International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 5(1), ISSN: 2394-9333 www.ijtrd.com Location Awareness Using Mobile Application

1Dr.Oye, N. D. and 2Jemimah, Nathnaiel, 1,2Department of Computer Science, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria

Abstract: Location awareness using mobile application could the review are to enable users locate places with ease and To allow friends to view each other‘s locations on a map to make help users to become more social by knowing each other‗s meeting up easier. The application has proved to be highly whereabouts useful with a lot of advantages such as being able to navigate Location Awareness to another user and another form of communication medium when phone call or text messaging fails. Further work should One of the unique features of mobile application is location be done on the system.on the location awareness system which awareness. Mobile users bring their devices with them gives the users‘ current location, sends this location using SMS everywhere, and adding location awareness to your app offers plus sharing location with friends and views them on Google users a contextual experience. Location according to maps. Users can also take benefit of this application in Wikipedia is defined as a point or an area on the earth‗s emergency situations by using emergency feature of these surface or elsewhere. It is a specific position point in physical applications. A mobile client who consists of a mobile and space. Location awareness refers to devices that can passively GPS receiver finds the locations of the user to get aware of his or actively determine their location. Navigational instruments location. In order to share this location the mobile client sends provide location coordinates for vessels and vehicles this location to the web server from where other users can get (Wikipedia, 2013). It is a component of presence technology this location if they have the authentication provided by the that delivers information about a device‗s physical location to user. Analysts predict that within the next few years, this another user or application. The term is most often used in technology will become omnipresent. reference to mobile communication devices and cameras but it can also refer to websites that request a user‗s ZIP code to Keyword: Awareness, Location, Application, GPS, Mobile. deliver targeted information (TechTarget, 2012). The term I. INTRODUCTION applies to navigating, real-time locating, and positioning support with global regional or local scope. The term has been Location awareness applications deliver online content to users applied to traffic, logistics, business administration and leisure based on their physical location.Various technologies employ applications. Location awareness is supported by GPS, cell phone infrastructure, or access points to systems, positioning systems and/or locating services. identify where electronic devices such as mobile phones or laptops are, and users can choose to share that information Recognizing Location with location – aware applications. Those applications can then The location of the user is rapidly becoming a very important provide users with resources such as ―you are there‖ marker on aspect in creating relevant software. As no single method of a city map, reviews for restaurants in the area, a map.Alarm finding a location will ever be fully reliable, several methods that‘s triggered by your specific stop on a commuter train, or can be used to assist one another in locating a user. This notices about nearby bottlenecks in traffic. Applications might section details the research done into the main ways of locating also report a user‘s location to friends in a social network, a mobile device, as well as an overview of how a location is prompting those nearby to meet for coffee or dinner. While given. such applications create a highly targeted marketing opportunity for retailers, they also provide increased social GPS (Global ) connectivity and enhanced environmental awareness, offering GPS stands for Global Positioning System which is owned and users a location – based filter for online information Location- based services (LBS) and location aware services are a general run the by United States Government. GPS was originally class of computer program-level services used to include designed for use by the military, but was made available for civilian use by the USA when it was realized how many specific controls for location and time data as control features applications it could have. It is often used in scientific in computer programs. As such LBS is an information service experiments to give precise timings. The system is made up of and has a number of uses in social networking today as an around 30 satellites orbiting the Earth at a height of 20,200km, entertainment service, which is accessible with mobile devices through the mobile network and which uses information on the with each satellite broadcasting a signal that can be used by a geographical position of the mobile device. GPS receiver to calculate its position. The message includes the time the message was transmitted, orbital information and This has become more and more important with the expansion the general health and rough positions of other satellites. For a of the smartphone and tablet markets as well. LBS are used in receiver to get an effective fix, four or more satellite signals a variety of contexts, such as health, indoor object search, are used at one time to calculate a position accurate up to 10 entertainment, work, personal life, to mention few.I have often meters. found myself on the phone trying to describe where I am to someone, so we could meet