Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking Report
April 2017
GGAT report no. 2016/064 Project no. P1816 A report for The Gower Landscape Partnership National Grid Reference: By Sarahjayne Clements BA MA PCIfA SS 46333 88200
The Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd Heathfield House Heathfield Swansea SA1 6EL Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Contents Page
Summary ...... 2 Acknowledgements ...... 2 Copyright notice...... 3 1. Introduction ...... 4 1.1 Project background ...... 4 1.2 Archaeological background ...... 4 2 Methodology ...... 8 2.1 Preliminary preparation ...... 8 2.2 Fieldwork ...... 8 2.3 Finds processing and identification ...... 10 3 Results/Finds analysis ...... 11 4 Feedback ...... 12 4.1 Legacy ...... 13 5 Conclusion ...... 14 6 Bibliography ...... 15 7 Plates...... 16 Appendix I: The finds summary ...... 19 Appendix II: The finds specialist reports ...... 29 Appendix III: Catalogue of lithic finds ...... 39 Appendix IV: Volunteer feedback and analysis ...... 64 Appendix V: Report on fieldwalking at Scurlage farm submitted by Swansea Metal Detecting Club ...... 75
Figures Figure 1: Bank Farm fieldwalking (red) ...... 6 Figure 2: Monksland Farm fieldwalking (red)...... 7
Plates Plate 1. Flint scraper found by volunteer at Bank Farm ...... 16 Plate 2. Volunteers fieldwalking at Bank Farm ...... 16 Plate 3. Volunteer field walking at Monksland Farm ...... 17 Plate 4. Flint Blade found by a volunteer at Monksland Farm...... 17 Plate 5. Volunteers researching ...... 18
Tables Table 1: Finds recovered ...... 19 Table 2: Summary of Archaeometallurgical Materials ...... 32 Table 3: Archaomatallurgical residues by classes ...... 32 Table 4: Animal bone recovered during Field walking at Monksland and Bank Farm ...... 33 Table 5: Assessment of Lithics by Elizabeth Walker (National Museum of Wales) ...... 39 Table 6: Analysis of flints for SMDC report by Elizabeth Walker ...... 78
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Summary The Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd together with partner organisations around Gower assisted the City and County of Swansea in its successful funding bid for a major four year project on Gower. The Gower Landscape Partnership (GLP) is managing a number of significant initiatives designed to preserve and repair distinctive landscape and heritage features and to assist in the interpretation and understanding of the rich cultural and ecological heritage on Gower. The Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust is a key GLP partner, alongside seventeen other organisations that have come together in a collaborative agreement to protect, conserve, manage, understand and inform on Gower’s special qualities. The project used field walking as a way of connecting people with the landscape and raising awareness of the historic environment. Instruction was given in field walking and finds processing and further training sessions were carried out. Further sessions covered the responsible finding and reporting of archaeological objects, providing an introduction to the Portable Antiquities Scheme and the Treasure Act, map regression, Archwilio (Historic Environment Record), Cynefin (Tithe Maps) and how to use and interpret aerial photographs. The field walking events were attended by a large number of volunteers, as were the subsequent finds processing sessions. There were activities suitable for people of all ages and abilities. Having different activities accessible to all meant that GGAT could work with Knelston Primary School and Swansea Young Archaeologists Club. Future Community Heritage Wardens were chosen from the volunteer base, as people that showed both great interest and commitment to the history and archaeology of Gower. These community wardens were given additional background training in the legislation that is already in place to protect the historic environment assets and landscape of Gower. This information is essential for the long-term protection of the historic environment in general, as well as for the correct and responsible treatment and reporting of artefacts found during metal detecting, field walking, gardening or a stroll on the beach. The field walking events took place at Monksland Farm, Scurlage between the 27th to 28th February 2016 and at Bank Farm, Scurlage between the 1st and 2nd March 2016. The location of fields for the events were chosen by volunteers, with professional guidance, through the research carried out at the training sessions which showed that there was a high possibility for archaeological finds in both these areas. Members of the Swansea Heritage Metal Detecting Club and Swansea Metal Detecting Club took part in the project and worked closely with GGAT. Education regarding the correct procedures for detector use, and dealing responsibly and legally with the resulting finds will help to protect the archaeology of Gower in the future.
