In Mount Isa in those days, we had great It was compulsory as part of membership would fish the waters of Kurumba in the sporting leadership within our education to the club and as a result every swimmer Gulf of Carpentaria. They would test us by system with Dennis Fredrickson who was learnt to swim fast, efficient heats. The having us compete in harnesses around a great teacher and a great sportsman, competition was structured so that our waists attached to fishing rods from and John Gouldson who was also a great everyone had to swim in all four strokes the 25 metre mark against each other as school teacher and great sportsman. As over all competition distances. There was athletes and the lids of 44 gallon drums such, young people were encouraged to no choice and whilst we all complained while battling the fishermen who were excel in both areas. about it as athletes and we applauded it as trying desperately to get us from either coaches. It provided athletes from Mount the 50m mark or the 25m mark into The list of swimmers coming out of Mount Isa with a winning point of difference the backstroke flags. Each time we as Isa over a long period of time is long, ahead of our opposition and competition. athletes would have to face a different and a tribute to the culture and attitudes This is something that has been lost in fisherman and our time differentials of people living in this remote country today’s compromising world of multiple would be recorded. This required a major town. The achievements and history of choices and options. psyche-up from the athletes and I am swimmers and sports men and women in sure the opportunity was relished by the fishermen who would invariably win with Mount Isa is legendary over many years. On some occasions, probably on a monthly only the time lapse being the difference. I believe this lies in the foundations of basis and in the Freestyle and Butterfly sport in Mount Isa and the attitudes of events the females were permitted to the people who chose to visit or live in use fins and compete on an equal basis At the conclusion of our weekly Sunday this tremendous environment. Two of with the males. On many occasions, I morning competition, all members of the families who I taught during my time can recall the frustration of having to the club in terms of the older athletes there were the Rafter family of Pat Rafter race against Riitta – her with fins and me (16 and older) would spend the afternoon tennis fame, and the Rosengren family with none, and having to fight like hell water-skiing at Lake Moondarra. A which had two Rhodes scholars and against the humiliation of being beaten by great recognition for senior athletes and Queensland Father of the Year (2008) in a female in the 200 and 400 metre events. a reason to stay in the sport! This was Kevin Rosengren. This was the quality It was certainly a challenge that I did not extremely motivational and a recognition of people competing and participating in relish at the time, but I feel certain that for those who were still in the sport and sport over an extended it had untold benefits in my growth as a after 16 years of age. This provides period of time. swimmer and as a person. some extremely important lessons of recognition and cross-training for clubs and athletes in today’s world. There were The swimming club in those days held I was reminded during my visit to Mount many afternoons on Sundays when the their weekly club competition on Sunday Isa of the test opportunities that we as coaches driving the ski boats left us (the mornings from 7.00 till 9.00am prior to swimmers faced about three to four times athletes) with a long swim back to the the pool opening to the public and was a year when the professional fishermen, launch after a final wipe-out at the end of preceded by a one hour training session usually dedicated mine employees who from 6.00 to 7.00am. the day.

FOUNDATIONS OF COACHING

18 SWIMMING IN AUSTRALIA ascta Journal [DEC 2011] V1.indd 18 30/11/2011 12:16:56 PM The system of selection for swimmers We did not do any swimming in the This had to be achieved in the month of competing in those days in Mount Isa was afternoons apart from this very fast October or by 1st November that coming that without compromise, we had to make and short speed work, and a series of year. Goal setting made easy! As athletes, fourth place at the State Championships underwater swimming. This session we all knew 10 to 11 months in advance held in January each year of the age we usually concluded or was interspersed what needed to be achieved, and more were going to compete in at the following with some fast, explosive strength and importantly when it had to be achieved year’s Championships. We had to achieve conditioning exposures utilising drill rods by, and that no-one sought or expected this at the Sunday morning competition procured from Mount Isa Mines. These compromise in this area. Nothing could during Club Time Trials. This meant drill rods were heavy duty steel and be more accurate, precise or deliverable. that we had to achieve a time in the painted by ourselves to identify which morning at Club Time Trials compared strength and conditioning tools were used This was a result and performance driven to the performances at the Valley Pool by which athletes. system that was very easy to buy into, and State Championship venue to a final it produced repeatable excellence over opportunity under the excitement of State Regarding 1st November Time Trials, a period of 20 years both before my time Championships. any swimmer who just missed out in Mount Isa as a swimmer and after my on achieving this standard was then experience there as a coach. This was all There was no compromise in this. You appointed to coach (as in recording times due to the visionary leadership of the head either made the time on Sunday morning and monitoring the training performances) coach prior to my arrival. Unfortunately, at Club competition at a level of Top 4 at at lunchtimes of those who did make I did not understand this as an athlete, the State Championships in finals on 1st it. This meant that each of us who made and as such I did not buy into it fully at the November, and were selected. You either selection to this group was appointed a time. did this and achieved the opportunity to swimmer who had not made it, and as a attend the State Championships in early result was very diligent in ensuring that When I was a swimmer, Mount Isa to mid January, or you didn’t go – no the standards required were met. It also swimming was ahead of its time. It was excuses and no exceptions. For those of provided these “pseudo coaches” with in the early 60s that I remember that we us who did, we were then provided with an inspiration to make it the following year. did circle training, ie. following each other opportunity to train three times a day over It was the responsibility of each swimmer around in circles within our lane. We the Christmas school holiday period. In to buy their allocated lunch time “coach” a trained three times per day with three the mornings, the entire club trained from gift at the conclusion of this period. different energy systems, we integrated 5.30 to 7.30 on aerobic work and individual strength and conditioning programmes medley work. and a fully integrated systematic approach In my memory, many of the coaches to training, reward and recognition. or monitors from one year went on to For those achieving the State make it the following year and very few Championship standard on 1st November, who were selected to attend the State The Mount Isa Swimming Club had white we trained again at lunchtime with high Championships in January went on to tracksuits with blue and gold stripes and intensity, mixed rest repeats from race represent without winning some kind of as such, was an unmistakable brand and distance down for approximately an hour medal. could only be achieved with representation and a half, depending on whether we at the Queensland or North Queensland achieved the pre-set times or we didn’t. Championships as a swimmer. The Mount This was usually only about 4 to 8 athletes Obviously, those who competed at the Isa Swimming Club enjoyed a period of who would achieve this standard. In the State Championships knew immediately over 15 years where it was in the top afternoons, we trained from 4.45 until that if they wanted to repeat this exercise 3 swimming clubs in Queensland, and 6.15 or 6.30 where we would do fast series the following year, then the time standard for a period of over 12 years it was one of speed work across the pool and all you had to achieve was fourth place in the of the top 2 swimming clubs in North repeats were timed and recorded along age group above. Queensland. with stroke counts. COACHING

