv frequencies 2947 single emb 976 & recombination 2095 species 382 383 2484 2532 3524 3605 sterol free 712 mapping 823 Cosmos space program 732 1432 tissue 1195 & meiosis 754 Cothonaspis 308 2241 2417 & heat shock loci *1785 pericentric het 3771 coumarin 3436 visual cell 2599 X 1547 course control 4095 cultured, cell ribosomal protein 3157 II 650 courting virgins, males prefer 3297 germ cells 3138 delta 1 -pyrroline -5 -carboxylate reductase courtship 1801 lv 190 509 & acoustic stimuli 453 myoblasts 2286 demilitarized zone, ecology 2106 attractants 4032 pole cells 29 de novo pyrimidmne synthesis 1570 beh *135 cycle, cell, ecdysteroid regulated 3893 3894 density-dependence & fitness 1311 & evolution 3865 light-dark 1867 density -dependent, fertility selection 2466 & isolation *3291 cyclic AMP 1668 1669 1752 2502 3040 pop growth 3408 male 2488 ecdysteroid, & discs 2121 selection 66 2647 & conditioned responses 1734 phosphodiesterase 245 958 2534 density, labeling 1832 conditioning 2957 regulation 3748 3749 3750 & lek display *766 & female pheromone 3972 cyclic, GMP 2502 2503 temp, & fitness *1772 male, female effect on 4101 nitrosamines & mu 3460 denaturation, ADH 1254 urea *3252 pheromone inhibits 3971 nucleotide 3699 & mating 362 *3004 phosphodiesterases 390 391 3066 denatured chr 131 224 - DIS 59 Bibliography October 1983 deoxyglucose 235 236 2375 & psoralen 543 dispersed repeated 3904 deoxyribonuclease 2604 3037 3038 rapidly renaturing 2865 evolution 489 2567 2568 acid 406 rearrangements, & evolution 2516 flanking, homologous 3236 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) & repetitive DNA 3712 highly repeated 3886 A + T-rich 1715 *2607 2761 reassociation kinetics 1552 homology 2356 2828 alkylation 843 recombinant 776 organization 521 3039 base runs in 175 cloned 990 satellite 548 break repair 3463 3464 plasmid 596 -specific, binding protein 2956 -binding protein 2022 2023 repair, after radiation 2364 2365 simple *331 -bound nonhistones 357 endonuclease 1405 sites for endonuclease 1405 c 626 mu 2527 3764 somatic, & dev regulation 3208 chr, & genome organization 3834 & mutagenesis 2724 small circular 1812 1813 & light 3336 repeated sequences 4142 spermatid 711 transcripts 3056 repetitive, dispersed 3565 3566 supercoiling 704 1964 4027 circular, covalently closed 1964 in polytene chr 3706 synthesis, & division in heterokaryon extrachr 2645 & rearrangements 3712 2830 cloned 2508 & RNA processing 3712 eye dev 889 890 fragments 2301 replication *3887 *3888 *3889 inhibitors 1431 & gene organization 681 of damaged 222 & mutagen sensitivity 3781 hybridization 625 extra 1233 3330 rate in emb 2179 & microdissected 3751 Iv salivary gland 2150 & recombination nodules 2399 cloning 1594 3100 & repair 2364 2365 template, RNA-primed 4038 compaction 169 regulation 3415 thermal stability & age 2530 complementary *1785 somatic cell 2561 topoisomerases 2369 to poly A RNA 4089 termination 1316 transfer (t) 443 468 469 662 1886 2800 to r and tRNA 3660 units 2320 Arg 1740 complete replication in salivaries 2550 restriction, analysis 3838 arrangement & transcription 789 791 conserved sequences 3818 endonucleases 3949 3759 3761 & contact mechanism 3694 ribosomal (r) 393 394 2757 *3826 chr locus 3660 containing promoters 1619 and abo 4132 cloned 1679 content, of salivary bands 102 amplification 3902 4131 cluster 790 1612 3675 oft 2504 chr locus 3660 at 42A 4133 cryptic satellite *1323 cloned 2756 3647 deletion 1008 damage, drugs vs 3028 compensation 2608 expression 2555 repair 1204 3047 -deficient, chr 1833 glutamate 2911 substrate, & endonuclease 3286 Y 337 localization 1682 1683 3761 -dependent RNA polymerase 1473 1474 disproportionate replication 476 locus on salivary chr 1009 1010 1011 3458 3459 2103 2801 *2802 Leu 1612 endonuclear, apurinic 407 3860 dosage 2960 Lys 3239 extract hybridized 369 evolution 1877 plasmid with 447 female-specific, for proteins clone d 2919 expression 3244 regulation 3800 -Feulgen cytophotometry 1322 gene, number inconstancy *3135 sequence organization 386 2105 foreign, maintenance & expression 3715 number regulated 2251 3125 transcription 1680 het, & dev temp 290 in hybrid cells *2297 Tyr 2574 heteroduplex 1715 & insertion 1112 1113 3243 3244 3519 Val 448 homologous to oncogenes 3785 3693 unique 2923 hybridization 3766 interrupted 3242 unstable 1241 3334 & close species 1687 intervening sequences 2481 *2671 *2672 w, cloned 2310 in situ *3982 1 deletions magnified 1577 Z- 3465 highly repeated, hybridized 369 localization *1675 *1753 depression, inbreeding 161 sequences in chr 3546 localized *3754 desert species *870 2696 histone 1733 1836 magnification 644 1504 1580 3661 desiccation, & body size *2245 -induced mu 598 mapping 2026 resistance *1614 inhibitors, effect of 1431 & mobile elements 3519 stress 1445 initiation site 1473 new 3100 & temp tolerance *1587 insertion, boundary sequence 3360 nucleolus organizer *3646 tolerance, nat pop 3525 elements 1717 nucleotide sequences 3242 3243 destabilizing protein, helix 1902 interaction with nonhistones 380 pseudo- 2458 determination 568 internal repeats 2668 reduction 3902 bristle 601 602 1585 1911 in Malphigian tubules 706 redundancy 3934 cell 3204 metabolism mu 574 replication during polytenization 2609 cytotype 3064 methylation 173 2809 restriction patterns *2873 disc 3060 3061 3062 middle repetitive 2030 2118 2726 sequences 2088 in emb 2537 mit 149 512 513 514 1479 2061 206] selective replication 2787 germ cell 3113 3276 2063 2588 3333 3563 4159 spacer 1114 haltere 2153 A-T-rich 1844 1845 2630 *2631 nontranscribed 3616 segment 2362 2363 cloned *1843 3306 5S 132 342 1491 2960 2984 sex 1374 2236 3172 & electron microscopy 1715 chromatin 3248 detoxification 2533 evolution 2126 2127 hybridized by tRNA 2863 development, abnormal disc, mu 1459 1460 maternal inheritance 3641 in ovary 1579 & increased oxygen 2689 nucleotide sequence *2761 18/28S 3908 & acid phosphatase 1250 replication 620 621 28S *3617 3545 & actin gene 4175 restriction map 1714 transcription *618 1111 1112 2753 adult abdomen 3271 3272 as mutagen 2734 2735 unstable 1002 &ADH 2181 mutagen-damaged 222 X and Y 303 304 2088 & aldehyde oxidase 138 374 organization, constancy 3208 4S 342 & amylase 2906 *3024 & transcription 3147 satellite 169 254 255 256 795 796 *902 & Antennapedia lethality 2548 palindromes 164 2304 1324 2699 *3179 *3180 biology & laser 2285 plasmid 342 cloned 3357 & bithorax 1084 polymerase 180 555 556 3131 evolution *2319 & catalase 155 alpha 4038 4039 isolated *3645 & cell, determination 3204 emb 96 1660 2491 & molecular cloning 548 1 mu 2750 2751 & dev 1769 sequences 224 lineage 1058 1059 1060 postrepli cation -repair mu 2366 III *3077 lineage in epidermis 1856 primary spermatocyte *2259 sequence 795 central nervous system 855 primase 2491 cloned 1481 & chemotactic beh mu 1914 October 1983 Bibliography DIS 59 - 225 development -- & plm 166 & melanotic tumor 1598 chorion 4129 & position effect variegation 3403 microevolutive 2156 in vitro 1470 potential, disc cells 1840 mit 216 & chr region 84A-84B1, 2 4047 & protein, phosphorylation *1553 myoblast 2286 & cold resistance 1937 synthesis 1295 & myogenesis 150 & combinatorial code 920 & puff gene regulation 3428 & nuclear apparatus *3280 & compartments 571 920 2844 2662 & pyrimidine synthesis 1570 2220 & ommatidia 888 891 compound eye 2394 rate, temp & crowding *1329 & paba 1560 & constancy of DNA organization N 208 regulation 1418 photobehavioral *3686 & copper 1217 chorion genes 2987 pseudonurse cell 2523 & coumarin 3436 of heat shock protein 2443 & secretory protein 985 cuticular structure orientation U 316 lv serum protein genes 3836 sex 1396 cuticle gene cluster 3841 retina 1058 & dosage compensation 3256 defective muscle 517 reversed by food lack 1671 &SR 1641 & differential 1 669 & ribosomal proteins 3737 trends 2748 disc 3588 & rRNA, degradation 3931 soluble GPDH 2291 biochemistry 1732 turnover 1688 in species complex *1004 & ecdysteroid 544 & rudimentary 457 spermatocyte cysts *1088 & molting hormone 2815 segment, & bithorax 1302 tergite 1159 in nonpupating 1 mu 2683 selection & environment 2344 tissue, & gene expression 3369 Dithane M-45 1970 & sepiapterin synthase 1913 & tumorous-head 1015 DNA polymerase 1769 stability 2344 wing disc 201 dopa decarboxylase 1203 2071 stage & m-RNA 3211 3212 diffusion factors & enzyme expression 416 duplicated leg discs 1243 & stage-specific esterases 1433 dihydroneopterin triphosphate 1007 4135 duration & lv interaction 1211 in subgroup 191 dihydroorotase 515 early, gonads 3457 supernumerary compound eye 3284 dihydroorotate dehydrogenase 3638 & negative control 3343 temp-dependent *2657 dihydropterin oxidase 506 & ecdysone 2710 temp, & het DNA 290 dihydropyridine 633 2769 mu 3081 3084 Iv density 2594 dimers 858 emb & chr protein 332 333 2482 photoperiod effect on *2615 N-dimethylnitrosamine 912 913 1325 & DNA inhibitors 1431 -sensitive *3071 dimethylsulfate & bristle number 3745 genes cloned 3758 -sensitive, 1 mu 779 dimorphic response, sexually 2331 & grandchildless 1397 M 3814 dimorphism, sex 1014 inhibited by RNA 52 & wing cell 1216 & polygenes 3159 protein species 3716 testis cyst *856 dioxidline & mu 4170 & shibire 3914 thoracic disc 1061 dipeptidase 758 3493 & enzyme, distribution 3009 time, & ADH plm 1959 diploid, brain cell *3888 distribution in tissue 904 nat pop 3525 cell disproportionate rDNA replication & ecdysone 3299 & tissue histochemistry 3009 2801 2802 epidermis 3587 & transplanted nuclei 3928 & haploid cell culture 2541 & euponin 3436 & tubulin 646 647 Iv discs 1034 eye 1721 ultrastructure & 1 mu 3452 direction, evolution 3664 -antennal disc 1303 & water soluble proteins 905 disc 3588 disc 2991 wing, duplication 2240 abnormal, dev mu 1459 1460 & DNA synthesis 889 890 & heat shock 3557 aldehyde oxidase 3125 3871 flight muscle 2538 3720 & Xylitol 2073 antenna 1266 1267 3060 3061 3062 follicle cell 3867 diallate 3016 3733 -eye, dev 1303 foreleg 2786 diallel 2314 2505 2741 blastema 3015 free amino acids in 1563 diapause 2439 *3141 blastoderm 845 & fused 2078 Iv *3615 *2616 cell, affinities 886 & gap junctions 465 photoperiodic *3257 *3259 *3362 *3426 dev potential 1840 & genes 2896 reproductive *1268 *1395 *2925 *3071 interaction 3337 genetic, analysis 1850 & speciation *961 in Jjj)Jj *3644 interactions 3110 diamide & induced enzymes 750 morphology & temp 2636 genetics 1742 1, 4-bis-diazoacetylbutane 2206 & chitin synthesis 2560 germ band 3728 1, 2-dibromomethane 894 2993 culture chamber 1735 &G6PDp1m 495 1, 4-dichloro-2, 3-epoxybutane & mu 1987 determination 3060 3061 3062 grandchildless 3289 2, 4-dichloro-1-naphthol 1005 dev, biochemistry 1732 & homoeotic mu 3049 dichloromethyl phosphonate 2580 & ecdysteroid 544 & isozyme regulation 3108 3109 dichlorvos 3406 3624 & molting hormone 2815 legs 1249 dielectric waveguide effect 510 in nonpupating 1 mu 2683 ligated emb 3451 diet, breadth 2739 duplicated structures from 3347 longevity 1449 fat & longevity 436 early emb 847 macrochaet 1142 Iv, thymidine & thymine in 2606 & ecdysteroid 2121 2122 & male gametogenesis 1089 & pyrimidine 2625 ecdysterone, receptor, & chromatin 4145 model 395 & yeast 1952 eversion 1735 of model character & polygenes 18 96 dietary, modulation of enzymes 2719 eye 888 889 890 891 1012 1266 1267 modulation of protein synthesis 231 15 2386 phosphorus & fecundity 3400 female genital 1105 1106 monoclonal antibodies 4084 rescue of 1 802 fragment 498 499 mRNA abundance 2299 2301 diethylnitrosamine & chr loss 4162 4166 duplication & regeneration 3075 muscle 361 396 diethyl sulphate mu 4 prospective fate 1105 & muscle genes 2288 differentiation, & actin 2283 regulative capacity 1105 & naphthol 1005 bristle 1911 2785 fusion in vitro 1266 1267 nervous system 3007 3891 cell & tissue, in vitro 1020 gamma ray detriment 2965 & neurobiology 1422 3793 & disc fusion in vitro 1266 1267 gene products in 1275 & nucleosomes 642 & ecdysteroid resistance 3895 genital, male 1106 oocyte RNA 833 eye 1695 growth, control 3810 ovary 3074 disc 2991 & pupariation 3808 pattern, characters 2426 gene pool 1827 regulation, wing 2579 esterase 6 1719 germ cell, & heat shock 2831 homoeotic 1275 & pattern 1235 in vitro 3138 Immoral 51 3549 formation 465 het 3547 ICDH, G6PD 2518 3125 & phenylalanine hydroxylase 2723 in vitro 438 *3217 *3218 labial 1017 & phosphatase variability *1529 of labial disc 1017 leg 1243 2144 2145 3739 3801 & photoperiod *3071 local 822 Iv, diploid 1034 plant inhibitors 3436 3437 lv salivary gland *1173 *1174 *3280 mass isolation 487 226 - DIS 59 Bibliography October 1983 disc--cont. domestic species 124 383 2765 mu & dev 3084 mature & immature 499 reproductive strategies 68 & puffing 2271 2317 3081 & metamorphosis 2684 domesticated & widespread species 3538 responsive genes 4098 metathoracic 3061 dominance 1024 & transcription 146 morphogenetic fields 3337 incomplete 1314 ecdysteroid, assay 3651 neoplasic *3875 interocellar bristle polygene 2514 cell culture stimulation 2541 nucleus, binds ecdysome 2120 over- 1028 cell line effects 2445 2446 2447 2448 transplanted 3928 no 3594 & disc 2121 2122 pattern, defect mu 3857 sc incomplete 1894 & disc dev 544 regulation & growth 2151 dominant, cold paralytic mu 1784 -induced protein 3744 specification 881 overproducing mu 1092 -receptor-chromatin interactions 4145 protein, electrophoresis 652 dopa, alpha-methyl 176 receptors in cell cultures 3486 suppression mu 3158 decarboxylase 317 485 1202 1203 3299 regulates cell cycle 3893 3894 region-specific protein 2793 2794 4113 4114 4115 resistant duff 3895 small, mu 1460 deficient 2070 2071 & temp 2212 thoracic 1061 3060 3061 3062 gene locus 2893 & tissue culture morphogenesis 3478 transplantation, heteroplastic *3877 dopamine acetyltransferase 3299 ecdysterone, cell line response to 2085 trypsin effect on 924 dosage compensation 171 *1482 *1483 1838 & cyclic GMP 2503 used for cell line 4007 3896 & polytene chr 2803 2804 2805 3585 wing 840 841 in cell line 1365 puff, control of 4049 cell competition 1743 of G6PD & 6GPD 4089 & puff invitro *3581 cell death 2632 no 1606 2691 & protein synthesis 2501 3094 cell proliferation 2152 regulation 3597 & pupation 151 chemicals in 1013 & sex diff 3256 sensitivity 2084 clonal analysis 2360 dosage, & gene expression 2311 & temp-sensitive mu 317 compartments 3127 -sensitive sites 1603 3670 eclosion rhythm *2435 epithelium 1209 X-region, & homoeosis 2705 ecology, &Adhplm 3324 extra DNA 1233 dose, fractionation sparing effect 1293 of Berlin 1677 fragment regeneration 2576 -response curve 3183 & clonal diversity 1438 gap junction 3711 dosimetry, molecular 1069 & competition 532 hetero- and euchromatin *3148 drive, meiotic (see meiotic & dispersal *428 mu 2966 states & photoresponse 1705 forest 3363 regeneration 449 722 2525 2576 3011 drosophilin-A 2819 & lek beh *2490 3012 3013 3014 3023 3075 drosopterin 432 433 434 435 1212 1696 1697 demilitarized zone 2106 species hybrid 3330 1698 2961 microbial *1951 transmission electron microscopy biosynthesis 2566 4078 Swiss species 79 80 81 3643 drug, vs DNA damage 3028 yeast 1952 wound healing 2525 3643 mutagen 1807 ecological, adaptation and genetic variation discrimination, learning 1495 1496 dry mass 708 1033 3287 3288 light 3439 duetting 2563 adaptations of pops 1189 taste 3930 duplication, Adh 1196 diversity and resources 1442 disequilibrium, allele frequency *1584 5 base 2577 generalism *836 between linked mv 2467 & deficiency interact 3620 genetics 382 1144 linkage 2208 3984 from discs 1243 3339 3340 specialization 1029 esterase *2239 & esterase 346 ecosystems, island 2411 3409 in pops 2023 2093 *3250 *3252 4125 esterase, & evolution *2238 ectopic, leg neurons 1830 dismutase, superoxide 103 104 1217 3189 esterase loci *4174 pairing 1016 3190 , transposing 3789 sites & neurons 2176 disomic egg mu 3303 bet 753 EEC 7 disjunction, in females 1415 & leg disc 2145 EES & caffeine & somatic mu 3791 dispersal, beh *425 pattern 840 1906 2751 editor 724 725 745 pop *1119 1144 1146 structures from discs 3347 effective pop size *1489 *2262 3281 3559 yeast & bacteria 2740 tandem 285 649 2232 egg, ADH 167 dispersed genes, cloned 3836 wing disc 2240 age & nondisjunction 3979 mobile 2933 2934 2935 2936 2937 2938 X 1546 chamber 247 3056 3939 IlL 764 ribosomal protein 2381 2382 location 2175 dusk & dawn 1866 cortex 2001 3277 termini 2228 2229 dyes, DNA, & light 3336 cytoplasm transplanted 2091 transposition 2270 dynamic genome organization 3870 disomic, mu 3303 regulated 3318 dysgenesis 1477 fertilized, temp & radiation mu 4001 repetitive 1517 1839 2464 3565 3566 3632 gonadal 957 hatchability 1864 3723 3904 hybrid 210 211 479 480 481 952 953 954 hatching & excess yeast 1269 3364 dispersion, between pops 1345 1347 955 957 1455 1672 1852 1854 1855 2280 injected with nuclei & cells 4149 & temp 1256 1257 1258 1259 2598 2612 2613 2614 2730 2731 2881 length *54 displacement, sperm *3253 2948 3064 3065 3551 3552 & low temp 749 2879 disproportionate replication *3148 3934 & male recombination 3034 & polar plasm 3496 rDNA 2103 *2801 *2802 4131 & mu 3805 production, & 59 Fe elimination 2715 disruptive selection 27 1755 1787 2086 &P 3063 & sn 2169 distance, & allele frequency 2167 & temp 751 receiving disc nucleus 3928 genetic & chr plm 3600 ovarian 1672 resorption mu 3916 phenetic 2330 rinsing 1703 Dithane M-45 1969 1970 RNA complexity 2915 2916 2917 distortion, sex-ratio 3265 ecdysone 2383 -shell 1187 1198 1270 1470 1472 transmission ratio 3314 & autoradiography 187 dev 4129 distribution, seasonal, species 1383 beta- 34 998 mu 3240 micro-, vertical 2277 -binding protein 3755 size & number 3386 species 3985 chr 2197 viability & X 281 divergent selection 1232 emb morphogenesis 144 virus injected into 2717 & locomotion 4019 4020 4021 enzymes, & dev 3299 ejaculate 2742 2743 2744 diversifying selection 1857 & fertility 1213 elastase 2345 diversity, clonal, & ecology 1438 gene expression, & dev 2710 electric fields & beh 292 mRNA sequence, in emb 58 & glycoprotein *1001 electrical excitability, membrane 3718 diurnal rhythm & mating 1724 20-bydroxy- 244 1514 2120 2502 2979 electromorph 4068 DNOC & mu 3418 3080 ADH 397 3122 Dobzhansky, Th. 3216 3717 induces acetylcholinesterase 2282 electron microscope, immune 3195 3196 domains, chr supercoiling 3813 & Iv fat body 1081 intercellular junctions 466 October 1983 Bibliography DIS 59 - 227

electron microscope--cont. ether, resistance 1336 resistance to 3883 mapping of salivary gland chr 1861 sensitivity 1386 3441 Si gene expression 1545 1662 1663 1664 1665 extract, & chromatin assembly 1356 Si genetic variation 3268 Simit DNA 1715 & supercoiling 1964 4027 -genotype interaction Si ADH 2313 muscle, degenerating 1962 gene expression 38 1072 genotype Si mu 3960 mu 3384 heat shock protein 2578 genotype relationships *1321 nucleic acid organization 17 histology & histochemistry 3008 heterogeneous 492 oocyte recombination 2798 histone, changes 3731 Si lifespan 2332 polysomes 358 mRNA 2177 2178 mutagen 1690 1777 2131 & recombination nodules 2399 HMG-like protein 2463 or carcinogen 405 resolution 2375 imjected with SR 1403 pollutant 482 & salivary gland, chr bands 1791 3743 irradiated 1110 2-propanol 1713 chr X divisions 3, 4, 5, 3856 1 1019 Si recombination rate 3328 gene localization 1798 1790 and mv heterozygosity *372 research program 7 scanning 1940 2927 maternal effect 2090 2091 resistance to 1568 staining mixture 1230 ligated 2363 3451 sequence steps Si polygenes 3550 study of transcription 1708 micromnfected or maternally infected 3505 stress Si inbreeding 338 temp embedding for 2398 mitosis & tubulin 647 two-resource, Si competition 2196 transmission 3643 & mobile genetic element 3202 variation Si Adh 2738 electrophoresis 169 837 morphogenesis 3655 3656 enzyme 980 & ADH 384 1581 myogenesis 150 1357 activity, in nat pops 1050 1051 alleles 1087 *1751 myosin 4056 variation 49 cryptic ADH 2433 2434 2737 4088 nervous system 2362 2363 adaptation to temp 18 detection of variation 2877 nuclear components 471 allelo-, ADH 3946 disc protein 652 nuclease 407 in aneuploids 170 & esterase 330 508 nuclei, chr proteins 107 2252 biochemistry Si genetics 1381 gel 283 286 287 transplantation 3497 in cell culture 112 G6PD 496 pattern formation 3021 complex, multifunctional 2220 GPDH 352 & persistent RNA 4094 dissociation 1684 & heterozygosity 3201 polysomes 358 distribution, during dev 3009 immuno- 3010 post-, and trithorax 2940 2941 in tissues 904 isozyme, & cell lines 743 preblastoderm 3812 expression Si diffusible factors 416 micro- 162 preblastula, chromatin 3255 gamma-glutamyl 750 & muscle mu 3384 primordia shift 1377 genotype differences 2423 & ovary proteins 1644 protein, & heat shock 4054 glycolytic 1982 & phosphoglucomutase 549 550 low variability 3746 guanine insertion 1153 profiles 4068 ribosomal 2451 3737 induced 750 & phylogeny 3492 3494 total 3738 location in gels 1182 -silent variation *1593 response to heat shock 2788 locus overcompensation 3974 starch gel *1391 & RNA synthesis 39 40 lysosomal 2019 3104 & trehalase 1236 RNP particles 2065 male-specific 269 & tRNA 458 single, cultures 976 malic 2049 4041 two-dimensional gel 1064 stage duration & selection 2188 metabolizing catecholamine 805 variation of enzyme loci 2142 & thymidine kinase 2883 microsomal detoxification 1161 & vision mu 1362 transcription 1154 1155 mit, Si recessive 1 3958 SiXDH 2243 ultrastructure *1165 modifier systems 2908 2909 electrophysioloD' 1819 2976 & UTP & ATP pools 2378 molybdenum-containing 3752 defects 2058 & ultraviolet 202 mu Si gamma rays 3615 & eyes 798 virus injected into 2717 MW 1077 electroretinogram 2357 2951 embryogenesis 1945 1948 2537 NADP-malic 587 588 element, patterning 484 & electron microscopy 1940 Si neurogenesis 412 trace, depleted 2610 & protein synthesis 680 null, alleles in nat pops 1981 transposable 2763 2790 3321 3703 3704 emergence & low temp *93 variants 1063 elements of genetics 744 emigrants 3444 & partial trisomy 409 elimination rate of nat 1 769 emigration, beh 3355 pentose phosphate pathway 1126 elongation of DNA template 4038 response *1613 *1615 plm *2472 3983 - embryo, A-T-rich DNA *2607 EMS (see ethyl methane sulfonate) Si geography 747 cell, & actin 563 endemic species 2409 2484 3524 3531 3890 high levels of 522 became muscle 438 endochorion 1270 Si keltan 1278 characteristics in vitro 3137 endocrine, pancreas specific genes 3780 Si no secondary modification 1556 clone 2502 & vitellogenesis 3593 75 selection 1379 culture & protein synthesis 2385 2386 endogenous, rhythm mu 2957 in pops 174 hybrid 2084 viruses 3572 pyrimidine synthesis 1570 line, establishment 1288 endonuclease, DNA, apurinic 407 renaturation 1182 morphogenesis 144 emb 3860 specificity 3506 central nervous system 2972 repair 1405 thermostability variation 1263 1264 chromatin changes 3731 restriction 3949 tissue specificity 3614 chr replication 1154 for damaged DNA 3286 variation 351 control of translation 1238 repair 4053 in pops 1436 2142 dev, & chr protein 332 333 2482 restriction *3077 xenobiotic -metabolizing 77 2664 & DNA inhibitors 1431 endosulfan 1978 Ephestia 1072 2772 - genes cloned 3758 enhancer, position effect 1582 2032 epidermis 3587 & grandchildless 1397 entomophagous 1630 2200 adult abdomen 3272 inhibition by RNA 52 entrainment 1866 1867 cell viability 1595 protein species 3716 environment, adaptation & mu repair 1904 Iv 1856 & shibire 3914 & aging 1440 fate map 1109 disc fragment 499 alcohol Si ADH 2183 2722 pattern 2372 DNA, alkylation 843 & allozyme pattern 1178 epididymis 186 endonucleases 3860 challenge, adapted to 2248 epigenesis 1695 1696 polymerase 96 208 1660 2491 change in nat pops 2452 epimorphic regulation 2524 alpha 4038 4039 chemical mutagens 3872 epistasis 298 310 2468 & RNA synthesis rates 2179 dev, Si selection 2344 epithelium 1209 2361 early, anlagen 847 diverse, Si genetic variation 1526 epoxybutane derivative Si mu 1987 organization 844 Si esterase plm 2540 ERG-defective mu 3238 mRNA 58 ethanol 1444 1449 3525 3529 Erwinia 2351 2352 3082 enzymes in 515 extreme, Si pop variability 615 228 - DIS 59 - Bibliography October 1983

