IMPROVEMENT IN PERFORMANCE OF A DOWNSTREAM BARRAGE DUE TO A NEW BALANCING RESERVOIR UPSTREAM

1KASIVISWANADH GORTHI, 2VISWESWARARAO MUKKAMALA

1Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University ; 2Mallareddy Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract- Prakasam Barrage is a tail end barrage on situated at in . Entire delta irrigation is catered by this structure. The flows of about 100 TMC from the catchment between Nagarjunasagar(NSP) a upstream reservoir and Prakasam barrage and regulated releases of 52.2 TMC are to be used for this project. A balancing reservoir at Pulichintala is constructed to utilise the intermediate yield effectively and to stabilise the irrigation under Krishna delta. This paper studies the improvement of Krishna delta system due to Pulichintala. The Integrated operation of NSP and Prakasam Barrage is done without Pulichintala considering the net inflows in to NSP after ultimate development and the demands planned under NSP and Prakasam Barrage using Mike basin and excel . The Pulichintala project is then introduced and the integrated operation of the three components are done. In both cases Standard Linear operation policy adopted. However in the 2ndscenario no releases are made to Prakasam Barrage from NSP if water is available at Pulichintala. The releases from Pulichintala in the 2ndscenario and releases from NSP in the first scenario to Prakasam Barrage are worked out considering the contributions from the respective intermediate catchments namely Pulichintala to Prakasam Barrage and NSP to Prakasam Barrage respectively. The results are compared for success and June requirements. It is found that the success rate of both NSP and Prakasam barrage have improved due to Pulichintala and the demand planned could be met at 75% reliability even in the ultimate scenario. It is observed in the ultimate scenario the demand of NSP can not be met in 14 years out of 47 years without Pulichintala and this comes to 13 years out of 47 years with Pulichintala . It is observed in the ultimate scenario the demand of Krishna delta can not be met in 13 years out of 47 years without Pulichintala and this comes to 12 years out of 47 years with Pulichintala The june requirements of Prakasam barrage could be met in 41 years out of 47 years as against 33 years without Pulichintala.

Key words- Krishna delta, Nagarjunasagar, Pulichintala, reservoir performance, reliability and success rate, Balancing reservoir.

I. INTRODUCTION Table1 : Salient features of NSP and Pulichintala

The River Krishna rises in the Mahadev range of the near Mahabaleshwar at an altitude of 1337m above sea level and flows through , and Andhra Pradesh gathering water on its way from innumerable rivers, streams or tributaries and drops into the Bay of Bengal. River Bhima and Tungabhara are major tributaries of river Krishna. Main Krishna, Bhima and Tungabhadra constitute the stems of the river Krishna. Jurala,Srisailam, Nagarjunasagar, Krishna delta are the major projects on main Krishna. A barrage known as Prakasam Barrage was constructed across river Krishna at Vijayawada at the tail end of the river. This project irrigates delta area of Krishna to ann extent of 12 lakh acres .Main crop grown is paddy. The requirement for this project was assessed as 181.2 TMC and the same was allocated by KWDT1 for this project. . Later on due to modernisation the project demand was reduced to152.2 TMC. The balance allocation of 29 TMC was proposed to be used for the projects Bhima upstream to an extent of 20 TMC and for meeting the evaporation losses in the Pulichintala reservoir newly proposed below NSP a major reservoir upstreamof prakasam Barrage to act as a balancing reservoir and to stabilise the Krishna delta irrigation. The salient features of the two reservoirs Nagarjunasagar and Pulichintala are shown in Table The demands planned under the projects NSP and 1. Krishna delta are shown in Table 2