SWIMMINGSWIMMING IN IN AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA

ascta Journal [DEC 2011] V1.indd 19 30/11/2011 12:16:58 PM Adult Swimming

To gain representation at the North Certification would be given at the end I continue to be inspired today by my Queensland Championships, the of the school holidays for those who time in Mount Isa, and re-visiting the swimmers had to achieve a standard of could swim 50m Freestyle, and further learn to swim pool that I had built at top 3 in the finals in the age group above certification would be given for those who my parents home at 58 Buckley Avenue from the year before at North Queensland could do the 200m Individual Medley by where many children learnt to swim level. This meant that swimmers wishing Easter. and where my sister, Gay carried on the to represent Mount Isa at the North art of teaching and coaching after I left Queensland Championships knew a year Mount Isa, and was able to win the North It is in this arena and with great in advance what the time standards they Queensland Championships with another appreciation to Cec Twist and Ted Cullen needed to achieve were, and this had great swimmer from Mount Isa, Anthony that I learnt my skills as a swimming to be done by the end of January the Byrne. While I was able during my time teacher and with great respect to the head following year - extremely systematic in Mount Isa to coach many great athletes coach of Mount Isa Swimming Club that and clear in what was expected and by to win at national and state level, the I learnt my systematic coaching skills. I when. I can well recall the 24 hour train goal of winning the North Queensland cannot thank these people enough and trip from Mount Isa to Townsville for this Championships eluded me during my the attitude and culture in Mount Isa for competition. coaching stint but was achieved by my the development of myself as a coach, sister who took over after my departure, a teacher and as a person. This return and I still remain envious of her ability to In support of this systematic approach, the visit I have just made to Mount Isa and the do this where I couldn’t. manager of the swimming pool in those meeting of many of the people and friends days, Mr Cec Twist and one of the head who I trained and competed with, and the teachers of the primary school in Mount many swimmers and children who I taught All in all, my return to Mount Isa was an Isa, Ted Cullen (father of former Brisbane during my early development years as a inspirational and motivational experience Broncos CEO, Bruno Cullen) would teacher and coach in Mount Isa. for me for the future, and a rewarding conduct a free learn to swim campaign lesson from the past. I want to end this every morning of the school holidays This all started a few months ago when report by paying respects to two of the Monday to Saturday for an hour and a half one of the young ladies who I taught and greatest learn to swim teachers I have with two groups of children and learners coached in Mount Isa, Karen Moller who ever worked with in Jane Ramus and Riitta coming for 45 minutes each in two waves. is now a doctor living in Perth sent me a Greaves, who would consistently teach Members of the Mount Isa Swimming card that I had presented to her on her children to swim in all four strokes from Club would all volunteer to assist the pool 13th birthday, recognising that she had beginning to completion in one season of manager and Ted Cullen in teaching these achieved 77 miles of training in one week operation at my swim school in Mount Isa. children to swim from 8.30 to 10.30am which is incredible, given the era and this These were two exceptional swim teachers each day. The only teaching aids that were timing. I thank Karen for sending this on who both had a touch of genius and class used were very basic kickboards. to me. It reminded me of the tremendous when it came to teaching swimming. attitude and work ethic the young people The children received free entry to the in Mount Isa had in those early days. I It is unheard of today where children can pool and free lessons, and the members was also reminded of this by another ex- attend their first lesson and put their of the club who would work voluntarily swimmer of mine Astrid Liepins and her face in the water and be able to swim a would receive credits in terms of costs mother who I met while in Mount Isa. 200m medley at the end of the summer of attending Queensland and North season. These two teachers, along with Queensland Championships, so most were They remembered with fondness the hard Cec Twist and Ted Cullen were able to do keen to volunteer to teach. The objective work, attitude and enjoyment they got so repeatedly over a long period of time was to take children who couldn’t swim from those early days of swimming. I am and provide opportunities and enjoyment at the beginning of the school holidays continually reminded of this by Steven for the many children who were fortunate and have them swimming proficiently Rafter who takes pride in the work ethic enough to come into contact with them in and referee-approved 50m Freestyle by that we all had in those days. However, Mount Isa. the end of the 6 weeks school holidays, more to the point, it was very satisfying when they invited with great pomp and to meet Matthew Cooper on the flight I cannot mention everyone, here but ceremony to join the club, and Ted Cullen up and to see the same attitude, along I can say that I could not have had a would provide them with lessons after with observing the great work that Brian greater opportunity and experience than school from 4.00 to 4.45pm to learn and Bernadette Rodriquez are doing in commencing my teaching and coaching Breaststroke, Backstroke and Butterfly the local pool with their teaching and career in the adversities and opportunities following on from their achievement in coaching. provided by the environment of Mount learning Freestyle in the school holidays, Isa. The greatest lesson of converting so that they could then swim a 200m perceived adversity into real advantage Individual Medley as part of the Mount Isa stays with me in today’s world. • 20 Swimming Club by Easter of that year. Photography by Delly Carr @ Sportshoot Photography

ascta Journal [DEC 2011] V1.indd 20 30/11/2011 12:17:00 PM Adult Swimming

Take up the Challenge & Swim for Life

Most adult swimmers know that swimming reversible it is a shame to let all the years of is a sport for life; an activity that will not only effort in building fitness levels and performance keep you fit, but eases aches and pains, and levels go to waste. In recent times elite adult keeps you mobile. Then why is it that when athletes are still cutting it with the open ranks elite swimmers retire, many leave the sport with athletes in their 30’s and now up to 40’s with altogether? examples like and Dean Mercer both of superstar status. Swimming provides the basic fitness and injury free workout that assists in preparation for I challenge all retired swimmers to keep it going other sports. Spending over 40 hours per week even on a smaller scale, compete in Masters at the pool side, I speak to many swimmers on a Swimming it’s easier competition, you might find daily basis. The motivation for many participants the easier competition enjoyable. in squads is to allow them to keep competing in their other chosen sport like tennis, surfing, football and water polo just to name a few. Stephen Cornelius Many adult squads cater for everyone with distances ranging from 500m for late in life Australian beginners; to 2 – 3 kms for keep- fit swimmers Masters or cross trainers, through to 4 - 5 kms for the Swimming elite adult athletes.

The main attitude of elite athletes that retire from mainstream competition is swimming is all or nothing. Because muscle building is

Photography by Delly Carr @ Sportshoot Photography SWIMMING IN AUSTRALIA 21 ascta Journal [DEC 2011] V1.indd 21 30/11/2011 12:17:02 PM

Getting Past the Basics Skills & Drills for Optimal Technique by Jan King AIDS FOR

TEACHERS AND COACHES

Peter Ruddock –Gold Coach, ASCTA Life Member - Bulleen , Victoria.

Dragon Naturally Speaking: Speech Recognition Software

This DVD covers:  Body Position  Pull and Kick Timing  Stroke Development Drills  Arm Recovery Drills  Kicking Drills  Turns and Finishes  Breath Timing

“As a swimming teacher and coach I have searched for ways to develop effective stroke technique. Laurie Lawrence, Bill Sweetenham, John Trembley (Univ. of Tennessee) and Bill Boomer (USA), were important influences in the development of my skills. In addition, I studied major meets such as Commonwealth, World and Olympic Swimming over the years to examine how swimmers start, turn and finish and analysed the many different ways the strokes are swum. Other sources of inspiration were numerous swimming magazines, including ASCTA’s Swimming in Australia. I have developed this Ffreestyle program for my young swimmers with a view to providing them with a life skill. My second goal was to develop a swimmer who could move into the competitive area of swimming OmniPage: Scanning and OCR Software with ease. I hope the DVD will assist you to be teachers of Beautiful Freestyle and Backstroke.” Jan King

“Jan King has outstanding understanding of all stroke mechanics. Jan played an important role in developing the stroke of Australian Bbreaststroke champion whilst he was an age group swimmer at Nudgee College. Jan King is one of the foremost leaders in teaching swimming and stroke development in Australia!” Vince Raleigh, National Youth Coach

“Jan has been teaching and coaching in Queensland for more than 30 years. She contributed valuable technical coaching to many thousands of swimmers in these programs. Amongst her peers, Jan is regarded as one of the best developers of stroke in Australia. In addition to her coaching, Jan is a respected contributor to industry journals and professional development conferences.” Shaun Crow, Head Coach, MBC Swimming Perfect for To order, emailMini [email protected] & Junior Squads 22 SWIMMING IN AUSTRALIA

ascta Journal [DEC 2011] V1.indd 22 30/11/2011 12:17:04 PM AIDS FOR TEACHERS AND COACHES Peter Ruddock –Gold Coach, ASCTA Life Member - Bulleen , Victoria.

