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Download Thesis As S T A N D A R D F R O N T P A G E F O R E X A M I N A T I O N P A P E R S To be filled in by the student(s). Please use capital letters. Subjects: (tick box) Project Synopsis Portfolio Thesis X Written Assignment Study programme: MASTER PROGRAMME TOURISM (CPH) / GLOBAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT Semester: 10th SEMESTER Exam Title: MASTER THESIS Name, Study number, Date of Name(s) Study number Date of birth birth ANNA BURDENSKI 20161761 15/06/93 Hand in date: 31st MAY 2018 Project title /Synopsis An Emerging Arctic Destination in the Worldmaking - The Journey Title/Thesis Title of a Tour Guide in Greenland According to the study 192.000 KEYSTROKES regulations, the maximum number of keystrokes of the paper is: Number of keystrokes (one 188.076 KEYSTROKES standard page = 2.400 keystrokes, including spaces) (table of contents, bibliography and appendix do not count)* Supervisor DIANNE DREDGE (project/synopsis/thesis): I/we hereby declare that the work submitted is my/our own work. I/we understand that plagiarism is defined as presenting someone else's work as one's own without crediting the original source. I/we are aware that plagiarism is a serious offense, and that anyone committing it is liable to academic sanctions. Rules regarding Disciplinary Measures towards Students at Aalborg University: http://www.plagiarism.aau.dk/Rules+and+Regulations/ Date and signature(s): 28 May 2018 *Please note that you are not allowed to hand in the paper if it exceeds the maximum number of keystrokes indicated in the study regulations. Handing in the paper means using an exam attempt. Tourism Master Thesis with a Specialisation in Global Tourism Development An Emerging Arctic Destination in the Worldmaking The Journey of a Tour Guide in Greenland By Anna Burdenski Supervisor / Dianne Dredge MAY 2018 ABSTRACT A unique relationship between nature & culture is present in Greenland. Fascinated by exploring the, for me, ‘unknown’, I soon realised that this binary connects to much more. Exploring the correlation between nature & culture, even what it means for the socio-cultural framework of tourism in Greenland, became my passion. I found a reconnection with nature & viewing nature from a different perspective. I grasped, that local experience should much more focus on perceiving this nature-culture alliance, to absorb the fascination about living in such extreme conditions at the top of the world, but, more importantly, to reconnect with nature in the age of the Anthropocene. Analysing the role of tour guides in the creation of the culture-nature relationship, adds value to the worldmaking of tourism & how we should be critically evaluating active tourism discourse in the sense of knowledge acquiring & creation of understanding with an open mind. KEY WORDS Tour Guides / Roles /Sustainable Development / Adventure Tourism / Place Attachment / Sense of Place / Indigenous Entrepreneurship / Social Entrepreneurship / Worldmaking / Anthropocene /Knowledge i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am profoundly grateful to my supervisor, Dianne Dredge, for the encouragement, constructive feedback, valuable insights & support throughout the thesis. Heartfelt thanks goes to the co-participants of my research, for the meaningful wisdom & for teaching me about the appreciation of nature, which is at the heart of your ambitions for the future Greenland. ii TABLE OF CONTENT Abstract i Acknowledgments ii List of Figures vi List of Tables vii List of Abbreviations viii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Setting the Scene 2 1.1.1. Tourism & Tour Guiding Education in Greenland 4 1.2. Problem Statement 4 1.2.1. Research Question 5 1.2.2. Aims 5 1.3. Structure of my Master Thesis 6 2. METHODOLOGY 6 2.1. My Tenets as a Researcher 7 2.2. Exploratory Research Design 8 2.3. Literature Review 9 2.4. Social Constructivism & the Qualitative Approach 10 2.4.1. Transparency 13 2.5. The Case Study of Greenland 14 2.6. Empirical Data Collection 16 2.6.1. Participants 17 2.6.1.1. Ethical Considerations 17 2.6.2. Interviews 19 2.6.2.1. Individual Interviews 20 2.6.2.2. Focus Group Interviews 20 2.7. Triangulation of Sources - Alternative Materials & Processes 22 2.7.1. Coding & Theming 22 2.8. Limitations 23 3. THEORY 24 3.1. Greenlandic Tourism in the Arctic Peripheries 25 3.2. Social Sustainability - Linking Culture & Environment 26 3.3. The Adventure Tourism Segment 28 3.3.1. The Nature-Culture Binary in the Adventure Segment 29 iii 3.3.2. The Transformative Travel of the Human Being 30 3.4. The Guided Journey of the Tourism Experience 31 3.4.1. The Evolution of Tour Guiding Roles 32 3.4.2. The Essential Role of Tour Guides in Sustaining Tourism within Greenland 34 3.4.3. Tour Guides within the Quality Tourism Experience 34 3.5. The Dominance of Nature in Greenland 36 3.5.1. Social Construction of a Sense of Place 37 3.5.2. Place Attachment 37 3.5.3. The Relationship between Place, Belonging & Community in Polar Regions 38 3.5.4. The Effect of Place Attachment