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De Nya Protesternas Japan Analys Av Protester I Japan 2006-2015

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De Nya Protesternas Japan Analys Av Protester I Japan 2006-2015 STOCKHOLMS UNIVERSITET Institutionen för Asien-, Mellanöstern- och Turkietstudier De nya protesternas Japan Analys av protester i Japan 2006-2015 Kandidatuppsats i japanska VT 2016 Isak Roslinde Handledare: André Asplund Isak Roslinde Innehållsförteckning Innehållsförteckning ................................................................................................................................... 1 Terminologi ................................................................................................................................................. 2 Inledning ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 Frågeställning .............................................................................................................................................. 2 Perioder av kontention ............................................................................................................................... 2 Teorier och begrepp ................................................................................................................................... 4 Social förändring och protestsamhälle ....................................................................................................... 6 Politisk tillfällighetsstruktur ........................................................................................................................ 6 Järntriangeln och politik ......................................................................................................................... 7 Opposition och samverkan ..................................................................................................................... 7 2000-talet och informationsteknologin .................................................................................................. 8 Material och metod .................................................................................................................................... 9 Tidningsmaterial och primärdata ................................................................................................................ 9 Analys ........................................................................................................................................................ 10 Nyhetsartiklar från 2006-2015 .................................................................................................................. 10 Mängden och storleken ............................................................................................................................ 10 Analys av protesterna 2011-2015 ............................................................................................................. 13 Inledning ............................................................................................................................................... 13 1. politiska aktörer och politisk identitet .............................................................................................. 14 2. Relevant läge när kontentionen började .......................................................................................... 15 3. Strömmarna av kontention ............................................................................................................... 15 4. Resultatet av protesterna ................................................................................................................. 16 5. Episoder ............................................................................................................................................ 16 7. Återkonstruering av processerna ...................................................................................................... 18 8. Jämförelser av andra liknande händelser ......................................................................................... 18 Slutsatser .................................................................................................................................................. 18 Sammanfattning ....................................................................................................................................... 20 Fortsatta studier ....................................................................................................................................... 20 Litteraturförteckning ................................................................................................................................. 20 1 Isak Roslinde Terminologi Kontention – (contention) En omskrivning från det Engelska ordet. För att göra texten lättare att hantera använder den här uppsatsen sig av en försvenskad variation av det engelska ordet. Ordet betyder visande av missnöje och tvistande. Artikel 9 – Artikel i den japanska konstitutionen. Anpo – Förkortning Av USA och Japans säkerhetsfördrag 1960. Freeter – En person som istället för att ha heltidsanställning lever på korttids extraarbete. SEALDs – Student Emergency Action for Liberal Democracy. Studentprotestgrupp. 11/3 – Förkortat uttryck för den 11 mars 2011, dagen då den stora jordbävningen inträffade i norra Japan. Japanska ord transkriberas med det modifierade hepburnsystemet. Inledning Att analysera och förstå protester är inte en lätt sak. Speciellt inte när protesterna är nära i tid eller pågående händelser. Under senare år har många japaner visat sitt missnöje genom stora protester. Protester är inget nytt i landet, men stora protester har däremot inte varit vanligt sedan 1970-talet. Efter jordbävningen i Japan och den påföljande kärnkraftskatastrofen den 11 mars 2011 har debatten om kärnkraften flammat upp. Katastrofen i Fukushima visade sig vara en chock för landet och kontamineringen från katastrofen och den nya oron över säkerheten runt kärnkraften resulterade i att alla Japans kärnkraftverk stängdes ner. Samtidigt var det stora protester i landet där nya som gamla aktivistgrupper gick ut på gatorna för att protestera mot etablissemanget och visa stöd för de drabbade av katastrofen. Protesterna fick många att fråga om landet hade dragit sig mot ett mer demokratiskt samhälle där folket hade börjat protestera. De följande åren sågs en rad av protester om nya frågor där även fler nya aktörer kom fram på scenen. Detta tycks bekräfta misstanken om att Japan har fått ett nytt och starkare protestsamhälle. Frågeställning Denna studie vill undersöka huruvida de stora protestaktionerna efter 11/3 är ett tecken på en större social förändring mot ett protestsamhälle och vad beror det i så fall på? Finns det en större förändring i det japanska samhället mot ett protestsamhälle? Om så är fallet, varför händer det nu? För att undersöka detta närmare kommer studien att behandla ämnet genom att statistiskt undersöka rapporteringen av demonstrationer före och efter 2011, för att undersöka skillnader. Efter det undersöks faktorerna runt protesterna för att se vad som orsakade dem. Perioder av kontention Nakazawa (2001) argumenterar att det i Japan har funnits flera perioder då proteströrelser har varit mer eller mindre aktiva. Nakazawas arbete kretsar runt miljöfrågor och dess rörelser, men eftersom många av Japans större proteströrelser har handlat om miljön går det att använda Nakazawas modell med några få modifikationer för att få en viss överblick av förhållandet i landet fram till idag. Nakazawas perioderna är 2 Isak Roslinde 1945-1964, 1964-1974, 1974-1986, 1986-1996. I uppsatsen läggs därefter till två extra perioder, 1996- 2011 och 2011-2015. 1950-talet var början på en aktiv tid för protester i landet. Under den tiden fanns några av de största av proteströrelserna i Japans moderna historia. De så kallade (安保) Anpo-oroligheterna handlade om det japansk-amerikanska säkerhetsfördraget som brutalt drevs igenom på 1960-talet (Cassegård. 2015 ss. 144-148). Tvärt emot vad som idag är karaktäristiskt i Japan med svaga fackföreningar hade den japanska arbetsmarknaden under 1950-talet många starka fackföreningar och utsträckt protestkultur där höjda löner åstadkoms genom långa protester. Trots detta var inte varje protest en seger för facken, vilket hade den effekten att fackföreningarna över tid förlorade sitt inflytande. Den typ av protester som fackföreningarna i största allmänhet använde sig av var strejker. Dessa var synnerligen vanliga under protesterna mot anpo fördragen där fackföreningarna organiserade mycket stora strejker. I en studie av Nishikido visade han genom en undersökning av rapporteringar av protester från fackföreningarna att de började direkt efter krigsslutet med en kraftig utveckling av dem under 1950-talet. Dessa sjönk däremot med tiden men det var ändå omfattande rapporteringar av protester från fackföreningarna ända fram till 1975 vartefter protesterna minskade(Nishikido. 2007 s. 36-39). Under 1960-talet var det fullt av studentprotester i världen och Japan var inget undantag där studenter ockuperade universitetsbyggnader. Protesterna höll i sig ända fram till 1974 då USA drog sig ur Vietnam. Påföljande inre konflikter i studentrörelserna ledde senare till att de löstes upp (Cassegård. 2015 ss. 144- 148). Den här perioden i japansk historia skulle kunna kallas för ”Rörelsetiden” baserat på hur aktiv den japanska proteströrelsen var under dessa år. Tiden mellan 1974-1986 var en förhållandevis lugn period. Möjliga anledningar till varför det var få protester under detta årtionde är att den japanska ekonomin började växa i rask takt och välståndet
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