Coaches and teachers today need aids to help them improve their output. The computer is a wonderful aid, but you need good programs to assist you, especially if you are not computer literate. I would highly recommend two programs that are well worth getting: Dragon Naturally Speaking and OmniPage. These programs will assist all teachers and coaches with their organization, save time and improve the use of the computer.

Dragon Naturally Speaking: Speech Recognition Software

This speech recognition software enables you to create documents, spread sheets, and manage emails all by using your voice. You can work faster by dictating and creating documents, newsletters, presentations, create files & emails, schedule meetings and search the web, by just using your voice. It is easy to dictate notes and correspondence and then connect to your computer. Dragon automatically transcribes your recording as it runs on Windows 7, Vista, XP, and 2003. This program is very easy to install and along with a supplied microphone it all works very well on a home computer. You can even teach Dragon nicknames and jargon, along with your personal vocabulary and controlling the curser by your voice is a great asset to two finger typists.

OmniPage: Scanning and OCR Software

With OmniPage, you can convert paper documents and PDF files into word documents that you can edit on your computer. Images on iphones or digital cameras can be converted to readable formats. With OmniPage, you can improve the way you process, archive and share paper and documents. Documents that may have taken hours to retype can be formatted in minutes. There is no need to reformat if you have columns or tables as this program does it all, including graphics. One of the great things about this software is that Nuance runs an extremely good help desk. The staff are very quick to reply to emails and their help and instructions are easy to follow.

I would think that these two programs would be an excellent aid to all who want to improve their efficiency with a computer. To order, email [email protected] 23

ascta Journal [DEC 2011] V1.indd 23 30/11/2011 12:17:06 PM Australian Age Swimming Photography by Delly Carr @ Sportshoot Photography

Are Performance Outcomes Influenced by When an Athlete is Born?

by Jon Shaw MEd (Coach Education) - Gold Licence

Background

In Australia one of the most popular sports play any significance or can it be linked 2007; Sherar, Bruner, Munroe-Chandler, is swimming - both competitive and for to the performance outcomes/results of & Baxter-Jones, 2007), baseball (Daniel a large percentage of the population for National Age swimmers at National Age & Janssen, 1987; Grondin & Koren,2000; general fitness. Australia prides itself as one Championships? Thompson, Barnsley, & Stebelsky, 1991), of the best swimming nations and is only In relation to the above question this would and soccer (Barnsley, Thompson, & Legault, one of two countries that have competed at be termed as the "relative age effect". The 1992; Dudink, 1994; Helsen, Starkes, & Van the Summer Olympics since their re-birth relative age effect can be best described Winckel, 1998). Taking into account relative in 1896. In swimming events at the Olympic as older athletes having an advantage over age effects it has been suggested that older Games Australia have won 140 medals in younger athletes within the same annual children have an advantage over the younger individual events: 48 Gold, 42 Silver and 50 age group based on a particular selection/ children within their age group due to a Bronze. competition date. It refers to differences greater physical and psychosocial maturity

in age among children born in the same as well as having more experience within the For people involved in competitive swimming calendar year (Barnsley and Thompson, sport (Wattie, Cobley, & Baker, 2008). in Australia (coaches, parents, swimmers 1985) and officials) there has been indecision when In Australian Swimming the National Age it comes to: There have been many studies of relative Championships are always held in April. age effect in a variety of sports including There is no fixed date in April but history 1. The date athletes are born - does it junior ice hockey players (Baker & Logan, shows they aligned with the annual Easter

24 SWIMMING IN AUSTRALIA ascta Journal [DEC 2011] V1.indd 24 30/11/2011 12:17:09 PM Australian Age Swimming Holidays. Up until recently (2008) the events the differences in maturation are Championships were held over 5 days. In Chapter 2 there to see. At all age events you see a 2009 the Championships were extended to difference in body shape including height 6 days to accommodate distance races in Relative Age and weight depending on where a particular individual ages rather than having combined athlete is in their maturation stage. For age groups i.e. 15yrs and Under, 16 years Effect instance some girls in the 14 years age and 17/18yrs age groups. group may have completed their first Studies have looked at this effect not only in developmental stage compared to others the sporting field but also in the educational that are just commencing. This can change Chapter 1 field and as far back as the mid 1960's a swimmers ability to hold their position in (Armstrong, 1966; Freyman, 1965). the water as the power to weight ratio has Statement of the changed. However an athlete's maturation In swimming meets that are sanctioned by and associated differences are not sufficient Problem Swimming Australia Limited (SAL) and the to create relative age effects in sport. various State Associations the "age-up" or

"cut-off" date is the age you are on the first These championships form part of the Another factor that hasn't been fully day of the meet. Traditionally in all children selection criteria for Australian junior teams incorporated into the study of the relative and youth sports governing bodies have so it is imperative that all athletes are age effects is an athlete's experience in that grouped children into chronological age given the same opportunities. Swimmers sport (Helsen, Hodges, Van Winckel, and so they can learn and develop their skills are selected onto Australian teams based Starkes, 2000). An example in soccer shows against those of the same age. Throughout purely on performances at two Australian that an athlete born in January will have a the world this has led to many sports Championship meets each year: distinct advantage over an athlete born in including swimming, using a specific date to December if the selection date is January Australian Open National Championships group the athletes. (March) 1st. Meaning that a soccer player will have An example of this is: been exposed to the skills of the game far Are Performance Australian National Age Championships In Australian Surf Life Saving the fixed date earlier than those born later in the year. (April) for age grouping purposes is the age you are Those born later in the year may be The most associated factor is that each at midnight on the 30th September. at least a season behind those that are born Outcomes Influenced by swimmer competes in age group events In Australian Little Athletics - it is the age earlier so their experience is far less. based on the age they are on the first day of you are at midnight on the 30th September the meet. In English School Sports - August 1st The relative lack of experience is another When an Athlete is Born? To clarify: disadvantage for those born far from the In Canadian Ice Hockey - January 1st The 2010 National Age Championships first cut-off date (Ward and Williams, 2003; Ward, day of the meet was the 5th April (the age-up Hodges, Williams, Starkes, 2004). by Jon Shaw MEd (Coach Education) - Gold Licence date). It has been stated that older children within the same annual age group are more likely If you turned 15 on the 6th April (one day Youth players who are born early in the to be selected for school sports teams after the competition started) you competed selection year are more likely to be identified (Cobley, Abraham & Baker, 2008; Wilson in the 14 years age group. as talented by professional soccer teams. 1999) junior and or youth teams (Barnsley & Been selected on teams will expose the If you were born on the 5th April (first day of Thompson, 1988). Relative age effects may athletes to more coaching at the elite level the meet) you would compete in the 15 years offer other advantages to those born early plus the opportunity to play against other age group. in the selection year. Vroom (1964) argued players representing their countries, state or that the level of performance achieved by even at district level. In comparison, players The above example sets up the situation individuals is the product of their capacities born late in the selection year are more where the athlete born on the 6th April may and motivation. If motivational factors are likely to drop out of the sport as early as 12 have a distinct advantage over someone taken into account they can impact on how years of age (Feltz and Petlichkoff, 1983; within their own age group who may be up an individual learns and determines how Helsen, Starkes , and Hodges, 1998a). It has to nearly 12 months younger - this may be efficiently the potential capacities are used. been determined by researches that players termed the relative age effect (Barnsley et with a relative age advantage over their al, 1985). Also to be taken into account is the athlete's peers possess a significant developmental maturation - both physical and psychosocial. advantage that impact on perceived potential Because the Championship date is in April Looking at the actual physicality of an athlete and predicted success in sport (Helsen, this may disadvantage swimmers who are it has been found that some coaches have van Winckel, Williams, 2005). With some born in previous months to the date the selected "older" players within the same professional players the foundations for

competition commences. age group as they are more physically their careers have been laid on the back of advanced. This can have a bearing on results having such an advantage in their early and particularly in swimming competitions youth playing years. both in females and males. Just watching swimmers line up on the blocks in age