Proceedings of Research World International Conference, Washington, D.C, USA, 22nd-23rd June, 2017 1 Improvement in Performance of A Downstream Barrage Due to A New Balancing Reservoir Upstream Table 2 Demands under NSP and Prakasam competing objectives in an efficient way.(Mike Basin studies on Australian river system , 2004, Fayyaz et.al) The studies were conducted on ORD river basin catchment in western Australia using Mike basin. The ORD catchment from Lake angels to the confluence of lower ORD and Dunham rivers has been simulated using the mike Basin water balancing model. The model incorporates daily time series of the catchment runoff -rainfall and evaporation from Jan 1906 to 2004. A detailed environmental provision for the lower ORD river water for stage 1 and 2 irrigation areas and for hydro power have been incorporated in the model. The model has recommended an operative strategy for the current

Note: All figures are in TMC, NSP- Nagarjuna sagar conditions and range of future scenarios. The study Project, HWS= Hyderabad water supply. indicated that annual streamflow D/s of Kunnuva Considering the net flows in to NSP after full diversion reduced due to increased industrial and upstream development the same are routed to meet drinking water requirement in the U/s. Stream flows the demands of NSP and Prakasam Barrage subject to have further reduced due to irrigation development reservoir constraints. The demands are Prakasam U/S. (Studies conducted by Govt. of western barrage over and above the utilisable flows from the Australia for ORD river system using Mike Basin for intermediate flows in between NSP and Prakasam the period 1906-2004, 2004 ) Barrage are to be met from NSP. Then Pulichintala is Han Binh is a lareger reservoir in Vietnam. This plays introduced and the integrated operation is conducted. a importanr role in flood control of red river delta and The results are compared. The methodology adopted hydropower generation. This paper proposed to is explained in detail in the methodology section. optimise the control strategies for this reservoir operation by a combination of simulation and II. LITERATURE REVIEW optimisation models. The control strategies are setup using Mike 11 and simulation model gides the Mike Basin model was used considering the releases from the reservoir depending on the current hydrological and hydraulic simulation models. The storage levels the hydro meteorological conditions technology can be used for both long term goals as and time of the year. A heuristic global optimisation well as short term goals. The fore casting and models have been used with shuffled complex optimisation system is established with a decision evaluation algorithm was used for optimisation. The support system for real time operation. The model is results demonstrate that an optimised regulation can demonstrated on Han-Binh river in Vietnam be found to this reservoir compared to present considering hydropower and flood control regulations. This reduces the down stream flood simulations with balanced optimisation solution peaks and maintains a high level of increasing ensured a substantial increase in hydro power hydropower generation. The results also show that production of 210 MKWH on an average per year. SCE algorithm can be used efficiently in complex Real time optimisation in normal solutions provided systems for optimisation.(Journal of hydrology, solutions that trades off between immediate and April,2007, Long Lengo, Henrik madsen et.al) future volume of hydro power generation.(The The Mike- Basin software was used for optimisation international journal on hydropower and ,2007, of reservoir operation. A frame work is developed in Vol.14 P.80-83 Henrick Maddison et.al) which a simulation model is coupled with The study was made for application of efficient optimisation technique to optimise the decision approaches for optimal operation of multi purpose variables defined for reservoir operation. The Mike reservoir operation systems . specifically the study 11 system is adopted for simulating the flow in the was made for the objectives of demonstrating MOEA river system and Autocad software for optimisation . based novel approach non dominated sorting genetic The trade-off between various objectives also denoted algorithm(NSGA-11)for multiple reservoir systems . the set of non- dominated or paroto optimal solutions. Application of NSGA for effective optimisation of The frame work was tested for Hoa- Binh reservoir in inter connected reservoir operation demonstrate Mike Red river basin considering hydropower production Basin a tool for integrated water resources and down stream flood control. The results indicated management planning for multi reservoir systems and that the optimal curves developed significantly application of Mike Basin to simulate inter connected improved the performance of the reservoir in terms of reservoir operation system. It was proved that Mike hydropower production without reducing the safety Basin s output robustly helped to make necessary against flooding. Real time optimisation performed decisions in case of trade off solutions between considering the reservoir inflows and reservoir levels