Escherichia coli 1263 1291 1292 1976 3713 & X-ray mu compared 3192 exercise in introductory genetics 1782 recombinant clone 991 992 &ymosaics 1308 exotic species 3524 esterase *1026 2-ethyl -6 -methyl-3 -oxypyridine - experience, age, & sexual selection 1.537 alleles 1589 hydrochloride 1331 1333 experimental bias & rare-male advantage bacterial *4064 ethylnitrosourea 1723 2796 3043 biochemical properties 378 ethylurea 762 3786 experiments, fly 2450 duplicated, loci *4174 euchromatin, condensation 3833 exposure-dose curve 3183 & evolution *2238 mitotic & interphase *3152 exposure fractionation & nondisjunction 1776 ejaculate 2742 2744 & recombination 683 expressivity, bithorax 3392 genes localized 906 & t 350 external mouth parts 3899 hatching *1568 wing disc *3148 extrachromosomal control of mu 478 & hybridization in situ 906 X 1546 eye, -antennal disc 1266 1267 1303 & insecticide 377 2603 Eupatorium 3436 color, mosaicism 1820 isozyme, in species 3112 euponin 3436 mu minority advantage 1800 juvenile hormone *971 *1569 evagination, leg disc 3801 mu & purines 1846 & iCagi 3114 eversion, disc 1735 pigments 1696 1697 1698 low *1935 evolution, acid phosphatase-1 1148 1149 compound 798 linkage disequilibrium *2239 adaptive, & regulatory genes 74 2219 dev 2394 mu *3999 mechanism 3414 mosaic 1816 ontogeny *837 *923 & ADH 384 2159 receptors 1814 3358 organ-specific *3111 *3113 amylase gene 1520 supernumerary 3284 plm *1461 *1462 A + T-rich mit DNA 1715 & temp 420 in pops *933 *1067 *1935 *1936 & beh 3863 dev 1721 Pu *1412 *3634 genetics 464 & DNA synthesis 889 890 & reproductive beh 1591 1592 & head shape 3866 diff 1695 species *1339 & biogeography *3990 disc 888 889 890 1012 stage-specific 1433 chorion gene 2987 & mu 2991 tissue location *1132 chr 1795 *2403 morphogenesis mu 1560 variation, species 1434 mechanisms 4137 mu, & circadian control 3267 5 *118 *2191 structure 1717 locomotion control 3267 -6 3 1719 2742 2743 2744 2745 tracing of *2407 & temp sensitivity 1561 in hybrids 1890 co- 2415 3144 visual system 4139 kinetics 3654 competitive ability 1848 *2298 neurons 1786 plm *2539 *2540 & courtship beh 3865 photoreceptor membrane 2889 2890 regulation 3944 direction 3006 3664 & phototaxis 800 & reproductive beh 3652 3653 & mating preference 4059 -pigment, binding proteins, no 2043 ethanol, &Adh 3850 divergence & allele frequency *1584 binding & synthesis 4086 adult effects 3538 DNA, mit 2126 2127 deep orange 3612 breeding site 2738 r 1877 mu & mating 3483 3484 & casein utilization 4023 rearrangements 2516 & competitive superiority 2195 sequence 489 2567 2568 environmental 1444 1449 3528 3529 t, cluster 2911 F value, nat pops *4034 & lv 3535 of Drosophilidae studies 2404 facet number & jumping beh 1335 3440 in food & ADH 1957 & esterase duplication *2238 facilitation 190 3718 & geography 3537 & exp pop selection 2190 facultatively aerobic bacteria 2117 & Iv pop 3528 fitness 705 families, multigene 3239 low, adult survival on 2526 food preference 3070 fat, body *1157 1601 1990 metabolism 401 402 game 2848 granules 244 & mu 2424 & gene homology 3822 heat shock proteins 3099 preference 270 genetic regulatory mechanism 1838 lv, & ecdysone 1081 resource use 2901 & genetics 261 4045 as protein factory 4121 response to 2184 & gonadal atrophy 1466 secretion 2336 threshold metrics 3533 & growth components 2332 & yolk protein 2979 tolerance 385 heat shock loci 3200 dietary, & longevity 436 nat pop 3525 lifespan 2332 high, diet 2205 selection 603 2878 & mating preference 2015 fate map, & BASIC 1451 use, species 3526 3536 mechanisms 75 2216 blastoderm 3906 various effects 4037 micro- 629 2411 2768 Iv epidermis 1109 ether, & beh 610 in mixtures 1847 1848 using adult defects 1110 & mating beh *2040 molecular 152 fate mapping 526 2192 narcosis 3245 multilocus systems in 727 & embryogenesis 1948 resistance 1336 1385 1386 3488 neutral & balanced *2191 fathers, cryptic 54 sensitivity, stage reversal 3441 & nonhistone chr proteins 2128 fatty acid inhibition 2035 ethogram 1868 & parasitism 2418 fauna, & ecology of Swiss species 79 80 81 ethological isolation *50 *562 *2692 of plm *3571 mountain 4040 ethylated base hydrolysis 3187 of polypyrimidines 368 Fe elimination & egg production 2715 ethylene dibromide & mu 3185 of premating isolation 3911 3912 fecundity, & Ceresan 585 ethylene dichloride & mu 2622 3803 Q-band *1754 & competition selection 12 ethylenimine & somatic mosaicism 3792 rapid 952 in exp pops 2468 ethyl hexylmethoxycinnamate 2187 & regulatory gene 415 factors influencing 3400 ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS), & caffeine & rRNA 2471 male, & age 1006 mu 1353 1354 3791 of reproductive isolation *10 & mating speed 2453 & cleavage recombination 3429 satellite DNA *2319 & temp 3 -induced mutator 1214 sex ratio *370 & III segments 2438 mating mu 1659 strategy, nat pop 3527 female, aphrodisiac 1977 mosaicism 1828 synhospitalic *1398 *3499 attached-Il 3220 mu 806 2688 & temp resistance 1443 co & chemicals 3000 ADH 3393 theory 2559 disjunction in 1415 complete & mosaic 2172 trends 1071 effect, on male sex beh 4101 decapentaplegic 2895 exchange, intrastrand 649 of MR 1744 ether resistant 3488 mitotic, in het 3672 exchanges in 278 storage effect 2928 spatial constraints 3917 fertility, & dopa decarboxylase 2070 4115 nondisjunction 1775 unequal sister chromatid 3934 & sterol 1128 rudimentary 1574 excision, at 1566 genital disc 1105 1106 specificity 2171 repair deficient mu 2342 4161 4165 4166 germ line cell lineage 2039 & stored sperm 3187 excitability, cell 2840 inseminated, mating of, &Adh 3325 October 1983 Bibliography IllS 59 - 229 female--cont. offspring, & mate choice 1450 frequency -dependent, mating success 483 irradiation & cleavage recombination 3430 pleiotropy of viability mu 3806 selection 48 1350 *1773 *1918 2188 2190 iso-, strains 3527 pop 663 3577 & mv 3095 lipids 2958 average 705 880 no, &Adh 2116 & male equal co *3258 growth 1712 3408 vs heterotic selection 2248 meiosis, asynapsis in 2429 & recombination frequency 4000 viability and ull amylase 2833 & compound autosomes 2854 reproductive, & photonegativity 1251 frequency distribution & selection detection recombination nodule 2399 resource exploitation, & beh 3370 *2864 mu 2791 & supernumerary chr *710 function, gene 1876 1878 mutagen-sensitive, & mu 3377 3378 & temp 3 pole cell 29 nondisjunction 860 715 3018 4025 fixation, mu 2782 functional domains, protein 2276 pheromone & courtship 3972 fixed optima & selection 1755 fungicide 584 585 recombination, chr site for 714 flagellar apparatus *3701 mercurial 2716 -defective 259 flight, ability & GPDH 2486 & mu 3156 environment 3328 activity & mv 3881 fungus 488 temp stress 3975 & feedback 2621 feeding 1725 2439 3070 3146 3517 remating 2745 free 381 fusomes, aberrant 3072 repair-deficient 2496 2784 genetics 373 fusosomes 963 964 reproductive beh & hormone 1657 -less mu 2637 3163 reproductive strategies *3609 metabolism 2521 response to auditory stimuli *2929 muscle 981 G protein deficiency 2079 sex, appeal 838 actin pattern 3162 3163 galactose enzyme, no 2999 chr loss 4025 dcv 3720 radioactive 978 combs 1756 fibers 3092 gall dcv 488 isolation *2601 indirect 2538 game, evolution 2848 singly or multiply mated *4003 mu 3382 3383 gametogenesis, male 1089 & small X-ray dose 1652 & neurons 3093 & mu control 1973 species, morphology 1898 mu 778 gamma rays, detrimental effects 2965 -specific DNA for proteins cloned 2919 orientation, visual 4096 & mu 551 2994 3205 3615 sterile mu 944 965 966 2547 2632 3055 pattern, mu, & temp 3091 & quantitative characters 910 3072 space 4029 gamma -glutamyl enzymes 750 oogenesis 3419 3421 & mu 3097 ganglion, cell 353 1934 sterility 480 trajectory 2377 & caffeine 2544 2545 2546 & male recombination chr 1228 & visual systems 1421 optic 2951 nonmendelian 233 234 1456 1476 flow, gene 475 *2978 3830 thoracic 2972 1477 1478 flower 264 3966 visual 235 236 synapsis in 392 -associated 3503 3504 gap junction 465 3711 ultrasound effects on 3544 fluorescence, & chr banding 937 gas, dibromoethane 894 use of sperm 2742 2744 *3610 dyed, salivary gland 4070 exposure 429 virgin, preferred by males 3297 het 3149 mutagens 2993 2995 visual neurons 1837 microscopy, immune 2381 gel, analysis of proteins 938 XXY 278 1136 rhabdomere 1815 1818 electrophoresis 283 286 287 3181 fertility, & ecdyaone 1213 pteridine 3957 mapping tRNA 1229 female, & dopa decarboxylase 2070 4115 fiuorochrome 2256 3832 polyacrylic 1767 & sterol 1128 fluorouracil 2924 3481 starch 1236 in interspecies hybrid *1910 fluphenazine hydrochloride & mu 3628 thin-layer 3010 load 1907 fly mating intensity, model 3862 gene, actin 2694 3640 3724 3725 3726 4175 male 1547 1720 focus, mapping 2904 4176 & stored mRNA *3448 synthetic 1 3316 action, & heat shock 60 & hyperploid Y 2053 follicle 1472 & nucleus morphology *2754 & Y aberrations 3046 abnormal, mu 2820 in ontogenesis 1247 & mating success 3241 cell 247 1164 1875 regulation 126 *3111 pop 3068 abnormal 1947 activation *207 selection in exp pops 2466 dcv 3867 by heat shock 625 & sex ratio maintenance *1502 *1503 nuclei 3421 3422 active, & associated nonhistone 2920 t 3197 food, colors & mu 2595 or not, chromatin 2072 fertilization inhibited by sodium tungstate components 782 activity, field of 927 2025 deprivation & Iv amino acids 1562 nonribosomal 456 Feulgen 1322 ethanol in, & ADH 1957 visualized 3361 fibers, chr unit 2132 lack & reversed dcv 1671 adjacent 1201 fibroblast, mouse 2498 preference 929 930 to centromeric het 2303 field, dispersal 1144 evolution 3070 affecting spontaneous mu 4108 of gene activity 927 3025 at oviposition site 2330 alpha-chain 1606 study of Iv 69 resources, Iv 2655 alpha-tubulin 2996 2997 filicidal effect 690 foraging strategies 3846 3847 3848 3849 amplification 172 filament, proteins 2628 foreign DNA, species barriers to 3715 chorion 3867 3868 -like proteins 4055 foreleg dcv 2786 amylase, evolution 1520 filter replicas 596 forest, ecology 3363 arrangement frequency 54 fine structure, durn 2774 distribution in 2277 -band relation 4113 fire, colonization after 1299 rain 184 *2507 changes, season-dependent *1825 fitness, & chr segments 281 282 2438 temperate 2740 chorion 2987 4129 competitive 1557 4082 formaldehyde 1330 3792 protein 1804 1805 1806 in nat pop 2535 formamide 286 287 chromatin of specific 473 components 918 2273 formate 865 chr, & beh homologies *20 in exp pops 2468 2469 founders 770 clock 987 989 in nat pops 1194 fractional mu 1317 3416 cloned 1967 2756 2758 & da 1312 fractionation, X-ray dose 1653 cluster 1804 Darwinian 663 fragmentation of 23S rRNA 2471 cuticle 3841 & density-dependence 1311 fried meat & mu 2760 heat shock 4042 4043 density & temp *1772 free radical 1998 protein 4046 evolution 705 freeze-fracture cytochemistry 2679 tDNA 790 1612 2733 2911 3239 4133 frequency-dependent 6 freezing point, insect 1130 complex, coadaptive 1394 & genetic load 1702 frost avoidance *2616 decapentaplegio 2720 2721 hybrid, & geographical pops 1871 fructose 111 control, model 829 3521 indices 2739 608 2739 1, 6-diphosphate aldolase 213 214 variability 2098 male & reproduction 2353 fruit, citrus *2209 -controlled puffing 2317 230 - DIS 59 Bibliography October 1983 gene--cont. products in discs 1275 & biochemistry of proteins 1381 conversion 1626 puff, regulated 3428 & biology of D. 63 2202 2204 no 3998 rare deletions, & social selection 4136 comparative beh 3586 cuticle 3841 3842 recombination and heterozygous t *3032 dev 1742 -cytoplasm interaction & sterility 553 regulation (see gene control) ecological 382 & dev 2896 regulatory 344 417 418 & evolution 261 464 4045 differences between species 260 & adaptive evolution 74 2219 inbreeding 3260 3261 3262 differentially expressed, cloned 3758 & continuous variation 2218 introductory, exercise 1782 ecdysone-responsive 4098 evolution 415 laboratory investigations 572 ecdy steroid -responding 2448 & hexokinases 110 life-history 3696 3697 endocrine pancreas specific 3780 reiteration 172 longevity 1949 1950 -enzyme variation 3983 repeated 36 1115 of neoplasms 11 exchange & species hybrids 9 replication, control 3705 neuro- 209 expression, coordinate 1467 differential 476 & neurobiology 688 cytoplasm & environment effects on & transcription, control of 1635 1636 nat pop 3216 3273 1545 rescue, 1 hybrid *2009 2010 pattern formation 2371 2372 3710 in differentiating tissues 3369 sex determining, & vitellogenins 2337 quantitative pop 3427 & dosage 2311 sex -transformation 1413 transmission, computer package 975 & ecdysone 2710 sterility *934 of visual system 733 in emb 38 39 40 1072 structure & function 1876 1878 3935 (see also gene ; mutation histone 2898 structural 344 genital, abnormal 388 &RNAs 2138 & speciation 1750 cell determination & esterase 3113 in tissue culture 1020 varying location of 809 disc, female 1105 1106 family, dispersed 3632 substitution model 979 male 1106 internecine histone 3035 suppressor 657 external, pop *3618 nomadic 4143 suppression & sex chr 2857 function 609 repeated dispersed 1839 transforming 2215 male 3145 transposed 1517 tropomyosin 3900 & taxonomy *3992 field of action defined 3025 tubulin 2476 3239 3368 3447 3723 primordia 846 2968 flow 475 *2978 yolk protein 1515 2249 2250 2691 genome, active, ultrastructure 2842 in nat pops 3830 vital 1361 changes & bet 2112 frequency, & allozymes 2154 2155 mutability 755 closely-related 2567 2568 hitchhiking 2208 vitellogenin 3657 coadapted *1884 heat-activated 57 unstable 1411 2729 2730 2731 constancy rule *3135 heat-induced 823 824 825 location of 36 copy number & mRNA 2508 heat shock 2509 2510 2511 2512 2828 simultaneous mu 4148 fluid component of 2118 3236 & X-linked 1 mu 3639 integrated retrovirus 3757 cloned 2498 (see also mutation) 1-bearing 410 protein 1276 2956 generalism, ecological *836 mit, in genus 511 transcription 3036 generation interval, effective 3410 3411 nucleotide sequence 612 & ts 2620 genetic, after-effects 883 organization 592 593 histone, chromatin 3721 analysis of dev 1850 & chr DNA 3834 cloned *1694 basis colonizing ability 2412 2413 conserved & dynamic 3870 organization 1834 1835 3714 complementation 3637 region of histone genes 3796 region of genome 3796 complexity in salivaries 1085 restriction analysis 3839 homology & evolution 3822 control, chr aberration 3765 RNA, double-stranded 25 *26 identification 624 of insect pops 1770 size 1322 structural 2066 of mutagenesis 639 640 2780 2781 2783 spatial organization 1016 inactivation by position effect 860 sensory connections 4022 structure & function *2278 inbreeding sensitivity 160 damage, recovery from 1652 triplo- and haplo-1 region 3690 3691 instability as mutagen 2734 cliff in species *861 *862 genotype, alkylating agent mu 3461 interaction 831 1413 disequilibrium *1339 environment interaction & ADH 2313 & dev 3110 distance & chr plm 3600 & environment, & mu 3960 sex-specific 2477 divergence & speciation *2217 relationships *1321 intra- & inter- recombination 3772 3998 effects, heavy metals 3121 enzyme, differences 2423 isolation 134 2870 engineering 23 24 & mating preference 1380 1 & sterile, in pops 899 & environmental variation 3268 & tRNA alteration 1417 late sperm function 586 instability 648 649 650 1744 3540 geographic, micro-, variation 771 localization, in salivaries by electron & transposing elements 1565 1566 microdistribution 400 microscope 1789 1790 isolation unstable 525 2899 patterns & amylase *1522 in Y *114 load *605 *606 1702 2353 pops *2859 location by nucleic acid hybridization material organization 808 3915 & hybrid fitness 1871 2746 mosaics notation 2055 strains crossed, & mu increase 1901 & longevity 206 processes, stationary, exp model of 1500 survey, Drosophilidae 4074 loss, somatic & position effect 738 739 regulatory mechanism evolution 1838 geography, & ADH isozymes 851 low esterase *1935 revolution & speciation 3231 & adult diapause 3362 marker 3260 risk & environment chemicals 3872 bin-, and evolution *3990 maternally -influenced 322 sexing 3674 C virus 3574 mobile dispersed 2826 2933 2934 2935 structure of nat pop 2552 courtship sounds *2931 2936 2937 2938 3056 3939 systems, correlated 319 320 ethanol 3537 location 2175 topography, so 1567 enzyme plm 747 termini 2228 2229 unit, elementary 306 mv 815 mobile structural 2725 2726 2727 validation of learning 716 molecular polm *2978 multiple dispersed 2464 3447 variation, amplified 2747 photoperiodic diapause *3426 muscle, clustering 2288 detection by electrophoresis 2877 plm *3571 mutagen sensitivity 2257 environment 615 1526 reproductive cycle *3426 near cut cloned 2465 genetic load 2353 sex, beh 2483 near satellite DNA 255 & pops 604 comb *3491 neighboring 1361 quantitative, book 1900 sibling species *2231 nonmendelian 365 residual 2109 temp tolerance 2484 number, inconstancy *3135 in & between species 2408 2409 & wing length 2939 needed for quantitative variation 3160 & walking 13 geotaxis 14 15 2161 3294 *3578 rDNA, regulation 2251 genetics 72 546 744 849 1082 1629 3230 germ, band 3655 3656 3728 organization 593 681 877 2460 ADH 2201 cell, analysis 1397 histone 909 of aging 3228 3229 cultures 3138 pool diff 1827 beh 13 14 464 2862 dev mechanism 1139 DIS 59 - 231 October 1983 Bibliography germ, cell--cont. pigment 3238 induced 490 determination 3276 gravity, reproduction & viability 3522 sequences 907 diff & heat shock 2831 greenhouse, roser in a *803 & ts 2620 effect of naltrexone 2136 gregarian beh 398 400 (see also heat shock 12cD female, het recombination 2886 growth, asymmetric 3950 & germ cell cliff 2831 genome size 1322 biochemistry of 1611 & induced enzymes 750 & methadone 2137 & cell competition 3807 loci 1467 1468 1469 precursors 1946 components & evolution 2332 cloned 777 spread 619 disc, control 3810 evolution 3200 line, female, cell lineage 2039 & pupariation 3808 & sequence divergence 3556 hypermutability 2612 during disc pattern regulation 2151 & repeats 1240 segregation 2537 dynamics 2576 in salivary gland cells *1785 germinal proliferation center 703 germ cell, in vitro 3138 in tissue culture *1785 geroprotector 1333 inhibition 2083 transcription 3036 giant vertical neurons 1786 pattern, wing 3811 (see also ht shock g ene) Giemsa 1039 polytene chr 403 & methylthioadenosine 1055 gland, lymph 3879 pop 3407 3408 & nonhistones 2529 male accessory 2880 & intraspecific competition 3584 phenocopy 1280 paragonial 2943 rate & giant 2858 phosphorylated compounds 1920 salivary 140 *204 *1157 regulation, wing disc 2579 pnlyadenylate 2348 glossary of identification terms 3679 stimulators & mu 911 puff *1482 *1483 3417 gluconic acid 1218 temp & longevity *1389 & benzamide 3151 glucosamine metabolism *2617 guanidine hydrochloride urea 3352 in vitro 2327 2328 glucosaminidases 4002 guanine 866 & position effect variegation 2869 glucose 111 -accepting tRNA 507 RNA 3203 oxidase 269 2422 insertion enzyme 1153 protein 55 56 *120 253 356 *742 1974 glucose -6-phosphate dehydrogenase guanosine 566 872 2497 *3829 3929 (G6PD) 3096 2479 monophosphate, cyclic 2502 2503 components 2384 & autosomes 3174 3175 triphosphate cyciohydrolase mu 3487 emb 2578 dietary modulation 2719 guanyl nucleotide 2572 fragment 2389 dosage compensation 4089 guidance, visual 2773 genes 1276 2956 gene coding 594 595 gustatory mu 3689 gene, cluster 4046 high activity 783 gut & Herpetomonas 3701 transcription 2640 -interfering mu 2827 gynandromorph 343 845 1640 *2675 *2678 triplication 2944 maternal effect on 2732 histones 3730 modifier 784 localization 2193 2194 mu 2907 2908 HA line 3059 & nucleoskeleton 3827 3828 plm 165 166 habitat, choice, in nat pops 1879 regulation 2443 3224 & dev 495 496 no *2210 synthesis 299 300 3558 4054 & sucrase 328 selection 1586 3535 in tissues 3099 in wing disc 1013 3126 & speciation 3522 & virus 3388 & Zw allele 4090 subdivision 3533 region 581 582 glucoside *288 & water balance 2590 *2592 response 3520 3521 glue 1895 & yeast 3885 RNA cloned 3235 protein 2261 2850 habituation 2641 translation 1700 3124 3901 G1utDNA 1683 half-translocation 278 1538 uridine incorporation 1319 glutamate, dehydrogenase 3604 halothane 566 2475 2702 2703 stability, ADH 3349 IDNA 2911 haltere 8 2153 2338 2339 of esterases 330 glutamine 1571 ham radiated 1282 3373 tolerance 2173 glutathione S-transferase 77 hamster, Chinese 1458 & translation ability 3558 glyceraldehyde -3 phosphate dehydrogenase haplo-1 region 3690 heavy metals & mu 3121 2686 haploid, cell line rickettsia 3918 height control 381 glycerol -3-phosphate dehydrogenase & diploid cell culture 2541 HeLa cell 543 (GPDH-3) 1363 2290 3181 3453 3455 4087 nuclei injected 3736 Heliothis 2610 glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) haptens, acylable 3899 helix destabilizing protein 1902 3541 3542 156 2479 hatchability, egg 1864 hemocyte 2417 3662 3663 3665 allozyme *1341 *1343 *1344 & inbreeding 3636 hemolymph *971 *972 *973 & flight ability 2486 in nat pops 3365 proteins *3873 isozyme 162 2291 hatching, egg, & excess yeast 3364 vitellogenins 3509 null mu 334 3182 esterase *1568 herbicide & mu 225 226 1326 3733 ptai 1040 2035 head 88 hereditary, defect correction 23 24 purification 1265 bristles 810 infectious, & beh 463 & size selection 3774 drosopterin 433 434 heritable life-history variation & selection 3695 soluble 2291 emb 1940 heritability 1183 3022 in species 352 extracts 617 estimates 2186 subunits 335 -lamps, colored 871 & parental age 3232 suppressor 334 shape *3865 & phototaxis 984 temp stability of 2163 spoke 3970 water-loss rate 2589 tissue specific 153 synaptosomal fraction 3040 1-lerpetomonas 3700 3701 glycolytic enzymes 1982 tumorous 2005 2340 3128 heterochromatin, beta- 2303 glycoprotein & ecdysone *1001 healing, wound 498 chromocenter 1319 gonad, early dev 3457 heat, activated genes 57 & chr rearrangements 2114 morphology in sex transformation mu adaptation 3959 3760 3962 color *115 