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EFECTOS Y CONSECUENCIAS DEL 11-S. UNA PERSPECTIVA ÉTICO-POLÍTICA Autor: Alejandro Vélez Salas Director: Francisco Fernández

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EFECTOS Y CONSECUENCIAS DEL 11-S. UNA PERSPECTIVA ÉTICO-POLÍTICA Autor: Alejandro Vélez Salas Director: Francisco Fernández EFECTOS Y CONSECUENCIAS DEL 11-S. UNA PERSPECTIVA ÉTICO-POLÍTICA Autor: Alejandro Vélez Salas Director: Francisco Fernández Buey TESI DOCTORAL UPF/2011 INSTITUT UNIVERSITARI DE CULTURA DEPARTAMENT d’HUMANITATS 2 Para mi Familia y mis amigos 3 4 Agradecimientos Dice Lao Tsé que el agradecimiento es la memoria del corazón por lo que quisiera plasmar esta memoria en esta página. La primera capa de esta memoria afectiva tiene que estar dedicada a mis papás que han contribuido más a esta tesis que cualquier autor citado. A la Jefa, por estár siempre, incansable, por haber puesto cuerpo y alma en nuestra educación ⎯con todo y tareas rotas y castigos incluidos⎯, por dar cualquier cosa porque sus hijos cumplan sus sueños. Al Capitán por su poética lucha contra las marejadas económicas, por sus oportunas complicidades y por sus consejos. A los dos por el constante apoyo y cariño que se ha mantenido indemne a través del tiempo y a pesar de la distancia. A mis hermanos, que han crecido en la distancia. A Doria (B.), por los cariños y golpes enviados en cada correo, por sus decisiones e indecisiones. A Manuel (C.), por las discusiones intelectuales ⎯y también las pedestres⎯ de cada fin de semana, porque sus dudas y sus logros me hacen voltear a mi pasado. A Lauris, la tía angelina, por su apoyo y por nuestra cercania empática en la distancia. A Tita, Raul y el Molo, por pensar en mí cada semana ⎯y cotillear sobre mis andanzas⎯. A la memoria de mis abuelos porque me gustaría que estuvieran aún. A Paco, por su integridad, por su respeto y su infinita paciencia como director de esta tesis. A Mariona, por iniciarme en el mundo del Derecho y por darme la oportunidad de dar mi primera clase. A Cris, la guapa correctora de estilo, traductora, confidente, compañera, que ha caminado, cantado, reido y bailado conmigo ⎯y ha aguantado mis disertaciones sobre el 11-S⎯ estos últimos dos años. A Gaby, por compartir conmigo la Casa Doctoral, por las fiestas, comidas, pláticas y demás momentos especiales en estos cinco años. A Dolors y Ferrán por su ayuda en la impresión de esta tesis. A los amigos en exilio académico o circunstancial que se han convertrido en familia: Gilmar, Victor, Leyla, Pame, Moni, Juán, Nery, Vinny, Judith, Caro, Carlos, Eliseo, etc. A los amigos catalanes, por compartir conmigo a Llach, el Barça, Serrat, el pa amb tomàquet, etc.: Javi, Martí, Roger, Sergi, Cate, Didac, Pepa, Sonia, Lolita, etc. A la banda mexicana que con Facebook o sin él siguen mis peripecias académicas: Tere, Oli, Alfred, Ale, Maira, Marcela, Monica, Sara, Vanessa, Poi, Carlos, Yuriy, etc. 5 6 Resumen A diez años de los atentados terroristas ocurridos en las ciudades de Nueva York y Washington (11-S) resulta necesario hacer una lectura ética y política de los efectos globales que ha tenido dicho acontecimiento en áreas tan diversas como la seguridad nacional, la política exterior, la vigilancia, el discurso de los medios de comunicación, los ordenamientos jurídicos y las relaciones humanas en general. La mayoría de estos efectos deben leerse en clave de seguridad ya que fueron justificados desde la Administración Bush para hacer frente a la amenaza de un nuevo enemigo: el terrorismo internacional de corte islámico fundamentalista. Aunque el epicentro de los cambios se encuentre en los Estados Unidos de América, éstos no tardaron mucho en ser exportados y aprovechados conscientemente por otros Estados para avanzar en sus agendas políticas. Las consecuencias de esta cruzada global antiterrorista se han dejado escuchar sobre todo en el ya erosionado campo de los Derechos Humanos donde los ejemplos más visibles son las intervenciones militares en Irak y Afganistán. Sin embargo, hay muchas otras secuelas, como el aumento en la vigilancia o la introducción de ciertos cambios legislativos que nada tienen que ver con el terrorismo pero que amenazan nuestras libertades más básicas. Resum Passats deu anys dels atemptat terroristes que van tenir lloc a Nova York i Washington (11-S) resulta necessari fer una lectura ètica i política dels efectes globals que ha tingut aquest esdeveniment en àrees tant diverses com la seguritat nacional, la política exterior, la vigilància, el discurs dels mitjans de comunicació, els ordenaments jurídics i les relacions humanes en general. La majoria d’aquests efectes s’han de llegir en clau de seguretat, ja que van ser justificats des de l’Administració Bush per encarar l’amenaça d’un nou enemic: el terrorisme internacional de tipus islàmic fonamentalista. Tot i que l’epicentre dels canvis es trobi en els Estats Units d’Amèrica, aquests no van trigar gaire a ser exportats