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Cycles Biogéochimiques Et Écosystèmes Continentaux ACADÉMIE DES SCIENCES :P:C<J 9@F>yF:?@D@HL<J <Ky:FJPJKßD<J :FEK@E<EK8LO JfljcX[`i\Zk`fe[\ ><FI><JGy;IF Cycles biogéochimiques et écosystèmes continentaux RAPPORT SUR LA SCIENCE ET LA TECHNOLOGIE No 27 Animateur : Georges Pédro ACADÉMIE DES SCIENCES 17, avenue du Hoggar Parc d’activités de Courtabœuf, BP 112 91944 Les Ulis Cedex A, France Rapports sur la science et la technologie – Sciences et pays en développement. Afrique subsaharienne francophone RST no 21, 2006. – La recherche spatiale française RST no 22, 2006. – L’épidémiologie humaine. Conditions de son développement en France, et rôle des mathématiques RST no 23, 2006. – La maîtrise des maladies infectieuses. Un défi de santé publique, une ambition médico-scientifique RST no 24, 2006. – Les eaux continentales RST no 25, 2006. – La fusion nucléaire : de la recherche fondamentale à la production d’énergie ? RST no 26, 2006. Imprimé en France c 2007, EDP Sciences, 17, avenue du Hoggar, BP 112, Parc d’activités de Courtabœuf, 91944 Les Ulis Cedex A Tous droits de traduction, d’adaptation et de reproduction par tous procédés réservés pour tous pays. Toute reproduction ou représentation intégrale ou partielle, par quelque procédé que ce soit, des pages publiées dans le présent ouvrage, faite sans l’autorisation de l’éditeur est illicite et consti- tue une contrefaçon. Seules sont autorisées, d’une part, les reproductions strictement réservées à l’usage privé du copiste et non destinées à une utilisation collective, et d’autre part, les courtes ci- tations justifiées par le caractère scientifique ou d’information de l’œuvre dans laquelle elles sont incorporées (art. L. 122-4, L. 122-5 et L. 335-2 du Code de la propriété intellectuelle). Des pho- tocopies payantes peuvent être réalisées avec l’accord de l’éditeur. S’adresser au : Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie, 3, rue Hautefeuille, 75006 Paris. Tél. : 01 43 26 95 35. ISBN 978-2-86883-938-1 Académie des sciences Rapport Science et Technologie Le Comité interministériel du 15 juillet 1998, à l’initiative du ministre de l’Édu- cation nationale, de la Recherche et de la Technologie, a confié à l’Académie des sciences l’établissement du rapport biennal sur l’état de la science et de la technologie. Pour répondre à cette demande, l’Académie des sciences a mis en place en son sein le Comité « Rapport Science et Technologie » (RST), chargé de choisir les sujets d’étude et de suivre les travaux. Chaque thème retenu est conduit par un groupe de travail animé par un membre ou un correspondant de l’Académie, entouré d’experts. Chaque rapport est soumis au Comité RST, à un Groupe de lecture critique, et à l’Académie des sciences. Depuis 1999, vingt-six rapports ont ainsi été édités et remis au ministre délé- gué à la Recherche. COMPOSITION DU COMITÉ RST Alain ASPECT Membre de l’Académie des sciences — Directeur de recherche au Centre national de la recherche scientifique, professeur à l’École polytechnique Jean-François BACH Secrétaire perpétuel de l’Académie des sciences — Professeur à l’université René-Descartes Jean-Michel BONY Membre de l’Académie des sciences — Professeur à l’École polytechnique Christian BORDÉ Correspondant de l’Académie des sciences – Directeur de recherche au Centre national de la recherche scientifique Édouard BRÉZIN Président de l’Académie des sciences — Professeur à l’université Pierre-et- Marie-Curie et à l’École polytechnique Geneviève COMTE-BELLOT Correspondant de l’Académie des sciences — Professeur émérite de l’École centrale de Lyon François CUZIN Membre de l’Académie des sciences — Professeur à l’université de Nice-Sophia- Antipolis Jean DERCOURT Secrétaire perpétuel de l’Académie des sciences — Professeur émérite à l’université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie Christian DUMAS Membre de l’Académie des sciences — Professeur à l’École normale supérieure de Lyon Michel FARDEAU Correspondant de l’Académie des sciences — Professeur au Conservatoire na- tional des arts et métiers, directeur médical et scientifique à l’Institut de myologie (Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière) vi CYCLES BIOGÉOCHIMIQUES ET ÉCOSYSTÈMES CONTINENTAUX Jules HOFFMANN Vice-président de l’Académie des sciences — Directeur de l’Institut de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire de Strasbourg Jean-Pierre KAHANE Membre de l’Académie des sciences — Professeur émérite à l’université Paris- Sud Orsay Daniel KAPLAN Membre de l’Académie des sciences — Directeur de la société Fastlite Henri KORN Membre de l’Académie des sciences — Professeur honoraire à l’institut Pasteur et directeur de recherche honoraire à l’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale Nicole LE DOUARIN Secrétaire perpétuelle honoraire de l’Académie des sciences — Professeur honoraire au Collège