The archaeological work will be undertaken to the professional standards laid down by the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists.
Acknowledgements The project was managed by Richard Lewis BA MCIfA (GGAT Head of Projects) and the fieldwork was undertaken by Sophie Lewis BA ACIfA (Archaeologist), Sarahjayne Clements BA MA PCIFA (Archaeologist), Rhodri Kemp BA (Archaeologist) and Charlotte Bellamy BA PGCert (Archaeologist). The report was compiled by Sophie Lewis and Sarahjayne Clements and illustrations produced by Paul Jones PCIfA (Senior Illustrator) and Charlotte James-Martin
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BA ACIFA (Project Officer). The specialist reports were provided by Charlotte James-Martin (GGAT) BA PG Cert ACIFA, Hannah Bowden (GGAT) BA, MSc, Daria Dabal (freelance) MA and Dr Elizabeth Walker (National Museum Wales) Thanks are extended to all the volunteers and heritage wardens who played a vital role in the project and collected much of the survey and research data and also to the landowners for making the project possible. The authors would also like to thank to Steve Sell for his continued support throughout the project and members of Swansea Metal Detecting Club and Swansea Heritage Metal Detecting Club for their valued input, and Knelston Primary School for continued close involvement. Copyright notice The copyright of this report is held by the Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd and Gower Landscape Partnership. The maps are taken from Ordnance Survey copyright reproduced under license number 10017916 (2014), with additional detail copyright of GGAT. Photographs and illustrations are the copyright of GGAT.
Period definitions Prehistoric All periods up to the invasion of Britain by the Romans in 43AD Palaeolithic 225000 - The 'Old Stone Age' from the earliest appearance of man 10000BC in the British Isles to the end of the last Ice Age around 8,500 years BC Mesolithic 10000 - The 'Middle Stone Age' from the end of the last Ice Age 4400BC around 8,500 years BC to the introduction of farming in the British Isles around 4,000 years BC Neolithic 4400 - 2300BC The 'New Stone Age' from the introduction of farming in the British Isles to the introduction of metal technology in the Bronze Age around 2,200 years BC Bronze Age 2300 - 700BC From the introduction of bronze working technology around 2,200 years BC to the beginning of iron working technology around 700 years BC Iron Age 700BC - 43AD From the introduction of iron working technology around 700 years BC to the successful invasion of Britain by Rome in 43AD Roman 43 - 410AD From the invasion of Britain by the Romans in 43AD to its abandonment by the legions in 410AD Early Medieval 410 - 1066AD From the abandonment of Britain by the Roman legions in 410AD to the Norman invasion of Britain Medieval 1066 - 1485AD From the Norman invasion of Britain to the coronation of Henry VII and the start of the Tudor dynasty Post-medieval 1485 - 1901AD From the start of the Tudor dynasty to the death of Queen Victoria Modern 1901AD - From the death of Queen Victoria to the present present 3 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
1. Introduction
1.1 Project background The Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd, together with partner organisations around Gower, assisted the City and County of Swansea in its successful funding bid for a major four year project on Gower. The Gower Landscape Partnership (GLP) is managing a number of significant initiatives designed to preserve and repair distinctive landscape and heritage features and to assist in the interpretation and understanding of the rich cultural and ecological heritage on Gower. The Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust is a key GLP partner, alongside seventeen other organisations that have come together in a collaborative agreement to protect, conserve, manage, understand and inform on Gower’s special qualities. The Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd carried out four field walking events; two at Bank Farm and two at Monksland Farm both in Scurlage, Gower, as well as training events to involve the whole community. Several different community organisations were involved from metal detecting groups to Young Archaeologists Club.