3509 & ADH activity 3352 & compound-X 1649 in vitro 1022 -induced, bet 87A7 & 87C1 2949 condensation 1762 3833 gonadal, atrophy 1463 1464 1465 1466 messages 1099 deletion 754 dysgenesis 957 protein 823 824 825 & recombination 2095 gonial, cell tumor 2711 & poly (AD P-ribose) synthetase 3463 3464 diff 3547 recombination, male 1134 -sensitive plm, hidden *1933 3995 DNA & dev temp 290 G6PD (see glucose -i-phosphate dehydrogen- shock, & dev wing 3557 duplication 753 emb response to 2788 fluorescence 3149 GPDH (see glycerophosphate dehydrogenase) gene 2509 2510 2511 2512 2828 3236 function in male 2096 gradient, morphogenetic 1249 action 60 & genome changes 2112 N-S, & allozymes *1490 activation 625 heterogeneity 1762 granule, autofluorescent 2087 cloned 2498 & hybrid dysgenesis 1854 1855 fat body 244 cluster 4042 4043 intercalary 2823 2824 2825 October 1983 232 - DIS 59 Bibliography hetero chromatin --cont. transformation, spermatid 2860 dysgenesis 210 211 479 480 481 952 953 interphase *2813 *3152 history of Hawaii project 1802 954 955 957 1455 1477 1672 1852 1854 & mitosis *115 *116 1036 *3152 3672 hitchhiking 2208 *3569 1855 2280 2598 2616 2613 2614 2730 neuroblast 3832 Hoechst 33258 1761 *3152 3832 2731 2881 2948 3064 3065 3551 3552 pericentric 3771 homeostasis, dev 341 3508 pim 2834 homoeosis 51 196 200 239 240 241 242 812 male recombination 3034 & position effect 106 948 3709 875 924 926 3214 3215 &P 3063 quantity 290 291 & aldehyde oxidase 3871 temp 751 & recombination 659 683 761 2886 antenna 1830 3898 emb cell 2084 & satellite DNA 169 254 & bithorax 1423 & enzyme induction 2282 sex, chr *2326 disc 1275 fitness & geographical pops 1871 & hybrid viability *1673 gene interaction 1260 & gene expression 416 417 in spermatogenesis 1485 molecular cloning 2706 control 2898 staining *1039 1761 1763 morphogenetic mosaicism 3344 gene resuce, 1 *2009, 2010 & taxonomy 576 mu 2338 2478 & heterochromatized chr 2296 & t 350 inhibition 2924 imago respiration 3951 variegation 752 interact 1245 & inbred longevity *3490 wing disc *3148 leg to antenna 3907 interspecific 419 *1673 *1909 *1910 X, and abo 4132 and Iv segmentation 4048 & adaptedness *3621 heterochromatization 2296 2032 & M interaction 3027 & dosage compensation 3150 heterocyclicity, nuclear 3607 maternal effect 2663 mating preference 3030 heteroduplex 1715 2026 2127 & neurons 2972 pop genetics *3626 heterogeneity, hat 1762 new 2940 2941 3048 3129 & nucleolus organizer *2295 heterogeneous, mobile repeat sequences normal alleles 3778 viability *4172 3989 sex-linked 1306 interstrain, longevity *1388 *1389 RNA 4158 polytene chr 922 longevity & nutrients 2306 RNP 2292 2293 segmentation 921 male, mating discrimination 4100 heterokaryon 2830 *3249 temp 1260 3103 mutability 3804 Heteronychus 2515 vs transdetermination 908 sterility *1870 heteroplastic disc transplantation *3877 tumorous head 1012 1014 plasmid 590 1439 heterosis 1031 4144 wing 2036 2485 pops *1551 mit, & aging hybrids 1208 & X region dosage 2705 introgressive 1905 & pim 579 homologous, DNA, to oncogenes 3785 release of mutator activity 4109 & quantitative traits 121 flanking DNA 3236 sex, beh 4062 X 2060 gene, mu 3586 ratio in *3371 *3372 heterotic selection 2248 chr, & beh *20 somatic cell 2082 heterozygosity *1177 proteins 1639 sterility 3552 & heterokaryons *3249 homology, DNA sequence 2356 2828 & meiotic chr segregation 3627 in pops *1826 3201 with E. coli ribosomal proteins 3713 organism for *3852 in temperate & tropical species 3171 gene, & evolution 3822 & transmissible factor 46 heterozygote, Adh 1199 2807 sexual 1106 vigor (§Lee heterosis) cut, phenotype 3952 homosequential species 2113 2410 2490 wing, disc DNA 1233 viability of 1 alleles 1781 homozygous viability & epistasis 298 phenocopies in 4035 recessive 1 2273 hormone, control of reproduction 1041 hybridization, to cloned DNA 625 hexamidine 2141 4170 high temp, & esterase *3634 *3635 DNA 3766 hexokinase 110 111 1065 *1393 3397 juvenile 1042 2979 & close species 1687 hexose enzymes 2422 analog 1655 1656 1657 GPDH subunit 335 HGPRT 3799 mu 3739 in situ 717 718 719 906 1010 1011 1682 high mobility group (HMG) proteins 4111 4112 oocyte membrane 3940 1683 *1785 2255 2356 *2875 2998 3761 highly repeated DNA sequences 3886 esterase *1569 3908 *3982 hierarchies, competitive 634 & strain 1658 interspecies 1858 histidine 3947 & vitellogenesis 1514 natural 678 tDNA 3761 molting 1200 2083 nucleic acid 369 LRNA-gamma 2168 & disc dev 2815 gene location by 2746 histoblasts, abdominal 1628 regulates, puffing 993 subunit 1148 histochemistry 904 3008 protein 2979 2980 of tRNA to 5S DNA 2863 histology 734 3008 & puffing in vitro *3580 *3581 *3552 within subgroup 1080 histolysis 1809 specificity 2446 hybridoma, mouse 793 histone, acetylase 4079 & vitellogenesis 3346 hycanthone & mu 3120 2B 472 Hormosianoetus 2624 Hydr 2536 changes in emb 3731 horseradish peroxidase 2967 hydrase, hydropyrimidine 694 & chromatin structure 1239 host 1939 1963 hydrogen peroxide 154 deficiencies & position effect 1297 1298 -adapted mu 2493 hydrolysis, ethylated base 3187 DNA 1733 1836 habitat toxicity 2331 hydropyrimidine hydrase 694 supercoiling 1964 4027 mycoplasma 3247 hydroxyacid dehydrogenase 250 gene 622 parasite, coevolution 2415 hydroxyalanine & delayed mu 1727 chromatin 3721 interaction 273 hydroxy -alpha -ketobutyric acid, beta- 1212 cloned *1694 plant *1951 20-hydroxyecdysone 2120 2979 deficiency 1745 2449 specific species 1181 & metamorphosis 3080 expression 2898 selection 835 hydroxymethyltrimethylpsoralen 3953 & messengers 935 housefly 2370 hydroxyproline 1563 1564 number & position effect variegation HMG-like proteins 107 2252 2463 3319 4111 hydroxysterol, beta- 2679 2680 3387 hsp 70 1078 4112 Hymenoptera 193 308 organization 909 1834 1835 3714 Humbertiella 3795 hyperploid Y & male fertility 2053 region including 3796 humeral disc 51 3549 hyperploidy & cell 1 1127 Hi *168 169 179 humidity 1443 1588 hyperactive male X 2441 gene 1512 hyaluronidase 2315 hypersensitive site, DNase 3037 3038 H2B gene cloned 774 hybrid, & aflatoxin 297 hyperthermia, & radiation mu 3376 3377 3378 is a heat shock protein 3730 aging, & mit heterosis 1208 radiation & somatic radiosensitive line internecine, gene families 3035 analysis of temp tolerance 2173 3631 modification 4080 & asynapsis 947 & radiation mu 1283 1284 1285 1286 3374 mBNA, emb 40 2177 2178 breakdown, II *3825 3375 non- 357 380 2529 cell 2083 hypothesis, polar coordinates 3347 & nucleosome 1425 & peptide patterns 2281 quantal mitosis 1244 phosphorylation 3927 courtship, & mating *3004 stochastic loss 2613 spermatocyte *3708 sequences 4103 hypoxanthine 865 October 1983 Bibliography IllS 59 - 233

hypoxanthine -guanine -phosphoribosyl- response of strains 1499 sequences, mobile 3989 transferase (HGPRT) 3799 susceptibility 3575 in vitro, cell transformed 4123 insemination, multiple 3206 *3253 characteristics of emb cells 3137 insertion, boundaries 3242 chromatin assembly 1356 inbred, & hybrid longevity *3490 2577 chorion dev 1470 stocks 884 DNA, boundary sequence 3360 diff *3217 *3218 inbreeding, after-effects 883 r 1112 1113 3243 3244 3519 3693 disc, dev 2815 & asynapsis 947 28S 3545 eye 889 891 depression 161 338 elements, & chr evolution 1717 fusion 1266 effect, hatchability & viability 3636 DNA 1717 gene activation 2511 2512 genetics 3260 3261 3262 L 3551 evagination 3801 & mating pattern *1525 in lambda 3282 heat shock puff 2327 2328 & selection 2988 mu 648 puffing & hormones *3580 *3581 *3582 sensitivity gene 160 in pops 599 sex ratio 3088 & viability *3115 as mutagen 2734 spermatocyte cysts *3217 *3218 & wing cell 1215 mutagenesis 3650 teratogenesis assay 2333 2334 TCDH & wing disc 1013 ribosomal *3132 transcription 1740 2555 ICR-170 & rudimentary 1574 sites, transposon 2950 in yjyQ, ADH stability 2182 illusion, motion 237 sequence 303 cultured ovary 1810 3878 imaginal disc (see disc) of III, into Y 764 transcription 2325 imago, respiration 3951 in ally, gene mapping 3164 iodoacetamide 3390 structures, control of patterns 3342 hybridization 1010 1011 1682 1683 *1785 ionic mechanism, photoreceptor 2042 immigrant male age 1617 2255 2356 2875 2998 3761 3908 *3982 iontophoretic studies 1527 immune, electron microscope 3195 3196 transcription 2440 I-R system 210 954 3551 response, cell 3442 instability, genetic 1744 irradiation (see radiation) immunochemistry, & chromatin 516 site-specific 1094 1095 island, ecosystems 2411 3409 protein 905 insulin 3399 4122 peripheral 773 immunocytolocalization 3699 integrated retrovirus 3757 pops, exotic *3511 immunoelectrophoresis 3010 3181 integration 2215 dispersion 1258 immunofluorescence 842 1043 2193 virus, into D. DNA 2717 species 2401 2408 microscopy 243 2381 *3708 integument 2959 isoacceptors 32 33 immunogenetics *67 & juvenile hormone *973 isoactins 4018 & white 797 intensity response, eye 1786 isoalleles, ADH, & season 613 immunolocalization 3853 interacting duplication & deficiency & sterility *3178 immunology 2045 3620 G3PD *3443 & acid phosphatase 1149 interaction, gene 1453 isocitrate dehydrogenase 2517 2518 3126 & gene mapping 3164 new, between modifying substances 3629 isoelectric focusing 1767 4128 & RNA polymerase 3118 3119 sex transformation mu 3509 isoenzyme gene control 344 immunoprecipitation *120 intercalary bet 2823 2824 2825 isofemale strains 3527 immunoreactive protein 1902 interchanges between nonhomologs 2431 2432 isogenic, lines 1481 3566 implantation, metabolite 1697 1698 internal mouth parts 3899 transplants 2414 tissue, in lv 3662 interphase bet *2813 isolation, cloned gene 1967 IMP dehydrogenase 872 interpretation, pattern 1235 ethological *50 indirect mutagen, sensitivity to 2902 2903 intersegmental region 1159 of gene 2870 index combining measurements 2214 intersex 1049 3173 genetic, unstable 525 2899 indices, fitness 2739 interspecific hybrid (see hybrid, interspecific) mechanisms, ethological *2692 induced enzymes 750 2282 interspike interval 3092 premating, between species 2017 inducer, chr 1456 intervening sequence *618 1612 2276 2481 evolution 3911 3912 strains 1478 1479 *2671 *2672 *2753 *3135 *3646 *3648 3675 post-mating *2692 inducibility, cytochrome P-450 2135 rDNA *3617 reproductive *10 *862 *3291 3567 inductor, enzyme *2263 introgressive hybrid pops 1905 & locomotion 4021 gene action, & heat shock 60 intron 304 2693 2694 & nat selection 462 heat shock puff 2327 2328 inversion, age, & meiotic drive 1337 partial 1290 infection, SR 1640 & amylase allozyme *3466 *3467 selection 76 through mother or injection 3505 & *1372 strains 3611 infectious heredity & beh 463 B 1168 sexual *3489 information, content, band & puff 4152 cosmopolitan, frequencies 2947 & artifical selection 3560 positional 720 & DDT resistance 1052 origin 970 maternal 570 frequency 3881 pop *2600 *2601 *4173 ingestion, adult alcohol 2442 dine 2575 sibling species *4171 inheritance, evaluations 1625 & frequency-dependent selection 3095 species *1068 *3817 maternal *339 3641 & geography 815 & speciation 3006 noncanoxacal mechanisms 3054 heterozygosity & emb 1 *372 isopropanol 535 2533 3851 4037 inhibition, fatty acid 2035 homozygous, & asynapsis 1509 & Adh *2660 growth 2083 Korean 1418 isozyme, A 2052 mating 2542 & latitude dines 3085 adaptive advantage 3564 3735 vitellogenesis 3161 linked, disequilibrium 2467 ADH *851 852 *853 3946 inhibitor, DNA synthesis 890 in nat pops *1798 & X 2971 phosphodiesterase 2571 new, spreading 819 aldehyde oxidase 1052 protease 900 pericentric 2513 amylase 425 3756 purine 3799 het 3771 electrophoresis & cell lines 743 initiation, factor 3797 polygenes, & dominance 1642 esterase *1067 3112 primary culture 1684 plm 101 814 820 821 *1175 *2864 *3123 GPDH 156 162 2290 2291 initiator tRNA 1739 & geography *3571 G3PD 3453 3455 injection, antibody, into nucleus 2325 & latitude 3085 & mimicry 3564 haploid nuclei 3736 in Mexico *1402 ontogeny, species *3622 nuclei & cells, into eggs 4149 pop *2619 organospecific 993 inosine 865 1210 seasonal & year 4146 pattern, acid phosphatase 1435 input 3358 3359 & seasons 816 plm *2146 insect, pops controlled genetically 1770 species 1220 1221 *1222 *1223 in pop cages 3412 transmission 3082 species sharing *2006 species 3523 insecticide 1184 2558 unique *827 regulation & dev 3108 3109 & esterase 377 2603 X, endemic 289 sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase poisoning 1426 III *1373 1363 resistance 2945 inverted repeat 1929 2256 species, & ontogeny 1549 & selection 2603 DNA 2304 synthesis in ontogenesis *67 234 - DIS 59 Bibliography October 1983 isozyme, variation *2217 *3625 & sugar 3380 hybrid gene rescue *2009 2010 food resources 2655 suppressed 860 foraging beh 3847 3848 3849 synthetic, carnation-light 3316 jumping beh 1334 1335 3440 hemocyte 2417 3665 triplo-, region 942 junction 465 466 histology & histochemistry 3008 zygotic maternal 3671 neuromuscular 1511 incorporates radioactive compounds into LeutDNA 3675 junctional currents 1160 1992 salivary chr *3583 leucine aminopeptidase 4050 4051 4052 juvenile hormone 614 *971 *972 1042 2979 instar cuticle 3033 & nat pop *933 analog 1655 1656 1657 interaction & dev duration 1211 life, history 3695 3696 3697 mu 3739 interspecific, competition 518 parameters, pop 3427 oocyte membrane 3940 juvenile hormone *972 *973 pattern 475 -binding protein 2436 & learning 5 variables 607 esterase *1569 leucine aminopeptidase 4050 4051 length, species 583 fin vitro puffs *3588 medium, yeast in 2594 span 1331 1333 receptor 2437 metabolism, of guanine & guanosine 866 & antioxidants 1274 1332 2646 3434 temp, & esterase *3635 wstes & viability 2376 & centrophenoxine 2427 & strain 1658 microsomes & oxidases 2135 & dismutase 103 & vitellogenesis 1514 & MMS 640 ethanol & isopropanol 4037 motor nerve endings 47 evolution 2332 neuromuscular junctions 3274 & giant 2858 karyology 1749 & parasites 2416 male, & sex activity 3539 karyotype *404 *2230 *2231 parasitoid 2697 & motor activity 3002 mosaics *1551 phototaxis mu 2891 & protein synthesis inhibitor 2685 & life span 1331 polysomes 2343 ligated emb 2363 3451 polytene *1694 pop & ethanol 3528 light, absence & mating ability selection *2185 keltan 1278 protein synthesis pattern 4155 & chr DNA 3336 killer, male 1640 purine metabolism 865 color, intensity & phototaxis *1505 kinase, arginine 1043 reaction to resources 1442 -dark cycle 1867 kinetics, DNA reassociation 1552 RNA adenylated or not 2139 2140 or dark, mating in *3570 esterase 6 3654 salivary gland *3373 *1174 -dependent, mating inhibition *2542 kinetochore 1097 2766 3222 DNA replication 2150 pupation site 3283 3293 kingdom, inter-, heterokaryon 2830 elements *2393 discrimination 3439 kynurenin 3835 protein secretion 3098 & fecundity 3400 secretion gene 3105 -induced pigment granule migration 3238 segmentation & 1 mu 4048 & jumping beh 1334 LA line 2990 3059 selection & §t 2189 & mating *1489 LAAM & nondisjunction 3555 selectivity for yeasts *2656 preference 1380 laboratory, agression in 1758 serum protein 16 1605 1607 2980 modified phototaxis 2056 course stocks, "unknown" 1539 gene cloned 2756 3836 phototransduction mu 2058 culture 62 spermatogenesis *3707 retinal protein 3311 &invplm 814 testis 1768 visible, & radiation mu 22 overwintering exp *1941 transplanted 1023 lineage, cell 2639 rearing *3819 tissue, implanted into 3662 lines, cell 3734 water balance 455 origin 3432 HA and LA 2990 3059 stock evolution *10 trisomic for II arm 409 isogenic 3566 labeling, density 1832 tumorous-head 1012 1014 radiosensitive 4025 photoaffinity 2805 ultrasonicated & mu *3994 linkage disequilibrium *284 1044 1053 1054 labial disc 1017 vs adult GPDH 1265 2208 3984 lactate dehydrogenase 3506 m4 2857 esterase *2239 lactic acid 1218 white -variegated 706 in pops 2023 2093 *3250 *3252 lactimide 643 laser 1109 1110 2285 exp 320 lambda phage 3282 latitude 1447 3085 3477 3881 isolated 4125 lamella, annulate 3050 LDH & ontogenesta 125 nat *1118 *1122 basal 2345 lead, & II mu 2454 linked mv disequilibrium 2467 lampbrush chr 132 2876 poisoning 1426 lipid 1783 landing response 2641 learning 245 441 lipid surface 2958 LAP (see leucine aminopeptidase beh, visual 2658 lipid synthesis 589 larva 871 discrimination 1495 1496 lipolytic activity & age *3777 acid phosphatase 474 & Iv 5 lithium ion 2054 adenosine in 864 & motor activity 1668 liver, chick 587 & adult photoreceptor mu 2914 mu 2387 liveweight 671 & aflatoxin 295 & selection 1496 load, fertility 1907 amino acids & food deprivation 1562 task validated 716 genetic, & fitness 1702 arrhythmic (pero) 2775 leg, to antennae mu 3907 viability & longevity 45 axenic *1980 basitarsus 735 736 localization of heat shock protein 2193 2194 brain & body wall protein 2562 dev 1249 loci, biochemical 2557 chemical treated, & somatic mosaics 3792 disc 2144 2145 map 3981 chemotactic beh 3379 3380 duplicated 1243 heat-induced 824 chr *1157 duplications from 3339 87A7 & 87C1 2949 competition, in field 69 evagination 3801 heat shock 1467 in pops 2922 duplicated 881 & repeats 1240 cultured 190 ectopic, neurons 1830 major, for sex determination 2236 cuticle genes 3842 fore-, dev 2786 multi-, systems in evolution 727 density, temp, & dev 2594 homoeosis 875 number 1, on X 2149 dev, & amylase 2906 morphogenesis 238 recombination- and repair-deficient 2235 & persistent RNA 4094 motoneurones 2792 regulatory 830 831 diapause *2615 *2616 position conditioning 2329 tissue-specific 1922 diet, thymidine & thymine in 2606 prothoracic 240 unstable, induced 2207 discs, diploid 1034 regeneration 1841 87A7 & 87C1 824 825 2949 & environmental ethanol 3535 segmentation 239 (see also gene ; mugipo) epidermis 1856 lek 765 *766 *2490 locomotion, activity rhythm 1407 1409 3507 fate map 1109 lethal, allelism, pop *3251 circadian control 3267 facilitation 190 differential, & dev 669 & divergent selection 4019 4020 4021 fat body 1990 interactions, maternal-zygotic 1604 & eye mutant 3267 & ecdysone 1081 gene, in pops 899 & reproductive isolation 4021 feeding, & viability 1390 (see also mutation, i) & sex beh 3142 October 1983 Bibliography DIS 59 - 235

longevity *3490 meiosis 3222 fate 2192 adult 206 chr morphology 2213 fine-structure 3510 of hybrids *1388 *1389 mu 2953 foci 2904 cell size & number 1104 pairing 2096 2097 *2673 mosaic 3988 & dev 1449 mechanism 4126 gel, tRNA 1229 & dietary fat 436 recombination & X rays 1960 genes, method 3164 female, & ultrasound 3544 mu, detected in 540 heat shock loci 1469 genetics 1949 1950 induced & meiotic mu 1370 heteroduplex 2026 & high fat diet 2205 offspring radiosensitivity 631 homoeotic mu 2478 hybrid, & nutrients 27' pheromone inhibiting courtship 3971 I-factor 1456 increased 1218 prefer courting virgins 3297 muscle genes 2287 2288 local & age 45 pu Co & X rays 2818 N 2027 male mating success *3938 rare-, advantage 3043 polygenes 1893 methanol *2970 advantage in lab strain 3190 sites needed for recombination 2861 neurological mu 3988 mating advantage 375 460 1192 1799 63F & 90B *2955 selection 3227 3233 3234 rayed, & 3381 marginal & central pops *1794 sibling species 656 recombination 411 *1225 *1226 1227 1228 marker, neuronal 2967 vitamins 2205 *1908 2064 genes 3260 Lucilla 2665 chr 3314 h- andvir- 3282 lymph gland 1809 3879 effect in females 1744 marking 1144 Lys, tDNA 2733 3239 factor 4130 mass, dry, of nuclei 708 tRNA 1738 & sterility 2099 mate, choice & offspring fitness 1450 lysate, protein synthesis in 1701 & hybrid dysgenesis 3034 recognition systems 3543 translation of viral RNA 2810 lines 3954 maternal, effect 217 595 860 1076 lysosome enzyme 2019 3104 lack *1796 on enzymes 2732 lysozyme 2315 mu induced 2948 1 mat(3)6 3656 mutator 1897 mu 1377 1544 1583 2778 2782 in pop 1811 1 2089 2090 2091 macrochaetae, thorax 1142 &SD 4107 fixation 2782 macromolecules in electron microscope suppressor 953 repair-deficient 4164 1230 transmission 1765 & selection 48 magnetic field 2587 frequency 760 gene interactions 2477 & mu 158 893 895 2994 & X rays 3963 information 570 magnesium thiazolidine carboxylate 1274 reproductive beh 687 inheritance *339 magnification 188 189 644 919 1654 & hormone 1657 inheritance, mit DNA 3641 of I deletions for rDNA 1597 system biochemistry 2942 2943 repair, & caffeine 1406 rDNA 1504 1580 3661 sex, activity & cAMP 3750 of mu 1354 unstable *2258 beh, female effect on 4101 -zygote I interactions 1604 mainland pop dispersion 1258 -ratio *721 zygotic 1 3671 maize 170 -specific, enzymes 269 maternally, affected 1 mu 1757 malate dehydrogenase 18 *1342 1983 glucose oxidase 2422 -influenced gene 322 malathion 2728 3576 1 mu 126 321 322 1123 1124 1757 1942 mathematical models 917 resistance 1307 3823 1944 2267 4005 mating, ability selection in dark *2185 male, accessory gland 2880 sterility 1101 activity, male 3116 age, & homeostasis 341 agent *2772 species 537 & mating success 3241 genetics of 1546 advantage, rare genotype, no 3594 & reproductive success 1616 & Gpdh *1488 rare-male 375 460 1031 1192 1799 alive with SR 2092 hybrid *1870 & antennal receptors 71 auditory stimuli *2929 & maternal effect 1100 beh 484 *735 bristle number *2851 mu 1720 & ether *2040 chr, loss by X rays 2496 spermiogenesis 4104 eye pigment mu 3483 3484 orientation 2765 2766 X 2585 & light *1489 co, cytology *3315 sex-linked 198 species differences *2018 & neutrons 892 & X aneuploidy 3620 courtship 362 & radiation 2992 survives SR-spiroplasma 4124 diurnal rhythm 1724 & Y 1305 t & mitomycin 1728 frequency-dependent 534 copulatory success 265 variation *2405 frequency, among geographic pops *3659 courtship, beh 2488 visual neurons 1837 & no wing *2165 song 3143 X rayed, mu rate 1652 intensity, fly 3862 success 2346 & trenimon 3844 interspecies *562 ejaculate 2742 2743 X, hyperactive 2441 & introgressive hybrid pops 1905 exchange in 279 X0 701 860 in light & dark *3570 & female equal co *3258 XYY 1136 light-dependent, inhibition *2542 fertility 1547 1720 maleic hydrazide 1354 1355 mu, EMS 1658 fertility, & stored mRNA *3448 malic, dehydrogenase *2191 multiple 3559 & Y aberrations 3046 enzyme 2049 4041 & sex-ratio *2260 & Y hyperploidy- 2053 malignancy 573 once or more, females *3610 *4553 fitness, reproductive components of 2353 Malpighian tubules 706 845 1846 2087 2345 pattern, &Adh 3325 gametogenesis 1089 2857 3701 3909 & inbreeding *1525 genital disc 1106 maltose 782 pre-, isolation 3911 3912 genitalia 3145 mammalian cell mutagenesis 2129 isolation between species 2017 & taxonomy *3992 man, mutation rate in 142 preference 932 1380 3030 genotype & pop dynamics 3579 mantis 3312 3795 asymmetrical 4059 gonial recombination 1134 map, biochemical loci 3981 & evolution 2015 het function 2096 blastoderm 3341 3906 phylogeny-based 2013 hybrid, dysgenesis 479 chr *1224 & protein synthesis inhibition 1536 high mutability 3804 deletion 823 random, pops 2024 immigrant, age 1617 fate 526 3906 & species 665 killer 1640 & BASIC 1451 re-, female, & accessory gland secretion lifespan & sex activity 3539 & embryogenesis 1948 2880 lipids 2958 lv epidermis 1109 