de France Jean-Louis LE MOUËL Membre de l’Académie des sciences — Physicien à l’Institut de physique duglobedeParis François MATHEY Membre de l’Académie des sciences — Directeur de recherche au Centre national de la recherche scientifique, professeur à l’École polytechnique René MOREAU Membre de l’Académie des sciences — Professeur à l’Institut national polytechnique de Grenoble Olivier PIRONNEAU Membre de l’Académie des sciences — Professeur à l’université Pierre-et-Marie- Curie Jean-Pierre SAUVAGE Membre de l’Académie des sciences — Directeur de recherche au Centre national de la recherche scientifique Philippe TAQUET Membre de l’Académie des sciences — Professeur au Muséum national d’histoire naturelle Moshe YANIV Membre de l’Académie des sciences — Professeur à l’Institut Pasteur et directeur de recherche au Centre national de la recherche scientifique COMPOSITION DU COMITÉ RST vii Coordination éditoriale : Jean-Yves CHAPRON Directeur du service des Publications de l’Académie des sciences, assisté de Joëlle FANON AVANT-PROPOS Jean Dercourt Secrétaire perpétuel de l’Académie des sciences Le Conseil interministériel de la recherche et de la technologie a confié à l’Académie des sciences la mission d’établir un état biennal de la Recherche et de la Technologie, qui identifierait, dans un esprit d’aide à la décision, les défis scientifiques à relever dans un contexte international. Déjà vingt-six ouvrages ont été publiés au titre de cette collection et remis au ministre chargé de la Recherche. L’environnement sur la planète Terre et son évolution sous l’influence des ac- tivités humaines sont devenus des préoccupations majeures pour les citoyens et des gouvernements. La part des arguments scientifiques est, d’emblée, apparue comme essentielle, tant comme donnée étayant les diagnostics que comme base pour les solutions destinées à remédier aux effets néfastes de ces activités. La communauté internationale s’est fortement structurée et, à l’initiative de l’ICSU (Conseil international pour la science), des programmes de recherche ont été lancés, comme le Programme mondial de recherche sur le climat (WCRP) et le Programme international géosphère biosphère (IGBP), dont les résultats sont synthétisés par le Groupe d’experts Intergouvernemental sur l’évolution des climats (GIEC, ou IPCC). Le rôle de la communauté française y est important. L’Académie, en créant dès 1989 un « Comité permanent de l’environnement » a prêté une particulière attention à ce domaine. La liste complète des rapports de l’Académie ayant trait aux questions environnementales est donnée à la fin de cette préface. Parmi les premiers travaux, l’effet de serre, la pollution des nappes d’eau souterraines, le comportement de l’ozone dans la troposphère et dans la haute atmosphère ont été explorés. Par la suite, citons entre autres, des rapports sur l’impact de la flotte aérienne et sur la gestion des déchets. Parallèlement, des études ont été conduites sur l’évolution de différents mi- lieux : on retiendra l’évolution des réserves vivantes océaniques et les eaux continentales. Le sujet des cycles biogéochimiques et écosystèmes continentaux correspond à la prise de conscience encore plus aiguë de la valeur de notre environnement mais aussi de sa fragilité. x CYCLES BIOGÉOCHIMIQUES ET ÉCOSYSTÈMES CONTINENTAUX L’Académie avait déjà abordé l’étude de l’impact de quelques éléments traces dans les sols (Contamination des sols par les éléments en traces : les risques et leur gestion. Académie des sciences, 1998, P.H. Bourrelier et J. Berthelin coord. Éditions Tec & Doc Lavoisier), ouvrage plusieurs fois cité dans le présent rapport. Avec le présent rapport, une nouvelle étape est proposée. Cette étude, coor- donnée par Georges Pédro qui a su réunir des spécialistes nombreux, met en évidence l’importance de ce milieu qu’est le sol et sa fragilité extrême : il est à la base de l’ensemble des échanges entre espèces minéralogiques et chimiques et de leurs bouleversements sous l’influence des variations climatiques. Signalons au passage que toutes les études soulignent le très faible nombre de données sur lesquelles sont construits les modèles qui parlent de l’évolution tem- porelle en ce domaine. Les dispositifs de relevés des données pendant quelques décennies sont donc indispensables, en particulier en milieux continentaux. À la suite des auditions qui ont été menées, il semble qu’il faille dépasser les simples appréhensions devant le siècle qui s’ouvre, même si elles sont bien compréhensibles, et en modifier l’éclairage. Ainsi, depuis deux siècles, la poussée démographique, et les développements industriels et agricoles qui s’y ajoutent, provoquent un profond déséquilibre des cycles biogéochimiques globaux. La vie est dépendante d’une très grande partie des éléments de la classification périodique et ceux-ci ont un cycle biogéochi-
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