1.2 Archaeological background Gower has had a long occupation period and evidence dates back to prehistory. Before the Neolithic period, land use would have been seasonal. In addition to the well-known Palaeolithic burial at Goat’s Hole, Paviland, excavations at Cathole cave in 1968 recovered flint blades which indicated the cave was occupied by hunting bands approximately fourteen thousand years ago (Morris and Grenfell 2006, 14). There is evidence of Mesolithic settlement at Burry Holms, as well as for the reuse of Cat Hole cave in this period. Neolithic activity in the wider Gower landscape is attested by the presence of several chambered tombs, such as those at Parc-le-Breos, Penmaen Burrows, Sweynes Howes on Rhossili Down and Arthur’s Stone on Cefn Bryn. The communal tombs of the Neolithic gave way to smaller round barrows and cairns in the Bronze Age, designed for the burial of an individual or small group, and probably represent a change in social structure (Evans 2003, 6). The characteristic monument type of the Iron Age is the hillfort, with its sub-class, the promontory fort in which a site was defended on two or three sides by natural hillslopes or cliffs and on the other side or sides by man-made defences. These are particularly common on the south Gower coast, such as Pen Y Gaer and Hen Castell. There is evidence in Gower of Roman occupation at Barland’s quarry, Minchin Hole cave, the Iron Age promontory fort in the Bishopston Valley (SAM GM126) and on the site of a D-shaped enclosure at Church Hill. There are many remains from the medieval period such as the various parish churches for example St Cadoc’s in Cheriton and St. Cattwg’s in Port Eynon. The settlements of Rhossili, Llangennith, Llanrhidian, Port Eynon and Llanmadoc are likely to have developed around early medieval Churches (Roberts and Jones 2006). The remains of the settlement at Rhossili (02081w) can still be seen at the foot of the slopes on the southern side of Worms Head. There are also several castles dating to the medieval period such as Penrice and Pennard. However the most important relic landscapes of this period are the Vile, an area of nationally important still extant strip-fields at Rhossili and traces of the hunting park at Parc le Breos (Leighton 1999). The large number of lime-burning kilns in the region reflects agricultural activity during the Post-medieval period, and a detailed survey of the Gower lime-burning industry has previously 4 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking been undertaken (Toft 1988). Evidence for Post-medieval industrial activity includes the remains of quarries, bell-pits and collieries.
5 Gower Landscape Partnership: Fieldwalking in Scurlage
Area shown in Scurlage main plan Rhossili
Areas B and D
Port-Eynon Based on the 2016 Ordnance Survey 1:25000 map with the permission of The GRID Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, © Crown Copyright, Glamorgan- N Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd, Licence number Al10005976
0 2.50 5.00km
Area A
Area C
Based on the Ordnance Survey 1 to 10,000 GRID with the permission of The Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, © Crown N Copyright, Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd, Licence number AL10005976 0 250.00 500.00m
Figure 1. Bank Farm fieldwalking (red)
6 Gower Landscape Partnership: Fieldwalking in Scurlage
Rhossili Scurlage
Area shown in main plan
Section E Port-Eynon Based on the 2016 Ordnance Survey B4247 1:25000 map with the permission of The (1-8) GRID Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, © Crown Copyright, Glamorgan- Newton Lodge N Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd, Licence number Al10005976
0 2.50 5.00km Section G (1-8) Quarry Section F Section D (1-8) (1-8) Section H (1-8)
Section C (1-8)
Section I (1-8) Section B (1-8)
Section A (1-8)
B4247
Margam House
Margam Farm
Based on the Ordnance Survey Mastermap GRID with the permission of The Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, © Crown N Copyright, Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd, Licence number AL10005976 0 250.00 500.00m
Figure 2. Monksland Farm fieldwalking (red)
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2 Methodology
A total of 28 sessions were carried out with volunteers during this project. The three types of activity carried out were preliminary preparation, fieldwork and artefact processing and study.