on Tourism Entrepreneurship 39 3.6. Entrepreneurship in Greenland 40 3.6.1. Entrepreneurship in Indigenous Communities 41 3.6.2. Tourism Social Entrepreneurship in Greenland 42 4. ANALYSIS 43 4.1. The Evolution of Tour Guiding Roles 44 4.2. The Guided Journey of the Tourism Experience 48 4.3. The Transformative Travel of the Human Being 49 4.4. Tour Guides within the Quality Tourism Experience 50 4.5. Tour Guides in the Adventure Tourism Segment 51 4.6. The Nature-Culture-Binary in the Adventure Segment 53 4.7. Storytelling 54 4.8. Social Construction of a Sense of Place 55 4.9. Place Attachment 56 4.10. The Relationship between Place, Belonging & Community in Greenland 57 4.11. Job Opportunity vs Career Path of Greenlandic Tour Guides 59 4.12. Entrepreneurship in Indigenous Communities 62 4.13. The Effect of Place Attachment on Tourism Entrepreneurship 64 4.14. Tourism Social Entrepreneurship in Greenland 65 4.15. Entrepreneurship in Greenland 66 4.16. The Dominance of Nature in Greenland 68 5. CONCLUDING THOUGHTS 70 5.1. What is the Practical Role of Tour Guides in the Tourism Business? 70 5.2. What is the Tour Guide‘s Role in Exploring the Culture-Nature Relationship in Greenland? 72 5.3. Discussion 73 6. REFERENCE LIST 75 iv 7. APPENDICES 101 Appendix 1 / Place Identity & Self-Efficacy 101 Appendix 2 / Sustainable Tourism in the 21st Century 102 Appendix 3 / Table on Tour Guide Roles 103 Appendix 4 / Tour Guide Role Mind Map 105 Version 1 105 Version 2 106 Appendix 5 / Individual Interview Guideline – Students & Graduates 107 Appendix 6 / Focus Group Interview Guideline 108 Appendix 7 / Individual Interview Guideline - Programme Coordinator GU 109 Appendix 8 / Individual Interview Guideline - Sermersooq Business Council 111 Appendix 9 / Individual Interview Guideline - Tour Operator 112 Appendix 10 / Interview Arne & Gert / 22 February 2018 113 Appendix 11 / Interview Colin / 23 February 2018 120 Appendix 12 / Interview Rie / 23 February 2018 124 Appendix 13 / Focus Group Interview / 22 & 23 February 2018 130 Student 1 130 Student 2 131 Student 3 132 Student 4 133 Student 5 134 Student 6 135 Student 7 136 Student 8 137 Student 9 138 Appendix 14 / Interview Stine / 01 March 2018 139 Appendix 15 / Interview Albert / 13 March 2018 150 Appendix 16 / Results from Sermersooq Tourism Workshop 152 Picture 1 152 Picture 2 152 Appendix 17 / Notes Informal Meeting with Destination South Greenland 153 Appendix 18 / Notes from Conversation with Tour Operators 155 Appendix 19 / Personal Notes 156 Appendix 20 / Descriptive Role of a Tour Guide 157 Appendix 21 / Coding & Theming Mind Map 159 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 | Geographical Map of Greenland 2 Figure 2 | Tourism Landscape 3 Figure 3 | Tour Guides within Destination Development 25 Figure 4 | Schematic Portrayal of Sustainable Development & the Relationships between 27 Society & Nature by Littig & Griessler 2005 Figure 5 | Historical Evolution of Tour Guide Role in Tourism Research 33 Figure 6 | Role of Place in my Tourism Landscape 35 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1 | Master Thesis Participants 18/19 Table 2 | Definitions & Distinctions within the Power of Place 39 Table 3 | Tour Guide Role Ranking from Participants 44 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ATTA Adventure Travel Trade Association FEG European Federation of Tourist Guide Associations GU Campus Kujalleq Qaqortoq GMP Greenland Mapping Project GMoF Greenland Ministry of Finance VG Visit Greenland VNTM VestNorden Travel Mart WFTGA World Federation of Tourist Guide Associations UNWTO United Nations World Travel Organisation viii 1. INTRODUCTION ‘Kalaalliit Nunaat’ - the land of the people, a society living in settlements on the edge. Greenland being the biggest island of which most part is covered in permanent ice, leaving only small, remote & wide-spread areas along the coast, where society has established their life. A life centred on nature & natural resources, whose rhythm & extreme conditions make the Greenlandic people the ‘Pioneering Nation’ of living as part of nature in an unique environment surrounded by raw nature. The negative impacts connected to &, partially not solely, caused by tourism are shaping & modifying this environment, making Greenland a place, where climate change consequences can already be experienced by the people (Bjørst & Ren, 2015). Internal to this problematic struggle is the hostile & fragile environment Greenland consists of (Gad, Jacobsen, Graugaard & Strandsbjerg, 2016; Müller, 2015). In reverse, those conditions & circumstances have increased interest in this particular Arctic region, not only from a tourism perspective. As soon as Arctic nature becomes the object within tourism consumption, those cultures & livelihood tend to be romanticized by the visitor (de la Barre, 2013). Over the course of time, through commodification & exploitation of nature & culture at the place of tourism interaction, a ‘contact zone’ of unequal relationships of power has evolved (Pratt, 1991).
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