SWIMMING IN AUSTRALIA 25

ascta Journal [DEC 2011] V1.indd 25 30/11/2011 12:17:11 PM Continuing along the same research youth sport unless the selection/competition and under) are held in April and the age patterns it has also been found that by date changes (Wattie at el, 2008) within the groups in which a swimmer competes are shifting the selection date, for example to sport. It has been proven by research that based on the age of the athlete on the first January 1st, relative age effects shift to when the competition date moves so does day of competition. This brings to attention reflect the change in date. Meaning that the effects of relative age to those born the fact that an athlete can compete in those born shortly after January 1st (first 3 just after the selection date (Helsen at el, these two Championships at a different age. months) a strong relative age effect existed 2000; Mush et al, 1999). So, if the date of Also if the athlete is born in April they could (e.g. Helsen, Starkes, and Van Winckel, the selection trials for soccer were moved find themselves in the position that they 2000; Mush et al, 1999). So if the date was each year over a 4 year cycle (to take in could compete in the same age group twice changed to August 1st the same relative age each quarter of a year) would this not help depending on when the first day of the meet effects would be applied to those born in distribute the talent? occurs. Taking into account the relative age September. of athletes this can contribute to an "uneven" playing field when selecting National Junior Also the way the ages are grouped must be Also it is important to take into account teams. taken into account. Are the ages in single that not all "young" athletes (relative age) It should also be noted that in some sports age bands or are they grouped e.g. 2 year experience failure as a result of relative age there is no relative age effect. For instance bands (13/14 years; 15/16 years)? The way inequality. A study (Sherar, Baxter-Jones, in gymnastics the reverse occurs. All the the sport is grouped can have a bearing Faulkner, & Russell, 2007) found in youth athletes are of a small stature and the on the results when looking at relative age ice hockey that relatively younger children power to weight ratio is tightly monitored. effects (Medic, Starkes, and Young; 2007). selected did not differ in physical size and Also in non physical sports where the In Australian Swimming age grouping stature. These findings provided evidence emphasis is skill based. may vary from State to State or even from that above average physical characteristics competition to competition depending on increased the likelihood of being selected the level of the meet and even the distance to a competitive team. This gave support of the race. An example of this would be the to the selection bias by some coaches Summary NSW Metropolitan Championships where where size or the physical strength of some events over 100m are grouped into 2 year athletes and not skill factors were taken into An analysis of previous research highlights age bands - 12/13 years, 14/15 years etc. account when teams were selected. Also, the problem of relative age effects in a coach may give a more developed player athletes is worldwide and prevails in most In Australian Age Swimming Championship more "court" time because of their physical sports. To develop a solution is the real meets the following age groups are used: presence. challenge - it's not a case of just moving  12 years/13 years (13 years & Under) the selection/cut-off date as seen above as the relative age effect will be also be  14 years Also another factor that needs to be taken "transported" to the new date.  15 years into account is how children perceive success or failure in sport. Children attribute  16 years causal explanations to their successes or There has been a paucity of research  17 years/18 years failures (Weiner, 1986). Children will feel examining the relative age effects on female pride or shame depending on the extent to athletes in sport. This study will analyse the It has also been found that the dynamics which they attribute success or failure. The statistics from the last 10 years of female of an athlete's relative age (i.e. constituent self-esteem and self-image of any child swimming results (2001-2010) from the year) will change as they progress through can hang purely on how they understand or Australian Age Championships (18 years and the age band (Medic et al, 2007). Taking react to success or failure if it's perceived to under). the above age groupings in Australian be internally mediated. So the tendency is Age Swimming as an example, swimmers to attribute success to internal factors (e.g. who first compete as a 12 year old may I've trained hard for this) and for failures to Chapter 3 be at a disadvantage compared to the external factors that one has little control "older" athletes within the age band. When over (e.g. she is almost 12 months older Participants these 12 year olds compete the next year than I am). as 13 year olds then they would have an This statistical study focused on female advantage Another example would be a In swimming a majority of junior teams athletes who have competed in Australian swimmer who turned 14 just after the first (18 years and under) are selected from Age Championships from 2001 to 2010 (10 day of competition could find themselves the results of the Australian Open years of competitive data). They are aged competing against a 12 year old who is born Championships and Australian Age between 12 and 18 years old. before the age-up date. Championships. The Australian Open Championships are held in March and A total of 23,862 result entries were initially Comparatively, relative age will be evident as this is an Open event there is no age imported (every result for every swimmer throughout the developmental stages of restriction or age up date. However, the who competed between 2001 and 2010). Australian Age Championships (18 years

26 SWIMMING IN AUSTRALIA Photograph courtesy of Swimming Australia / Ian MacNicol ascta Journal [DEC 2011] V1.indd 26 30/11/2011 12:17:11 PM This figure was reduced to 5411 when only lowest number of swimmers contributing to those who competed in a final (top 10) at a 13 years and Under the total came from the month of April (7) - Championship were taken into account. 1.5% of the total (471). Care must be taken Age Group with the number of days that were counted As many swimmers made numerous finals as ‘April’ depending on the year and date of This is the first year of competition for these each meet this was condensed to those championship. Those born directly after the swimmers and the age group is combined swimmers who competed in a final in an age up date, but in April were moved to the with swimmers who are aged 12 years and individual event. Therefore the final sample first month after the championships. Quarter 13 years old. consisted of 2,313 Australian residents 4 (February to April) had the lowest number

who made a National Age swimming final of finalists (62) accounting for 13.2% of the between 2001 and 2010. total. When looking at the data collected in Table 1 the following observations were made: 14 years Age Group Chapter 4 There is a significant weighting for those swimmers whose birthday occurs directly When looking at the data collected in Table 2 Results after the age-up date. The highest total the following observations were made: was in May (95) - this is directly after the There is a slight shift (negative) but still a The results from the Australian Age age-up date. This represents 20.1% of total significant weighting for those swimmers Swimming Championships compiled will be number of swimmers (471). Also in Table whose birthday falls directly after the age-up outlined by age groups - 13 years and Under; 1 when the researcher divided the results date. 14 years; 15 years; 16 years; 17/18 years. into quarters (May to July = Q1) a large The data collected focused on swimmers number of 208 swimmers came from the who had qualified for a final (top 10) after first quarter. This represents 44.2% of all swimming in the qualifying heat of the event. finalists came from the first 3 months (Q1) directly following the age-up date. The

Because the date of the swimming championships are not fixed in the month of April limitations apply: Table 1 Swimmers who are born in April but Number of elite female swimmers from each month who made finals in the 13 years / Under age group (2001 - 2010) after the "age-up" date (first day of the competition) were moved, for the benefit of this study to the 1st May. This occurred for each Championship as May is the first month directly following the age-up date. Those who had a birthday in April but before the "age-up" date stayed in April. Therefore some months would be smaller/ larger than others. When looking at the championship dates (Table 4) the meets occurred throughout April. This may present a slight over representation in the month of May but the researcher believes it wouldn't alter the trends from the data.