up or even trying to locate a place AGPS (Assisted Global Positioning System) or trying to find my way back to a place after getting lost and it AGPS stands for Assisted Global Positioning System. AGPS is occurred to me that if I could see where they were, and they the same as GPS in every respect except it uses a known could see where I was on a map, it would make it much easier. position on start-up near to the user such as a cell tower to The proposed system hopes to alleviate this problem and cut- increase the speed a location fix is obtained Assisted GPS is a down the amount of time spent when someone is lost as well means of using cell tower triangulation to find a semi-accurate as improving upon the ideas of current system.The purpose of location region with a 500m radius and then use GPS to IJTRD | Jan - Feb 2018 Available [email protected] 50 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 5(1), ISSN: 2394-9333 www.ijtrd.com narrow down on the subject, usually accurate to under 10m advertisements (Ojala et al. 2003). Location-aware messaging radius, depending on the phone and reception/interference. relates inevitably to mobile communication devices. Cell Towers Egraffiti introduces an on-campus location-aware messaging application where users can create and access location When a is connected to a mobile network it associated notes, and where the system employs laptop connects to one single based station called a Cell. Using API‗s computers and wireless network-based location detection built into the phone it is possible to access all the information (Burrell &Gay 2002). Info- supports public and group about a Cell which can be used to uniquely identify it. Passing messaging as a PDA application, where the user interface this data into a database of Cell Tower ID‗s will return the displays location-based messages in a radar-type view showing rough position of a mobile phone.A few services exist to do their orientation and distance from the user. Distinguishing this: SkyHook8, CellDB9 and Google (though an unofficial between public and personal messaging aspects has also been API10 for Google‗s service has to be used and access may be demonstrated in location-aware messaging systems. Recently, terminated at any time). Accuracy is usually around 500m but multimedia messaging service (MMS) has been applied as an can be as low as 5km and as high as 100m depending on the implementing technique for experimentation within the field. location. MMS has offered a practical tool for this, as there is no need to Wi-Fi set up any specific infrastructure and standard mobile phones can be used as platforms. The widespread use of mobile Locating a mobile via Wi-Fi Access Points works on the same phones also enables extending the experiments to large principle as locating a mobile via Cell Towers; the mobile audiences, as no specific gadgets need to be distributed. phone scans for local Wi-Fi access points and sends the data to a database. If the MAC address of the Access point is found These aspects are used in the work of Koch and Sonenberg for then the phone can be located with quite high accuracy due to developing an MMS-based location-sensitive museum the limited range of Wi-Fi networks. Again, Skyhook and information application utilizing Bluetooth as the sensing Google provide this service, although the Google API is closed technology (Koch &Sonenberg 2004). Multimedia messaging to outside developers. Accuracy can be as high as a few meters has also been applied in the Rotuaari project carried out in and at worst (in extreme cases) 50m. (SpringerLink, 2012). Oulu, Finland, where location-aware information and advertisements were delivered in the city center area (Ojala et Longitude and Latitude al. 2003). Presence applications utilizing the information about Latitude and Longitude are a geographic coordinate system the spatial nearness of an entity are also important function in that enables any location on Earth to be specified by a set of the field of mobile location-awareness. Presence is sometimes numbers, but does not give altitude or depth. Latitude is considered as a subcategory of location-awareness, as measured from the equator with positive north values for all reminders or notifications related to a spatially fixed entity, points above the equator and negative values for all points such as a shop or a printer, at the close neighborhood of the south of the equator. user are often considered as presence notifications. There exist several mobile applications utilizing presence. For example, Using Location in Mobile Application BlueReminder is a mobile phone application, where a Employing location-awareness is not limited to mobile devices bluetooth-triggered reminder related to another person goes off but it has been proposed or demonstrated in various different when it detects the proximity of the corresponding person‗s kinds of applications, for instance automated video and audio bluetooth phone (Osbakk&Rydgren 2005). capture in a lecture room (Abowd 1999), house front doors The term remote presence is used where a virtual presence of (Kim et al. 2004), smart furniture (Tokuda 2004), hospital a person is mediated with the technology, and it can be used in beds, or redirecting personal communication to the social means for sharing or connecting to another person‗s simultaneously most appropriate media (Nakanishi et al. location. It often has an affective perspective, such as sharing 2000). In addition to the information about the physical emotions or supporting group cohesion. With location-aware location itself, the information in the means of distance and mobile applications, another person‗s location information can presence may provide