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SMJ-56-567.Pdf Singapore Med J 2015; 56(10): 567-572 Original Article doi: 10.11622/smedj.2015153 Comparison of the therapeutic effects of Garcin® and fluconazole on Candida vaginitis Farzaneh Ebrahimy1, MSc, Mahrokh Dolatian1, PhD, Fariborz Moatar2, PhD, Hamid Alavi Majd3, PhD INTRODUCTION This study aimed to determine and compare the effects of garlic tablets (Garcin®) and fluconazole on Candida vaginitis in women who presented to a health centre in Koohdasht, Iran, from August 2011 to March 2012. METHODS The clinical trial was conducted on 110 married women (aged 18–44 years) who had complaints of itching or a burning sensation in the vaginal area. Candida vaginitis was diagnosed by pH measurement of vaginal secretions, direct microscopic evaluation and Sabouraud dextrose agar cultures of the vaginal discharge. On confirmation of diagnosis, the patients were randomly divided into two groups (n = 55). One group received 1,500 mg of Garcin tablets daily and the other received fluconazoletable ts 150 mg daily, over a period of seven days. Four to seven days after the completion of treatment, patients were examined for treatment response and possible side effects. RESULTS Complaints related to the disease improved by about 44% in the Garcin group and 63.5% in the fluconazole group (p < 0.05). The overall symptoms of the disease (i.e. redness of vulva and vagina, cheesy discharge, pustulopapular lesions and abnormal cervix) improved by about 60% in the Garcin group and 71.2% in the fluconazole group (p > 0.05). Results of microscopic evaluation and vaginal discharge culture showed significant differences before and after intervention in both groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The present study shows that Garcin tablets could be a suitable alternative to fluconazole for the treatment of Candida vaginitis. Keywords: Garcin, fluconazole, vaginitis INTRODUCTION on clinical history and clinical manifestation alone. Microscopic Genital tract infection is a global health problem among women, evaluation and secretion culture are necessary for diagnosis.(12,14) particularly in East Asia.(1) While Candida albicans (C. albicans) Currently, there are no reliable serology tests available for the is responsible for 90% of vaginal fungal infections (i.e. Candida diagnosis of Candida vaginitis. vaginitis), non-albicans species are the main cause of recurrence Topical azoles are most commonly used to treat Candida and chronicity.(2) C. albicans is a fungus with two varieties, vaginitis.(13) However, the prophylactic and therapeutic use of namely a yeast-like blastospore or mycelial hyphae, which exist antifungal drugs has caused increased drug resistance, resulting symbiotically in the genital tract.(3) in treatment failure. Complementary therapies, which have fewer Compared to C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. tropicalis, side effects, better tolerability and lower costs, have been shown C. albicans has the strongest binding ability.(4) Aspartyl protease to result in better patient compliance.(15) Common alternative and phosphorylase enzymes are the two main agents required for treatments include vaginal vinegar shower, povidone iodine, tissue invasion in the pathogenesis of the disease. Investigations boric acid, tea tree oil, lactobacilli recolonisation and garlic.(16) have revealed that the prevalence of Candida vaginitis varies Garlic contains 33 sulfur compounds, various enzymes and according to geographical location. Its prevalence also depends trace elements such as selenium. When garlic is cut or crushed, on hygiene practices, cultural and social factors, as well as the alliin is converted into allicin, following activation of the enzyme diagnostic methods used. The reported disease prevalence is alliinase. Once metabolised, allicin produces various compounds 12.2% in Brazil, 18.7% in Israel, 12.1% in Athens, 17.4% in such as diallyltrisulfide, diallyldisulfide, diallylsulfide, ajoene Turkey, 20.4% in India and 6.5% in China.(5-10) Cunningham et al and vinyldithiines.(17) The antibiotic activity of 1 mg of allicin is reported that C. albicans can be identified in the vaginal discharge reported to be equivalent to that of 15 units of penicillin.(18) Studies cultures of 25% of pregnant women.(11) have postulated different mechanisms for the anti-Candida effects The most prominent symptom of the disease is itching. The of garlic. These include: (a) inhibition of SIR2 gene expression in vaginal discharge of women with the condition varies from C. albicans;(3) (b) antioxidant activity of the sulfur components of watery to a thick homogeneous consistency (typically cheese- garlic;(19) (c) increase of strong antioxidants such as glutathione;(20) like). These signs usually appear a week before the menstrual (d) inhibition of Candida RNA synthesis;(20) (e) decrease in tumour cycle begins.