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Pollinators, Pollination and Food Production of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

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Pollinators, Pollination and Food Production of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services The assessment report on POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION OF THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL SCIENCE-POLICY PLATFORM ON BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Edited by: Simon G. Potts Assessment Co-Chair, University of Reading, United Kingdom Vera Imperatriz-Fonseca Assessment Co-Chair, Sao Paulo University, Brazil Hien T. Ngo Head of Technical Support Unit, IPBES Secretariat, Bonn, Germany THE ASSESSMENT REPORT ON POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS page IV page 27 FOREWORD Chapter 2 - Drivers of change of pollinators, pollination networks page VI and pollination STATEMENTS FROM KEY PARTNERS page 151 Chapter 3 - The status and trends page VIII in pollinators and pollination ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS page 205 III page IX III Chapter 4 - Economic valuation of PREFACE pollinator gains and losses page XVI page 275 SUMMARY FOR Chapter 5 - Biocultural diversity, POLICYMAKERS pollinators and their socio- • Key messages cultural values OF CONTENTS TABLE • Background to pollinators, pollination and food production page 361 • Appendix Chapter 6 - Responses to risks and opportunities associated with page 1 pollinators and pollination Chapter 1 - Background to pollinators, pollination and food production page 479 ANNEXES Annex I - Glossary Annex II - Acronyms Annex III - List of authors and review editors Annex IV - List of expert reviewers THE ASSESSMENT REPORT ON POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION CHAPTER 6 RESPONSES TO RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES ASSOCIATED WITH POLLINATORS AND POLLINATION 361 Coordinating Lead Authors: Contributing Authors: Lynn Dicks (UK), Blandina Felipe Viana (Brazil) Heidi Ballard (USA), Mary Gardiner (USA), Maria Martinez-Harms (Chile), Christian Maus (Germany), Carmen Pires (Brazil) Lead Authors: 6Maria del Coro Arizmendi (Mexico), Riccardo Review Editors: Bommarco (Sweden), Berry Brosi (USA), Saul Cunningham (Australia), Leonardo Galetto Kaja Peterson (Estonia), Kamaljit Bawa (India), (Argentina), Ariadna Lopes (Brazil), Hisatomo Nigel Raine (Canada) Taki (Japan) THE ASSESSMENT REPORT ON POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................... 365 6.1 INTRODUCTION AND OUTLINE .............................................368 6.2 SUMMARY OF RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES ASSOCIATED WITH POLLINATORS AND POLLINATION ..........................................369 6.2.1 An overview of direct risks associated with pollinator decline . 371 6.2.1.1 Linking risks to drivers .............................................371 6.2.1.2 Other perspectives on risk .........................................371 6.2.2 Opportunities to benefit pollinators and improve pollination ...................... 371 6.3 TYPOLOGY OF RESPONSES ................................................ 374 6.3.1 Combining and integrating responses .......................................... 375 6.4 OPTIONS TO RESTORE AND STRENGTHEN POLLINATION .................... 375 6.4.1 Agricultural, agro-forestry and horticultural practices ............................ 375 6.4.1.1 Technical responses ..............................................375 6.4.1.1.1 Conserve or sow field margins within or around crops . 375 6.4.1.1.2 Provide nesting resources .................................. 376 6.4.1.1.3 Sow mass-flowering crops and manage the timing of blooming . 376 362 6.4.1.1.4 Organic farming ........................................ 376 No-till farming 377 6.4.1.1.5 .......................................... 6.4.1.1.6 Change irrigation frequency or type ........................ 377 6.4.1.1.7 Change management of productive grasslands . 377 6.4.1.1.8 Diversify farming systems ................................ 377 6.4.1.1.9 Make crops more attractive to pollinators, to enhance pollination ...................................... 378 6.4.1.1.10 Monitor and evaluate pollinators and pollination on farms . 378 6.4.1.1.11 Reduce dependence on pollinators .......................... 378 6.4.1.1.12 Adapt farming methods to climate change . 379 6.4.1.2 Legal responses ..................................................379 6.4.1.3 Economic responses ..............................................379 6.4.1.4 Social and behavioural responses ...................................380 Knowledge responses .............................................381 6.4.1.5 WITH POLLINATORS AND POLLINATION WITH POLLINATORS 6.4.2 Pesticides, pollutants and genetically modified organisms ....................... 381 6.4.2.1 Technical responses ..............................................381 6.4.2.1.1 Risk assessment techniques ................................ 