2.1 Preliminary preparation Volunteers were trained to identify sites suitable for fieldwalking by looking at the existing evidence to determine which sites had a high potential for producing archaeological material. They were first trained how to use Archwilio, the on-line database for Wales, where they looked for existing sites that had produced significant numbers of surface finds in the past. They then progressed to looking at aerial photography and historic maps, and were trained in the how these could be used to identify potential sites. They also gained understanding on how current land use affects finds retrieval. During the course of this process, the volunteers were able with professional guidance to choose suitable sites for the fieldwork stage of the project.
The final strand of training during these sessions dealt with how to report finds through the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS).
2.2 Fieldwork Fieldwork was undertaken at two sites in Scurlage, Monksland Farm (NGR SS4546086980) and Bank Farm (NGR SS4633388200). The research showed that there was a high possibility for archaeological finds in both these areas and the areas had been recently ploughed, making them ideal candidates for fieldwork. Monksland farm was suggested to GGAT by a metal detectorist who had previously had finds from this area. Further research with the volunteers on the HER/Archwilio showed a record for a blade, scraper and retouched flake (00881w) in the next field to the area of study. In the field studied, a number of different artefacts had been collected over a course of years by a member of the public (06182w). These included 13 arrowheads, 15 knives, 99 scrapers, 519 cores, 463 blades, 1594 flakes and 352 pieces of debitage. Bank Farm was originally suggested by a metal detectorist who had previously had finds from the area. There are several artefacts with find spots listed at Bank Farm which include a coin (03182), a 14th century buckle (03225w) and a ring (03219w). Bank Farm was also the site for Scurlage Castle (00169w), which was built in the mid-13th to 14th Century by Sir Herbert Scurlage but then fell into early oblivion. The present farmhouse was built in the 20th century and incorporates the foundations of the previous one (Williams 1971). Further research with volunteers on the HER/Archwilio showed that previous fieldwalking (E003571) in a nearby field recovered a quern stone of late prehistoric or early Roman date, Roman roof tile and a fragment of 15th or 16th century North Devon gravel tempered ware. This prompted a geophysical survey and excavation (0645w). The geophysical survey (E003572) revealed several possible round structures and two drainage ditches. A small excavation (E003573) was then carried out in order to establish if there was any archaeology and also to see if there was damage caused by ploughing. It was established that there had been two structures with clay floors which lay 30-40cm beneath the current ground surface which included a hearth, two stake holes and two postholes (Kissock 2005). 8 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
The fieldwork at Monksland Farm took place on 27th and 28th February 2016 and that at Bank Farm, Scurlage on 1st and 2nd March 2016. Weather conditions were generally fine but windy, with the exception of the last day which had very heavy rain. Studies in Hampshire have shown that Roman pottery is less easily recognised than post- medieval pottery (the commonest ploughsoil find) in conditions of even lighting (Shennan 1985, 9, 82), which were those prevailing when most of the fieldwalking was done. It should also be noted that the participants’ minds were focussed on finding flints as they knew these had been found previously so it is less likely that these were missed as opposed to other artefacts. During this stage of the project, the volunteers were shown how to lay out grids and locate them on maps, how to identify archaeological finds, and the protocols for recovering finds from a site.
2.2.1 Method of finds collection
Monksland Farm
Nine areas, identified as A-I and measuring 24m in width with varying lengths, were laid out in the field to be walked, with each area located on the British National Grid (see Figure 1). These areas were further divided into 4m transects, each of which was designed for walking by up to three volunteers. All volunteers were assigned a particular transect (1-8) and given finds bags for any material they recovered during the exercise; volunteers were encouraged to collect all items which they thought might be of archaeological or historical significance and to ask if they were unsure. Members of GGAT staff accompanied the volunteers during the field walking to provide expert advice and assistance in the field.
There were not enough resources available to walk the whole field. Therefore areas were chosen because they had previously yielded finds when Swansea Heritage metal detecting group had detected in the field. The areas walked were demarcated with 1m ranging poles at either end of the 4m transects.