Swimmers are eligible to compete in the events providing they have swum the qualifying time at a sanctioned meet. No performance results can have occurred prior to the 1st May of the previous year and the time must be achieved in a 50m pool.

SWIMMING IN AUSTRALIA 27 ascta Journal [DEC 2011] V1.indd 27 30/11/2011 12:17:12 PM The highest total was in May with 74 finalists – which occurs directly after the age-up Table 2 date. This represents 15.9% of total number Number of elite female swimmers from each month who made finals in the 14 years / Under age group (2001 - 2010) of finalists. Interestingly, this represents a negative change (-4.2%) from the 13 years & under age group. When dividing the year into quarters, the first quarter accounted for 164 finalists which was 35.2%. This was also a negative change (-9%) or decrease from the 13 years & under age group.

Table 2 also illustrates that the least number of swimmers came from the month of April (15) - only 3.2% of the total (466). Again care must be taken with the number of days that were counted as ‘April’ depending on the year and date of championship. Nevertheless the youngest swimmers born in the fourth quarter had the least number of finalists (84) accounting for 18% of all finalists.

15 years Age Group

When looking at the data collected in Table 3 the following observations were made: Table 3 There is significant weighting for those Number of elite female swimmers from each month who made finals in the 15 years / Under age group (2001 - 2010) swimmers whose birthday falls directly after the age-up date. The highest total of swimmers was in May (78), directly after the age-up date and represents 16.7% of total number of swimmers (466).There is some changes from the previous age groups; a negative change of -3.4% from the 13 years & under age group but a positive increase of +0.8% from the 14 year olds. A negative change meaning that there is a reduction in the number of swimmers in that quarter compared to the same quarter in a previous age group.

A total of 159 swimmers or 34.1% came from the first quarter (Q1) after the age-up date making it the largest. However this was a negative change of -10.1% from the 13 years & under age group and a negative change (-1.1%) from the 14 years age group. This was the first occurrence where both change are negative. As in the previous age groups the lowest number of swimmers came from the month of April (17) - 3.6%

28 SWIMMING IN AUSTRALIA ascta Journal [DEC 2011] V1.indd 28 30/11/2011 12:17:13 PM of the total (466) but this shows a positive Table 4 change (+0.4%) from the 14 years age group. Number of elite female swimmers from each month who made finals in the 14 years / Under age group (2001 - 2010) Number of elite female swimmers from each month who made finals in the 16 years / Under age group (2001 - 2010) Once again Quarter 4 (Q4) had the lowest number of finalists (89) representing 19.1% of the total. This provided a positive change compared to the 13 years and under (+5.9%) and 14 years (+1.1%). Table 3: Number of elite female swimmers from each month who made finals in the 15 years age group (2001-2010). 16 years Age Group

When looking at the data collected in Table 4 the following observations were made: The month of May still continues to have the largest number of finalists with 61 or 13.6% of total number of swimmers (449) but there has been a variation. This represents a negative change when compared to the previous age groups: 13 years & under (-6.5%) 14 years (-2.3%) and the 15 years (-3.1%). Looking at Table 4 the largest quarter results 129 (28.7%) came from the first quarter (Q1) after the age-up date. This was a negative change from all previous age groups 13 years & under (-15.5%); 14 years (-6.5%)and the 15 years (-5.4%). At this time Table 5 it has been observed that the numbers in Number of elite female swimmers from each month who made finals in the 15 years / Under age group (2001 - 2010) Number of elite female swimmers from each month who made finals in the 17/18 years / Under age group (2001 - 2010) each quarter have 'leveled out' compared to the 13 years age group that was skewed towards the quarter 1.

There is more even distribution over all quarters with only a difference of 7.3% between the largest Q1 (28.7%) and the smallest Q4 (21.4%). The lowest number of swimmers came from the month of April (14), only 3.1% of the total (449) but shows a negative change of -0.5% from the 15 years age group. Quarter 4 had the lowest number of finalists (96) representing 21.4% of the total. This provided a positive change compared to all previous ages: 13 years and under (+8.2%); 14 years (+3.4%) and 15 years (+2.3%).

Table 4: Number of elite female swimmers from each month who made finals in the 16 years age group (2001-2010).

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ascta Journal [DEC 2011] V1.indd 29 30/11/2011 12:17:14 PM 17/18 years Age Group Table 6 Represents all ages of elite female age swimmer who made finals (2001 - 2010) When looking at the data collected in Table 5 the following observations were made: The month of May (53) still continues to have the largest number of finalists however the difference is now not as significant as in the previous age groups. This is 11.5% of the total number of swimmers (461) but continues the negative change found in all previous age groups: 13 years & under (-6.5%) 14 years (-2.3%); 15 years (-3.1%); 16 years (-2.1%).

There was a change in the largest quarter - Q4 (26.9%) now has the greatest number of finalists. This was a positive change from all previous age groups: 13 years & under (+13.7%); 14 years (+8.9%); 15 years (+7.8%); 16 years (+5.5%). As in all previous ages the lowest number of swimmers came from the month of April (28), 6.1% of the total 461.This shows a positive change of 3% from the 16 years age group. For the first time quarter 1 (113) wasn't the largest.

Table 5 shows that Quarter 4 had 124 swimmers that represents 26.9% of the total. Compared to previous results this can be seen as a significant change from the previous age groups (13 years/Under - 13.2%; 14 years - 18%; 15 years - 19.1%; 16 years - 21.4%). The researcher believes this to be a significant factor that will have a Chart 1 bearing on the relative age effects through Quarter year of birth distribution - total percentage (2001 - 2010) age group swimming and will be discussed later in this study.

It should be noted that this age group is over a two year age band. The results are not split into individual age groups. Table 5: Number of elite female swimmers from each month who made finals in the 17/18 years age group (2001-2010).

Combined Ages Table 6 and Chart 1 contains all the ages together and shows the total of each month and quarter segment. The following observations are made:

Combining all ages into one table quarter 1 represents the 'older' swimmer within the age groups and has a total of 773 swimmers representing 33.4% of finalists.

30 SWIMMING IN AUSTRALIA ascta Journal [DEC 2011] V1.indd 30 30/11/2011 12:17:14 PM Chart 2 Total distribution of all age groups by quarter month of birth (2001 - 2010)

Represents all ages of elite female age swimmer who made finals (2001 - 2010)

Chart 3 Distribution of all age groups by month of birth (2001 - 2010)

Quarter year of birth distribution - total percentage (2001 - 2010)