sequential, advantage of *1736 low sex activity 1501 of heat-induced genes 825 speed, & copulation duration 359 mating, activity 3116 morphogenetic, basitarsus 736 & fecundity 2453 discrimination 4100 restriction, mit DNA 1714 success, & ADH 3086 3594 success, & longevity *3938 salivary chr *1748 asymmetrical 2016 selection *43 mapping, cloned gene 1967 competitive 1028 3241 October 1983 236 - DIS 59 Bibliography mating, success--cont. acetylcholine 689 hexokinase assay 111 courtship, & ADH 1518 adenosine 864 immunological, for in situ gene mapping frequency -dependent 483 & aging 2570 3164 male & longevity *3938 cyclic AMP 1668 1669 3750 isozyme *1120 & photoreceptor mu 3298 ethanol 401 402 laboratory rearing *3819 phototactic strain 3292 flight 2521 learning apparatus 1496 system, & disruptive selection 2086 glucosamine *2617 magnification 1597 pop 2483 guanine & guanosine 866 mark-recepture 871 & Y number 65 juvenile hormone *971 mass isolation, imaginal discs 487 maze, beh 1498 *3207 pole cell 29 metaphase chr 697 & phototaxis 936 1814 polyadenylate 2348 mass rearing 470 MDH 125 *1774 pteridine 2962 for masses of emb 470 mean charge 4068 purine 865 1348 1347 3445 measuring insect freezing point 1130 measurements, individual & family 2214 pyrimidine 2625 2626 microhybriclization 4131 meat, fried, & mu 2760 mu 501 microinjection 1279 3776 mechanism, adaptive evolution 3414 RNA 1832 1833 mutagenesis assays 4044 aging 1382 & age 336 neuroblast mitotic chr 325 chr evolution 4137 ovary 3055 nondisjunction test 2797 contact, & DNA 3694 t 459 nuclear transplantation 3776 of evolution 75 2216 tryptophan 2087 olfactometer 194 noncanonical inheritance 3054 metabolite implantation 1697 1698 polysome visualization 358 speciation 3943 metal, catalysis, no, for ADH 1494 preparing, emb nuclear components 471 steroid action 2383 heavy, &mu 3121 "small" polytene chr 1670 mediator 47 ion toxicity 2461 quantitative, for pop analysis 82 medium, organ culture 1470 metamorphosis, & bromodeoxyuridine 1934 recombinant DNA 776 S-SO culture *3580 histoblast 1628 recording courtship beb 363 medulla cortex 2643 & discs 2684 3549 recording courtship song 363 meiocyte abnormalities 702 & melanotic tumors 2910 recording oviposition rhythm 28 meiosis 3222 & mit 672 ridding excess adults 195 cand 3067 model, cell line as 3485 salivary gland *229 chromocenter 275 mu 969 culture 1169 compound autosomes in 2854 muscle 1962 3642 silver staining polytene chr 2315 deficiency effect on 1603 & optic lobes 3438 statistics of mu frequencies 3977 & deficient loci 2235 staged 2234 temp bedding for electron microscopy & deletion 754 & thymidine kinase 2883 2398 female, & recombination nodules 2399 metaphase, I 2213 teratogenesis assay 2333 2334 & kinetochore microtubules 1097 C- 353 test, for ring-X 637 male, & chr pairing *2673 chr, isolated in bulk 2849 for environmental chemical mutagens chr, morphology 2213 purification 974 3872 orientation 2766 pro- 2213 tissue ,isolation & injection 203 204 470 & tubulin *3169 metatboracic disc 3061 471 487 697 1279 1472 mu 3041 metepa 3880 transferring etherized flies 2069 & X-ray aberrations 3747 methadone & no mu 2137 trehalase stain 1236 meiotic, asynapsis 2429 methanol tolerance *2970 underrepli cation error 2549 beh, 1 cistron mu 3673 methods yeast preferences 123 chr 2428 alternate passage, for cell line 4006 2-methoxyethanol & mu 3321 3322 chr, pairing mechanism, male 4126 assay, mutagen 3016 methyl bromide 3462 segregation & hybrid sterility 3627 RNA polymerase II 3459 methyl methane sulfonate (MMS), & chr loss co & ADH 959 product 4134 4167 & t heterozygote 1180 axenic lines 1296 & maternal effects 2778 drive 1135 blotting proteins 1676 supersensitivity to 1186 age, & mv 1337 1338 5 -bromodeoxyuridine -Giemsa staining toxicity 640 in exp pops 2468 *1039 methylation, CpG, in DNA 2809 pop genetics 3265 baits for collection 1710 DNA &RNA 173 & recessive 1 mu 1338 bulk isolation metaphase chr 2849 of nitrosamines 3460 effects, deficiency 3670 chamber, multi-room, multi-purpose methylene, blue 3336 interchanges & nonhomologs pairing 2432 1861 chloride 2771 mu 287 639 1415 2496 3768 3772 chr rearrangement manipulation 2513 5' -methylthioadenosine 1055 & chr orientation 627 cloning, DNA 2758 3100 nucleoside phosphorylase 1726 3788 male 2953 w 2310 metrifonate 3406 & mu induced in males 1370 cooking & wash up computer program 1853 microbial ecology *1951 recombination-defective 1134 3917 culture 184 micrococcal nuclease 3039 pairing, male 2096 2097 medium *94 1210 microdissection, chr isolation by 3401 3402 nondisjunction 660 dispenser, automatic 1955 microevolution & mu 629 2768 or premeiotic recombination 759 D. as bioassay 3326 microevolutive diff 2156 recombination 659 deoxyglucose 2375 microgeographical variation, species 771 necessary sites 2861 detecting, aneuploidy & chr breakage 2666 microinjeCtion 3776 male, & X rays 1960 2667 of SR 1403 segregation 753 3155 small deletions 3790 micronucleus, hamster 1458 melanization 832 differentially staining bet 1761 1763 microorganisms, intracellular 3246 melanoma 159 disc culture chamber 1735 microscopy, electron (see electron microscope) melanotic, neoplasm 696 2847 dissecting late ovarian stages 1163 immunofluorescence 243 2381 *3708 tumors (see tumor, melanotic) distribution truncation 526 X-ray contact 2633 membrane 4033 egg, collection 674 676 1375 1430 microspectrophotometry 1819 2976 electrical excitability 3718 injection 4149 microsome 912 913 1161 1325 2135 2222 phosphorylated proteins 3945 rinsing apparatus 1703 protein & aging 2020 photoreceptor 2889 2890 emb, & Iv histology & histochemistry 3008 microsurgery, laser 2285 proteins 2840 permeabilization 52 microtubule 34 1097 3222 4011 vitelline 1470 electron microscope staining mixture 1230 microvillar photoreceptors 3078 memory mu 1542 exact age determination 873 midgut amylase 424 692 2842 Mendel's rules violated 365 follicle & eggshell mass collection 1472 chr 2175 mercurial fungicide 584 585 2716 gas or vapor exposure 429 middle repetitive, DNA 2118 mercuriated polypeptide 493 gel electrophoresis 2877 sequence *1090 metabolic, waste, Iv, & viability 2376 gene location by nucleic acid hybridization migration, mutant gene, in pops 1997 pathways 1764 2746 pigment granule 3238 metabolism, acetaldehyde 3219 growing *95 migratory genes 809 October 1983 Bibliography DIS 59 - 237 mimicry, by gene association 3735 system, enzyme 2908 2909 nerve endings 47 & isozyme 3554 variability *2179 neuromuscular junctions 3274 minicells 992 111, of ADH 4081 neurons, leg 2792 minority advantage & beh 1800 molds *2209 motion response, eye 1786 mitamycin C 1912 molecular, cloning 2303 mouse 164 1064 2498 mite water balance 53 & homoeosis 2706 mouth parts 3899 mitochondrion, & axoneme 3968 dosimetry 1069 ultrastructure 2832 & calcium 999 3480 3482 evolution 152 movement of released adults 670 DNA 149 512 513 514 1479 2061 2062 weight enzymes 1077 M & P factors 2881 2063 2588 3333 3563 ontogeny 848 MMS (see methyl methane sulfonate) A + T-rich 1844 1845 2630 *2631 phylogenies 3492 MR elements 650 cloned *1843 3306 pim *2978 MRmutator 2597 in electron microscope 1715 structure of enzymes 980 Muller-5 3019 3579 evolution 2128 2127 variation in nat pop 3199 multifactorial study of speciation theory 960 maternal inheritance 3641 new, of chr 3859 multi-focus phenotypes 2192 nucleotide sequence *2761 of genes & dcv 2896 multigene families 3239 organization & transcription 3147 molting hormone 2083 dispersed 3723 replication 620 621 & disc dev 2815 multilocus systems in evolution 727 restriction maps 1714 titer 1200 multiple, dispersed genes 2464 2933 2934 enzymes & recessive 1 3958 molybate 2274 2935 2936 2937 2938 3447 genome in genus 511 molybdenum 521 insemination *3253 heterosis & aging hybrid 1208 -containing enzymes 3752 in nat pops *3206 malate dehydrogenase 18 hydrolases 4057 4058 matings 3559 & metamorphosis 672 molybdoenzyme system 2324 multivariate courtship analysis 3295 NADH dehydrogenase *742 monoclonal antibodies 180 792 2361 2920 multivesicular bodies, cortex 3277 origin 3275 2985 3117 3119 3742 3908 4055 4084 Musca 2665 2915 protein 671 marking cells 775 muscarinic, binding site 685 RNA & DNA 4159 monosome 4105 receptor 2572 RNA polymerase 623 2764 monosynaptic connections 1874 muscle, arginine kinase 1043 in spermatogenesis 216 monovalent salts 3379 defective, dcv 517 succinate-cytochrome C reductase 1783 morphogenesis, amines and amides 1171 degenerating 1962 mitomycin-C + mu 1728 adult abdomen epidermis 3272 dcv 396 mitosis, & chromocenter 275 cell basis 4099 flight 3720 & deficient loci 2235 cell line, & ecdysone 144 duff 438 emb, & tubulin 647 chorion 421 422 423 fiber 1160 in follicle cells 247 & clones 519 currents 1992 & gamma rays 2965 emb 3655 3656 flight 3092 & het *115 *116 eye, mu 1560 flight 2637 981 quantal, hypothesis 1244 optic lobes 3438 actin pattern 3162 3163 mitotic, chr beh 2428 & phenols 3001 & neurons 3093 chr het 1036 regulated 238 genes 2287 2288 co, & caffeine & EMS or EES 3791 tissue culture, & ecdysteroids 3478 indirect flight 2538 & t heterozygote 1180 morphogenetic, fields, disc 3337 mu 3382 3383 exchange in het 3672 gradients 1249 metamorphosis 3642 mu 1766 map, basitarsus 736 mu 3384 rate & wing growth 3811 mosaicism 3344 3345 neuro-, physiology 2932 recombination, in cleavage 3429 3430 3432 morphology, disc 3588 prepu 1185 spontaneous 3047 diversity & ontogenesis 2164 wing 491 & X rays 683 epidermis 3587 muscular system 361 sister chromatids *1038 muscle 361 mushroom bodies 2868 mixtures, evolution in 1847 1848 nuclear, & gene action *2754 mutability, comparative, of sexes 4028 mobile, dispersed genes 2628 2933 2934 of species females 1898 control 478 2935 2936 2937 2938 3056 3939 morphoapecies 1438 differential 912 913 location 2175 mortality & alcohol 2184 sex 1973 termini 2228 2229 mosaic 2494 global patterns of 143 transposition 2270 & aging 903 high, of male hybrid 3804 elements & rDNA 3519 analysis of apterous 4092 hyper-, germ line 2612 gene 2464 *3132 beh, & .y 2379 2380 increase & shift 1093 families 4143 chr, & mutagens 1828 vital gene 755 genetic element 22211 3202 compound eye 1816 of X insertion into Y 1093 repeat sequence, inverted 3989 & courtship 687 mutable, gene & transposition 3632 structural genes 2725 2726 2727 discs, normal & neoplastic *3875 w allele 2308 model, circular stepping-stone 148 2167 & EMS 1308 mutagen, action of DNA 2734 2735 experimental, of stationary genetic eye color 1820 anti- 633 2769 processes 1500 genetic 526 administration route of 995 fly mating intensity 3862 notation for 2055 assay 3016 gene regulation 3521 genital primordia & 2968 chemical, & spermatogenesis 695 for gene substitution 979 & genitalia 846 -damaged DNA 222 hitchhiking 2208 & haploid nuclei 3736 drug 1807 mathematical 917 karyotype *1551 environmental 1690 neutral mu 1859 mapping of foci 3988 gaseous 2993 2995 phenotype, crossvein as 1262 morphogenetic 3344 3345 indirect, sensitivity to 2902 2903 SD 2888 & mu 1422 test system 1378 speciation 2977 clock 989 & mjcrosomes 2222 spontaneous mu 3955 & neurons 1423 & regional recombination 2104 two-stage maximum likelihood 2469 & oogenesis 4081 screening program 2129 2130 2131 stepwise mutation 1859 sex 1991 -sensitive, cell lines 2892 two-sex polygenic 3911 3912 somatic 503 3792 mu 88 638 639 641 949 950 1283 1286 modifier, Est-6 326 327 spontaneous *1747 2257 2778 2791 G6PD and 6PGD 784 testes proteins 938 spontaneous mu in 3304 of isozyme synthesis *67 XDH 1627 X-linked 3305 & organ-specific esterases *3111 motion illusion 237 III 2341 polygenic, of pattern 3044 motor, activity, & learning 1668 response to temp & radiation 3375 SD 1135 1927 of mu 1764 3376 3377 substances, new interaction between 3629 & lifespan 3002 11 1771 October 1983 238 - DIS 59 Bibliography mutagen--pfl. Dly 312 mei-9 639 1056 1370 2688 sensitivity, & age 850 Dm225 2464 3632 mei_9a 1504 1626 2496 4161 4162 4163 & 2076 DNAase-1 406 2553 4164 4165 4166 4167 & DNA synthesis 3781 dopa decarboxylase 2893 mei-41 1370 2496 2688 3768 4162 4164 of rod vs ring 996 double sex 722 1376 mobile dispersed gene (33g) 2228 2229 & II genes 3058 Dp(Tpl) 1624 oii 2934 2935 2936 2937 2938 testing 70 405 2221 4117 Dp-Trpl) 3691 o3 3 2256 2933 2935 2936 2937 for environmental 1777 dsh 4154 Mdlh *1772 *1774 *1918 *3569 viruses as 2735 dunce 245 440 2387 2534 miniature () 1949 1950 4144 mutagenesis 1575 dumpy () 552 2687 2774 3381 Minute () *1226 1741 1746 2581 3026 action of low concentrations 1986 64&Sh5 1928 3027 3814 assays 4044 ebony 740 1028 3142 Monoplane 1721 chemical, control 2783 ecd 998 2212 ms(1)413 216 & cinnabar 1452 Engrailed 3062 mus 1824 2496 comparative 552 1953 engrailed 1638 2918 3106 3107 mus( 1) 101 2496 2688 4162 & DNA repair 2724 esterase (Es) 1116 mus(1)104 2496 2688 4162 environmental 2131 -A *1923 mus(2)201 205 experiments 916 -alpha *3998 mus(3)312 2791 genetic control of 639 640 2780 2781 -c *1924 Nasobemia 926 1260 3022 3061 3062 3345 insertion 3650 -s *1026 3346 potential of chemicals 3843 -3 49 non-claret disjunctional () 1416 & radiosensitive mu 2125 4147 5 *508 *2191 *3178 norp A 1242 2058 test 482 3184 4012 -6 326 327 329 330 346 347 348 *1026 Notch () 1129 1903 2027 3589 3190 3591 systems 105 1589 1591 1592 2480 2528 2741 2743 3958 *4016 4071 testing program 2130 2131 2744 2745 3477 ocelliless 1947 mutant null 1589 2743 2744 2745 P 3063 2493 abnormal oocyte (g) 1002 4132 evenskipped 3728 paired 3728 Abruptex 3589 3590 3591 eyeless 643 L 3837 abruptex 2918 1 1949 1950 3789 gl 594 2305 2732 2908 achaete 569 j_ 3340 Esci *1772 *1773 2480 3477 acid -phosphatas e -3 (5) *1372 Fm3473 3240 proboscipedia 924 3344 Acph *1924 2912 fs(1)IVW-18 2089 2091 Polycomb () 241 1245 3060 3062 alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) 41 61 527 3u1I 944 purine-1 867 *535 1196 1199 1252 1254 1480 1779 fs(1)231 963 966 1022 2523 3072 purple 1913 2116 2184 *2660 2738 2762 2807 2878 fs(1)1163 2336 rad(2)201G 1 3057 3086 3298 3320 3850 fs(1)1304 3055 3419 3420 raised 3163 alleles 897 2602 2981 2982 3649 fs(1)1621 628 2167 rar-3 3472 3473 3474 cryptic variance 3350 3351 3353 3354 fs(1)1867 3916 raspberry (j) 1348 4154 heat stability 3349 fs(2)A16 966 ref(2)P 2453 2651 -negative 3301 fs(4)34 966 rosy 313 314 315 316 591 597 616 756 null 1493 1960 fused 2077 2078 1140 2882 3315 3709 plm 3324 3325 giant 2858 rudimentary 457 775 848 863 1019 1574 alphabeta 2828 3236 giant larvae 1780 1781 1576 1577 2632 3433 3996 3997 altered disjunction 1415 giant-white 1093 sbr 2134 amnesiac 1542 G6pd 2305 2732 2907 2908 3096 scarlet 794 Amylase *44 426 *2101 *2102 Qj *1488 3514 3154 Sco 1196 amylase null 2833 grandchildless *1165 1397 3289 3456 3498 scute () 446 557 558 569 1567 1894 3779 Antennapedia () 241 242 1086 1996 guanosine-1 867 SD 711 940 1135 1205 1206 1881 1927 2888 2548 2706 3061 3062 3103 3214 3215 hairless 787 3986 3987 4107 4048 lisp 70 2828 3209 3236 sepia 914 915 2189 apterous 2059 3940 4092 4093 iab2 3129 sevenless 249 -blot 2036 In(1)sc8 715 Sex-lethal () 322 1361 2478 3454 aristapedia 241 924 926 928 1260 3027 In(2LR)SM1(Cy) 1314 sex ratio (SR) *371 1518 1519 1640 1641 3338 I-R 1455 1456 3551 SF 234 1455 1479 Bar (B) 474 886 889 890 891 1168 1532 kar 580 gj 3105 Beadex 1092 lao 2050 Shaker 3719 3932 bithorax () 636 1084 1302 1423 1906 Lap 1350 shaker 903 2153 2225 2396 2792 2897 3060 3061 Lethal hybrid rescue (Lbr) *1869 *3925 shibire 420 1129 1511 1646 2046 2991 3914 3129 3213 3392 3903 4062 Shu 1928 bithoraxoid 3049 lethal( 1)rryospheroid 3452 sine oculis 2642 3508 black 3782 3783 3784 l(1)pp_ld0 4150 singed 35 926 2169 Black cells (Bc) 1599 3667 l(l)su(f) 2820 2850 son killer 1757 bobbed () 188 189 919 1101 1158 1179 1(2)amd 1201 spineless -aristapedia () 200 239 240 1504 1546 1654 *2258 2672 )jg 3114 3574 3845 3103 3340 bracht 1911 )j 1008 split 1244 1246 bristle 1911 *3873 *3874 *3875 suppressor -of-variegation 1803 21 22 1151 2076 3770 3772 lethal polyploid larvae Qjj) 3644 4134 c2lR 1459 ALlt. 459 Su(ss) 2 1247 1248 ca 1416 light 752 3316 T-007 2805 2887 2948 3314 carnation 3316 Lobe 78 f 1695 thread 1260 -light 1141 1360 LSP-1 1606 tiny 2547 ci 788 low-xanthine dehydrogenase th) 2274 torpid 3824 cinnamon () 136 349 374 2324 2522 2324 1623 claret -nondisj unctional () 1416 3067 lozenge (j) 1411 3579 3667 transformer 2037 2266 Contrabithorax (Cbx) 1245 3062 male recombination (9) 650 1744 2729 trithorax () 812 2940 2941 505 1517 1839 2309 2577 2627 2645 3314 3831 a 3913 2668 3202 3703 3757 male recombination factor (y) 3882 ts 2620 cinnabar (gn 1452 2123 31.1 MRF 2099 2100 4130 tumor-W 3668 cut 869 2465 2729 3952 maleless-Corato (mle-Col 1124 tumorous head () 196 197 1014 2340 ci 3574 malic dehydrogenase *2191 3128 daughterless (g) 1312 Map 1922 2842 V 542 Ddc 1201 2070 2071 maroon-like (JJ 2324 vestigial (ES) 252 1686 1707 2338 2339 3479 decapentaplegic 2895 3857 masculinizer 1376 3798 3799 deep orange 3612 mat(3)6 3656 welt 3348 Distal into proximal (j) 3048 mei 1824 white () 367 723 829 831 1566 1604 *1924 dl 3340 mei-S332 387 1949 1950 *2040 2224 2309 *2542 3671 October 1983 Bibliography DIS 59 - 239 mutant & diallate 3733 & juvenile hormone analogs 1655 3739 white () --. & 1, 4-bis--diazoacetylbutane 2206 Iv, & adult photoreceptor 2914 3673 & 1, 2-dibromomethane 2993 phototaxis 2891 alleles 797 2857 & clichlorvos 3624 leaky 1151 dominant 2307 2308 disc pattern defect 3857 learning 2387 -ivory () 723 & N-dimethylnitrosamine 1325 1, action in tissue culture 1018 mutable 2308 diethyl sulphate 4 & C virus 3574 & position effect 948 dioxidine 4170 dietary rescue 802 -variegated *117 706 disc cell potential 1840 loci on X 2149 wings-up n 3384 disomic egg 3303 male-specific 1942 1944 Ultrabithorax () 636 1108 1306 3395 & DNOC 3418 in nat pops *1798 541 648 1308 1718 *2040 2379 2380 dominant, cold paralytic 1784 3854 new, in exp pops 3405 2958 3510 1, & cadmium chloride 1968 nonpupating 2683 zeste 829 831 1604 2224 2225 2596 3671 from rayed oocytes 1653 pu 968 3673 & sex 4028 recessive, & alkylating agents 1988 Zw 594 4090 storage effects 806 & meiotic drive 1338 297 1517 1839 w 2307 2308 & mit enzymes 3958 412 1517 1839 & Cops, decarboxylase 1202 pleiotropic 3445 mutation 2158 resistance 176 & sex 4028 abnormal, disc dcv 1459 1460 ecdysone 3084 -linked 3184 3327 4119 follicle 2820 puffs 3081 & sterility, in pops 1066 & N-acetyl-.2-aminofluorene 1325 egg, resorption 3916 synthetic 1360 acetylcholinesterase 2837 -shell 3240 temp-sensitive 2636 3394 accumulation & selection 882 2989 in 83DE region 3690 3691 & visible, in pops 2108 ADH 1 2 electroretinogram 2951 -suppressing 682 activity 1643 endogenous rhythm 2957 II, in rayed pops 1907 & aflatoxin 497 EMS 806 Si magnetic field 158 893 895 2587 2994 & air pollutants 4 &ADH 3393 male, low sex activity 1501 & aliphatic nitrosamines 215 2350 mating 1659 -specific 1 321 322 1123 1757 2267 & alkylating, agents 1985 1988 1989 enzyme, & gamma rays 3615 meiotic 2953 compound 2207 ERG-defective 3238 sterile 216 2585 4104 amylase *2146 esterase *3999 Si maleic hydrazide 1355 anatomical brain 734 -5 *1132 maternal, effect 1100 1377 1544 1583 anti, drug test 3028 -6 377 378 effect 1 2089 2090 2091 & aromatic amine 2196 & ethanol 2424 repair of 1354 arrhythmic 4070 ether resistant, & EMS 3488 meiotic 387 639 1415 2496 & azo dyes 2596 & ethyl hexylmethoxycinnamate 2187 & chr orientation 627 beh 780 2904 & ethylene, dibromide 3185 recombination -defective 1134 benomyl 3156 dichloride 2622 3803 memory 1542 benzanthracjne derivative 2661 & ethylnitrosourea 2796 metamorphosis-defective 969 beta -propiolactone995 & ethylurea 3786 2-methoxyethanol 3321 3322 biochemical, & gene organization 681 excision repair 2342 microevolutjon 629 2768 & biohazards 482 eye, color 1696 1697 1698 migration into isolated pop 1997 bithorax 720 minority advantage 1800 mildly deleterious 2852 bis(2-methoxyethyl) ether 3322 & purines 1846 minor viability 364 bleomycin 3978 morphogenesis 1560 Si mitomycin-C 1728 black suppressor 3782 3783 3784 pigment, & mating 3483 3484 mitosis 1765 brain 2643 2868 visual system 4139 Si MMS 1186 bristle length 1248 female, meiosis 2791 morphogenesis 519 & bromacil 1326 -sterile 1021 1022 2547 3055 mosaic 2172 butadiene derivative 1987 fixation 2782 Si mosaic 1422 & cadmium chloride 982 flight 778 motor activity of 1764 caffeine & EMS 1353 1354 pattern, & temp 3091 muscle 396 517 & calcium cyclamate 2074 2075 flightless 2637 3163 mutagen -sensitive 86 205 638 949 950 cAMP phosphodiesterase 3749 fluphenazine hydrochloride 3628 2341 2778 2791 cell 1 3589 food colors 2595 X-linked 3305 & dcv 2750 2951 fractional 1317 3416 N-nitrosomethylurea 1281 & pattern triplication 2749 frequencies, statistics of 3977 N-nitrosopiperidine 1369 & CERESAN 2459 & fried meat 2760 naltrexone 2136 chemosensory 1618 1915 & fungicide 3156 Si narcotic antagonist 2136 chemotactic beh 1914 & genotype, & alkylating agent 3461 nat 1, elimination rate 769 & chi-square test 1919 Si environment 3960 nervous system 2839 & chloroprene 1987 G3PD or G6PD 682 3453 3455 neurogenesis 3194 & cigarette smoke 3554 GTP cyclohydrolase 3487 neurological 2054 circadian rhythm 3143 gustatory 3689 Si longevity 3988 cis-acting 2478 heat, -sensitive 1 3348 neutral, model 1859 classified 231 shock protein 2389 Si neutrons 2147 clock 3102 & herbicide 225 226 3733 Si X-ray, compared 3197 3198 clusters & Muller-5 test 3019 homoeotic 51 812 1830 2478 3907 new homoeotic 3048 3129 colchicine -resistant811 & dcv 3049 Si nitrosamines 2460 & complementation 1573 inhibition 2924 Si nitrites 178 complete, & EMS 2172 maternal effect 2663 Si nitrogen oxides 762 1723 3786 & contraceptives 3518 & neurons 2972 Si 5-nitroimidazole derivates 1291 1292 control 315 316 new 2940 2941 no, after raying beef or ham 3373 systemic 1973 normal alleles 3778 Si aspirin 1971 crossover defective 1626 homologous gene 3586 1510 Si carbon disulfide 2564 crystal cell 3669 host adapted 2493 Si methadone 2137 & cyclic AMP 1668 1669 & hycanthone 3120 Si Praziquantel 105 phosphodiesterase 2534 increased, in geographic hybrids 1901 null 1 delayed, & hydroxylarnine 1727 indirect flight muscle 3382 3383 Adh 1457 1493 DNA, induced 598 induced, control 3315 GPDH 334 3182 metabolism 574 male recombination 2948 Si oil-shale growth stimulators 911 repair 2527 3764 insertion 648 oocyte stages in 1824 detection & mathematical model 917 in pops 599 Si oogenesis blockage 966 detrimental, persistence in exp pops interfering with G6PD 2827 ovarian tumor 2167 3404 & irradiated meat 1282 Si ovary 5S DNA 1579 240 - DIS 59 Bibliography October 1983 mutation--cont. in mutagen -sensitive mu 3304 NADH dehydrogenase, mit *742 overproducing 1091 1092 & transposing elements 3955 NADP-malic enzymes 587 588 & ozone *2618 sublethal, X-ray, in oocytes 1822 NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase 2051 pattern deficiency or duplication 2966 stepwise, model 1859 naltrexone & mu 2136 Pb and Cd 2454 & styrene 431 1788 naphthol effect 1005 & pesticide 2459 2770 supersensitive, & post-action radiation narcosis, ether 3245 6PGDH 682 2906 2908 3630 narcotic antagonist & mu 2136 & pH 3786 suppressor 1247 1248 nascent RNP 3853 phage-resistant 2653 disc protein 3158 National Institute of Environmental Health photoreceptor 1419 & enhancer 1582 Sciences 2130 & mating success 3296 & TEM and EMS storage effect 2928 natural, hybridization 678 phototransduction 1242 3367 temp-sensitive 51 1511 1646 2046 2058 population (see population, natural) & platinum 4110 2070 selection (see selection, natural) polygenic 1313 & heat shock 490 Ncm *413 postreplication repair 2366 1 2636 3394 nearest neighbor & DNA replication 1316 & purine metabolism 3445 leg 881 neighbors, gene 1361 pyrimidine 2626 maternal effect 217 neoplasm 573 metabolism 501 melanotic tumor 3666 genetic cause 11 quantitative genetic variation 2852 & mit 3480 melanotic 696 2847 & quinine 1554 sterile 1720 neoplastic discs 3875 & quinoxidine 1716 & terbacil 1326 neopterin 914 915 & radiation dose 2148 test 37 derivative 4135 radiation, & fertilized egg temp 4001 somatic eye 2596 neotropical species 1518 1519 & hyperthermia 1283 1284 1286 3376 & 5 -thio -D -glucose 1170 nerds, artifact 1534 3377 3378 & toluene 2565 nerve endings, motor 47 & hypothermia 3374 3375 & triallate 3733 nervous, activity 235 236 modified 21 22 & Trifluralin 225 system 3007 radioresistance 3472 3473 3474 & tris(2, 3-dibromopropyl) phosphate 4013 compartments 1057 radiosensitive, & chr aberrations 3205 & tritium 3188 control 687 2736 mutagenesis 2125 tryptophan-xanthommatin pathway 3002 dev 3891 spermatocyte mutability of 2124 3003 emb 2362 2363 random recovery 1070 tubulin 3041 3042 mu 2839 rates, fluctuation 142 unstable, chemically induced 64 projections 3903 in local pops 2279 reversed 630 neural, defect & acetylcholine 689 in nat pops 2142 viability, in low recombination line 1938 ganglia, X-rays + caffeine 2545 proportional 1729 pleiotropy on fitness 3806 projection patterns 1423 recessive oogonial, & X-ray 3335 X 1281 neurobiology 688 901 recombination, defective meiotic 3917 & II 2990 dev 1422 3793 temp-sensitive 658 661 2798 & vinyl toluene 3470 neurological mu 2054 recovery after raying both sexes 1652 & vinylic monomers 2582 neuroblast 325 regulatory 857 visible in oocytes by gamma rays 551 bet 3832 malic enzyme 2049 vision-defective 1362 tissue 3875 search for 775 visual, excitation 1819 neurogenesis 412 repair 1904 pleiotrophy 826 mu 3194 -deficient 2597 2782 2784 4162 4163 & rhythm 1867 & X deficiency 2395 4164 4165 4166 4167 & vitamin, A 3892 neurogenetics 209 & genetic damage 2676 2677 C 941 courtship 2835 2838 strains 2776 4118 wing 3170 neurological mu & longevity 3988 & mutator interaction 3831 disc 2966 neuromuscular, basis courtship song 491 retinal degeneration 2357 2976 scalloping 3809 junction 1511 3274 reverse 630 X-linked, 1, & unstable locus 3639 physiology 2932 3245 reversible mv 1168 recessive 1 & vitamin C 941 transmission 408 rhodopsin 3167 X-ray 3193 neuron, activity 3835 RNA polymerase 3459 X-ray, ADH 1 ectopic leg 1830 II 2795 3394 3395 caffeine 1406 2545 & flight muscle 3093 & saccharin 2759 EMS, compared 3192 giant vertical 1786 screen, proximal IIIR 1996 -induced distribution 1070 marker 2967 & segment number & polarity 3476 maternal effect 1544 optic lobe 2642 segmentation 3728 3729 in oocyte 1666 pathway 3897 -sensitive to mitogens 1283 1286 vs spontaneous 1729 recorded activities 981 sensitivity to carcinogens 1358 mutational load *605 sensory, projection 2176 sex, appealless 839 mutator, activity 2064 topography, courtship song 1991 beh 2836 hybrid release of 4109 visual 1527 1837 -linked, & polycyolic hydrocarbons effect, I-R interaction 3551 neurophysiology 1667 538 EMS-induced 1214 Neurospora 1291 1292 male-sterile 198 male recombination 1897 neurotoxins 47 2840 3274 paralytic 3824 MR 2597 neurotransmitter 655 recessive 1 3327 & repair mutant interaction 3831 neutral, mutation model 1859 assay 4119 strain 3767 theory 1315 test 3184 suppressor *757 protein plm 3414 -specific 1 126 127 1396 3495 4005 system *2884 neutrality & selection 2856 4008 systems 2730 2731 neutron, & dum 552 transformation 1396 3509 mycophagous 835 & male co 892 2992 & sigma virus 1429 mycoplasma *635 3247 mu 2147 2994 simultaneous, unstable genes 4148 spiral 1821 & repair mu 2676 2677 small disc 1460 myoblast 2286 & X-ray mu compared 3197 3198 & sodium azide 898 myofibrillar proteins 3383 new species (see species, somatic, chemically induced 3791 myogenesis 150 niche, concept 1030 gamma ray 3205 emb 1357 parameters 3363 & spaceflight 3097 myosin 2001 4056 width 691 1827 specific-locus 2 heterogeneity 3619 night & day 987 in spermatogenesis 917 nitrites and mu 178 spontaneous, allozyme 1984 nitrogen oxides & mu 762 1723 3786 duplication 2232 NaCl, high molar, treatment 2440 5-nitroimidazole derivatives 1291 1292 genes affecting 4108 NAD -dependent acetaldehyde activation nitrosamine 912 913 & hexamidine 2141 2709 aliphatic, & mu 215 2350 October 1953 Bibliography DIS 59 - 241 nitiosamines --cont. follicle cell 34'1 342 & juvenile hormone 614 cyclic, & mu 3460 haploid, injected 3736 maternal RNA 626 N-nitrosomethylurea 1281 heterocyclicity 3607 membrane & hormone analog 3940 N-nitrosopiperidine 1369 isolated, & RNA synthesis 666 667 1849 nondisjunction 1074 1075 NO2 762 1723 & transcription 3269 & nonhomologs pairing 2430 2431 nonadenylated dev RNA 2140 loss from spermatids 712 nucleus, amphibian 2325 nodule, recombination 258 259 2399 multiplication, emb ligation during 3451 -nurse cell-follicle cell complex 1875 noise sensitivity 1408 1410 nurse cell 3421 3422 poly A RNA 4069 nomadic gene families 4143 polytene, chromocenter 1277 polysomes 1237 nondisjunction, & anesthetics 2474 & differential replication 476 radioresistance 3471 3473 autosomal 1775 dry mass 708 recombination time 2798 & chemical 1555 & histone location 2044 repair, capacity 4120 detection 917 isolated 2328 -defective, & mu 2676 2677 female 4025 primary spermatocyte *2754 RNA complexity 833 2917 rate 3018 protein, spermatocyte *3083 stages in mutants 1824 halothane 2475 & mRNA analyzed 2138 temporal stability 2080 inbreeding 3261 3262 RNA, complexity 1453 ultrastructure *1165 LAAM 3555 pops 2300 visible mu & gamma rays 551 meiotic 660 RNP 842 2065 2492 X-rayed, aberrations 3747 detection 540 spermatocyte *3087 &dumpy 2687 oocyte 1074 1075 salivary gland *1173 mu 1666 & radiation 715 & small circular DNA 1813 oogenesis 977 978 3074 3278 4081 segregation 1776 transformation, spermiogenesis 3969 & amplification 1805 in stocks 113 transplantation 3497 3776 3928 4149 blocked 966 & styrene 1458 null, ADH mu 1457 & chr structure & function 3134 test 2797 allele 801 802 defects 2212 X 276 esterase 1589 & dominant 1 mu 3 09 7 in aging oocytes 3979 enzymes, in nat pops 1981 in female-sterile mu 965 3419 3421 nonhistone, associated with active genes frequencies in nat pops 3165 & DNA, 5S and r 2960 2920 mu 1 & microclimate change *896 chr proteins in evolution 2128 variants, enzyme 1063 in nat pops 896 distribution pattern in polytene chr 2921 number, SRO 3505 & protein synthesis 680 & heat shock 2529 nurse, cell 1875 ribosomal proteins in 243 & hyperactive X 2441 nuclei 3421 3422 & tubulin 486 3237 interaction with DNA and chromatin 380 pseudo-, cell 2523 & yolk 3090 location in polytene nuclei 2044 nutrient, deficiency & alkylating agent 2718 oogonial X-ray recessive mu 3335 protein, antibody vs 2920 & hybrid longevity 2306 opiate receptor 3553 on chr 2986 nutrition, & homoeosis 875 opsin 1047 & chromatin 2752 requirements 1651 optic, ganglia 2951 & transcription 357 & tRNA alteration 1417 lobe 3438 nonhomologous chr pairing 277 279 2430 neurons 2642 2431 2432 optima, fixed, & selection 1755 nonmendelian, factor & oviposition 1506 ocellus 795 799 800 optomotor yaw response 2643 female sterility 233 234 1456 1476 1477 inter-, bristle 3285 organ, compensating or not *2873 1478 polygene 2514 culture 1207 genes 365 receptors 1814 3358 culture medium 1470 nuclease, & chromatic 267 octanol, &Adh 3850 deficiency 2663 micrococcal 3039 dehydrogenase (0DB) 311 2470 differences in rDNA *3135 nucleic acid, hybridization 369 offspring, fitness & mate choice 1450 -specific, esterase *1569 *3113 organization & electron microscope 17 fixed number of 54 isozymes 993 nucleocytoplasmic, interaction & sterility oil, company 2799 synthesis 3109 2690 -shale & mu 911 3017 polyteny *1609 relations *2884 olfactory, beh 3688 rDNA replication *2802 nucleolus 3361 learning 441 taste 504 gene structure *3133 oligonucleosome 2752 organism causing hybrid sterility *3852 in polytene chr 2174 omega-amino acids 2959 organization, chr 3052 organizer 1179 *1674 *2295 *2674 *3136 ommatidia 888 chromatin 3449 3606 & X rays 1532 gene 877 2460 rDNA *2753 *2755 *3646 *3648 ommo chrome 3562 genetic material 808 3915 silver stained 2028 4072 oncogene 3785 genome 592 593 nucleoskeleton 3827 3828 one-band, one-gene 3191 histone gene 1834 1835 3714 nucleosome 642 1424 1425 3209 3210 ontogenesis, & gene action 1247 polytene chr 2133 inter-, region 2420 & gene expression 125 segment-specific 2792 oligo- 2752 & morphology diversity 2164 sequence, tDNA 2105 nucleotide, composition, satellite DNA pattern generation & conservation 3727 Y 940 *3077 & protein & RNA synthesis *1173 *1174 organophosphorus insecticides 2603 2945 cyclic 3699 *3280 organelles & aging 2500 phosphodiesterase 390 391 & stage-specific esterases 1433 orientation, cuticular structure 1916 functional sequences *2874 ontogeny, amylase 781 male chr 2765 2766 guanyl 2572 & 5-bromodeoxyuridine *1507 visual flight 4096 pyrimidine, biosynthesis 874 esterase *837 *923 origin, active *3888 *3889 sequence, genome 612 & eye mu 1560 & age of Hawaiian D. 2289 mit DNA 2630 *2631 *2761 isozyme, in species *3622 Iv tissue 3432 rDNA 3242 3243 3244 & leucine aminopeptidase 4051 mit 3275 tRNA 32 33 1738 1739 1740 2168 molecular 548 DNA 621 nucleus, amphibian oocyte 2325 & phosphatases *837 replication 1829 apparatus & duff *3280 & species isozymes 1549 orotate phosphoribosyltransferase 1572 1573 chromatin condensation pattern *3152 oocyte, abnormal, phenotype 2787 orotidylatedecarboxylase 1572 1573 commitment 3020 age, & X nondisjunction 3979 oscillation, B- *2435 complete DNA replication in polytene aneuploidy 916 ovary, cultured in vivo 3878 2550 chr damage & Xylitol 2073 cystocytes 963 964 965 3072 cytochemistry of 268 class B 4120 dev 3074 disc, ecdysone binding to 2120 & mu 1822 1823 early 3457 DNA, content 706 control of translation 1238 dissection 1163 restriction analysis 3838 harm from radiation 3057 DNA, 5S 1579 double-stranded RNA 3130 immature, rayed 1653 dysgenesis 1672 242 - DIS 59 Bibliography October 1983 ovary--cont. control 3342 phosphodiesterase, cyclic, AMP 958 3749 female-sterile 2523 emb 3021 nucleotide 390 391 giant polytene chr 3073 genetics 2371 3272 3710 inhibitor 2571 intersex 1049 3173 of photoreceptors 887 phosphoglucomutase (PGM) 549 550 632 1982 ribosomal protein 2451 & recognition 1235 plm 579 2397 RNA metabolism 3055 gene action & conservation in ontogenesis phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH or -specific proteins 1644 1645 3727 6PGD) 801 802 2052 2907 2908 4089 tumor 628 het *2813 allozymes 272 mu 2167 ICDH, in discs 2518 & autosomes 3174 3175 & yolk protein 1810 2979 mosaicism & y 2379 2380 dietary modulation 2719 overcompensation *3974 neural projection 1423 gene coding 594 595 overdominance 1028 nonhistone distribution 2921 & GGPD coordinate control 2479 no 3594 polygenic modifiers 3044 maternal effect on 2732 overwintering, laboratory *1941 protein synthesis 4155 modifier 784 & sigma 2650 regulation 2144 plm 165 166 oviposition 1860 1862 1863 1868 disc, & growth 2151 & sucrose 328 accessory gland secretion 2880 ribosome assembly 3196 & wing disc 1013 methanol *2970 specification, disc 881 6-phosphogluconolactonase 801 nonmendelian factor 1506 tergite 1159 3 -phosphoglycerate kinase 1982 polycyclic hydrocarbon 1979 triplication 2949 phospholipids & anesthesia 2704 preference 192 223 1000 1289 wing disc 840 841 N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate 775 & Iv foraging 3848 PCF-binding 977 phosphonates, alkyl phenyl 2580 rhythm 28 529 2652 pCV 992 phosphorylase, methythioadenosine nucleoside site, food preference at 2330 pDm 992 3788 nat pop 3923 3924 peafowls 1426 phosphorylated compounds & heat shock 1920 preference 1590 2654 peculiarities, biological & genetic, in pops phosphorylation, chromatin protein *1553 & temp 531 30 31 histone *168 169 179 3927 & sterol 1128 penetrance 787 1894 3798 of initiation factor 3797 & substrate color 399 incomplete 3668 protein 3040 ovulation & egg cortex 3277 Penicillium *2209 in membranes 3945 oxidase, aldehyde 1052 pentose phosphate, cycle 945 photoaffinity labeling 2805 dihydropterin 506 pathway enzymes 1126 photonegative strain 1251 glucose 269 peptidase, signal 2349 photoperiod 600 *1395 *3362 & Iv microsomes 2135 peptide, pattern of synthesis 2281 adult diapause *3257 *3259 phenol 108 signal 2349 & dev *3071 urate 998 peptidyl transferase 494 & temp 2615 oxidative pentose shunt pathway 589 pericentric mv 2513 & diapause 1268 *3141 *3426 oxygen, consumption 2646 peripheral islands 773 photopigment 1814 increase & abnormal dev 2689 periodate modification 2068 photo-preference 931 ozone & mu *2618 peroxidase 1270 2967 photoreceptor 257 1046 1047 1107 1419 2042 persistence, oogenesis RNA 4094 2913 2914 3078 pesticide & mu 2459 2770 cells 887 P-site 493 494 pH & mu 3786 for circadian rhythm 1366 pairing, allelic, & gene regulation 831 phage, lambda 3282 degeneration 1242 nonhomologs 2430 2431 2432 -resistant mu 2653 fluorescence 1818 palindrome 164 2304 phagostimulant 4023 function 3513 pancreas, endocrine, specific gene 3780 pharmacogenetics 2708 membranes 2889 2890 O&k-aminobenzoic acid 437 1560 1561 pharmacology, cholinergic 442 mu & mating success 3296 paradox, C-value 2698 phasing circadian rhythm *2435 rhodopSin 3167 paragonia 286 2634 2943 phene, Bc- 3667 transduction 1271 paralytic mu, dominant cold 1784 3854 phenetic distances 2330 photoresponse, in sibling species 1705 1706 sex-linked 3824 phenobarbital 1162 over time *3686 paramagnetic particles 3435 phenocopy 1280 4035 photosensitivity, sine oculus mu 3508 parasite 193 266 308 1963 2241 2697 phenodeviant & temp 768 photostable pigments 3078 entomophagous 1630 phenogenetics, of Bc 1599 phototaxis 14 15 524 741 799 800 936 983 984 & evolution 2418 1, in nat pops 3845 *1193 2161 3358 3359 *3578 -host interaction 273 phenol, & morphogenesis 3001 fast 2357 interacting 2237 oxidase 108 Iv, mu 2891 protelian 274 plm 2253 2254 light modified 2056 wasps 2331 2415 2416 2417 3031 4030 phenology 1131 & mazes 1814 Paratenodera 3312 phenotype, bobbed *2672 & selection *1505 parental, age, & chaeta number 2392 cut heterozygote 3952 & species 3294 heretahility 3232 multi-focus 2192 & spectrum 1027 selection 2186 optimal 2391 strain mating success 3292 effect & depression 161 variability, & environment 615 & temp 1190 density & pop productivity 3300 in nat pops 2531 phototransduction 1242 3367 particles, paramagnetic 3435 phenylalanine, hydroxylase 2723 mu 2058 parthenogenesis *599 1438 *1882 *1884 tRNA 32 33 phylad *2407 *1885 pheromone 1977 2623 phylogeny, & mating preference 2013 paternal age & mutagen sensitivity 850 & courtship 3973 molecular 3492 pathogen 2653 female, & courtship 3972 & sex beh 3005 pathway, neuron 3897 male, inhibits courtship 3971 physical agents & free amino acid level 1294 patroclinous attached-X females 3220 sex 1760 physiology, neuromuscular 2932 pattern, aldehyde oxidase 3871 phorate 4036 picornaviruses 1300 3388 aneuploidy 3980 phoretic *2624 picture-winged 415 2159 brood, of mu 1728 Phormia 1912 Pieris 671 central, & axons 3515 phosphine 3462 pigment, bistable 1271 characters, dev 2426 phosphatase, acid 474 eye, binding & synthesis 4086 chr variation *2638 & alkaline *1529 color 1696 1697 1698 deficiency or duplication mu 2966 & dev 1250 temp-sensitive 3612 dispersal 1256 1257 alkaline 1399 granule 3238 due to cell number & size 735 & 3114 photo- 1814 duplications 1906 2751 & ontogeny *827 photoreceptor 3078 epidermis 2372 -1, acid 857 858 859 1148 1149 tanning 2959 formation 249 602 phosphate, incorporation into RNA 3308 pinocytosis 614 bristle 1585 pentose, cycle 945 pions, negative 547 DIS 59 - 243 October 1983 Bibliography pitcher plant 4097 & no secondary modification 1556 enzymes 174 plant, feeding beh 4097 pop 2388 plm *2388 host *1951 & selection 1379 ethanol, & lv 3528 specific species 1181 esterase *1461 *1462 *2539 *2540 tolerance 603 protection & pheromones 2623 evolution 3571 exotic island *3511 plasm, pole 2000 3496 & geography *3571 exp 1135 plasmid, bacterial 2022 & 6PRh 165 166 495 2305 age structure 1310 DNA 342 GPDH 2035 3154 3514 & competition 309 hybrid 590 1439 het 2834 & epistasis 310 promoter probe 1619 hidden heat-sensitive *1933 3995 fertility selection 2466 recombinant 356 1976 2510 mv 101 814 820 821 *2864 *3123 & fitness 705 DNA 596 & latitude 3085 components 2468 2469 with tDNA 447 in Mexico *1402 linkage disequilibrium 320 vector 990 991 992 pop *2619 overwintering & sigma 2650 plateau & selection 2367 seasonal & yearly 4146 persistence of detrimental mu 3404 platelets, yolk 3104 isozyme *2146 3523 & plm 309 platinum 2358 4110 length, mit DNA 3641 productivity 3300 pleiotropism 826 3445 3590 3806 low, of GPDH 1040 recombination rate 319 P-M system 481 954 955 957 2881 Mdh 3569 selection, & evolution 2190 polar coordinates hypothesis 3347 molecular *2978 subdivided 148 polarity, segment, & mu 3476 nat chr *2659 external genitalia *3618 tergite 1159 6PGD 165 166 fertility 3068 polarization sensitivity 4095 phenol oxidase 2253 2254 finite, selection 2866 pole, cell 1156 3496 3967 phosphoglucomutase 550 579 2397 fitness 663 880 cultured 29 protein, neutral theory 3414 & da 1312 fate 1946 in pop 2905 frequency & density-dependent selection transplantation 2547 & viability 1025 2647 plasm 2000 polygenes 3140 genetics *536 *1121 *1122 *3250 *3251 pollutant 4 482 selection 3413 *3252 *3253 poly (A) 2586 pseudo- 3506 ADH 2473 RNA 626 4069 ref(2) P 2651 amylase *1522 *1523 *1524 3595 polyacrylamide gel 1182 1229 3829 & selection 2499 in Chile *3599 *3602 *3603 polyadenylate metabolism 2348 in pop cage 3412 & chr variation *2821 poly (ADP -ribose) synthetase 3463 3464 & sepia 2189 comparative *3838 polyanions & chromatin assembly 3450 sex ratio *371 *1502 *1503 2520 exp 30 31 polychlorinated biphenyls 1162 sigma, in pops 2648 heterogeneity *3252 polycistron 1348 XDH *2041 of mv plm *1402 polycyclic hydrocarbons, & mu 538 polypeptide, mercuriated 493 island species 2401 & oviposition 1979 signal 212 male recombination 1227 1228 polygene, characters 3159 virus-induced 2515 meiotic drive 3265 & dev of model character 1896 yolk 2004 Nagasaki 73 dominance 1642 (see also protein) & speciation mechanism 3943 expression & temp 3762 polyploidization 1164 1579 species & their hybrids *3626 interocellar bristle 2514 polypurines 175 variation 604 location & computer 1899 polypyrimidine 175 368 1703 variation & adaptation 3288 mapping 1893 polysome 358 4105 & viruses 1497 modifiers of pattern 3044 isolation 2343 geographic *709 *2859 mutation 1313 oocyte 1237 & hybrid fitness 1871 in nat pops 1441 polytene, chr puffing 59 mate *3659 quantitative variation 1219 nuclei, dry mass 708 & giant Iv alleles 1780 steps in environmental sequence 3550 histone location 2044 & gonadal atrophy 1463 1465 viability 1024 1025 polytenization & rDNA replication 2609 growth, asymmetries 3584 & protein plm 3140 population, accumulation of modifiers 1135 density-dependent 3608 & wing length 2119 & adaptive biochemical plm 3076 & fitness 1712 polymerase, DNA 180 555 556 3131 ADH 1304 & selection 3608 RNA, B 2986 plm 1958 4017 single-species 3407 DNA-dependent 3458 3459 variation 2312 2313 2314 heterogeneous, dispersion 1345 mit 623 2764 alcohol tolerance 3279 hybrid *1551 RNA-dependent 2811 American Tropics 770 771 772 773 & hybrid dysgenesis 952 955 I, II, III 653 654 2795 3118 3119 3223 analysis by quantitative methods 82 infinite 492 3394 3395 average fitness 705 infra- and supra- *3700 polymorphism *1175 *1177 biology Australian D. 1448 insect, genetically controlled 1770 ADH 1691 3324 bristle numbers 2926 mntrogressive hybrid 1905 & mating success 3594 cage, & amylase *2146 mv plm *2619 4146 in pops 1958 generation interval 3410 3411 isolated, & heterozygosity *1826 & temp 4017 & isozyme adaptive advantage 3564 & linkage disequilibrium 4125 age of chr *2406 - & plm selection 3412 & migration of gene 1997 allozyme 1487 temp, & Adh 3735 laboratory, allozymes 1053 1054 clinal variation *3568 cellar 2156 2157 3385 3775 body size in 1711 amylase 781 782 2906 central & marginal 729 changes after 4 years 2822 balanced 579 chr, plm *2354 competition 634 beh, lv foraging 3849 replacement in 2899 DDT resistance 1052 biochemical, adaptive 3076 structure *3815 effective pop number of 3281 chr *1926 *3816 colonized *2659 & field 663 & allozyme *3602 *3603 DDT resistant 101 G6PD plm in 496 & baits *1954 density, & dispersion 1347 linkage disequilibrium 1053 1054 & genetic distance 3600 & selection 645 & PGM plm 2397 lack *827 duff & water balance *454 selection, & hitchhiking *3569 location 1839 dispersion *1119 1258 & plm 1379 map *3623 distance, & allele frequencies 2167 large effect 1 & visible mu 2108 in pops 1797 *2354 2946 *3313 dynamics, & male genotype 3579 large replicate, & selection 2107 2108 2109 & competition 309 of rare deleterious genes 4136 2111 enzymes *2472 3983 ecological adaptation 1189 & sterile genes 899 & geography 747 effective, number 3281 Iv competition in 2922 high levels of 522 size *2262 life history parameters 3427 & keltan 1278 emigrant activity 3444 & linkage disequilibrium 1053 1054 244 - DIS 59 Bibliography October 1983 population, & linkage disequilibrium--cont. radio-sensitive & -resistant 3471 3472 Procion Brilliant Blue-Sepharose-4B 2051 *1118 2093 *2239 *3250 *3252 3473 3474 prococene 133 local, enzyme variability 1436 random mating 2024 productivity, exp pop 3300 & mu rates 2279 residue genetic variability 2109 progeny, preventing production of *3919 & low esterase genes *1935 response to selection 1966 program, mutagen screening 2129 2130 2131 male recombination 1811 Rb14, irradiated 3471 projection, central nervous system 3903 management & metepa 3880 SD in 1881 from neurons 2176 marginal & central *1794 selection barriers 1965 peripheral 3903 mating systems 2483 serially transferred 2922 sensory 3898 3899 mixed genotypes, & isolation 525 sexual isolation *2600 *2601 *4173 prokaryotes, intracellular 3246 MRF 3882 sigma plm 2648 proliferation, after transplantation 1943 mRNA 177 2316 size, effective *1487 3559 center, germinal 703 natural, activity rhythms 3678 3680 & gregarious beh 398 