(4,12,13) As the signs and symptoms of the disease are necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and increase in interferon gamma nonspecific, it would be impossible to diagnose the disease based (IFN-γ);(20) (f) peroxidation of plasma membrane phospholipid 1Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 2Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 3Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Paramedicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Correspondence: Dr Mahrokh Dolatian, Assistant Professor, Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, ValiAsr (aj) and Niayesh Intersection, Tehran, Iran. [email protected] 567 Original Article and disruption in the uniformity of fungal cell membrane;(21) and colleague. Microscopic evaluation of samples by the laboratory (g) inhibition of phosphatidyl choline synthesis in a lipid bilayered technician was validated through simultaneous evaluation by the fungal membrane by ajoene and induced oxidative stress response researcher. The culture results of five coded samples (obtained in C. albicans by allyl alcohol (a metabolic product of garlic).(3) from each patient) were validated by laboratory testing, while the Due to the increasing drug resistance of C. albicans to azole pH test was repeated five times to ensure validity of the results. compounds, it is important to explore the use of alternative Kappa coefficient of agreement was calculated for all cases treatments for Candida vaginitis.(22) Garlic shows good potential (minimum agreement coefficient was 0.8). as an alternative treatment, but it is crucial to ascertain effective Prior to the start of the study, informed consent was obtained and well-tolerated doses for the treatment of the disease. The from the patients. The researcher completed the complaint and present study was conducted to determine the effective dose of clinical observation checklist after reviewing the patients’ history garlic tablets (Garcin®) for the treatment of Candida vaginitis, as and demographic data. To obtain samples and make clinical well as to compare its effects with those of fluconazole. observations, the patients were positioned in the lithotomic position. Their vulva and groin were checked for redness, irritation METHODS and pustulopapular lesions. A sterile speculum was placed in A randomised clinical trial involving two groups of patients was the vagina without lubrication, and the vagina and cervix were conducted before and after treatment. Between August 2011 and observed for inflammation, redness and abnormalities. The March 2012, married women aged 18–44 years who presented to form, colour, consistency and odour of vaginal discharge were Prophet Muhammed Health Centre in Koohdasht, Iran, with the observed, and the acidity was measured and recorded. Acidity primary complaint of vulval and/or vaginal itching and burning was measured using a piece of pH paper placed on the lateral were eligible for participation in the study. Patients were included vaginal walls to avoid contact with the alkaline secretion of the if they met the following criteria: not pregnant; not breastfeeding; cervix. As a pH level of 4.0–4.5 indicates a Candida infection, not using hypoglycaemic drugs, immunosuppressive agents or patients whose vaginal discharge was outside this pH range salicylic acids; had not used antibiotics or vaginal medications for were excluded from the present study. A sample of lateral wall the past 14 days; had not participated in other studies in the past secretion from the upper vagina was collected and swiped onto four weeks; did not have multiple sexual partners; no concurrent two slides using sterile cotton swabs. A drop of 10% potassium vaginal infections; no underlying medical illness and/or mental hydroxide was added to the first slide and a drop of saline to the retardation; no sensitivity to garlic; and not having menses or second slide. The samples were observed under a microscope at a likely to have menses until seven days after treatment completion. magnification of × 40. The presence of mycelium and blastospores If the patients had to be administered antibiotics, displayed on the first slide indicated positivity for Candida infection. intolerance to any form of medication or became pregnant during A patient was excluded from the study if her vaginal discharge the course of treatment, they were excluded from the study. The was pH > 4.5 (which is likely caused by mixed infections) or if ethics committee of the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical
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