SWIMMING IN AUSTRALIA 3131

ascta Journal [DEC 2011] V1.indd 31 30/11/2011 12:17:15 PM The smallest quarter Q4 contains the very important observation especially when 3 months preceding the championships 'younger' swimmers and shows a total of dealing with swimmers who may have been (Q4) has the largest representation of 124 455 or 19.7% of swimmers. Overall May late in maturing or have started competing swimmers (26.9%) and quarter 1 (Q1) has contains the largest number with a total at a later age. These figures should provide 113 swimmers (24.5%). In this age group across all ages of 361 (15.6%). May, in the coaches with a pathway for swimmers who there is only a difference of 2.8% across 13 years & Under age group is the largest may struggle in earlier age groups. all quarters of the year. This supports the individual month with a total of 95 swimmers findings in other research studies that and within the same age group April has have showed that relative age effects are the smallest representation - 7 swimmers. reduced in older age groups (Helsen at el, One observation of importance is the total 2000a). Some swimmers who may have swimmers from the month of February - Chapter 5 been exposed to relative age effects earlier 222. This represents the second highest in their competitive years may have decided individual month across all ages (9.6%) and Relative Age to drop out of the sport. It is known that girls swimmers born in this month are young for mature at an earlier age than boys (Malina, their age group. Effects 1994) so it is presumed that this may reduce Chart 1 demonstrates that the older the effect of when an athlete is born. swimmers who are born in Q1 (May to July) The aim of this study was to examine the account for 33.4% of the total finalists. The results of elite female swimmers at the When considering the overall results (Table younger swimmers are represented in Q4 Australian Age Championships (2001 to 2010 6) quarter 1 (Q1) has the largest number of (February to April) and only account for inclusive) and determine whether the month finalists providing 773 swimmers (33.4%) 19.7%. This is a difference of 13.7%. of birth influences an athlete's performance whereby quarter 4 (Q4) contributes 455 Chart 2 shows the quarter year of birth outcomes. swimmers (19.7%). This is a difference of distribution for all age groups. The following 318 swimmers (13.7%). This indicates that observations were made: The results show that there is a strong there is an advantage for those born in the relative age effect in female swimmers first quarter following the championships. Q1 has the most finalists in all age groups who compete at the Australian Age except the 17/18 years group. There is a Championships. However, there are also Analysing the results of the data collected decline in the number of swimmers who significant differences between the age from the Australian Age Championships, make finals that are born in the first quarter groups. Previous studies into other sports when you are born plays a role in as the swimmers move through different such as soccer (Musch et al, 2001; Barnsley performance outcomes in the future of an age groups. This may imply as swimmers et al., 1992; Baxter-Jones, 1995; Brewer athlete particularly in the younger (13 years/ mature the effect of when they are born et al, 1995; Dudink, 1994; Helsen at al., under; 14 years and 15 years) competitive diminishes. 2000a; Musch at el., 1999; Richardson et age groups. Research studies into other al, 1999; Verhulst, 1992) have concluded sports have come to the same conclusion that there are skewed results towards the (Helsen et al, 2005; Wattie et al, 2008). This observation may have great importance 'older' athletes within the same age groups The implications of this for elite female to the sport of swimming and certainly particularly in the Junior to Youth age swimmers is convincing when taking into opens many avenues of discussion including groups. account that it is known that females mature maturation effects. It can also implicate the earlier than males. This not only impacts importance of swimmer retention through on performance outcomes but how female the earlier to late stages of their competitive In this study this observable fact has also athletes are coached throughout their life. There may be other reasons for this been concluded for the younger age group competitive years. Swimmers goals may phenomenon that are discussed later in this (13 years/Under) where there is a major be determined by Championship dates or study. difference between those swimmers who are born within the first three months of selection criteria based on the age of an the age-up date (see Table 1). A total of 208 athlete at the first day of the meet. Chart 3 shows the distribution of swimmers swimmers (44.2%) born in the first quarter by month across all age groups. When (Q1) competed in a final compared to the An example of this would be: looking at each month there is a strong 3 months preceding the Championships representation of 13 year old finalist (95) in (Q4) where only 62 swimmers (13.2%) the month of May. However, comparing the A 12 year old female swimmer is born in competed in a final. This is a difference of 17/18 years age group in the same month March and is an excellent prospect. She is a 142 swimmers (31%). there is a decline in the numbers (53); this is NSW State medalist for her selected event a negative change of 42. (cut-off date is in January). She has not Comparing the youngest age group begun the first stages of growth/maturation (13 years/under) with the oldest age When looking at the month of April the but will be expected to swim in the next age group (17/18 years) there are profound reverse occurs - there is an increase in group (13 years/under) at the upcoming differences. In the older age group the the older age group from 7 to 28. This is a Australian Age Championships. Does the

32 SWIMMING IN AUSTRALIA ascta Journal [DEC 2011] V1.indd 32 30/11/2011 12:17:16 PM coach focus on the State Championships the older athletes who have greater physical swimmers who maybe up to 12 months where his athlete will medal or use the characteristics; 3 - selected players are older. At their stage of development they Australian Age Championships as a training exposed to a higher level of competition at don't have the required mental skills to deal goal for the season and vary the training an earlier age. with this observable fact. loads accordingly? The three proposed explanations above can It has always been a major talking point with The above example presents the athlete also apply to age swimming in Australia. The coaches, administrators and parents: how with the scenario of having to swim against effects of successful athletes that benefit do we keep swimmers who are talented but other athletes who are up to 12 months from what is termed a 'good' birthday would are young in development years in the sport. older (in some cases up to 23 months older) be exposed to many more opportunities Patience can only wait so long. If there can and may have completed their first stages than their younger counterparts. 1 - be a change in the current practice when the of maturation. This meet is a selection event Swimmers benefit from being born in the age-up date occurs this may create a level for an Australian Junior Team. As results first quarter after the age-up date because playing field for all competitors and reduce have identified that there is a relative age they have greater physical attributes and the occurrence of Relative Age Effects. effect in this age group the athlete could would possess greater skills than the be hard pressed achieving the results younger swimmers; 2 - in the 13/Under necessary to meet the selection criteria for age group the swimmers that have greater Limitations the team (winning a Gold medal). The coach physical characteristics and skills have an would need to allow for different training advantage over the younger swimmers The results in this study are based on loads on the young swimmer compared to within their age group; 3 - swimmers who the data collected and analysed from the the older swimmer in the same age group are successful (normally gold medallists) Australian Age Championships (2001-2010). thereby altering her preparation to suit her at these championships are selected onto Because the age-up date 'floats' in April the developmental age. Australian Junior teams and are exposed researcher re-located swimmers whose to higher levels of competition both within birthday fell in April but after the age-up date to the first month after this date - i.e. When you take into account the swimmers Australia and overseas. When these athletes May. This might have influenced a part of developmental age and the suggested are selected onto teams and training squads the results but the researcher deems this to results implied in this study that there is a they are exposed to different training have a minimal effect on the overall trends relative age effect in younger age groups, and coaching methods. Also the fact that of the data results over all ages. this swimmer may be faced with the they are part of a selected team and train prospect of not achieving the results and together gives these athletes greater leaving the sport at an earlier age. These motivation to continue in the sport. They Recommendations swimmers are at a disadvantage and may would be more likely to be encouraged by their success and would continue to train see themselves a failure (Weiner et al, 1986) From this study the following harder and continue to improve their skills compared to those who have success and recommendations are suggested: (Shearer, 1967). continue on in the sport. A fixed age-up date for athletes.