proline 1564 3681 3683 & trapping 664 promoters 1619 adaptive strategies 3525 & stationary genetic processes 1500 propanol 1713 & ADH 699 2878 4061 structure, & artifical selection 3633 propiolactone, beta- 995 cryptic 4088 & habitat selection 1586 protamine 1964 4027 allozymes 1044 *1321 *1490 & islands 773 protease, inhibition 900 3389 null alleles 3165 sympatric *1885 & polytene chr 2421 selection 100 system, exp 30 31 protein *2347 stability 2425 tRNA 1229 abnormal, & enzyme induction 750 amylase control 4127 tropical Africa 3144 activation 56 chr 3881 variability & extreme environment 615 adult cuticle 3698 breakage 2359 viruses of 3573 binding, DNA 2022 2023 plm *870 1797 2583 2946 *3313 wild, body weights in 1730 satellite 796 variation *445 & esterase 346 juvenile hormone *972 daily rhythm 1492 & hybrid dysgenesis 2614 black beetle virus 2681 2682 desiccation tolerance 3525 & insertion mu 599 blotting 1676 dev time 3525 viruses 1497 cell-surface 2551 different environments 3525 XDH variants 232 chorion 1892 1999 4128 dispersion 1346 111 arrangements *4004 mRNA 3948 environmental change in 2452 position, cell, & interaction 8 chr 332 333 enzyme, activity 1050 1051 & disc growth regulation 2579 antibodies 2985 3742 null alleles 1981 effect, & ADH 763 Dl 1620 variation 2142 & bithorax 720 & emb dev 2482 & esterase, genes *933 *1936 & chr rearrangement 1567 in emb nuclei 107 plm *2539 *2540 & disc protein 2794 HMG-like 2252 ethanol tolerance 3525 gene 106 & puffing *119 evolutionary strategy 3527 inactivation 860 chromocenter 2045 F value *4034 het 3709 coding region conservation 2693 2694 fitness, components 1194 & histone gene deficiency 1297 1298 cuticle 545 3802 & II genotype 2535 v-type 1582 2032 differences, species *3494 gene flow 3830 variegation 541 542 738 739 disc, electrophoresis 652 genetic, structure 1314 2552 & butyrate 1309 suppressor mu 3158 variability *1461 *1462 *1798 enhancers 737 DNA for female-specific, cloned 2919 estimated *1391 & f 3789 DNA-specific binding 2956 genetics 3216 3273 & heat shock puff 2869 ecdysone-binding 3755 habitat choice 1879 & histone genes 3387 ecdysteroid-induced 3744 hatchability in 3365 suppressed 3403 ecdysterone -induced 3094 heterozygosity 3201 w 948 & electrophoresis 1064 interocellar bristles 3285 positional information 720 emb, heat shock 2578 mv 815 816 820 post-translational modification 522 523 low variability 3746 & polygene 1642 potassium channels 3719 & epithelium 1209 LAP genes *933 potato 2351 2352 eye-pigment binding, no 2043 1, phenogenetics 3845 potential, action, abnormal 3932 factory, fat body as 4121 & sterility genes 1066 chemicals, mutagenic 3843 & fat body 244 linkage disequilibrium *1118 power output, flight 2521 filament 2628 4055 mating success in *43 Praziquantel & no mu 105 & fractional mu 3416 molecular variation 3199 preblastula chromatin 3255 functional domains 2276 multiple insemination *3206 precocene 1042 3161 & gel, analysis 938 mu pattern 143 preference 929 930 931 932 electrophoresis 283 mutator activity 4109 food, at oviposition site 2330 genes, chorion 1804 1805 1806 no habitat choice *2210 mating 1380 Iv serum, cloned 3836 oogenesis *896 asymmetrical 4059 glue 2850 oviposition, site 3923 3924 oviposition 192 223 1000 locus 2261 variation 1860 site 531 1590 2654 3923 3924 heat-induced 823 824 825 phenotypic variability 2531 pupation site 3283 3293 heat shock 55 56 *120 253 356 *742 1469 photoresponse *3686 species temp 2094 1974 2497 3829 3929 polygenes 1441 substrate, for oviposition 1289 components 2384 plm 528 premeiotic or meiotic recombination 759 gene 1276 2956 resource utilization 1150 prey, density 3312 transcription 2640 & SD 3987 4107 handling time 2900 triplication 2944 & selection 2531 for plant 4097 histone is 3730 & sex-ratio *89 primary culture, from single emb 976 localization 2193 2194 size, mu rate, & enzyme variation initiation 1684 mu 2389 2142 primary spermatocyte *2754 & nucleoskeleton 3827 3828 species competition 728 primase, DNA 2491 regulation 2443 viability in *3561 primordia, bristle 3341 in tissues 3099 XDH modification 2975 genital 846 & viruses 3388 II 2885 2887 shift, emb 1377 helix destabilizing 1902 3541 3542 polymorphic, adapted 2248 probing, cytochemical 2923a hemolymph *3873 polymorphic & monomorphic 3577 proboscis 3905 high mobility group (HMG) 2463 3319 & quantitative, genetics links 2670 procarbazine & mu 4162 4165 4111 4112 variation 3160 procarcinogens 4160 4167 intermediate filament-like 2302 radiated & genetic load 1907 procentric synapsis 392 juvenile hormone-binding 2436 October 1983 Bibliography DIS 59 - 245

protein--cont. puff (see chromosomepLdD & repair-defective oocytes 2676 2677 Iv, body wall 2562 pulse repetition rate *2930 *2931 & nondisjunction 715 1775 brain 2562 pupa, co, male, & X rays 2818 post-action, & supersensitive mu 3630 serum 16 1605 1607 2980 & ecdysterone 151 resistance, & repair 3961 membrane 2840 esterase *1412 *3634 & species 3534 microsome, & aging 2020 & heat shock protein 300 radical, free 1998 microtubule -associated 4011 height 956 1191 3847 radioactive compounds in food 865 mit 671 1, X-linked 968 radioimmune assay, ecdysteroid 3651 myofibrillar 3383 pre-, chr *1157 radioincorporation 977 978 nonhistone, on chr 2896 fat body 1990 radioiodination 2551 chr, & evolution 2128 muscles 1185 radioprotection 104 & chromatin 2752 protein synthesis pattern 4155 radioresistance, mu 3472 3473 3474 & heat shock 2529 salivary gland *1174 *2393 & repair 3961 nucleosomal 1424 site preference 3283 3293 radioresistant pops 3471 3472 3473 3474 on chr active sites 792 testis 1768 radiosensitive, line 3057 3058 4025 ovary-specific 1644 1645 pupariation 3808 radiation & hyperhermia 3631 paragonial 2943 pupating, non-, 1 mu 2683 mu, & chr aberrations 3205 phosphorylated, in membranes 3945 purification, amylase 1261 & mutagenesis 2125 4147 phosphorylation 3040 purified genes transcribed 1621 1622 spermatocyte mutability of 2124 chromatin 1553 purine 865 pops 3471 3472 3473 3474 pim, neutral theory 3414 metabolism 1348 1349 radiosensitivity & age 631 in pop 2905 & mu 3445 rain forest 184 *2507 & viability 1025 inhibitors 3799 ramblings, D. 1535 polygene 3140 resistance 2973 2974 ramihyfin A 2558 selection 3413 selection & survival 1627 rape & courtship *3570 psoralen 543 transport in Malpighian tubules 1846 rapidly renaturing DNA sequences 2865 puff correlation 1975 pyokori or jumping beh 1334 1335 3440 rare, genotype mating advantage, no 3594 region-specific disc 2793 2794 pyranose receptors 3689 male, advantage 2370 3043 regulation & heat shock 3224 pyridoxal oxidase 2522 2844 4057 4058 mating 460 1031 1192 1799 retinal 3311 pyridoxine *2263 in laboratory strain 3290 ribosomal 305 1073 1639 2450 2451 & puffing *2347 rat, albino 77 accumulation sites 2381 pyrimidine, auxotrophs 1576 1577 ratio, X/autosome set 2695 adult, & age 1681 biosynthesis 2220 3637 reactive strains 1479 cell culture 3157 enzymes 1570 rearing, conditions, Adh, & mating success & dev 3737 metabolism mu 501 3086 gene cloned 1967 nucleotide biosynthesis 874 laboratory *3819 interacts with 5S rRNA 3884 poly- 1703 rearrangement (see chromosome rearrange - specifically numbered 3270 synthesis 2625 2626 ment) & total emb 3738 &wingmu 3170 reassociation kinetics, DNA 1552 & RNA synthesis in ontogenesis *3280 rebinding experiments 1783 scaffold 974 recapturing 1144 secretion 985 3098 Q-bands 340 *1754 receptor 1815 1818 salivary gland 1975 4031 Q -biosynthesis 1153 acetylcholine 3741 species in emb dcv 3716 Q tRNA 1417 2067 2068 2462 aminergic 2573 specific biochemistry & genetics 1381 qualitative genotype & wing length 2119 in antennae 71 spermatocyte nuclear*3083 quantal mitoses hypothesis 1244 cell axons 3515 synthesis, & aging 4066 4067 quantitative, & allozyme variation *2816 chemo-, complex 3794 & dev 1295 characters 4060 cholinergic 439 & ecdysterone 2501 & gamma rays 910 ecdysteroid, in cell culture 3486 & heat shock 299 300 3558 4054 & long selection 2107 2108 2109 2111 -chromatin interactions 4145 inhibition, & lifespan 2685 enzyme variation 2852 ecdysterone 2805 & mating 1536 genetic variation, book 1900 eye 1814 in lysates 1701 in pops 1050 1051 input 3359 modulation in emb cell culture 2385 pop genetics 3427 juvenile hormone 2437 2386 & pop genetics links 2670 muscarinic 2572 in ontogeny *1173 traits & Est 6 2741 ocellar & component eye 3358 in oogenesis and emb 680 & histones 121 opiate 3553 pattern 4155 variation, number genes needed for 3160 photo- 2042 & puffing 2347 & polygenes 1219 function 3513 & ribosome depletion 4106 & unequal co 2669 pyranose 3689 stage-dependent 2578 on IV 1610 visual 345 when rRNA is broken 1689 quench spot 2961 recessive selected against 1782 testis 2943 queuine 2962 recombinant, DNA 596 776 water soluble 905 977 quinine & mu 1554 clones 2919 variability, endemic species 3890 quinoxidine & mu 1716 cloning 990 vitelline membrane 2629 plasmid 356 1976 2510 vitellogenic 355 2002 2003 reciprocal & SD 2855 & virus 1300 1301 R1-6 input 3352 scute-inv 446 virus-induced 3389 3390 3391 rabbits 2005 X sex-limited effect 3302 yolk 199 *1513 1810 2336 2979 2980 3787 races tolerating stress 1445 recombination 776 gene 1515 2249 2250 2691 radiated, female & cleavage recombination & adaptation 3687 synthesis 3878 3430 & combined treatments 4014 & Y loops *3083 ham & beef & no mu 3373 -defective meiotic mu 1134 3917 protelian parasite 274 radiation, dose & mu 2148 -deficient loci & chr beh 2235 Pseudeucoila 274 1963 4030 & DNA repair & replication 2364 2365 deficiency & mutagen sensitivity 2076 pseudoallelism & yy, 252 & extreme temp 3959 3960 3962 factor, male, & sterility 2099 pseudopolymorphism 3506 harm to oocyte 3057 female, & temp stress 3975 pseudopupil 1107 & hyperthermia & somatic radiosensitive frequency & fitness 4000 pseudo-rDNA 2458 line 3631 gonial, male 1134 psoralen 543 3953 -induced rearrangements 1359 het 659 761 2886 pteridine 3562 & melanoma 159 deletions 2095 biosynthesis 221 mu, & fertilized egg temp 4001 inbreeding 3260 -deficient mu 1846 hyperthermia 1283 1284 1285 1286 intra- & inter-gene 3772 3998 functions 3956 3957 3376 3377 3378 lack, male * 1796 metabolism 2962 hypothermia 3374 3375 lambda 3282 pterins 914 915 modified 21 22 lines, male 3954 246 DIS 59 Bibliography October 1983 recombination--cont. mu, malic enzyme 2049 reproductive, advantage of sequential mating load *605 reiteration, gene 172 * 1736 low, line 1938 released adults movement 670 allocation 3386 male, 411 *1225 *1226 1227 1228 *1908 remarks, symposium 2707 2841 beh & esterase 1591 1592 3652 3653 2064 renaturation, enzyme 1182 & juvenile hormone analogs 1655 1657 chr 3314 renaturing, rapidly, DNA sequences 2865 capacity 133 & hybrid dysgenesis 3034 reovirus 1888 3573 diapause *2925 *3071 meiotic, & X rays 1960 repair, capacity, oocyte 4120 selection vs *1395 mu induced 2948 damaged DNA 1204 3047 fitness component 2353 mutator 1897 -deficient, females 2496 & photonegativity 1251 *862 in pop 1811 loci & chr beh 2235 isolation *10 *3291 3567 SD 4107 mu 2782 2784 4162 4163 4164 4165 & locomotion 4021 suppressor 953 4166 4167 origin 462 transmission 1765 excision 4161 partial 1290 frequency 760 strains 2597 2688 & selection 76 & X rays 3963 & mu 2776 4118 strains 3611 meiotic 659 DNA, mu 2366 strategies 68 69 2969 necessary sites 2861 & mutagenesis 2724 female *3609 or premeiOtic 759 endonuclease 1405 4053 success, & male age 1616 mitotic, in cleavage 3429 3430 3432 & fractional mu 1317 variance in 1993 & X rays 683 of genetic defect 23 24 system biochemistry, male 2942 2943 mu, temp-sensitive 658 661 2798 maternal, of mu 1354 resistance, aflatoxin 2451 nodules 258 259 2399 mu 1904 to anesthetics 565 566 567 1384 1385 1386 rate, & environment 3328 excision 2342 2704 in pops 319 & radioresistance 3961 C virus 3574 regional, & mutagens 2104 synthesis & fractional mu 3416 to chloroform 565 566 2703 site in female chr 714 X-ray, damage 1822 1823 cold, & dev 1937 somatic 1204 DNA break 3463 3464 desiccation *1614 cell 246 repeat, DNA, internal 2668 to environment *1568 & t heterozygotes 3356 inverted 2304 extremes 3883 in species hybrid *1909 inverted 1929 2256 ether, emb 1336 spontaneous mitotic 3047 repetitive, dispersed genes 3565 3566 to growth inhibition 2083 time, oocyte 2798 DNA, hybridized *3982 halothane 2702 2703 recording, intracell 981 middle 2118 insecticide 2945 recovery, from genetic damage 1652 in polytene chr 3706 malathion 3823 from X-ray damage 1822 1823 sequence 4142 purine 2973 2974 reductase, delta 1 pyrroline-5-carboxylate elements, moderately 2030 temp, & humidity 1443 509 gene family 3757 tetraethyllead 1351 redundancy & unstable loci 36 dispersed 1839 to toxins 293 294 295 296 297 reflex, conditioned 1667 genes 1115 resource, acetic acid vapor 3530 regeneration 395 2524 2525 adding & eliminating 3902 exploitation, beh, & fitness 3370 disc 722 3011 3012 3013 3014 highly, DNA sequences in chr 3546 lv reaction to 1442 & disc fragment duplication 3075 sequence, chr 3548 use, ethanol 2901 distal, & symmetry 2374 chromatin 267 2419 utilization 1150 3534 leg 1841 & heat shock loci 1240 species 3605 leg disc 2145 mobile inverted 3989 respiration, imago 3951 wing disc 449 841 3023 moderately 1929 mit, & calcium 999 fragment 498 2576 in Thomas circles 3753 response, landing 2641 regional specificity of recombination 2104 &Y 1079 optomotor yaw 2643 regulation, ADH variation 1543 replication, chr *3702 taste 502 amylase *1880 *3941 *3942 regulated 1166 restriction, analysis 3838 3839 artificial, sex 1842 control of 1635 1636 satellite DNA *3179 *3180 bithorax 3213 differential gene 476 endonuclease *3077 cAMP level 3748 3749 3750 disproportionate *3148 3934 DNA 3949 cell cycle, by ecdysteroids 3893 3894 rDNA 2103 *2801 *2802 4131 maps, mit DNA 1754 dev 1418 DNA *3887 *3888 *3889 patterns, rDNA *2873 & disc blastema 3015 complete in salivaries 2550 sites, mit DNA 3641 dispersed gene 3318 extra 3330 retina 1058 DNA replication 3415 Iv salivary gland 2150 degeneration mu 2357 2976 dosage compensation 3597 regulation 3415 protein 3311 esterase 6 1890 3944 & sister chromatid exchange 2561 retinular cells 3238 epimorphic 2524 somatic cell 2561 retrovirus 3757 gene, action *3111 of double stranded RNA 147 -like entities - 2867 model for 829 early stages 1167 reversed, acrocentric compound-X 1649 histoblast 1628 gene, control 3705 selection 427 isozyme, & dev 3108 3109 mit DNA 620 621 2061 9062 reversion 188 189 of larval secretion 3105 origin 1829 simultaneous 630 of morphogenesis 238 mit, cloned *1843 revertants, rudimentary 3997 mRNA translation 3797 polytene, chr *1632 *1633 revolution, genetic, & evolution 3231 of nucleolus organizer *2295 & cyclic AMP 1752 rhabdomere 510 1045 1047 1815 1816 3840 number rDNA genes 2251 plasmid DNA 342 rhabdovirus sigma 2649 2650 protein, & heat shock 2443 3224 puff site *1631 rhodopsin 1046 reproductive 962 rDNA, during polytenization 2609 mu 3167 spermatogenesis 444 selective 2787 rhythm, annual 600 tDNA 3800 under- 2549 activity, in nat pops 3678 3680 3681 3683 transcription 357 3053 unit, chr 1316 circadian 986 987 988 1866 1867 yolk protein synthesis 2979 2980 DNA 2320 affects courtship song 3143 regulator, cis-acting 3614 replicas, filter 596 cell 2775 4070 regulatory, gene 417 418 replicon 102 & enzymes 1990 & adaptive evolution 2219 report, D. conference 1327 mu 3143 & continuous variation 2218 reproduction, female, & ultrasound 3544 phasing *2435 evolution 415 & gravity 3522 photoreceptors for 1366 Di& 2842 hormone control 1041 daily activity 1492 3681 XDH 1140 regulation 962 diurnal, & mating 1724 locus 830 831 & seasons 2007 eclosion *2435 mutants 857 winter 3964 endogenous, mu 2957 October 1983 Bibliography DIS 59 - 247 rhythm--cont. in isolated nuclei 666 667 1849 proteins 2193 3099 locomotor activity 1407 1409 3507 in ontogeny *1173 *1174 isolated, circadian rhythm 2775 oviposition 28 529 2652 rate 1832 1833 Iv *1173 *1174 seasonal activity 3680 in emb 2179 cliff *3280 & visual mu 1867 sites 102 DNA replication 2150 ribonucleic acid (RNA), adenylated or not & storage in spermatogenesis *3168 homogenate & puffing 3417 2139 2140 transfer (t), alteration 1417 mass isolation *204 2627 biosynthesis 3760 protein synthesis 4155 & chromatin assembly 3450 D. vs yeast 1737 puffing factors *1506 *1507 complexity 1453 gel mapping 1229 ribosomal protein 2381 in eggs 2915 2916 2917 guanine -accepting 507 secretion 1895 in oocyte 833 His 2168 secretory protein 985 1975 3098 4031 cricket paralysis virus 2586 hybridization 717 718 719 Salmonella 1716 cytoplasmic 828 to 5S DNA 2863 salts, monovalent 3379 -dependent RNA polymerase 2811 initiator 1739 sample management, oil 2799 double-stranded 147 2936 3130 Lys 1738 Sarracenia 4097 genome 25 *26 & M 1741 satellite, bin-, Cosmos 782 1432 & enzyme tissue specificity 3614 mediated suppression 163 biological, program 1792 fluoro chrome -labeled 2255 metabolism 459 DNA 254 255 256 795 *902 1324 2699 & fractional mu 3416 0-type 834 *3179 *3180 heat shock, cloned 3235 Phe 32 33 cloned 3357 puff 3203 Q 1417 2067 2068 2462 cryptic *1323 HN, RNP-binding 4158 queuosine in 2962 evolution *2319 incorporating phosphate 3308 separation 458 isolated *3645 incorporation in epithelium 1209 synthesis 1231 & molecular cloning 548 inhibitors & emb dev 52 Tyr 2068 sequences 224 maternal 626 viral, translated in lysate 2810 III *3077 maturation pathway 2471 Y-specific *2875 savannah 1484 messenger (m), abundance 2508 ribonucleoprotein (RNP), binding RN RNA saxitoxin 617 & dev 2299 2301 4158 scaffold proteins 974 ADH 139 heterogeneous 2292 2293 scanning electron microscope 1940 2927 chorion protein 1892 3948 nuclear 842 scent, external 375 & dev stages 3211 3212 nascent 3853 Schneider's cell line 2085 2806 emb histone 58 2177 2178 nuclear 2065 2492 sclerotization, cuticle 1722 histone 935 sequence-specific 157 screening, air pollutants 4 homology & dev 3211 3212 spermatocyte nuclear *3087 program, mutagen 2129 2130 2131 in myoblasts 2286 subunit 307 scutellar bristles 3779 nonadenylated 4168 ribosome, & age 87 season, activity rhythms 3680 populations 177 2316 biogenesis 2829 3195 3196 & ADH alleles 613 purification 2066 broken rRNA in 1689 -dependent gene changes *1825 sequences in emb 58 chromatin transcribed 2455 distribution, species 1383 storage *3448 cistrons *2297 & mv 3881 translation regulated 3797 depletion 4105 4106 frequencies 816 vitellogenin 1272 1273 early, biogenesis 3195 3196 plm 4146 wing, & heat shock 3557 insertion *3132 & reproduction 2007 metabolism 1832 1833 non-, transcription, emb 1155 & species variation *772 & age 336 P site 493 494 spread 1146 ovary 3055 production 539 secondary sex character 227 262 *263 methylation 173 protein 305 1073 1639 2451 2456 secretion, accessory gland 2880 mit 4159 accumulation sites 2381 2382 of glucosammnidases 4002 & myogenesis 150 adult, & age 1681 Iv, gene 3105 nuclear & m, analyzed 2138 cell culture 3157 protein 985 3098 oogenesis, persists 4094 & dev 3737 salivary gland 1975 4031 paragonial 286 homology with E. coli 3713 salivary gland 1895 1975 4031 pattern, specific 287 interacts with 5S rRNA 3884 yolk protein 2336 poly A 4069 gene cloned 1967 segment, determination 2362 2363 polyadenylated or not 2286 2300 2301 in oogenesis 243 dev & bithorax 1302 polymerase, B 2986 specifically numbered 3270 formation 3107 antibodies 2325 & total emb protein 3738 head 3906 spermatocyte *3708 ultrastructure, SOS 1699 inter- 1159 DNA-dependent 3458 3459 rickettsia 3918 number & polarity & mu 3476 mit 623 2764 ring, chr loss 2777 -specific organization 2792 RNA-dependent 2811 X & mosaicism 1828 transformation, homoeosis 2941 I, II, III 3223 -Y beh 1831 segmental aneuploids, X 3597 II 653 654 2795 3118 3119 3223 3394 r-K selection 1029 segmentation 239 395 921 3395 H-looping 2066 lv, & 1 mu 4048 DNA-dependent 1473 1474 rm, r5 2739 mu 3728 3729 III 1474 1621 1622 3223 ff'A (§ee ribonucleic 2LiD segregation, distortion 711 2855 virus 147 RNP (see ribonucleoprotei) model 2888 pop, cytoplasmic 2300 roser in a greenhouse *803 & spermiogenesis 3051 nuclear 2300 rotated muscles 1185 sterility 3563 -primed DNA template elongation 4038 rotation or twist 388 389 germ from somatic line 2537 processing & repetitive DNA 3712 rugulosin 2558 meiotic 3155 protein synthesis in ontogenesis *3280 running maze *3207 nondisjunctional 1776 psoralen 543 & spermatogenesis 753 ribosomal (r), degradation 3931 inXYY and XXY 1136 evolution 2471 saccharin & mu 2759 selection, & abdominal bristles 3059 hidden breaks in 1689 Saccharomyces 1291 1292 & acid phosphatase 1352 synthesis 539 2486 salivary gland 140 & ADH 376 2184 2526 & turnover 2486 cell, & heat shock loci *1785 after-effects 883 tandon 2669 ultrastructure 1891 allelic frequency -dependent 48 turnover in dev 1688 chr (see chromosome, salivary g(gp) & allozymes 2244 5S 3884 3953 culture 1169 pattern 1178 5.8S and 2S 1454 ecdystone -induced protein 3094 & amylase *44 748 *1523 self-complementary 3056 fluorescent dyed 4070 allozymes 2556 synthesis, in emb 39 40 heat shock, & uridine 1319 isozymes 3756 248 - DIS 59 Bibliography October 1983 selection--cont. reversed 427 & male lifespan 3539 & arista branching 1541 &gjplm 2189 age, & fecundity 1006 artificial, & bristle number 3745 sex 1993 3559 *3861 appeal 838 839 & pop structure 3633 & age & experience 1537 artificial regulation 1842 on sex ratio *2519 in exp pops 2468 beh 461 767 & sex selection 3560 & polygenes 3159 & geography 2483 on two correlated traits 2166 & sex ratio *371 Hawaii 3658 balancing 101 size, & GPDH & ADH 3774 Lhr hybrid 4062 barriers 1965 social 4136 locomotion 3142 biological limits 1404 & statistics 2856 mu 2836 & breeding 121 TAM 2082 & phylogeny 3005 & learning 1496 truncation 366 367 & strain 885 & bristles 3779 viability, & protein plm 3413 chr, aneuploidy 3265 & canalization 1578 vs Adh null allele 1960 & gene suppression 2857 check width 2700 vs diapause *1395 *3259 het *2326 for competition 12 vs recessives 1782 loss, & alkylating agents 1989 & competitive ability 3910 wing length 910 1711 2154 2155 chemical storage effect on 2928 density -dependent 66 & age 3933 detection 917 fertility 2466 & wing vein 788 female 4025 density, & frequency-dependent 35 for wing vibration 4102 induced 996 -independent 3608 selective rDNA replication 2787 partial 3198 detection using frequency distributions selenocystine 282 morphology in meiosis 2213 *2864 semispecies 4075 sequences conserved 3818 detects transpositions 2270 senescence 526 combs 240 *3491 dev, & environment 2344 sensilla 2485 in females 1756 directional 1144 sensitivity, to aflatoxin 3332 & comparative mutability 4028 & dispersion 1257 ecdysterone, loss 2084 determination 3172 disruptive 1755 to ether, emb 1326 genes & vitellogenins 2337 crossveins 27 to indirect mutagens 2902 2903 loci 2236 mating system 2086 mutagen 638 639 641 mechanism 1139 variability 1787 & age 850 differential mutability 1973 divergent 