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Transmission Constraints and Congestion in the Western and Eastern Interconnections, 2009-2012

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Transmission Constraints and Congestion in the Western and Eastern Interconnections, 2009-2012 Transmission Constraints and Congestion in the Western and Eastern Interconnections, 2009-2012 United States Department of Energy Washington, DC 20585 January 2014 U.S. Department of Energy | January 2014 Note to Reader This document provides a summary of publicly available information regarding transmission constraints and congestion from 2009-2012. This is not the Department’s third National Electric Transmission Congestion Study, which will be released separately. Providing relevant transmission data available to the public in a timely manner will aid the development of worthwhile public and private analyses on a range of electricity topics. The Department intends to release a stand-alone transmission data document annually, rather than combining it with the triennial congestion studies. Transmission Constraints and Congestion, 2009-2012| Page ii U.S. Department of Energy | January 2014 Acronyms and Abbreviations AEP American Electric Power INDN City of Independence Power and Light Department BA Balancing authority IOU Investor-owned Utility BC British Columbia ISO Independent System Operator BEPM Basin Electric Power Cooperative ISO-NE Independent System Operator – BPA Bonneville Power Administration New England CAISO California Independent System JOA Joint Operating Agreement Operator LADWP Los Angeles Department of Water CEC California Energy Commission and Power CME Constraint Management Event LCA Load capacity area COI California-Oregon Intertie LMP Locational marginal price ComEd Commonwealth Edison LTRA Long-Term Reliability Assessment CPUC California Public Utilities M2M Market-to-market Commission MATS EPA’s Mercury and Air Toxics DIR MISO’s dispatchable intermittent Standards resources MISO Midcontinent Independent System DLCO Duquesne Light Company Operator DOE U.S. Department of Energy MRTU Market Redesign and Technology DSIRE Database of State Incentives for Update Renewables & Efficiency MTEP Midwest Transmission Expansion EIA Energy Information Administration Plan EISPC Eastern Interconnection States MVP Multi-value projects Planning Council MW Megawatt (1 million or 106 watts) EPA Environmental Protection Agency MWh Megawatt-hour (1 million or 106 ERCOT Electric Reliability Council of Texas watt-hours) FERC Federal Energy Regulatory NARUC National Association of Regulatory Commission Utility Commissioners FRCC Florida Reliability Coordinating NDEX North Dakota Export Limit Council NERC North American Electric Reliability 9 GW Gigawatt (1 billion or 10 watts) Corporation 9 GWh Gigawatt-hour (1 billion or 10 NP-15 North of Path 15 watt-hours) NYCA New York Control Area ICTE SPP’s Independent Coordinator of Transmission Transmission Constraints and Congestion, 2009-2012| Page iii U.S. Department of Energy | January 2014 NYISO New York Independent System The U.S. Department of Energy Operator Department OASIS Open Access Same-time TLR Transmission Loading Relief Information System TrAIL Trans-Allegheny Interstate Line OTC Once-through cooling TVA Tennessee Valley Authority PDCI Pacific DC Intertie U75 The percentage of time utilization PG&E Pacific Gas & Electric was in excess of 75% of rated capability PJM Pennsylvania New Jersey Maryland Regional Transmission U90 The percentage of time utilization Organization was in excess of 90% of rated capability REZ Renewable Energy Zone UFM Unscheduled Flow Mitigation RGOS MISO’s Renewable Generation Outlet Study UMTDI Upper Midwest Transmission Development Initiative RPS Renewable Portfolio Standard VACAR The Virginia-Carolinas NERC sub- RTO Regional Transmission Operator region SCE Southern California Edison VACS VACAR South SDG&E San Diego Gas & Electric WECC Western Electricity Coordinating SEMA Southeast Massachusetts Council SERC Southeast Reliability Corporation WGA Western Governors’ Association SOCO Southern Company WREZ Western Renewable Energy Zone SONGS San Onofre Nuclear Generating WUMS Wisconsin and Upper Michigan Station System SPP Southwest Power Pool TEPPC WECC’s Transmission Expansion Planning and Policy Committee Transmission Constraints and Congestion, 2009-2012| Page iv Transmission Constraints and Congestion in the Western and Eastern Interconnections 2009-2012 Table of Contents Note to Reader ...................................................................................................................... ii Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................ iii 1. Introduction and Overview ................................................................................................ 1 2. Transmission Constraints and Congestion: Concepts, Measurement, and Sources of Publicly Available Data ................................................................................................................... 3 2.1. Transmission constraint and congestion concepts ...................................................................3 2.2. Measuring transmission constraints and congestion ...............................................................4 2.2.1. Congestion management procedures ...........................................................................4 2.2.2. Resource-driven transmission constraints ....................................................................9 2.2.3. Transmission system utilization ................................................................................. 10 3. Congestion Management Procedures .............................................................................. 12 3.1. Administrative congestion management procedures ............................................................ 12 3.1.1. Unscheduled flow mitigation procedures ................................................................... 12 3.1.2. Transmission loading relief procedures ...................................................................... 13 3.2. Operationally limiting constraints......................................................................................... 19 3.2.1. West ......................................................................................................................... 19 3.2.2. Midwest .................................................................................................................... 23 3.2.3. Northeast .................................................................................................................. 29 3.2.4. Southeast .................................................................................................................. 38 3.3. Economic congestion costs ................................................................................................... 38 3.3.1. CAISO ........................................................................................................................ 39 3.3.2. MISO ......................................................................................................................... 41 3.3.3. PJM ........................................................................................................................... 46 3.3.4. NYISO ....................................................................................................................... 50 3.3.5. ISO-NE ...................................................................................................................... 56 3.4. Wholesale electricity price differentials ................................................................................ 57 3.4.1. West ......................................................................................................................... 57 3.4.2. Eastern Interconnection ............................................................................................ 65 3.4.3. Midwest .................................................................................................................... 70 3.4.4. Northeast .................................................................................................................. 75 3.4.5. Southeast .................................................................................................................. 80 Transmission Constraints and Congestion, 2009-2012| Page v U.S. Department of Energy | January 2014 4. Resource-Driven Transmission Constraints ...................................................................... 81 4.1. Local reliability .................................................................................................................... 81 4.1.1. West ......................................................................................................................... 81 4.1.2. Midwest .................................................................................................................... 83 4.1.3. Southeast .................................................................................................................. 84 4.2. Interconnection queues ....................................................................................................... 85 4.2.1. West ......................................................................................................................... 85 4.2.2. Midwest .................................................................................................................... 87 4.2.3. Northeast .................................................................................................................. 89 4.2.4. Southeast .................................................................................................................
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