i aprofitats conscientment per altres estats per avançar en les seves agendes polítiques. Les conseqüències d’aquesta creuada global antiterrorista s’han deixat sentir sobre tot en el ja erosionat camp dels Drets Humans, on els exemples més 7 visibles són les intervencions militars a Iraq i Afganistan. No obstant hi ha moltes altres seqüeles, com l’augment de la vigilància o la introducció de certs canvis legislatius que no tenen res a veure amb el terrorisme però que amenacen les nostres llibertats més bàsiques. Abstract Ten years after the terrorist attacks in New York City and Washington D.C. (9-11) it is necessary to make an ethical-political evaluation of the global effects 9-11 has had on areas like national security, international politics, surveillance, mainstream media discourse, penal law and human relations in general. Most of these effects should be examined from a securitarian point of view because they have been justified by the Bush Administration to face the threat of a new enemy: international fundamentalist and Islamic terrorism. Eventhough the United States of America are the epicenter of these changes, most of them have been exported and consciously exploited by other States. Most of the consequences of this global crusade against terrorism have been felt in the already bruised field of human rights, where the most visible consequences are the military interventions in Iraq and Afghanistan. However, there are more subtle sequels such as the rise in surveillance or legislative amendments that have nothing to do with terrorism but that threaten our most basic liberties. 8 Índice INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................. 13 I. Contexto personal ........................................................................................................................................... 14 II. Contenido........................................................................................................................................................ 17 CAPÍTULO 1. EL 11-S COMO ACONTECIMIENTO: UNA VISIÓN FENOMENOLÓGICA, MEDIÁTICA Y SOCIAL ............................................... 20 1.1. Realidad fenomenológica.........................................................................................................................................22 1.1.1. Acontecimiento extraño e imprevisto ..............................................................................................................24 1.1.2. Acontecimiento icónico y simbólico................................................................................................................26 1.1.3. Acontecimiento Global .........................................................................................................................................32 1.1.4. Acontecimiento increíble .....................................................................................................................................34 1.1.5. Acontecimiento traumático..................................................................................................................................36 1.2. Realidad Mediática..................................................................................................................................... 38 1.2.1. Cobertura mediática inmediata...........................................................................................................................40 1.2.2. ¡Ante la tragedia, improvisa! ..............................................................................................................................44 1.2.3. Just Facts… at first ................................................................................................................................................47 1.2.4. Primeros rumores....................................................................................................................................................48 1.2.5. Después de dos días, las Torres siguen cayendo todavía. .........................................................................50 1.2.6. De noticia a infotainment .....................................................................................................................................53 1.2.7. ¡United we stand, God Bless America!............................................................................................................54 1.2.8. “Miedo del miedo que da”...................................................................................................................................62 1.3. Realidad Social ............................................................................................................................................ 71 1.3.1. Percepción general estadounidense...................................................................................................................74
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