1232 & DNA synthesis 3781 diff 1396 & locomotion 4019 4020 4021 & II genes 3058 & dosage compensation 3256 diversifying 1857 noise 1408 1410 mechanism 1139 & enzyme plm 1379 polarization 4095 & SR 1641 & esterase-6 2528 radio-, lines 3057 3058 4025 trends 2748 & ethanol 603 mu & mutagenesis 4147 dimorphism 171 1014 tolerance 2878 super-, to MMS 1186 & polygenes 3159 infinite pops 2866 ultraviolet 1818 ratio & bristles 2110 frequency, & density-dependent 2647 sensitization 2641 response 2331 -dependent 579 1350 *1773 &1918 sensory, aspect of mating success 3292 & dispersion 1259 2188 2190 connections 4022 experience & courtship 2569 vs heterotic 2248 neuron, displaced 3897 het & hybrid viability *1673 & mv 3095 projections 2176 homologies 1106 gamma-and K- *3937 pathways 2736 isolation *3489 group 3950 projections 3898 3899 & artificial selection 3560 habitat 1586 3535 sepiapterin 1007 origin 970 & speciation 3532 synthase 1913 pop *2600 *2601 *4173 & heritable life-history variation 3695 sequence, boundary, DNA insertion 3360 & speciation 3006 host 835 chr, repeated 3548 species *1068 *3817 & inbreeding 2988 complexity, mRNA 3211 3212 sibling *4171 & insecticide resistance 2603 conserved, sex chr 3818 -limited effect, recombinant X 3302 intensity & parent age 2186 divergence & heat shock locus 3556 -linked, gene & dosage compensation 1365 1, III 2480 DNA, conservation 3785 homoeotic mu 1306 in laboratory pops *3569 highly repeated 3546 male steriles 198 & life-history genetics 3697 homologous 3236 mu reversion 630 long, for quantitative character 2107 homology 2356 paralytic mu 3824 2108 2109 2111 repeated & dispersed 3904 recessive 1 mu 3327 longevity 3227 3233 3234 flanking rDNA *3617 X-ray mu 3193 for malathion resistance 3823 insertion 3693 & lipids 2958 male, mating success *43 functional nucleotide *2874 mosaics 1991 sex activity 3750 of heat shock genes 907 & mouth parts 2832 & maternal effect 48 histone gene 622 non-, beh 668 mating ability, in dark *2185 intervening *618 1612 2276 2481 *2671 phenotype & vitellogenin synthesis 3592 of mobile dispersed genes 2826 *2672 *2753 *3136 *3646 *3648 *3675 pheromones 1760 & mu accumulation 882 2989 rDNA *3617 & puffing *1507 nat, & artificial 2344 mating, advantage of *1736 ratio *89 *118 *414 isolation 462 moderately repetitive 1079 1929 artifically selected *2519 &1IV 951 nucleotide, mit DNA *2761 distortion 3265 in nat pops 2531 rDNA 3242 3243 evolution *370 no frequency-dependent, &Adh 2116 organization, DNA 3039 in hybrids *3371 *3372 & optimal phenotype 2391 tDNA 2105 in vitro 3088 of overproducing mu 1091 rapidly renaturing DNA 2865 maintenance & fertility *1502 *1503 & phototaxis *1505 repeated 3617 & multiple mating *2260 & plateau 2367 in repetitive chromatin 2419 organism 1403 2047 3505 & plm 2499 repetitive, DNA 4142 plm *2520 in pop cage 3412 dispersed DNA 3565 3566 spiroplaSma 2092 4124 & pop, density 645 satellite DNA, conservation 3357 & temp *721 enzymes 174 serology 1939 2048 selection 1993 3559 *3861 growth 3608 serotonin 3003 age, & experience 1537 purine, & survival 1627 Serratia 2653 in exp pops 2468 r-K 1029 serum, & cell culture 3399 & polygenes 3159 & ref(2)P 2651 protein, Iv 16 1605 1607 2980 &, 2189 relaxed & reversed 2111 gene cloned 2756 3836 & single cell 85 2236 for reproductive isolation 76 sex, activity, male, & cAMP 3750 somatic, determination 1374 response of pop 1966 low 1501 -specific gene interactions 2477 October 1983 Bibliography DIS 59 - 249

sex, -specific---cont. & neurons 1991 length of life 583 1 126 1396 3495 4005 4008 sex-specific *135 Iv, & ethanol 3535 songs *135 sound, courtship *807 *2930 *2931 wastes 2376 tracking 2494 ultra-, effects 3544 mating activity 537 transformation 321 322 wave production, wing beat 1760 mit DNA 2630 *2631 mu 1396 1413 3509 wing beat 1760 modified tarsus 700 transformers 2266 space, flight 4029 morpho- 1438 sexing, genetic 3674 & mu 3097 & mouth parts 2832 sheep blowfly 2665 program 732 Nearctic 4074 shuddering beh 1928 & time & POPS 492 neotropical 1518 1519 sib analysis of adult females 3696 spacer, rDNA 1877 3616 new 84 *450 *451 *452 *1530 2023 2584 sibling species 1449 *2592 4076 nucleolus organizer *3136 2817 *3423 *3424 *3425 *3499 *3504 competition 1630 2848 sparing effect, dose fractionation 1293 *3596 *3921 *3922 cytogenetics *2233 spatial organization, genome 1016 Indian *3820 differences 956 species, & acetic acid vapor 3530 newly, formed 260 & geography *2231 ADH 876 2211 *2981 *2982 introduced 4009 & longevity 656 Afrotropical 3993 oriental 3502 pteridines 3957 alcohol tolerance 365 & phototaxis 1190 3294 sexual isolation *4171 amylase 1261 *1371 pre-mating isolation 2017 songs 2506 barriers to foreign DNA 3715 protein differences *3494 sympatric 1705 1706 battle between 4082 pupation height 1191 sigma 2493 cactophilic 2654 & radiation 3534 plm in pops 2648 chr homologies 1003 random mating 665 virus (see virus, sigma) closely-related 2568 related, & DNA hybridization 1687 signal, peptide & peptidase 2349 competition *122 *2657 3400 resource utilization 3605 polypeptides 212 intra- and inter- 4082 salivary gland secretions 1895 silver stain 2315 3606 sibling 1630 satellite DNA 1324 nucleolus 2028 4072 cosmopolitan 382 383 2484 3605 seasonal, distribution 1383 simulation, computer 1899 exotic, & endemic 3524 variation *772 courtship song 868 subcosmopolitan, and widespread 2532 & secondary sex differences 227 singing & feedback 2621 desert *870 2696 semi-, sibling, & super- 4075 single cell & sex 85 differences in mating *2018 sex, -dimorphism & bristles 2110 sister chromatid, exchange 578 1152 2561 distribution 3985 isolation 3817 2713 2777 3327 of Q-bands *1754 sharing mv *2006 somatic, no 3763 diversity 3534 sibling 1449 1705 *2592 unequal 3934 & microgeographical variation 771 competition 2848 staining *1038 domestic 68 69 124 383 2265 cytogenetics 2233 site, dosage -sensitive 1603 3670 domesticated & widespread 3538 differences 956 needed for meiotic recombination 2861 endemic 2409 3531 3890 geography *2231 processing, of rENA 1454 esterase *1339 longevity 656 RNA polymerase initiation 1473 isozyme 3112 parasite 266 -specific, insertional t 3264 variation 1434 pteridines 3957 instability 1094 1095 ethanol use 3526 3536 sexual isolation *4171 rearrangements 2280 evolutionary biology 3524 songs 2506 transcription initiation 3242 female morphology 1898 single-, pop growth 3407 transposon insertion 2950 frequency & fecundity 3400 subgroup, equality in 191 size( effective, pop *2262 genetic duff 467 *861 *862 sympatric sibling 1705 1706 enzyme 980 & geotaxis 3294 temp, preference 2094 nat pop 2142 group, melanogaster 467 variation *772 the right 3692 status 2321 temperate & tropical, heterozygosity 3171 selection & GPDH & ADH 3774 homosequential *354 2113 2410 2490 temporal variation 3512 skeleton, nucleo- 3827 3828 host plant specific 1181 tropical 2434 smoke, cigarette, & mu 3554 hybrid *1673 1858 3920 variation, in mit DNA 1714 social, beh & lek species 765 adaptedness *3621 in protein 352 355 selection 4136 &ADH 852 & season *772 sodium, azide & mu 898 co in 560 water balance 2590 *2591 *2592. channels 617 courtship sequence 4103 why 300 Hawaiian? 1883 thiazolidine carboxylate 1274 & dosage compensation 3150 III mv *1373 tungstate 2025 & esterase 6 1890 speciation, & diapause *961 soil phorate 4036 & gene exchange 9 & genetic, divergence *2217 soluble G3PD 3453 3455 male sterility *1870 revolution 3231 Somatic, cell, chromatid breaks 1692 1693 mating preference 3030 & habitat selection 3532 DNA replication 2561 mobility *4172 incipient *263 hybrids 2082 nucleolus organizer *2295 & mating success 2016 recombination 246 sperm in *280 mechanism 3943 sister chromatid exchange 2561 sterility *2143 models 2977 viability & deficiency 1596 wing disc 3330 modes 2034 chr, banding *1917 *2812 incipient 1394 & sexual isolation 3006 synapsis 3770 3771 inter-, chr variation *1550 stasipatric 4063 eye, -color mu 2688 competition 309 728 2195 2196 *2298 & structural genes 1750 mu test 2596 hybrid (see species, hybri sympatric 3533 gene loss & position effect 738 739 lv competition 518 theory 960 line segregation 2537 mating *562 tropical Africa 3144 mosaic 503 3792 intervening sequences 2481 specificity, antibody 1676 mu, gamma ray 3205 intra-, amylase variation 3595 EMS 2171 radiosensitivity, temp & radiation effect & inter-, chr evolution 1795 spectrum & phototaxis 1027 on 3631 & inter competitive fitness 1557 sperm, carnitine 186 recombination 1204 mv 1220 1221 *1222 *1223 chromatid aberrations 3198 & t heterozygotes 2356 island 2401 2408 count & storage 611 sex determination 1374 isolated sexually *1068 displacement *3253 sister chromatid exchanges 578 2713 isozyme, control 344 DNA alkylation 843 no 3763 Ontogeny 1549 *3622 late, function 586 synapsis 1709 plm 3523 mature, & eye color mosaics 1820 song, courtship 491 868 932 2505 2506 3029 variation *3625 & mutagen 2206 2207 3030 & latitude 1447 & radiation mu 21 male 3143 lek 765 in species hybrid *280 250 - DIS 59 Bibliography October 1983 sperm--cont. 1477 1478 sugar, feeding response 1872 stored & EMS 3187 gene *934 response, adult & lv 3380 t, X-ray-induced 1076 -cytoplasm interaction 553 sulfhydryl residue 494 tail 3970 in pop 899 sulfite oxidase 2324 & tritium decay 3186 hybrid 3552 sulfur dioxide 4138 use by female 2742 2744 *3610 male *1870 summary, conference 3225 X-rayed, & maternal effect mu 1544 & meiotic chr segregation 3627 summer, arctic 3965 spermatid, abnormalities 702 organism for *3852 supercoiled DNA 704 1964 4027 DNA 711 & transmissible factor 46 supercoiling domains, chr 3813 histone transformation 2860 in interspecies hybrid *1909 *1910 supernumerary compound eye 3284 nuclei loss 712 male 1101 superoxide dismutase 103 104 1217 3189 3190 spermatocyte, & calcium cyclamate 2074 agent *2772 superspecies 4076 2075 &) *1488 suppression, of bristles 19 cysts *1088 & maternal effect 1100 tRNA mediated 163 in vitro *3217 *3218 & male, recombination 3954 suppressor, black, mu 3782 3783 3784 gene action *2754 recombination factor 2099 genes 657 histone *3708 male, & X aoeuploidy 3620 of GPDH 334 mutability of radiosensitive mu 2124 X mu 2585 of 682 nuclear protein *3083 in nat pops 1066 Izas 3667 nuclei RNP *307 & nucleocytoplasmic interaction 2690 mu 1247 1248 primary 701 *2846 *2875 SF 1479 3563 & position effect 1582 DNA *2259 species hybrid *2143 temp-sensitive 3158 RNA polymerase B *3708 & trimethylphosphate 2845 *2846 mutator *757 transcription *618 sternite bristle number *2851 system *2884 spermatogenesis 3226 sternopleural bristles *698 2392 2926 position effect 2032 & annulate lamellae 3050 steroid action mechanism 2383 variegation 1803 & chemical mutagen 695 sterol, free culture 712 -X effect, no 953 & chr structure & function 3134 mutant yeast 190 surface, antigens, cell line 3117 divisions *3139 synthesis 1128 lipids 2958 het in 1485 stimuli, male auditory *2929 survival, adult, on low ethanol 2526 in vitro 360 *3218 stochastic loss hypothesis 2613 & DNA repair mu 2527 Iv *3797 stock, inbred 884 & purine selection 1627 mit in 216 LA 1501 survivorship 608 &mu 917 list, computerized 1102 1103 symbiont *635 & ozone *2618 segmental deficiency 1540 symmetry fi distal regeneration 2374 regulation 444 "unknown" for laboratory courses 1539 sympatric, pop *1885 RNA & translation *3168 storage effects 1778 species 1705 1706 2490 3533 & segregation 753 on mu 806 synapsis, & complementation 2720 2721 & X controlled locus 3254 strain, geographic, crossed 1901 procentric 392 spermatogonia division number *1387 het plm 2834 somatic chr 1709 3770 3771 spermiogenesis *280 3968 3969 inducer & reactive 1478 3563 synaptic, mono-, connections 1874 aberrant 2585 isofemale 3527 synaptonemal complex 258 259 in male-sterile mu 4104 laboratory, rare male advantage in 3290 synaptosome 3040 & SD 946 3051 mutator 3767 synchronization, salivary gland 2150 Sphaeroceridae *3517 phototactic, mating success 3292 syncytial blastoderm 3020 spherule cells 1808 3876 repair-deficient 2688 synergism, negative 1778 spider, basement 2900 & mu 2776 4118 synhospitalic evolution *1398 *3499 spike, inter-, internal 3092 reproductively isolated 3611 synthase, biopterin 506 spiral mycoplasmas 1821 response to insecticide 1499 sepiapterin 1913 spiroplasma *1414 1518 1641 1821 1939 & sex beh 885 synthesis, DNA, & mutagen sensitivity 3781 2047 2048 4075 variability of 5S DNA 2984 isozyme, during ontogenesis *67 SR 2092 4124 strategies, female reproductive *3609 organ-specific isozyme 3109 split-tarsus subgroup 700 foraging 3846 3847 3848 3849 postmeiotic, tubulin *3169 spoke heads 3970 reproductive 68 2969 protein (see protein synthesis) spontaneous, interchanges 278 279 streamside 2277 RNA (see RNA synthesis) mosaics *1747 stress, & aging 1440 synthetic 1 1360 3316 vs X-ray mu 1729 & allozymes 1588 system, I-R 3551 stability, of Adh products 41 environmental, & 'inbreeding 338 mate recognition 3543 DNA temp, & age 2530 temp, & desiccation 1445 tracheal 4077 dynamical 3950 & humidity 1588 systemic control of mu 1973 mRNA, inemb 2178 & viability *673 of pop allozymes 2425 structural gene, identification 2066 temporal, allozyme frequency 2425 mobile 2725 2726 2727 tail, sperm 3970 stage-specific RNA pattern 287 structure, gene 1876 1878 TAM selection 2082 staging metamorphosis 2234 nervous system 3007 tandem duplication 285 stain, silver, chr 2315 styrene 431 spontaneous 2232 staining, chromatid, differential *1038 mu 1788 2582 tandon, rRNA 2669 chr, & ultrasonications *1932 nondisjunction 1458 tanning 832 het 1761 1763 subcompartments 3127 pigments 2959 silver 3606 subcosmopolitan species 2532 tarsus 239 240 1062 starch 782 2906 subgroup, hybridization 1080 basi-, of leg 735 736 gel 1236 species, equality in 191 & homoeosis 928 stasipatric speciation 4063 subphylad * 1584 modified, species 700 statistics 2461 2488 substrate, for cell attachment & spreading taste, amino acid 1865 maximum likelihood method 6 2536 discrimination 3930 & selection 2856 color & oviposition 399 organs 504 significance of mu frequencies 3977 endonuclease, damaged DNA 3286 responses 502 stepping-stone model, circular 148 2167 preference for oviposition 1289 taxonomy 1071 3146 4073 stepwise mutation model 1859 specificity of ADH 854 bet 576 sterile adults released 670 temp & oviposition site 531 male genitalia *3992 sterility, & autosome-Y combination *2143 yeast *533 Tcr 992 & chr sets 3920 substructure within transcripts 619 Tegenaria 2900 female 480 subunit, ribosomal 1699 TEM storage effect on mu 2928 & male recombination chr 1228 succinate-cytochrome c reductase 1783 temperate, forest 2740 mu 944 sucrase 1401 species heterozygosity 3171 nonmendelian 233 234 1456 1476 sucrose 328 temperature, & ADH 3735 4017 October 1983 Bibliography DIS 59 - 251 temperature --cont. stability, oocyte 2080 tolerance, alcohol 1172 chr morphology & DNA 707 variation, species 3512 pop 3279 competition *530 Tenebrio 1671 ethanol 385 402 compound eye 420 teratogenesis 2587 methanol *2970 crowding & dev rate *1329 assay 2333 2334 temp & desiccation 1587 & density & fitness *1772 terbacil 1326 toluene & mu 2565 -dependent dcv *2657 tergite 1159 tomato 1978 & desiccation tolerance *1587 termini, inverted repeat 2256 topoisomerases, DNA 2369 dev, & het DNA 290 test, hi-square 1919 topological constraint, chr 1759 & wing cell 1216 chr loss 2784 torque, yaw 4096 diapause 1268 *3141 for environmental mutagens 1777 toxicity, Dithane M-45 1969 1970 dispersion 1256 1257 1258 1259 for indirect mutagens 1378 ethyl hexylmethoxycinnamate 2187 ecdysteroid 2212 mutagen 70 4117 fungicide 2716 emigration 3355 mutagenesis 3184 4012 of hydrogen peroxide 154 enzyme adaptation 18 systems 7 host habitat 2331 extreme, & radiation 3959 3960 3962 testis, cyst dcv *856 metal ion 2461 eye pigmentation 3612 early dev 3457 toxicology of xylene 430 female sterility 233 234 Iv, & Pu 1768 toxins 293 294 295 296 297 fertilized egg, & radiation mu 4001 spermatogenesis 3707 trace elements depleted 2610 fitness & fecundity 3 transplanted 1023 tracheal system 4077 flight pattern, & mu 3091 & male recombination 3954 tracking beh 2494 2495 & giant Iv gene 1781 mosaic, & total proteins 938 traits, two correlated, artificial selection on growth, & longevity *1389 proliferation center 703 2166 high, & disc cell morphology 2636 proteins 2943 trajectory, flight 2377 hormones, & esterase *3634 *3635 -specific tubulin mu 3041 trans-acting gene 1922 tolerance 1445 & tubulin 939 transcarbamylase, aspartate 515 homoeosis 924 926 3103 tethered flight 2521 transcript, cleavage, nascent 2292 2293 mu 3027 tetraethyllead 1351 homologous 619 humidity stress 1588 tetramer G6PD 783 self-complementary 3056 hybrid dysgenesis 751 tetrodotoxin 617 transcription, actin gene 2640 3724 -insensitive ADH 2602 theory, evolution 2559 & chromatin structure 2605 3317 lv density, & dev 2594 neutral 1315 in chr & mit DNA 3147 low, & chromocenter 1277 protein pim 3414 control of 1635 1636 3705 & chr banding 937 thermal stability, ADH 1647 2737 DNA, middle repetitive 2726 & eggs 749 2879 GPDH *1344 mit 3333 & emergence *93 ribosomal 87 r *618 1111 1112 1877 & survival *92 variation, enzyme 1263 1264 spacer, no 3616 & 64 3026 3027 thiazolidine carboxylates 1274 repetitive 3712 & melanotic tumors 2910 5 -thio -D -glucose & mu 1170 t 789 791 1680 3759 & neuromuscular transmission 408 thioproline & aging 2593 cloned 1679 nuclei dry mass 708 Thomas circles 3753 & DNase I 3037 3038 oviposition site 531 thorax, abnormalities & gene interaction & ecdysone 146 phenodeviant 768 2918 emb 1154 1155 photoperiod & dev 2615 disc 3060 3061 3062 & heat shock 3520 phototaxis 1190 dcv 1061 gene 2512 2640 3036 pleiotropism 3590 ganglia 2972 protein 253 2640 polygene expression 3762 leg on 239 240 puff 3203 position effect 106 948 macrochaetae 1142 & helix destabilizing protein 3542 preference, species 2094 pro- 240 initiation site 3242 & radiation mu 1283 1284 1285 1286 thrusting power, oviposition 1863 in situ 2440 resistance & humidity 1443 thymidine, into chr *3583 in isolated nuclei 3269 -sensitive, adult 1 779 kinase 2883 intercalary het 2824 2825 apterous 4092 labeling 684 intron 304 dopa decarboxylase 4115 in lv diet 2606 in vitro 2555 flight mu 778 thymine in Iv diet 2606 in vivo 2325 gene & heat shock 490 time, control of polytene chr puffs 2203 mobile dispersed gene 2937 2938 leg duplication 881 Elkind-type recovery 1823 pattern 109 M 1746 3814 space & pops 492 polytene chr 4141 mu 1646 1669 2046 2058 2070 stability of pop allozymes 2425 preblastoderm 3812 1 2636 3348 3394 variation of GPDH 153 purified gene 1621 1622 maternal effect 217 tissue, & cell culture 1685 regulation 357 3053 recombination 658 661 2798 circulatory 1600 in culture 2640 suppressor 3158 culture 1018 1020 1021 1195 ribosomal aberration 2455 period (TSP) 1246 1247 3103 cell, chr constraint 1759 sites in polytene chr 1035 1 mu 3348 components purified 974 temp shock, & benzamide 1318 scarlet 794 location of heat shock protein 2194 translation effects on 1098 sensitivity, of eye mu 1561 ribosomal protein 2381 under electron microscopy 1708 dcv *3071 & heat shock loci *1785 unit 303 & "sex-ratio" *721 morphogenesis & ecdysteroids 3478 X 1197 1198 shock, benzamide & transcription 1318 cuticular & internal 2639 in X segmental aneuploids 3597 & puffing 1037 distribution, esterase 6 1719 yolk protein gene 2249 & soil phorate 4036 enzyme distribution in 904 transdetermination 908 stability, ADH 3323 & GPDH 153 162 transduction 141 DNA, & age 2530 ICDH in 2517 photo-, mu 2058 of GPDH 2163 implanted into Iv 3662 in photoreceptors 1271 stress & female recombination 3975 & juvenile hormone *971 *973 transfection 636 tolerance *4065 locus of esterase *1132 transferase, peptidyl 494 & geography 2484 origin, Iv 3432 transformation 597 hybrid analysis of 2173 -specific, amylase * 1524 antennal 3898 & tumorous head 196 characteristics in vitro 3137 bio- 2221 2223 variation & species *772 enzymes 153 416 419 3614 bithorax 1906 & Y & unstable gene mu 4148 locus 1922 cell line, in vitro 4123 template, chromatin as 2440 RNA pattern 287 genes 2215 interaction 1473 transplant acceptability 1602 histone, in spermatids 2860 level assembly 1073 tumor *3873 homoeotic 2941 3022 temporal, organization & aging 3722 titres, ecdysteroid 3651 nuclear, spermiogenesis 3969 252 - DIS 59 Bibliography October 1983 transformation---cont. trenimon 1778 3844 & X-linked 1 mu 3639 sex 321 322 triallate 3016 3733 mu chemically-induced 64 mu 1396 Trifluralin 225 urea, denaturation 3252 yeast 1829 trimethylphosphate & sterility 2845 2846 guanidine hydrochloride 3352 transglycosylase, tRNA -guanine 507 trimethyl psoralen 543 uracil herbicides 1326 translation, ability & heat 3558 triosephosphate isomerase 1982 urate oxidase 998 & aging 2021 triplication, heat shock protein gene 2944 uridine incorporation in puff 1319 blockage 624 pattern 2749 US-USSR satellite program 1792 control 1238 triplo-lethal 942 1624 3690 3691 UTP pool, emb 2378 & heat shock 3124 3901 triploid 242 2RNA 2627 tris(2, 3 -dibromopropyl) phosphate & mu 40 13 effects on transcription 1098 tritium, decay & sperm 3186 V-type position effect 1582 2032 & heat, -induced messages 1099 & mu 3188 vacuum injection 3575 shock 1700 tropical 308 validation of learning 716 post-, modification 329 822 523 fauna *3993 valine IDNA 448 XDH modification 2975 species 2484 vapor, exposure 429 regulation, niRNA 3797 heterozygosity 3171 & mu 4 in spermatogenesis *3168 tropomyosin gene 3900 variability, control gene 2098 translocatable elements 1634 truncation selection 366 367 genetic, & selection 1787 translocation 1101 trypsin effect on discs 925 low, emb protein 3746 & alkylating agents 1988 tryptophan 3835 3909 modifier *2170 autosome, -autusome 1406 metabolism 2087 phenotype, in nat pops 2531 breakpoints 1731 -xanthommatin pathway 1764 3002 3003 residual genetic 2109 & chemical mutagen 995 TSP 1129 variable, life history 607 between rayed & not rayed chr 3431 tubulin 486 554 646 647 3079 variance 4068 chromatin response to 350 alpha-, genes 2996 2997 variation, clinal 1 3145 DNA content 2504 beta- 939 continuous, & regulatory genes 2218 half- 278 1538 genes 2476 3239 3368 3447 3723 cryptic 1255 heterozygote, & co 1180 mu 3041 3042 electrophoretic, allele *1751 & gene recombination *3032 oogenesis 3237 silent *1593 & somatic recombination 3356 tumor, blood, cell lines 2712 enzyme 980 insertional, Y-autosome 3264 gonial cell 2711 activity 49 & mitomycin 1728 melanotic 437 1598 1650 1793 2847 2910 in pop 2312 2313 2314 & spontaneous chr variation 686 & hemocyte 3663 gene-enzyme 3983 storage effects 806 mu 3666 genetic, detection by electrophoresis 2877 viability & fertility 3197 mu, ovarian 2167 ecological adaptation 3287 3288 X rays, & caffeine 1406 ovarian 628 environmental 3268 & trenimon 3844 therapy 547 genetic load 2353 X-Y 540 1359 tissue *3873 in pops 604 & courtship 2346 -w 3668 heritable life-history, & selection N 395 Y, &Adh 3674 tumorigenesis 2046 homology & evolution 3822 Y-autosome 1540 tumorous-head 1012 1014 1015 2005 2340 3 128 interspecific chr *1550 Y-II 1731 tungstate 2274 isozyme, species *3625 transmissible agent 312 turnover, rate, mRNA 2177 2178 mit DNA 1714 transmission, frequency, & fitness 918 rRNA 2486 molecular, in nat pops 3199 & male recombination 760 in dev 1688 & niche width 691 1827 genetics computer package 975 twist or rotation 388 389 quantitative, on IV 1610 male recombination 1765 tyrosine, aminotransferase *120 *207 1990 species temporal 3512 transmitter release 3274 *2263 *2264 variegation, of het 752 transmutation, tritium, & mu 3188 -0-beta -glucoside *288 in Malpighian tubules 2857 transplant 2414 tDNA 2574 & maternal Y 3101 acceptability, tissue 1602 tRNA 2068 position effect 541 542 transplantable cell culture 2162 & butyrate 1309 transplantation 693 696 & enhancers 737 abdominal *1507 1943 Ulrich, H. 4116 &f 3789 brain, & beh 1368 ultrasonication, & chr aberrations *1 994 heat shock puff 2869 egg cytoplasm 2091 salivary gland *1932 histones 1297 1298 3387 heteroplastic disc 3877 ultrasound effects 3544 suppressed 3403 heterotropic 3020 ultrastructure, active genome 2842 & 541 Iv testes 1023 & beta-alanine 832 purple nuclear 3497 3776 3928 cell, in ontogenesis *67 suppression 1803 & cell 4149 dev, & 1 mu 3452 w *117 pole cell 2547 intersex ovaries 3173 (see also mosaicisml transposability, P 3063 mouth parts 2832 vector 2352 transposable, element 590 1439 2577 2790 pole cell 29 plasmids 990 991 992 3321 3703 3704 80S ribosomes 1699 transduction 141 MRil 2309 2645 salivary gland cells 1891 vein loss & gene interaction 2918 genetic instability 1565 1566 ultraviolet light, & DNA repair defect 2365 ventral nervous system 2362 2363 histone 1512 egg hatchability 1864 vesicular stomatitis virus 2079 large 2763 embryo 202 viability, ADH and age 167 Mgj. 2256 laser microbeam 1109 1110 & aneuploidy 1595 & spontaneous mu 3955 sensitivity & vision 1818 & Dithane M-45 1970 genes 1096 vision 1815 egg, &X 281 transposition, of dispersed repeated genes UMP 874 epidermal cell 1595 1517 underreplication 2549 ethanol & isopropanol 4037 I duplication 3789 unequal co & rDNA 2669 frequency-dependent, & null amylase 2833 male recombination factor 2100 unique DNA 2923 & gene interaction 2918 of mobile dispersed genes 2270 2826 unit, DNA replication 2320 & gravity 3522 & mutable genes 3632 fibers, chr 2132 heterozygote, of 1 alleles 1781 as mutagen 2734 functional chr 2871 homozygous, deficiencies 1596 at w 1566 transcriptional 253 & epistasis 298 transposon 2950 unstable, DNA 1241 3334 & inbreeding *3115 3636 transvection 878 879 2225 genes 2729 2730 2731 3540 of interspecific hybrid *4172 trap, collection 1147 genetic isolation 2899 load & age 45 trapping & pop size 664 locus 36 1411 & lv feeding beh 1390 trehalase 97 98 99 1400 1236 2242 induced 2207 mu, in low recombination line 1938 October 1983 Bibliography DIS 59 - 253