Proceedings of Research World International Conference, Washington, D.C, USA, 22nd-23rd June, 2017 2 Improvement in Performance of A Downstream Barrage Due to A New Balancing Reservoir Upstream have indicated that the performance of the reservoir Adopting the mike basin procedures described above improved considerably and the flexibility of the the simulation model for the system of Krishna basin reservoir operation has also enhanced.(PHD thesis under consideration is developed and studied with 2006, Institute of environmental resources , Technical and without Pulichintala and the results are university of Denmark, Long Lengo compared. The Mike Basin river model was used to prepare a recommended operative policies for the current III. METHODOLOGY conditions in respect of ORD river system and used for a range of future scenarios. The scenarios range The net inflows into Almatti reservoir on the Krishna from combination of existing irrigation with moderate river are first estimated by considering the surplus hydropower demands to increase the levels of both flows from K1 sub basin , Part of K2 sub basin and irrigation and hydro power. The potential effects of K3 sub basin. Similarly the net contributions from the raising the ORD spillway to increase the storage is intervening catchments from Almatti- Narayanapur, also studied. The model indicated that because of the Narayapur-jurala, Jurala- srisailam , Srisailam – NSP, huge size of the reservoir evaporation losses NSP-Pulichintala and Pulichintala- Prakasam Barrage accounted for 26 % of overall annual losses. The are arrived at by adding the surplus flows of the module also indicated that a reliability level of 95 % respective sub basins. is ensured for planned irrigation with meeting 25 % of the demands in very dry years while maximising For almatti-narayapur K2 part and K4 sub basin, For the hydro power.(Department of water resources Npur-Jurala K7 part and K6 sub-basins, For Jurala- &hydrology western Australia series report , May Srisailam K7 part and K8, k9 sub basins, for 2010) Srisailam- NSP K7 part , for NSP- Pulichintala K10 and part of K7, and for Pulichintala-Prakasam In this paper Mike Basin modelling system developed Barrage K7 part and K11, K12 are considered. These by DHI was used for simulating the river flow system net flows are routed adopting Mike basin software and reservoir operations. The structure control with excel interface for the two scenarios namely module allows to implement complex strategies with and without Pulichintala. While considering the where by reservoirs can be operated by defining a scenario 2 the intervening flows from NSP- Prakasam number of control strategies with various conditions. Barrage are considered as total of NSP- Pulichintala The use of several control strategies makes it possible and Pulichintala- Prakasam Barrage. to operate multi reservoir system which have large number of objectives. MIKE-11 is combined with a Standard operating policy is followed in both the numerical tool that is used for optimising different scenarios. i.e no drawals below MDDL and spills control variables defined for various reservoir when the reservoir reaches FRL. However strategies. Real time optimisation decision support evaporation is allowed below MDDL also. The system was developed for short term and long term operation is on monthly basis . The period considered operations. The model is applied to Han-Binh river. is 47 years i.e from 1961-62 to 2007-08 the period The study aimed at meeting the D/S demands of considered by KWDT 2. No releases will be made irrigation avoiding saline flows and enhancing when water is available at the down stream reservoir protection and the saving the valuable water and the deficits considering the initial storage will be resources. The model developed on daily basis can be drawn from upstream reservoir. used for improving the efficiency of the system.( Presented in conference NZSOLD, 2007, TerryVAn In case of Prakasam Barrage the drawals are decided et.al) considering the intermediate catchment contributions The Mike basin system was used to develop a tool for on monthly basis for both the scenarios. In the first Salman River system in the year 2003. This tool scenario the utilisable flow between Pulichintala- enables to evaluate plans by viewing simulation Prakasam Barrage is considered and in the second the results with GIS back ground that can show the river utilisable flow between NSP- Prakasam Barrage is points of diversion return flows irrigation demands considered. and canal service areas all super imposed on aerial The additional flow which can not be utilised from photography of the area. The Microsoft excel NSP-Pulichintala catchment in the first scenario due interface was developed to help in giving the input to lack of storage at Prakasam Barrage could be put to data and obtaining output data in a structural way. use in the second scenario because of the storage at This model was used for deciding the optimal policy Pulichintala. of operation of the above river system and can be improved as and when new data is received as it is IV. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS also a dynamic model. The module developed has improved the operation of the reservoirs in the river The results of the studies for both the scenarios system.(Mike Basin studies on upper Salman river obtained from the integrated working tables prepared basi, 10/2003) are shown in Table 3.

