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City of Redlands Citywide Historic Context Statement

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City of Redlands Citywide Historic Context Statement City of Redlands Citywide Historic Context Statement Prepared for: City of Redlands Development Services Dept. 35 Cajon Street, Suite 20 P.O. Box 3005 Redlands, CA 92373 Prepared by: Pasadena, California August 15, 2017 Table of Contents Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................... i 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Project Overview and Scope ............................................................................................ 1 1.2 Objective .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Project Team .................................................................................................................... 1 2. Methodology ................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Archival Research ............................................................................................................ 2 2.2 Community Workshops ................................................................................................... 2 2.3 Reconnaissance Survey ................................................................................................... 3 2.4 Historic Context Statement ............................................................................................. 3 3. Existing Regulations and Criteria for Evaluation ................................................................ 4 3.1 National Register of Historic Places ................................................................................. 4 3.2 California Register of Historical Resources ...................................................................... 5 3.3 Redlands Historic and Scenic Preservation Ordinance .................................................... 6 4. Historic Context Statement .............................................................................................. 8 4.1 Introduction to the Historic Context Statement ............................................................. 8 4.2 Summary of Contexts and Themes .................................................................................. 9 4.3 Historical Background: The Redlands Area, 1819‐1866 ................................................ 15 4.4 Context: Early Development of Redlands, 1867‐1913 .................................................. 17 4.5 Context: Redlands Recovery and Growth, 1914‐1929 .................................................. 82 4.6 Context: Redlands in the Great Depression and Wartime, 1930‐1945 ....................... 116 4.7 Context: Postwar Development in Redlands, 1946‐1980 ........................................... 144 4.8 Context: Ethnicity and Culture, 1819‐1980 ................................................................. 185 4.9 Context: Architecture and Design, 1867‐1980 ............................................................ 216 5. Bibliography ................................................................................................................. 248 Redlands Historic Context Statement August 15, 2017 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP i 1. Introduction 1.1 Project Overview and Scope In November 2016, the City of Redlands (the City) retained Architectural Resources Group (ARG) to conduct a citywide historic context statement for Redlands. Developed using the National Register Multiple Property Documentation (MPD) approach, the historic context statement provides an in‐depth narrative account of the city’s development history as reflected by its built environment.1 It places Redlands’ built resources within the broader context of the economic, political, social, and cultural forces that coalesced to shape the city’s development over time. 1.2 Objective The Redlands Historic Context Statement will provide a foundation and context for future decision‐making about the identification, evaluation, and treatment of historic properties, based upon comparative historic significance within an established framework. This document is not intended to add or replace existing eligibility criteria for local designation, but to provide context to the existing criteria. 1.3 Project Team All phases of this project were conducted by ARG personnel who meet the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualification Standards in Architectural History and History.2 ARG staff who participated in the project include Katie E. Horak, Principal; Mary Ringhoff, Associate and Project Manager; Andrew Goodrich, Associate; and Evanne St. Charles, all Architectural Historians and Preservation Planners. 1 National Park Service, National Register Bulletin 16b: How to Complete the National Register Multiple Property Documentation Form (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1991). 2 The Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualification Standards were developed by the National Park Service. For further information on the Standards, please refer to http://www.nps.gov/history/local‐law/arch_stnds_9.htm. Redlands Historic Context Statement August 15, 2017 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 1 2. Methodology To ensure that the methodology described herein incorporated the most up‐to‐date standards and was rooted in professional best practices, ARG consulted the following informational materials maintained by the National Park Service (NPS) and the California Office of Historic Preservation (OHP): National Register Bulletin (NRB) 15: How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation NRB 16A: How to Complete the National Register Registration Form NRB 16B: How to Complete the National Register Multiple Property Documentation Form NRB 24: Guidelines for Local Surveys: A Basis for Preservation Planning California Office of Historic Preservation (OHP): Writing Historic Contexts OHP: Instructions for Recording Historical Resources 2.1 Archival Research ARG conducted primary and secondary source research in order to inform the writing of the historic context statement and provide valuable property‐specific information for the reconnaissance survey. Research included the overview of pertinent city planning documents (municipal codes and planning reports); primary resources (historic photographs, maps, building permits); and secondary sources (newspaper articles, local published histories). The following collections were consulted: Collections of the A.K. Smiley Public Library (Heritage Room) Information from the Redlands Area Historical Society “Redlands Through the Years” online GIS application Online collections available through the Los Angeles Public Library, Newspapers.com, the Online Archive of California, and Ancestry.com ARG’s in‐house library of architectural reference books, journals, and other materials Various internet sites and digital archives Historic Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps 2.2 Community Workshops ARG participated in two community workshops in Redlands in March and June, 2017. These workshops, which were planned and publicized by the City of Redlands Development Services Department, had three main goals: to inform the public about the goals and process of creating the historic context statement; to solicit information from the public regarding the city’s history and known/potential historic resources; and to keep the public updated on the progress of the Redlands Historic Context Statement August 15, 2017 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES GROUP 2 historic context statement. During these workshops, members of the public provided valuable information which was incorporated into the writing of the context statement. ARG also presented updates on the progress of the historic context statement at two public Historic and Scenic Preservation Commission meetings, in March and May, 2017. 2.3 Reconnaissance Survey A reconnaissance survey is an essential component of the preparation of a historic context statement, as it informs the project team about a city’s patterns of development and major and minor physical components. Prior to reconnaissance, ARG consulted with the City to determine areas in which to conduct a focused sample survey. During the reconnaissance survey, selected streets in the city were driven and a “windshield” inspection was conducted. The general age of buildings, property types, architectural styles, and levels of integrity were noted and compared. Based upon observations made during reconnaissance, the survey team developed a preliminary list of potentially eligible resources that represent a range of property types, architectural styles, and development patterns in the city. 2.4 Historic Context Statement Following the reconnaissance survey, ARG drafted a citywide historic context statement included in Section 4 (Historic Context Statement). The context statement was prepared in accordance with the Multiple Property Documentation (MPD) approach developed by the NPS. Often applied to large‐scale surveys, the MPD approach streamlines the evaluation process by distilling major patterns of development into discernible themes that are shared by multiple properties within a given survey area. Utilizing the MPD approach ensures that properties with shared associative qualities and/or architectural attributes are evaluated in a consistent manner.3 The context statement for Redlands is organized primarily into a sequential series of contexts and themes,
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