useful data for time management and be used for passing the availability status. This is used social navigation. Discount offers, information of opening especially with communication devices where it offers a hours, advertisement of forthcoming happenings, lunch menu number of potential use cases, as demonstrated e.g. in Context choices, and service availability status are examples of Phonebook. Different sensors and their combinations have information that may have potential value when transmitted to been used in a number of projects concerning location-aware people passing by. Navigation aids, location-aware mobile devices. Hinckley et al. (2005) use touch sensor to information delivery, and location sensitive memory aids are detect when the device is held in hand to turn the power examples of concepts that take advantage of location-triggered onscreen layout orientation, backlight, ringing tone and device behavior. Common applications demonstrating volume adaptation have been proposed (Gellersen et al. location-awareness are tour guides in the city, campus or 2002,Mantyjarvi et al. 2003). A number of existing studies museum environment shopping assistants, messaging systems employ additional web-based services, as e.g. with the (Rantanen et al. 2004), and location sensitive reminders CybreMinder application. The problem with these approaches (Dey&Abowd 2000). Active Badge location system and is that they typically make good use of large screen and ParcTab in Xerox PARC represent early work done on desktop-like browser interfaces, and do not fit very well into location-awareness. Later, location-awareness has been mobile handheld devices. However, with increasing computing demonstrated in large project entities containing examples of power and higher resolution color displays, some of these several types of functionalities, as e.g. in Active Campus and problems are overcome. Rotuaari project (Aalto et al. 2004). In addition to academic exercises, also location-aware mobile services that involve Mobile Device Review collaboration with commercial entities have been set up and A mobile device is basically any handheld computer. It is trialed, such as Elisa Mobilemall7 or Rotuaari mobile usually designed to be extremely portable (often fitting your IJTRD | Jan - Feb 2018 Available [email protected] 51 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 5(1), ISSN: 2394-9333 www.ijtrd.com palm or pocket). They usually come with a touch or non-touch platform. The IOS platform supposedly creates the best user display screen and sometimes even a mini keyboard. There is a experience by restricting the hardware and software standards new generation of phones commonly referred to as ‗smart while Android insures it by opening up as much of the phones‗ which have a publicly available free Software. operating system as possible. Android OS is usually chosen for Development Kit (SDK). This new generation of phones software development by programmers for various reasons focuses on promoting third-party development to add new which include: features to the phone. In addition, these devices are also typically equipped with extra hardware features such as GPS  Free SDK(software developer kit ) and Emulator ; and a digital compass. Anyone can download the SDK and write apps for android devices Operating Systems for Mobile Devices  Supports On Device Testing and Debugging  Android: Android is an open source mobile OS that was  Free Application Signing; apps can be downloaded for started by Google and has since been adopted by the free from the android market and if it costs money, it Open Handset Alliance. This OS is a straight forward can be paid for using the Google checkout. layered architecture with Linux forming the base, a set of  Java based Syntax and core language features libraries that sit in the middle, and an Application  Quick Approval for Submission to App Store allowing Framework that sits above them both (Android, 2009). in the wild testing Third-party applications then sit above the application  Full support for background services framework layer. This layered architecture has many  Supports GPS and other location methods hooks ‗throughout it that allow developers to have entry  Rich UI with multi touch support and a Map View into almost any part of the system, greatly expanding the component domain of possible applications. Due to its openness, Location Aware Application Android is ideal for a research project such as this one. The primary programming language is a light version of Location aware applications deliver online content to users java. based on their physical location. Various technologies employ  Symbian OS: Symbian OS, unlike Android, has been GPS, cell phone infrastructure, or wireless access points to around for a long time and first appeared in the 1980s identify where electronic devices such as mobile phones or under the name of EPOC (later renamed to Symbian OS laptops are, and users can choose to share that information with version recently, however, Symbian has had a lot of with location aware applications (Want et al 2001). These momentum in the domain of smart phones and is one of applications can then provide users with resources such as a the leading operating systems available for modern ―you are here marker on a city map, reviews for restaurants in mobile devices. Symbian is much like Android in its the area, a nap alarm that‗s triggered by your specific stop on a desire to be open and allow for free third-party train, or notices about nearby bottlenecks in traffic. application development. The Symbian OS is the most Applications might also report a user‗s location to friends in a widely used OS, it also supports free SDK