381 6.4.2.1.2 Risk mitigation technology .................................. 383 6.4.2.1.3 Best management practices ................................ 384 Reduce pesticide use (includes Integrated Pest Management) 385 6.4.2.1.4 . RESPONSES TO RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES ASSOCIATED RESPONSES TO RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES 6. 6.4.2.2 Legal responses ..................................................385 6.4.2.2.1 Registration ................................................ 385 6.4.2.2.2 Labelling .................................................. 385 6.4.2.2.3 Compulsory training and education .......................... 385 6.4.2.2.4 Bans and moratoriums ..................................... 386 6.4.2.2.5 Options to strengthen pesticide regulation globally . 386 6.4.2.2.6 Global Code of Conduct .................................... 386 6.4.2.2.7 National risk reduction programmes ......................... 387 6.4.2.2.8 Promoting pollinator-friendly farming and forestry practices . 387 6.4.2.3 Economic responses ..............................................387 6.4.2.4 Knowledge responses .............................................387 6.4.2.4.1 Monitoring and evaluations ...............................387 6.4.2.4.2 Education ..............................................388 6.4.2.4.3 Research ..............................................388 THE ASSESSMENT REPORT ON POLLINATORS, POLLINATION AND FOOD PRODUCTION 6.4.2.5 Heavy metals and other pollutants ..................................388 6.4.2.6 Genetically modified organisms .....................................388 6.4.2.6.1 Legal responses ........................................388 6.4.2.6.2 Knowledge responses ...................................390 6.4.3 Nature conservation ......................................................390 6.4.3.1 Technical responses ..............................................390 6.4.3.1.1 Habitat management ....................................390 6.4.3.1.2 Landscape planning and connectivity ......................391 6.4.3.1.3 Non-timber forest products ...............................391 6.4.3.1.4 Invasive species .........................................392 6.4.3.1.5 Species-focused conservation actions .....................392 6.4.3.2 Legal responses ..................................................393 6.4.3.2.1 Species listing and trade regulation ........................393 6.4.3.2.2 Protected areas and other area-based conservation measures ...394 6.4.3.3 Economic responses ..............................................394 6.4.3.4 Social and behavioural responses ...................................395 6.4.3.5 Knowledge responses .............................................396 6.4.4 Pollinator management and beekeeping .....................................396 6.4.4.1 Technical responses ..............................................397 6.4.4.1.1 Improve husbandry of managed pollinators .................397 6.4.4.1.1.1 General management .........................397 363 6.4.4.1.1.2 Manage pathogen and parasite threats ..........398 6.4.4.1.1.3 Genetic management .........................402 6.4.4.1.1.4 Reduce pesticide threats ......................403 6.4.4.1.1.5 Manage symbionts and commensals. ..403 6.4.4.1.2 Improve pollination efficacy of managed pollinators (crop-focused) ............................................. 404 6.4.4.1.3 Develop alternative managed pollinators ....................404 6.4.4.1.4 Provide resources for managed pollinators (food/nesting) .....404 6.4.4.1.5 Boost native pollinators by translocation ....................404 6.4.4.2 Legal responses ..................................................405 6.4.4.3 Economic responses ..............................................405 6.4.4.4 Social and behavioural responses ...................................406 6.4.4.5 Knowledge responses .............................................406 6.4.5 Urban and transport infrastructure ............................................. 406 AND POLLINATION WITH POLLINATORS 6.4.5.1 Technical responses ..............................................406 6.4.5.1.1 Conserving pollinators’ habitat ............................406 6.4.5.1.2 Urban landscapes .......................................409 Urban green spaces .....................................409 6.4.5.1.3 Retain unmanaged urban land ............................410 6.4.5.1.4 RESPONSES TO RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES ASSOCIATED RESPONSES TO RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES Adding artificial nests and food ............................410 6.4.5.1.5 6. 6.4.5.1.6 Management of right-of-way infrastructure ..................410 6.4.5.2 Legal responses ..................................................411 6.4.5.3 Economic responses ..............................................411 6.4.5.4 Social and behavioural responses ...................................411 6.4.5.4.1 Community engagement .................................411 6.4.6 Policy, research
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