Presently the date for the Australian Age Another factor that must be taken into Championships varies within the month of account is an athlete's experience in the Chapter 6 April. If the current system remains then the sport (Helsen, at el, 2000b). The younger age-up date must be fixed i.e. the age you athlete within the age group (example given are on the 1st April or 1st May. previously) would be at a disadvantage with Conclusion less experience than their competitors who Create a 'level playing field' by rotating In conclusion the research demonstrates are born after the age-up date. Combine the age-up date. Another system that that there has been sufficient confirmation this with the relative age effect and those has been suggested is to rotate the age- that the relative age effect does influence born within the preceding 3 months of the up date (Boucher and Halliwell, 1991). swimmers and the outcomes in Australian championships have not got the tools to In this instance swimmers on average Age Swimming up to and including the 16 compete on level terms. would compete in six Australian Age years age group. In elite female swimming Championships (U 13 to 17/18 years). There it can be seen that the younger/youth When studying other results into the Relative could be a system implemented to rotate swimmers are more susceptible to be Age effects, including football (soccer) it the age-up date over a 3 year period e.g. effected by the date they are born. has been proposed that there are three 2011 - 1st January; 2012 - 1st May; 2013

explanations (Helsen at el, 1998a): 1 - the - 1st August; these dates would then be This can impact on the swimmers ability selection/talent identification processes repeated over the next three years. Then at to continue in the sport when they find are biased towards those with greater some point in their age careers they would themselves continually faced with the physical attributes and skill; 2 - that the age experience a 'good' birthday and have equal proposition of competing against other groupings can place greater emphasis on opportunities as their peers.

SWIMMINGSWIMMING IN IN AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA 3333 ascta Journal [DEC 2011] V1.indd 33 30/11/2011 12:17:17 PM Photography by Delly Carr @ Sportshoot Photography All swimmers compete in the age they turn on the 31st December: This system is currently adopted by School Swimming. I believe there would be evidence of the Relative Age Effect and results would be more weighted towards those swimmers born during the first three months of the year. Swimming is divided into two seasons - Summer and Winter. Have the age-up date at the beginning of each season. For summer the age-up date would be 1st October; the winter age-up date would be 1st May.

How do other nations conduct their age programs/meets?: 1. USA 2. Great Britain 3. Canada 4. New Zealand

The above countries age programs should be researched to see what they offer their age group swimmers. A study on elite male swimmers. following the results of this study it would be beneficial to complete a study on male age group swimmers who may be more vulnerable to the relative age effects.

Chapter 7 References

Armstrong, H.G. (1966). A comparison of the performance of summer and autumn born, children at eleven and sixteen. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 36, 72-76.

Baker, J., & Logan, A.J. (2007). Developmental contexts and sporting success: Birth date and birthplace effects in national hockey league draftees 2000- 2005. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41, 515-517.

Barnsley, R.H., Thompson, A.H., & Barnsley, P.E. (1985).Hockey success and birthplace: The relative age effect. Journal of the Canadian Association of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 51, 23-28.

34 SWIMMING IN AUSTRALIA ascta Journal [DEC 2011] V1.indd 34 30/11/2011 12:17:20 PM Barnsley, R.H., Thompson, A.H., & Legault, Helsen, W.F., Van Winckel, J., Williams, Velhulst, J. (1992). Seasonal birth P. (1992). Family planning: football style-The A.M. (2005). 'The relative age effect in youth distribution of West European soccer relative age effect in football. International soccer across Europe', Journal of Sports players: A possible explanation. Medical Review for the Sociology of Sport, 27(1), Sciences, 23:6, 629-636. Hypothesus, 38, 346-348. 77-88. Barnsley, R.H., Thompson, A.H. (1988). Helsen, W.F., Starkes, J.L., & Van Winckel, J. Vroom, V.H. (1964). Work and motivation. Birthdate and success in minor hockey: (2000). Effect of a change in selection year on New York: Wiley. The key to the NHL. Canadian Journal of success in male soccer players. American Behavioural Science, 20, 167-176. Journal of Human Biology, 12, 729-735. Ward, P., & Williams, A.M. (2003). Perceptual and cognitive skill development in soccer: Baxter-Jones, A. (1995). Growth and Musch, J., & Hay, R. (1999). The relative age The multidimensional nature of expert development of young athletes: should effect in soccer: Cross-cultural evidence for performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise competition levels be age related? Sports a systematic discrimination against children Psychology, 25, 93-111. Medicine, 20, 59-64. born late in the competition year. Sociology of Sport Journal, 16, 54-64. Ward, P., Hodges, N.J., Williams, A.M., & Cobley, S., Abraham, C., & Baker, J. (2008). Sherar, L.B., Bruner, M.W., Munroe- Starkes, J. (2004). Deliberate practice and Relative age effects on physical education Chandler, K.J., & Baxter-Jones, A.D.G. expert performance: Defining the path of attainment and school sport representation. (2007). Relative age and fast tracking of elite excellence. In A.M. Williams & N. Hodges Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 13, major junior ice hockey players. Perceptual (Eds.), Skill acquisition in sport: Research, 267-276. and Motor Skills, 104, 702-706 theory and practice (pp.231-258). London:

Routledge. Sherar, L.B., Baxter-Jones, A.D.G., Faulkner, Daniel, T.E. , & Janssen, C.T.L. (1987). R.A., & Russell, K.W. (2007). Do physical More on the relative age effect. Canadian Wattie, N., Cobley, S., & Baker, J. (2008). maturity and birth date predict talent in male Association of Health, Physical Education 'Towards a unified understanding of relative youth ice hockey players? Journal of Sports and Recreation Journal, 53, 21-24. age effects', Journal of Sport Sciences, 26: Sciences, 25, 879-886. (13), 1403-1409. Dudink, A. (1994). Birthplace and sporting Thompson, A.H., Barnsley, R.H., & success. Nature, 368, 592. Weiner, B. (1986). An attributional theory Stebelsky, G. (1991). "Born to play ball" of motivation and emotion. New York: The relative age effect and Major League Springer-Verlag. Feltz, D., & Petlichkoff, L. (1983). Perceived Baseball. Sociology of Sport Journal, 8, competence among interscholastic sport 146-151. Wilson, G. (1999). The birthdate effect in participants and dropouts. Canadian Journal school sports teams. European Journal of of Applied Sports Sciences, 8, 231-235. Physical Education, 4, 139-145.

Freyman, R. (1965). Further evidence on the effect of date of birth on subsequent school performance. Educational Research, 8, 58-64.

Grondin, S., & Koren, S. (2000). The relative age effect in professional baseball: A look at the History of Major League Baseball and at current status in Japan. Avante, 6, 64-74.

Helsen, W.F., Starkes, J.L., & Hodges, N.J. (1998a). Team sports and the theory of deliberate practice. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20, 13-35.

Helsen, W.F., Starkes, J.L., & Van Winckel, J. (1998b). The influence of relative age on success and dropout in male soccer players. American Journal of Human Biology, 10, 791-798.