like android social network, prompting those nearby to meet up for a ride or and it supports both java and native C++. The coffee or even dinner. According to Dey in 2000, they also disadvantages of Symbian OS are that cost of signing an help in discovering the nearest banking cash machine (a.k.a. application to hardware is expensive and Java on the ATM) or the whereabouts of a friend or employee, or live- platform is not full Java but a subset calledJ2ME. J2ME tracking of parcels and vehicles. While such applications has a very limited UI that does not have any of the create a highly targeted marketing opportunity for retailers, features or looks a user expects of a modern smart phone they also provide increased social connectivity and enhanced UI. For example, there is no multi-touch support and any environmental awareness, offering users a location-based filter extra UI features not part of the standard UI tool kit must for online information. Location aware services today are a be drawn from scratch using Java 2D, making it part of everything from control systems to smart weapons. cumbersome and slow to develop for ( Robeles, 2010). They are actively used trillions of times a day and may be one  iPhone OS: Apple‗s iPhone OS is the operating system of the most heavily used application-layer decision framework that runs on iPod Touches and all iPhone models. It is the in computing today. (EduCause, 2009) most restrictive of all the Operating Systems specified Who is doing Location Aware Application? due to many software limitations that Apple have imposed for various reasons. There are no hooks into the A number of colleges and universities are using this core architecture like Android and developers can only functionality for applications ranging from on-campus find-a- make top-level applications that run in a sand-boxed friend services to locating resources in the library. Duke mode. Other restrictions include only having limited University has used Google Maps to add a layer of augmented access to the file system and not being able to run a reality to the Digital Durham project, which has turned the city process in the background.(Robeles, 2010). Other mobile of Durham, North Carolina, into a laboratory for the study of operating system includes the blackberry OS by RIM, history (Aalto et al, 2004). Mapping old tobacco warehouses, Windows OS from Microsoft, Sailfish OS from jolla, textile mills, and churches, the project offers location-specific Tizen from Linux Foundation, etc. (Wikipedia, 2014) information that illuminates the lives of city residents from the1870s through Prohibition. Concurrent student projects Why the Android Platform involve adding audio tracks collected with digital recorders Android is a robust and exciting platform for consumers and and geotagging photographs of the mapped locations. At MIT, application developers that boost some of the fastest and most the Scheller Teacher Education department has developed amazing devices in the mobile market. It gives a world class augmented reality games like ―Environmental Detective‖, in platform for creating apps and games for android device users which participants can use location-aware devices to interview everywhere as well as an open market for distributing them virtual characters and gather simulated scientific data to instantly. It is sometimes seen as the direct opposite of the IOS uncover the source of a hypothetical toxic spill. (MIT, 2010).

IJTRD | Jan - Feb 2018 Available [email protected] 52 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 5(1), ISSN: 2394-9333 www.ijtrd.com How does a location Aware Application work? could become part of our expectation of the online experience, and it is possible that we might come to rely on embedded Location tools can be browser plug-ins or installed onto geolocation information in photos, e-mail, or Twitter posts for devices like the Samsung S4 or other web-enabled phones. archival purposes in much the same way we now rely on date Physical location can be determined using GPS satellites, cell stamps. (Davies eta l. 2013). towers, wireless access points, or a combination of these tools. In the case of cell towers and access points, location is What are the implications for teaching and learning? determined based on connectivity to individual connection Applications that employ this technology offer an exceptional points, which are mapped and logged in databases that are opportunity for location-based content and experiential continuously updatedAlternatively, a location-aware learning. Narratives can emerge naturally from places of application might forward a user‗s position to other location- historical interest on campus and in nearby towns. Through aware or social networking applications location-aware browsers on mobile phones, nature walks can Why are Location Aware Applications significant? not only provide the names of plants but also offer community- generated photos of what a specific specimen looks like in These apps offer a convenient layer of content filtering with bloom or heavy with fruit. Student researchers might employ significant promise for education. Field research is boosted by the coordinates provided by a location-aware device to tag geotagging—embedding location-specific photos, research data, or other field notes on a map in Google metadata(coordinates or place names) in photos, videos, blogs, Earth, providing an additional overlay of information. The or websites—and location-aware applications can effectively availability in the public domain of geotagged photos, videos, connect geotagged resources to students when and where they and audio tracks will allow educators to create effective need it. Geocaching, or coordinate-specific treasure hunting, windows into other cultures for class, group, and individual can be customized in educational games that leverage location- study. Finally, this technology offers another venue for aware mobile devices. These games might include augmented instructors to link their lessons to geographic locations, reality simulations that use clues and riddles to enable student whether those lessons are clues in an augmented reality game, problem solving and collaboration. Location-based data to be collected from the field, or directions to the right information can allow students who opt-in to locate members section of the library.