plm 522 523 *2041 *4083 viability, mu--cont. volatile compounds & courtship 3972 3973 minor 364 & rosy 315 316 616 pleiotropy on fitness 3806 variability 2243 X 4151 walking 2453 xanthommatin 1764 3002 3003 4085 & naphthol 1005 & genetic variation 13 XDH (see xanthine dehydrogenasel polygenes 1024 1025 phototactic 524 799 xenobiotic 2221 2223 dominance of 1642 washing up 1853 -metabolizing enzymes 77 2664 & protein plm 3140 wasp, parasitic 2331 24152416 2417 3031 xenogenic transplants 2414 in pops, exp 2468 4030 Xenopus 1679 1740 nat *3561 waste, metabolic Iv, & viability 2376 X rays, & chromatids 353 1692 1693 & chromatin recombination 683 preadult, & lv waste 2376 water, balance 53 *454 455 2590 2591 *2592 selection & protein plm 3413 -loss rate 2589 chr loss, male 2496 of species hybrids *1673 waveguide effects, dielectric 510 contact microscopy 2633 & stress *673 weight, body, in wild pops 1730 damage repair 1822 1823 3197 white-eyed "unknown" stocks 1539 DNA break repair 3463 3464 & II mu 2990 widespread species 2532 dose fractionation 1652 3335 & III segments 2438 wineries, alcohol & Adh 3298 & dumpy 552 2687 vinyl chloride 1161 1162 2582 wing, anterior margin, compartment *4015 & EMS mu compared 3192 vinyl toluene & mu 3470 axons in 3516 induced, cleavage recombination 3432 virgin mating & Adh 3325 beat sound 1760 damage repair system 3047 virulence, bacterial 2653 cell size & number 1215 1216 3381 virus 2368 clipping 2370 &ldev 669 avian sarcoma 2717 compartments 3811 & male, co 2818 2992 black beetle 2681 2682 2810 2811 dev & heat shock 3557 Pu 2818 C 3391 3574 disc, AO 3125 recombination 1960 *3963 in cell culture 112 cell, competition 1743 & mitotic recombination 683 cricket paralysis 1301 2586 3389 3390 death 2632 & mosaicism 1828 endogenous 3572 proliferation 2152 mu 3335 -induced proteins 2515 3389 3390 3391 chemicals in 1013 ADH 1 injected into egg or emb 2717 cloned analysis 2360 & caffeine 1406 2545 2546 -like particle in cell line 2806 2807 compartments 3127 distribution 1070 as mutagen 2734 diff 201 genetic sensitivity to 2257 new, cell culture 3769 duplication 2240 & maternal effect 1544 picorna- 1300 3388 epithelium 1209 oocyte 1666 protein made by cell culture 2681 2682 extra DNA 1233 & repair mu 2676 2677 & neutron mu compared 3197 3198 reo- 1888 3373 fragment 498 2576 -type 2162 & gamma rays 2965 & ommatidia 1532 retro- 3757 gap junction 3711 & oocytes 2687 3747 -like 2867 growth regulation 2579 & rudimentary 1574 rhabdo-, sigma 2649 2650 hetero- & euchromatjn *3148 sex-linked mu 3193 sigma 2493 2648 2649 2650 ICDH 3126 small discs 1652 1692 1693 & mu 1429 mu 2966 sublethal in oocytes 1822 & SR organisms 1519 & pattern 840 841 & t 1076 3844 & trenimon 1778 3844 in tumorous cell lines 2712 regeneration 449 498 722 2576 3011 3012 vesicular stomatitis 2079 3013 3014 3023 3075 vs spontaneous mu 1729 of wild pops 1497 wound healing 2525 xylene 430 X 147 1887 1889 species hybrid 3330 Xylitol 2073 visible light & radiation mu 22 & transmission electron microscope vision, -defective mu 1362 3643 ultraviolet light 1815 display, male, female effect on 4101 yaw torque 4096 visual, attention 4096 duplication 2338 2339 yeast 1128 1484 *2246 *2247 4053 4147 cells & darkness 2599 -folding 3329 complementation in 2870 cues in mating 2696 homoeosis 2036 2485 dispersal 2740 excitation mu 1819 imaginal, cells 8 ecology 1952 flight orientation 4096 length, &Adh 1480 excess & egg hatching 1269 3364 & flight systems 1421 genotypic effects on 2119 extract, & cloning 2081 ganglion 235 236 & geography 2939 & habitat 3885 guidance 2773 Iv selectivity for *2656 heterosis 4144 *533 learning 441 2658 selection 910 1711 2154 2155 in medium 2594 mutant, pleiotropy 826 & age 3933 preferences 123 & pupation site 3293 loading & mv 3881 radiosensitive mu 2125 & rhythm 1867 margin, anterior *4015 *4016 sterol mutant 190 &vitaminA 3892 muscles 491 transformation 1829 neurons 1527 1837 mu 3170 tRNA 1737 receptor 345 clonal analysis 3809 yeastolate 1210 stimulus in courtship *561 no, & mating frequency *2165 yearly mv plm 4146 system 733 798 phenocopies 4035 yolk, beta, spheres 3090 in eye mu 4139 picture- 415 2159 platelets 3104 protein 199 *1513 1810 2004 2979 visualization, gene activity 3361 reduced-, form 1428 vital gene mutability 755 scalloping mu 3809 2980 3787 vitality & antioxidants 1274 vein 787 788 genes 1515 2249 2250 2691 vitamins *207 941 2081 2205 2527 3892 vibration selection 4102 secretion 2336 vitelline membrane 1470 2629 synthesis 3878 vitellogenesis 199 1042 1876 control 2335 3593 winter 3964 & hormones 3346 wireworm control 3326 zinc sulfate 282 in isolated abdomens 1514 wound healing 498 2525 3643 zone, polytene-nonpolytene transition 1608 preoocene inhibition 3161 zygote-maternal 1 interactions 1604 & transcription 2249 zygotic, gene interaction 2477 vitellogenin 1272 1273 2003 X virus 1887 1889 1, maternal 3671 genes 3657 xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) 2274 4057 hemolymph 3509 & cinnamon 136 protein 355 2002 2003 control 1140 X, & ADH isozyme 2971 & sex determining genes 2337 electrophoresis 232 aneuploidy in oocytes 916 synthesis 212 mosaics 1627 attached-, female 3220 & sexual phenotype 3592 in nat pops 232 2975 /autosome set ratio 2695 254 - DIS 59 Bibliography October 1983

X--cont. ring 637 -IC exchange 1158 banding scheme 967 & mosaicism 1828 -x t 1359 2346 & bobbed 1101 1179 1546 vs rod, mutability 996 )() *3331 compound 1649 1776 segmental aneuploids 3597 -II t 1731 deficiency 1604 2395 site-specific rearrangements 2280 deletion 1547 suppressor-, effect 953 & dosage compensation 3150 & 1623 1624 II, & aldehyde oxidase 138 duplication & deficiency interact 3620 transcription 1197 1198 compound 753 & egg viability 281 testis, mosaic 938 2943 deletion 650 754 electron microscopy of salivaries 1791 0 male 702 860 *2675 *2678 genes & mutagen sensitivity 3058 euchromatin 1546 + Y het color *115 genotype & nat pop fitness 2535 bet &abo 4132 vs Y rDNA sequences 2088 hybrid breakdown *3825 heterosis 2060 Y 483 1076 1, in pops, exp 3404 3405 & high molar NaCl 2440 XY 278 1136 *3331 rayed 1907 insert into Y 1093 -Y, exchange 1158 1359 2346 L, compound 2899 mv 289 recombination & magnification 3661 duplication 764 -linked, alpha chain gene 1606 Y testis 2943 electron microscope map 1661 1662 1663 black suppressors 3784 YY 1136 1664 1665 enzymes, modifiers for 2909 -II pairing 277 trisomic 409 gene action regulation 126 mutagen-sensitive 950 1771 1 2147 mu, Pb, and Cd 2454 Pu 968 Y *114 1548 *2872 *2874 *2875 & sigma 1429 recessive 3461 aberrant 276 puffing *2347 mu & unstable locus 3639 -autosome, combination and sterility *2143 R, electron microscope mapping 1661 mutagen -sensitive mu 3305 t 1540 3264 free 2899 locus, enhancing 1 survival 3691 & bobbed 1654 1833 & SD 1927 Y controlled 3254 chr loop *3083 T-007 type 2885 2887 male, hyperactive 2441 controlled X locus 3254 1101 mu, cold paralytic 1784 cytogenetics 1486 3045 3046 viability mu 2990 & DNA metabolism 574 extra 392 -x pairing 277 & male low sex activity 1501 gene organization 3045 3046 -Vt 1731 male sterile 2585 hyperploidy & male fertility 2053 meiotic 639 insertion into 764 pyrimidine 2626 loop formation inhibition *2846 Ill, ADH loci 2028 & sigma 1429 & male co *1305 allozyme loci 1392 viability 1281 4151 & Malpighian tubules 2857 arrangements in pops *4004 mutability of 13 loci 1729 maternal & variegation 3101 cytogenetics 922 neurogenesis 2395 not coding sperm protein 2943 & dopa resistance 176 nondisjunction 276 1776 number, effect on mating & bristles 65 mv *1373 *3468 in aging oocytes 3979 organization 940 3732 loci and homoeosis 922 number 1 loci 2149 rDNA 303 304 337 male-specific 1 4005 puff cytogenetics 128 repetitive sequences 1079 *1090 modifiers & ADH 4061 rDNA 303 304 *3648 ring *117 690 1831 mutagen -sensitive mu 2257 2341 recombinant, sex-limited effect 3302 region & cell abnormalities 702 1 selection 2480 region, ras-dsh 4154 & repair-deficient mu 4164 R 1998 zeste-white 3671 3763 g_ 1548 region, 87C 581 582 2B1-2-2B9-10 2160 2272 4150 & temp & unstable gene mu 4148 86F1,2-87B15 2714 2B3-4-2B11 2269 2271 t & Adh 3674 & SD 1927 3, 4, 5 in electron microscope 3856 tubulin *3169 segments, fecundity & viability 2438 7D1-7D5-6 2705 X bet color *115 t 1101 9E-1OA 4151 with X insert 1093 1OA1-2 4156 4157 vs X rDNA sequences 2088 IV *324 951 1610 1776

PART II. GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX Africa 8 21 1029 1409 3990 3991 3993 Greece 1811 3882 3984 3985 4146 Okinawa *1398 *3479 Tropical 1484 2483 3144 India 379 *450 *451 452 675 677 679 731 Old World *2659 American 2093 1328 1749 2584 *3425 *3815 *3820 Oriental 3502 North 3146 *3821 Pacific Oceania 2853 Tropics 770 771 772 773 South *1528 1531 3423 3596 Palearctic region 2227 Argentina 4040 West Bengal 2817 Philippine Islands 821 Asia, South *78 Israel *1175 *1176 Portugal 1492 3677 3678 3680 3681 3682 Southeast *1908 1925 3501 Italy 1364 Seychelles *1995 Australasian 3085 Ivory Coast 1484 Spain 2157 Australia 184 *1446 1447 1448 *2322 2323 ,Japan 692 813 815 816 819 820 1172 1367 Switzerland 79 80 81 *2624 2433 2901 3524 3531 3534 2012 2093 3279 *3504 4140 Taiwan *1398 *3499 Bismarck Archipelago 3501 Chichijima 3068 Thailand *84 1220 1221 *1222 *1223 Bonin Islands 1304 Hokkaido 2007 *2954 *3059 3363 3921 United States Brazil *218 1289 2539 4009 Katsunuma 2011 California *228 1299 2373 Cameroon *1931 Mainland 2939 Colorado 2352 Canary Islands *2388 Nagasaki 73 2115 Florida 804 Chile *219 *2354 *2355 *3599 *3602 *3603 Ogasawara 2905 2926 Hawaii 227 261 *354 355 415 418 700 871 Canada 3922 Sapporo 2008 1883 *2403 2404 *2405 2409 2410 2490 China 773 Southern 1857 3964 3005 3863 3864 3865 Circum-Indian Ocean *1908 Tsushima Islands 3966 ADH regulation 1543 Colombia 771 772 *1521 Yamanashi-ken *2014 age & origin of D. 2289 Crete 2198 Korea 301 302 1418 2106 chr evolution mechanisms 4137 Czechoslovakia 1137 Mexico 1253 *1402 2552 *2619 *2821 3206 clone satellite DNAs 3357 European *1048 *1138 *3266 3273 courtship 1801 species catalog 3684 Nearctic 4074 Drosophilidae 3386 West *j533 Neotropical 4010 genetic variation *1826 France 528 2483 3685 New Guinea 264 821 3501 3502 3503 homosequential species 2113 Germany 1677 New Zealand 2323 3531 incipient species 1394 Great Britain *284 1725 2439 island ecosystems 3409 October 1983 Bibliography DIS 59 - 255

Kamuela *2472 sex, beh 3658 North Carolina 1145 1146 Kilauea Forest *2507 selection *3861 lek species 765 1981 species isolation 2017 Texas 410 1228 2885 mouth parts 2832 unique DNA 2923 & picture-winged D. 2159 2887 water balance *2591 *2592 Utah *2239 *4004 project history 1802 Nebraska *3331 18/28S rDNA 3908 Wisconsin 1881 New Jersey 670 USSR 2623 3517 *3838 Venezuela *130

Amiota 1138 3266 PART III. SYSTEMATIC INDEX Chymomyza 90 9.1 92 93 94 95 2615 2616 3501 Drosophila mit, DNA 2588 mulleri 2006 2295 2297 adiastola 50 NADH dehydrogenase 742 nasuta 1036 1038 1039 1222 1631 1632 affinis 280 530 1694 2165 RNA & DNA 4189 1995 3625 subgroup 1587 2657 mRNA & male fertility 3448 crowding, temp, & dev rate 1329 ggpmbensis 1528 N 4016 disproportionate replication 3148 albomicans 324 709 710 1224 2859 neoplastic discs 3875 group 3621 3626 alboraljs 3069 nucleolus 3133 & Hoechst 33258 3152 albostniata 181 organizers 3136 salivary gland chr replication 3702 albostrigata 3313 rDNA 2753 2755 subgroup 1550 2217 aldrichi 2246 2247 number rRNA genes 3135 nasutaa 1bomicans 1551 ananassae 560 837 3309 3310 protein, phosphorylation 1553 nasuta nasuta 1551 ADH isozymes 851 853 & PUffs 119 2347 nasutoides 3179 3180 chr plm 1926 rare centnioles 3644 neohydei hybrid with 3j 1673 & competition 122 4026 rDNA 2671 2672 2673 nigrospiracuja 533 external genitalia 3618 cloned 3647 novomexicana 3004 male, co & y 1305 disproportionate replication 2801 obscura 20 414 recombination 1225 1226 1908 3963 2802 orena. 1931 mutators & suppressors 757 2884 & intervening sequence 3646 3648 pachea 445 2969 phototaxis 1193 ribosomal insertion 3132 pallidosa 559 560 species complex 1004 RNP binding HN RNA 4158 paulistorum 564 635 2772 3852 II hybrid breakdown 3825 satellite DNAs isolated 3645 persimilis 1373 1505 3686 sex chr het 2326 amylase & mv 3466 3467 andamanesis 1748 spermatocyte 1088 2754 3708 maze running 3207 arizonensis 2143 2294 2297 3578 4171 4172 cysts in vitro 3217 3218 III mv 3468 isolated from mojavensis 3291 nuclear, protein 3083 phalerata 3141 3426 athabasca 280 861 862 3331 RNP 3087 primaeva 3865 auraria 1924 2851 2954 spermatogenesis, RNA, & translation pseudoobscura, acid phosphatase 1372 bristles 698 3168 Amylase 2101 2102 complex 3489 spiroplasmas 1414 amylase 1371 1522 1523 1524 esterase 1067 1923 sterility gene 934 & mv 3466 diapause 961 1268 subgroup 1674 Bogot 1521 geography & adult diapause 3362 sympatric with mercatorum 1885 clan lethals & allelism 228 reproductive diapause 3071 testis cysts dev 856 competing with willistoni 2298 sexual isolation 1068 transcription 618 competitor diversity & chr variation biauraria 698 2954 t & gene recombination 3032 3936 bipectinata 730 1437 1917 3817 tubulin synthesis 3169 Death Valley 2373 species complex 1909 1910 tyrosine aminotransferase 2263 2264 dispersal beh 428 brncici 3567 unstable, bb magnification2258 dosage compensation 1482 1483 busckii 288 1613 1614 1615 2352 3819 chr transmission 2675 2678 eclosion rhythm 2435 buzzatii 535 536 673 1321 1637 wing compartment 4015 electrophoretic alleles 1751 Adh 2660 Y 114 2872 2874 2875 esterase-5 118 508 1132 3178 allozymes & quantitative variation 2816 loop inhibition 2846 female, matings & sperm use 3610 evolution history 2659 repetitive sequences 1090 reproductive strategies 3609 temp tolerance 4065 ring 117 frequency-dependent, mating 534 & yeasts 2246 2247 imeretensis 67 3113 selection 1773 1918 immigrans 2209 3024 3815 fitness cardini 1339 & mutants 1772 mv 3511 coracina 182 185 1446 gamma- and K-selection 3937 pop sexual isolation 2600 2601 crucigera 3982 heat shock puff 1482 1483 spermatogenesis 3139 inbreeding enEyochracea 1826 & mating pattern 1525 jambulina 3623 3816 ezoana 2814 i, & emb 1 372 kambysellisi 2592 falleni 836 plm 2864 flavopilosa 218 kikkawai 83 84 122 1633 2231 2233 3618 longevity & male mating success 3938 lacertosa 2925 funebris 4037 maze running 3207 limbata 803 gangotrii 3423 MDH-2 allozymes 1774 littoralis 1026 1395 3257 3258 3259 Mexican 1402 2619 2821 3206 gibberosa 1157 1609 lummei 902 gnimshawi molecular plm 2978 766 2403 malerkotliana 1437 hawaiiensis 2407 neutral & balanced evolution 2191 martensis 2006 heteroneuxa 2018 2490 3866 once or multiple mated females 4003 mauritiana 514 1870 2631 hydei overcompensation 3974 band 1148C 207 melanogaster 3149 brain cell culture 3874 overwintening in laboratory 1941 mercatorum 605 606 1882 1884 1885 2472 pop photoresponse 3686 cell lines 3855 Courtship sounds 807 2929 2930 2931 chr region mapped 2955 pre-specific esterase 1412 mercatorum peggp1eta 1461 1462 dot chr 3089 salivaries 229 mettleri 533 selection, amylase 44 esterase & LAP genes 933 & mimica 454 455 898 1825 2591 2592 genome 2278 in nat pops 43 miranda 1373 3466 heat shock loci 1785 sex ratio 2519 mojavensis 1951 2143 2656 3297 4171 hemolymph proteins 3873 sequential mating 1736 4172 4173 4174 sex, ratio 89 118 370 371 2260 heteroplastic disc transplantation 3877 carbohydrases 1980 hybrid with neohydei 1673 plm 1502 1503 2520 desert adapted 870 juvenile hormone 971 972 973 & temp 721 & lv spermatogenesis 3707 double-stranded RNA 26 Utah 4004 isolated from anizonensis 3291 male meiosis 2673 2674 w 2542 montana 1584 1941 2238 4064 mass isolation of salivaries 204 XDH plm 2041 4083 montium 2230 3424 3494 111 mv 1373 3468 3469 256 - DIS 59 Bibliography October 1983 raasekari 1529 1747 nat pop, genetic variation 1798 28S rDNA 3617 rubra 323 habitat 2210 sal, chr incorporates radioactive sexvittata 3069 Nem 413 compounds 3583 silvarentis 3982 pop, effective size 2262 gland duff 3280 silvestris 10 263 265 354 2018 2405 2406 F value 4034 elements 2393 2490 3861 3866 genetics 1121 1122 satellite DNA 1324 2319 2699 rain forest 2507 1 allelism 32 51 3077 simulang, Adh 2981 2982 salivary gland ultrasonicatec 1932 somatic chr banding 2812 check with selection 2700 sperm displacem ent 3253 species group 404 chr, aberration 817 818 USSR 3838 spermatocyte DNA 2259 plm 827 West European 1533 spermatogonia divisions 1387 CO2 effect 1143 viability in nat po ps 3561 willistoni 772 1593 1954 2298 competing interspecifically 122 827 3400 subsilvestris 1487 s&Jmmi 2761 courtship, sequences 4103 sulfurigaster 1223 3622 3926 Drosophilella 1398 3499 song 932 3029 3030 suzukii 561 562 269 2 Drosophilidae 79 80 81 82 264 2532 2963 dipeptidases 3493 takahashii 1530 258 3 Africa 1029 dosage compensation 3150 teissieri 3145 Afrotropical 3993 environmental ethanol 1444 1449 3537 transversa 3141 3 426 apterous & reduced wing 1428 enzyme plm 3983 trivittata 3069 Australia *2322 2323 esterase-6 plm 2539 2540 tumiditarsus 1753 3826 bizarre 2200 fecundity & competition selection 12 uniseta 130 Brazil 4009 female effect on male sex beh 4101 virilis, allozyme 2912 Canada 3922 food preference 929 930 Adh 2981 2982 collection 2226 geographic pops mate 3659 almozymes 1340 1341 1342 134 3 Czechoslovakia 1137 heat shock loci 1240 1344 & flowers 3503 3504 3966 hexokinase-C 1393 amylase 2146 France 3685 hybrid dysgenesis 3552 regulation 1 880 3941 3942 fungus feeder 3517 inbreeding & viability 3115 chromatin subun it 2952 Q21l 3154 interspecies hybrid 1870 1890 courtship & mat ing 3004 Hawaii 700 2404 3386 mv 827 cryptic satellite 1323 India 450 451 452 675 677 1749 2584 & isopropanol 3851 DNA replication 3887 3888 388 9 3820 3821 Japan 2012 2014 ecdysone 1001 Italy 1364 Lhr 1869 2009 2010 3925 4062 emb A-T-rich D NA 2607 Japan 1367 2008 2277 3921 linkage disequilibrium 284 3984 esterase, & high temp 3634 36 35 Meghalaya 679 Iv feeding & viability 1390 mu 1935 193 6 3998 nat pops 895 male mating discrimination 4100 3999 Neotropical 4010 maternal inheritance 339 glucosamine me tabolism 2617 Pacific Oceania 2853 mating, & ether 2040 G3PD 3443 Palearctic 2227 preference 932 3030 group 2238 271 6 Portugal 1492 3676 3677 3678 3680 mit DNA 514 2631 Q-bands 175 4 3681 3682 3683 nat pop variability 1391 hatching esteras e 1568 summer & winter 3964 3965 photo -preference931 heat shock prote in 3829 taxonomy 4073 preferred pupation site 3283 histones 168 yeasts 1484 pupation height 956 hybrid, longevity 1388 1389 Hirtodrosophila 78 quantitative characters 4060 & sex ratio 3 371 3372 Hypselothyrea 3500 rDNA localization 1675 3754 interphase het 2 813 Lordiphosa 1048 resource utilization 1150 juvenile hormone esterase 156 9 Megaselia 500 518 1930 sex comb 3491 Iv salivary glan d 1173 1174 Mycodrosophila 2322 temp resistance & humidity 1443 longevity 3490 Scaptodrosophila 3504 trehalase 98 mit, DNA 3333 Scaptomyza 251 vs melanogaster females 1898 replication origin cloned 1843 Sophophora 467 3990 3992 wing vibration selection 4102 modifiers of esterases 3111 Tambourella 3500 yolk protein-2 1513 ozone & mu 26 18 Zaprionus 135 923 2245 2563 3777 ifi allozyme loci 1392 phosphoglucomu tase 632 sordidula 2925 polytene DNA sequences 331 sturtevanti 3919 puffing, factors 1507 1508 allozyme plm 1487 1490 subobsc ura in vitro 3580 3581 3582 breeding sites 1117 Chile 219 2354 2355 3599 3602 3603 chr, 0 3571 variation patterns 2638 dines & allozyme plm 3568 dispersal 1119 effective pop size 1487 enzyme plm 2388 grandchildless 1165 heat-sensitive plm 1933 heterokaryosis & beterozygosity 3249 hidden heat-sensitive plm 3995 mv pim 3123 isozymes 1120 Israel 1175 1176 1177 light & mating 1489 linkage disequilibrium 1118 1122 3250 3252 locus of cloned DNA 1694 lv ultrasonicated 3994 male, recombination lack 1796 sterility & Qpdh 1488 marginal & central pops 1794 mating, in light & dark 3570 selection in dark 2185 Mdhplm 3569 modifier variability 2170 multiple insemination 3253