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asctaWA asctaVIC

Swimming Western Australia combined highest standard. Above all else however Age Group Coach of the Year at State with asctaWA Branch and Swim Australia Ross noted that it was the relationship and Championships recently to conduct a very successful uniting approachable manner of all SWA staff that Peta Goodsell Western Sprint of the WA Coaches Conference, the Swim has made it such a positive environment Open Coach of the Year at State Championships Australia Conference and SWA Officiating to be involved with, a sentiment that was Matt Magee City of Perth Forum into a new SwimWEST Conference at echoed by many attendees throughout the the University of Western Australia, Crawley event. Regional Coach of the Year at State campus. The SwimWEST Conference was The asctaWA Branch also held their Annual Championships a multi day event that strived to provide General Meeting and Coaching Awards. The Andrew Hedges Peel the highest quality presenters and most up presentation from asctaWA involved a photo/ to date material, facilitating the continual video presentation put together by Fiona SWD Coach of the Year professional development of swimming and Njirich, which included photos of a number Stacey Scott Southlake Dolphins water safety Teachers, swimming Coaches of the dedicated coaches in action on deck and competition Officials from around and around the pool. It was a great way to OWS Coach of the Year Western Australia. finish the meeting and a perfect prelude into Matt Magee City of Perth the asctaWA Coach Recognition Awards that The Conference catered for approximately were to follow. Club Coach of the Year 180 people with theory and practical pool Rod Bonsack Arena presentations from a range of presenters The full report for the asctaWA Annual including Bill Sweetenham, former West General Meeting can be found on the Age Coach of the Year at National Australian and Emily Seabohm’s Coach Matt Swimming WA Website. Championships Brown, National Youth Coach, Vince Raleigh; Ian Mills City of Perth Swimming Australia Director Gary Barclay; Western Australian Institute of Sport’s Greg Coaching Awards Open Coach of the Year at National Hodge; and ASCTA CEO Ross Gage along The Annual asctaWA Coaching Awards were Championships with local Coaches, Paul Bruce, Koji Honda, conducted by Fiona Njirich and presented by Matt Magee City of Perth Chris McMillan and Matt Magee. both ASCTA CEO Ross Gage and asctaWA Chairperson Chris Twomey. The recipients SWA/asctaWA of awards were: Matt Magee City of Perth The event was also supported with a Coach’s forum on Friday evening and a very JX Coach(es) of the Year - These awards provide a small opportunity successful informal social get together on Bronze: for just a few of those dedicated coaches Saturday evening. Adrian Davini Breakers to be acknowledged by their peers and the Silver: coaching association that represents them Michael Shaw Arena CEO of ASCTA, Mr Ross Gage commented each and every day. that the bar had now been set extremely Gold: Chris Jongsma West coast high and that all involved should be exceptionally proud of their efforts. He also mentioned that the professionalism and Junior Coach of the Year at State Championships - organisation of the conference was of the Dani Dielesen Breakers

ascta Journal [DEC 2011] V1.indd 36 30/11/2011 12:17:22 PM asctaBRANCH CONFERENCES

asctaWA asctaVIC

Over 100 attended the asctaVIC Conference 2011 at the Melbourne Sports & Aquatic Centre. A Silver and a Bronze RAFFLE WINNERS coaching course were conducted as well as Management, Teaching and Coaching The asctaVIC Conference Raffle Congratulations to: streams. Some of the Presenters boasted some great prizes, included Vince Raleigh, National including an ASCTA prize pack, Tom Morrison Youth Coach SAL; Wayne Lomas, High a Studio Pilates prize pack, Performance Manager SAL; Doug Frost, and copies of Sports Wisdom: Kim Moore Mentor Coach National Youth Program Secrets of winning Coaches SAL; Amanda Isaacs, Nunawading Revealed. Swimming Club; Joanne Love, Coach Liz Bird Ivanhoe Neons; and Jean Kemp, Kemp Aquatics. John Stathis

The free CPR update on Sunday morning was a winner. Attendees loved wondering around the Trade Expo during the breaks. The finger food and drinks after the asctaVIC AGM were enjoyed by many. Thanks to David Wilson and the asctaVIC Committee for organising this wonderful event.

SWA Coaches Forum attendees

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ascta Journal [DEC 2011] V1.indd 37 30/11/2011 12:17:24 PM Photography by Delly Carr @ Sportshoot Photography

Who will Provide the Golden Moments of 2012 ? By Ian Hanson When it comes to swimming and It was the race that launched the It was almost a replica of Sieben’s the Olympic Games, you can always famous call from legendary ABC race four-years earlier as Armstrong count on the Australians to produce a commentator Norman “Nuggett” sat on Biondi’s wash and produced golden moment. May: “Gold…gold…gold to Australia” the fastest final 50m to steal the gold as Brooks out-touched the Russian medal and from the same “lucky lane No matter what the rankings may Olympic gold medallist Sergei six.” say, no matter what results may have Kopliakov in dramatic fashion. been recorded in the lead up to the Almost uncontrollable, yelling Olympics, no matter what the odds, Four years later it was ’s and screaming in the grandstand, Australians will always be in line for turn to swim from the clouds to fly Lawrence told Australia via host Olympic glory in the pool. past the giant West German Michael broadcaster Channel Ten: “Stuff the Gross and claim Olympic gold in the silver we came here for the gold.” You only have to go back to the 200m butterfly in Los Angeles. They were all magical moments boycotted Games of 1980 in – moments that no one expected – Moscow for an Olympics clouded Sieben was the big improver, coached moments that go a long way towards in controversy when four virtual to the minute by the master coach making up the heart and the soul unknown Aussie boys, Mark Kerry, Laurie Lawrence and the 17-year-old that is the Australian Olympic Swim Peter Evans, Mark Tonelli and Neil from the inner-Brisbane suburb of Team. There will be a swimmer, Brooks upset the Russians to win Coorparoo produced a whirlwind final somewhere in Australia who will gold in the 4x100m medley relay. lap to win gold and in world record heed the call of destiny, who will rise They had left Australia under a cloud time. above the rest and the obstacles they of darkness with the world divided have overcome to realise their own and the Olympics very much in Then in 1988 another of Lawrence’s Olympic dream. political turmoil but they returned as finely-tuned athletes, Duncan heroes. Armstrong, turned the tables on Matt Australia’s Olympic history is littered Biondi and Gross to surf his way to with many more stories of athletes Olympic gold in the 200m freestyle. who put their lives on hold to answer the Olympic calling; who sacrificed

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ascta Journal [DEC 2011] V1.indd 38 30/11/2011 12:17:26 PM Photography by Delly Carr @ Sportshoot Photography

By Ian Hanson everything to become an Olympian Winning two individual gold medals Will it be – the and some Olympic champions, who and adding a third in the 4x200m man who stole the show at this knew how to win or climb on to the freestyle relay. In 2004 it was Ian year’s FINA World Championships or podium. Whether it be after a six Thorpe who stole the show, despite will turn her Shanghai month boat trip just to get to the the controversy surrounding the silvers into London bullion? Olympics; or literally running over events that led to his eventual obstacles to win gold in the River inclusion in the 400m. Thorpe left Magnussen, the boy from Port Seine in 1900 as Freddie Lane did. Athens with two individual gold, a Macquarie and dubbed the Missile, relay silver and individual bronze to could well swim his way into Olympic As Olympic historian Harry Gordon become our greatest ever Olympian. history as the fourth Australian recalls: “Freddie Lane became the The year 2000 saw Thorpe win his behind (1956), John first of Australia's great procession of first individual gold in the 400m Devitt (1960) and Mike Wenden (1968) Olympic swimming champions when before those two memorable relay to claim swimming’s blue ribband he won the 200 metres freestyle gold medals. event – the 100m freestyle. in the muddy waters and moody You get the feeling it could well be his currents of the Seine during the Paris 1996 was the year of time. Games of 1900. He also won another and Suzie O’Neill, who saved the best event which was unsurprisingly till last, winning individual gold on Can anyone stop the Australian dropped from the Olympic program the final night in Atlanta. Four years 4x100m freestyle relay team as they afterwards: the 200m obstacle race, earlier in 1992 it was Perkins who prepare to turn the clock back to in which contestants scrambled over won his first Olympic gold as he and Sydney as they chase their second and under a row of boats.” Glen Housman reigned supreme with gold medal in the coveted relay? Lane was ready to do whatever it a 1-2 finish in the 1500m freestyle. Is there room for Thorpe, Michael took, to win Olympic gold. Klim and to join Geoff As the countdown continues towards Huegill on the team for London or the 2012 Olympic Swimming Trials will the younger brigade put the questions will be asked? Who will be In 2008 it was who squeeze on the golden oldies and set Australia’s golden heroes? swam her way into Olympic history – up their own golden road.

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