(Edu Cause, 2009). of study groups on campus or check nearby computer labs to see which have unoccupied bays (Davies eta l. 2013). II. EXISTING LOCATION AWARE APPLICATION Librarians could also point patrons to resources, based on a Google Latitude user‗s described interests and borrowing habits, by indicating where important books and media on key topics can be found. Security officials can respond to student requests to monitor trips across campus to ensure safe arrival at a destination. Data collected from such security requests might be gathered to identify locations with greater security risks, prompting facilities improvements such as improved lighting. What are the downsides? By far the most common questions raised about location-aware applications concern privacy and security. It is important for systems that employ these applications to be opt-in services and allow anyone to disable them whenever they choose. To complicate this concern, increasing interconnectivity between social networking sites like Twitter, Facebook, and Flickr means that data posted on one could migrate to another without users being aware of how this happens. Standards are still emerging for these devices, as are etiquette and social protocol. Raising awareness about the implications of allowing online systems to know where users are should be a requisite part of student, teacher, and parent training (EduCause, 2009). Figure 2.1 Google, Source: Review of location aware application ‗ciaran fisher(2013). Where is Location Awareness going? It is an online site that provides the user with a Google(2009) Location-aware content offers marketing tailored to the Maps view with markers at various locations that signify the convenience of the user. With increasing frequency, we are last known locations of their friends (Wikipedia, 2013). able to locate physical services within walking distance as Google Latitude is essentially a service that provides locations simply as we can find any service or product offered on the with some level of security. web. Mobile devices already reach a public focused heavily on information being delivered quickly and simply. As these tools Foursquare offer greater amounts of data about the environment through Foursquare is a web and mobile application that allows which we move, location-aware systems will become registered users to post their location at a venue and connect increasingly effective at predicting what we would like to with friends just like every other typical location aware app. It know about in the geographical space around us, offering a is a major contender in the category of location aware layer of knowledge superimposed on the physical world that application. Users are encouraged to be hyper local and hyper can be accessed for information and convenience. Through specific with their check-ins. It works in a way that one can applications like Graffitio, users can even add their own check at a particular and indicate specific activity while at the comments to that layer, ―air posting‖ notes on the nearest handy geolocation wall. The geotagging of blogs and websites IJTRD | Jan - Feb 2018 Available [email protected] 53 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 5(1), ISSN: 2394-9333 www.ijtrd.com venue. Users can also choose to have their check-ins posted to Navigation to Yes- via Google No their other social accounts (such as facebook, twitter, etc Other Users Maps Location Yes Yes-via check-ins Loopt logging Loopt allows you to see friends‗locations on a map or as a list. Ability to Yes- via public Yes- via public It has a diary-like whereabouts journal. It also has features for Share Location profile profile syncing location with Facebook and Twitter.Loopt is currently with Non-users only available in the US so all comments are based on its user manuals and tutorials. Some problems with Loopt are that As you can see from the comparison table above, if the users have to manually update their location (devices such as proposed system fully integrates some of the points above, it is the iPhone do not allow background processes so this is almost possible that it could directly compete with the likes of unavoidable). Because of this, Loopt only has to have a simple Foursquare and Google Latitude, as well as being incredibly security system where a location can be available to all friends, useful. limited to some friends, or even private. Loopt has some CONCLUSION interesting features that include being able to ping a user to get A location aware android application that has an integrated them to update their location (the tutorial suggests that the messaging system has been developed. The application has other user would receive a text message and then manually proved to be highly useful with a lot of advantages such as update their location). Also, Loopt has started hosting location being able navigate to another user and another form of relevant advertising (Loopt, 2013). communication medium when phone call or text messaging Comparison Table Showing Features of Existing