Proceedings of Research World International Conference, Washington, D.C, USA, 22nd-23rd June, 2017 3 Improvement in Performance of A Downstream Barrage Due to A New Balancing Reservoir Upstream Table 3. Results of comparative study with and without Puli R

From the above it could be seen that Hyderabad individual years and months can be met by drawing Water supply (HWS) demands can be met in 21 below MDDL up to +490 (MDDL +510.00 ft). years out of 47 years. However the average met with Similarly the NSP irrigation demands can be met in Pulichintala to an extent of 13.65 TMC as against 26 years out of 47 years with Pulichintala and in 25 13.23 TMC without Pulichintala. The deficits in years out of 47 years without Pulichintala . the

Proceedings of Research World International Conference, Washington, D.C, USA, 22nd-23rd June, 2017 4 Improvement in Performance of A Downstream Barrage Due to A New Balancing Reservoir Upstream average demand met is 225.76 TMC with Pulichintala quantum of deficit to be met from the storage below as against 223.30 TMC without Pulichintala. If you MDDL reduced due to Pulichintala. For irrigation consider success with 10 % deficit ( marginal failure) the deficits have reduced considerably. the success rate works out to 34 years out of 47 years For Krishna delta the ayacut got stabilised and 75 % with Pulichintala and33 years out of 47 years without success could be achieved with Pulichintala. Pulichintala.The demands of Krishna delta can be (considering marginal deficits as success). The met in 30 years out of 47 years with Pulichintala quantum of deficits have also reduced and there is a and in 24 years out of 47 years with out Pulichintala. overall improvement of 6 TMC on an average. The average demand that can be met for Krishna The june demands can be met in 41 yeas out of 47 delta is 137.63 TMC with Pulichintala as against years due to Pulichintala thus ensuring guarantied 131.89 TMC with out Pulichintala. Considering the supplies for Nurseries and part of transplantation. The 10 % deficit as success the demands can be met in 35 deficit quantum has also reduced by 0.81 TMC on an years out of 47 years with Pulichintala i.e 75 % as average. against 34 years out of 47 years without Pulichintala The demands of June are required for nurseries and REFERENCES part transplantation of paddy in Krishna delta. This requirement is to be met from surface sources of [1] Henrick Maddison et.al-reservoir system simulation and water. These demands can be met in 41 years out of optimisation models-The international journal on hydropower and dams,2007, Vol.14 P.80-83 47 years with Pulichintala as against 33 years out of [2] Eayyaz et.al- Mike basin studies on australian river system- 47 years with out Pulichintala. The average demand mike basin reports for tanzania australin capital territory,2004 met with Pulichintala is 5.25 TMC as against 4.44 [3] Studies conducted by government of westren australia for TMC without Pulichintala. ORD river for the period 1906-2004- mike basin studies,2004 [4] Long lengo et.al-simulation and optimisation modelling approach for the operation of Hon- Banh river,vietnam- CONCLUSIONS journal of hydrology,4/2007 [5] Long lengo et.al-optimisation of reservoir systems-phd thesis The system performance has considerably improved 2006, technical university of denmark [6] Department of water resources &hydrology western Australia with the introduction of Pulichintala. It has helped in series report , May 2010 improved performance not only for Krishna delta but [7] Terry van et.al-securing water for future-presented in also to NSP as the stress on NSP has reduced. The conference in Newzeland,2007 demands of HWS, and NSP irrigation have shown [8] Mike basin studies-studies on Salman river basin ,developing the upper salman river basin-10/2003 marked improvement and the success rate of near 75 [9] CWC gauge data of Krishna river system % could be achieved in this project. For HWS the

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