Location fails. Further work should be done on the system. I recommend Aware Application that further work should be assigned to students as project work because the system has a pretty much limitless amount of Table 2.1: Location Aware Application Comparison possibilities that can be explored asides from the already Features Google Latitude Foursquare implemented features. The system also should not be limited to just android devices. I recommend that the university should Live Tracking Yes- very recent No- location is only incorporate this system into the administrative system in order addition but as to track and make a follow up on whereabouts of students. I huge problem with accurate as when the also recommend that more research, training and learning in battery last user this field of study should be encouraged and carried out. drain and no prompt checked in to know References when someone has enabled [1] Aalto L, Gothlin N, Korhonen J &Ojala T (2004) Bluetooth and WAP Push based location aware mobile live tracking on you advertising system Proc. Second International Conference Privacy Yes- very limited. Yes- by design, a on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services, Boston, Controls Options user only MA, 49 - 58. for all friends are: knows your position [2] Abowd, G. (1999). Classroom 2000. An Experiment with show up to the the Instrumentation of a Living educational Environment exact location, show last check-in but you .IBM Systems Journals, Special Issues on Pervasive general cannot Computing 38(4), 508-530. location or show no hide check-ins from [3] Android.Inc. (2009, August). 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[8] EduCause. (2009). 7 thing you should know about Friends Yes- all users must Yes- all users must location aware application. Retrieved from have a have a www.educause.edu/eli/ds december 3rd 2013 Google Account foursquare account [9] Gellersen HW, Schmidt A &Beigl M (2002) Multi-Sensor but also Context-Awareness in Mobile Devices and Smart downloads facebook Artefacts. Mobile Networks and Applications 7: 341-351 friends, [10] Google. (2009, April). Google latitude. Retrieved from integrating the two http://www.google.com/latitude/intro.html february 6th lists of friends. 2014 Integrated No Partially- via Notes [11] Hinckley K, Pierce J, Horvitz E & Sinclair M (2005) Messaging on a Foreground and Background Interaction with Sensor- location

IJTRD | Jan - Feb 2018 Available [email protected] 54 International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, Volume 5(1), ISSN: 2394-9333 www.ijtrd.com Enhanced Mobile Devices. ACM Transactions on [2]. Jemimah Nathaniel., receives her Bachelors‘ degree in Computer-Human Interaction 12(1): 31-52. Computer Science, at the Department of Computer Sciences. [12] Hinckley K, Pierce J, Sinclair M & Horvitz E (2000) ModibboAdama University of Technology, yola 2017. Sensing Techniques for Mobile Interaction. CHI Letters Adamawa state. Nigeria. [email protected]. 2(2): 91-100 +2348165989836. [13] Kim, S., Park, S., Lee, J., Jin, Y., Chung, A., Choi, S., & Choi, W. (2004). Sensible Appliances. Applying Context- Awareness to Appliance Design. Personal and 8, 184-191. [14] Koch F &Sonenberg L (2004) Using Multimedia Content in Intelligent Mobile Services. Proceedings of the WebMedia& LA-Web 2004: 41-43 [15] Kowoma. (2013, November 15). Retrieved from History of GPS: www.kowoma_de/en/gps/history.htm november 12th 2013 [16] Loopt I. ―Your Social Compass — Loopt,‖ April 2009, http://www.loopt.com/. February 8th 2014 [17] Mantyjarvi Aware Application in Mobile Terminals. Proc. OZCHI 2003: 64-73. MIT (2010) [18] Nakanishi Y, Tsuji T, Ohyama M &Hakozaki K (2000) Context Aware Messaging Service: A Dynamical Messaging Delivery Using Location Information and Schedule Information. Personal Technologies 4: 221-224. 65. [19] Ojala T, Korhonen J, Aittola M, Ollila M, Koivumäki T, Tähtinen J &Karjaluoto H (2003) SmartRotuaari – Context Aware Mobile Multimedia Services, In Proceedings of Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia (MUM) 2003, 9 - 18. [20] Osbakk P &Rydgren E (2005) Ubiquitous Computing for the Public. In Proceedings of Pervasive 2005 Workshop on Pervasive Mobile Interaction Devices (PERMID 2005): 56-59. [21] Rantanen M, Oulasvirta A, Blom J, Tiitta S &Mäntylä M (2004) InfoRadar: Group and Public Messaging in the Mobile Context. Proceedings of NordiCHI 2004: 131-140 [22] Springer Link. (2012). Retrieved from Tracking Using Wi-Fi: www.springerLink.com/context/d6te4716rfnu8dxb February 10th 2014 [23] TechTarget. (2012). Location Awareness. Retrieved from techmobile computing. techtarget. Location awareness/definition/ december 10th 2013 [24] Tokuda H (2004) Smart Furniture: A Platform for Context-Aware Embedded Ubiquitous Applications. Keynote at EMSOFT‗04 [25] Want R, Hopper A, Falcao V & Gibbons J (2001) The Active Badge Location System. ACM Transactions on Information Systems 10(1): 91-102 [26] Wikipedia. (2013). Implementation. Retrieved from Wikipedia: en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/implementation december 19th 2013 [27] Wikipedia. (2014, may 6). Operating System. Retrieved from Wikipedia Author’s Profile [1]. Oye, N. D., receive his M.Tech OR (Operations Research) degree from the Federal University of Technology Yola- Nigeria in 2003. He is a senior lecturer in the department of Mathematics and Computer Science in the same University (for the past 15yrs). He completed PhD in the department of Information Systems in the Faculty of computer Science and Information systems at the Univeristi Teknologi Malaysia, 2013. Johor, Malaysia. +60129949511, [email protected]

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