Bank Farm
Three fields were selected for walking at Bank Farm as they had recently been ploughed, and an area was laid out in each; these were identified as ‘A’, ‘B/D’ and ‘C’ (see figure 2). The area that had been identified as ‘B’ on the first day of fieldwork was revisited on the second, when it was designated ‘D’ in order to keep the finds from the two sessions separate. The areas were divided into 4m transects each of which was designed for walking by up to three volunteers. The volunteers were given finds bags for any material they recovered during the exercise; volunteers were encouraged to collect all items which they thought might be of archaeological or historical significance and to ask if they were unsure. Members of GGAT staff accompanied the volunteers during the field walking to provide expert advice and assistance in the field.
The archaeological work will be undertaken to the professional standards laid down by the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists.
2.2.2 Finds recovery and recording All classes of finds were retained, cleaned, and catalogued. The finds will be returned to the landowners. 9 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
2.3 Finds processing and identification Following on from the fieldwork, the volunteers were given training in how to wash artefacts, identify artefacts, weigh them and catalogue them.1 The volunteers working on cataloguing finds also had further training in artefact identification with a finds specialist. Children from Knelston Primary School and the Glamorgan Young Archaeologists Club were also given training in how to wash and catalogue finds.
Overall GGAT ran 28 training sessions which had a total attendance of 155 people. Due to the training the volunteers have received they are now equipped to carry out any of these activities by themselves or in groups and will therefore give this project a legacy.
1 These activities are normally described as ‘post-excavation’, since they are most often required in situations where finds have been collected during the course of excavation. 10 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
3 Results/Finds analysis
A total of 1204 archaeological artefacts were collected over the four field walking sessions from both farms, the majority of finds being flints, stones and ceramics. A total of 669 finds were recovered from Bank Farm and a total of 535 finds were recovered from Monksland Farm. For a summary of all finds recovered during field walking see Appendix I. Both farms showed evidence of Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age flints as well as evidence for flint knapping in both these areas; this is the first time that evidence for flint knapping activity has been noted at Bank Farm. These results were in line with previous investigations.
The ceramics recovered ranged from post-medieval to modern with the exception of one piece of medieval tile from Bank Farm. There was also evidence for lime burning in both areas. All finds were assessed by the relevant specialists (see Appendix II).
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4 Feedback
A project-specific variation on the Trust’s standard feedback form was prepared for distribution via SurveyMonkey (See appendix IV). It was designed to measure all five General Learning Outcomes through multiple choice tick boxes and space for free text comments. The link to the survey was circulated by email. A total of five volunteers responded to the survey which was sent through survey monkey.
The respondents were asked to grade three statements as: Agree strongly Agree Disagree Disagree strongly
These statements were: Overall I had an enjoyable time volunteering on the field walking project. I understand more about archaeology and my local area. I feel confident I could repeat the fieldwalking either on my own or as part of a group.
The respondents were asked to grade two questions as: Excellent Very good Good Fair Poor N/A
These statements were: Overall how would you rate the training events for the fieldwalking project? Overall how would you rate the fieldwalking events?
Four further questions required free-text answers. These were: What did you enjoy the most about the fieldwalking project as a whole? Was there anything you disliked? What skills did you learn from the project? Anything else you would like to share about the events? Postcode.
The respondents were asked to choose ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ in answer to one question: Did you learn new skills from the project?
The questions and graded statements were designed to elicit responses in the following areas identified as General Learning Outcomes (GLO): 1. Enjoyment, Inspiration and Creativity 2. Knowledge and Understanding 3. Skills 12 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
4. Attitudes and Values 5. Action, Behavior and Progression
The free text questions were designed to obtain more detailed feedback. The postcode data was collected as a way of assessing how well the project had succeeded in reaching out to all sections of the community. The postcode data from the survey and the sign in sheets showed that there was a mix of both local people, those that live in the surrounding areas and those that had travelled from further afield such as Cardigan.
The feedback showed that participants experienced a high degree of satisfaction, and that there is a high appetite for further community archaeology projects. For further detail, see Appendix IV.
4.1 Legacy The volunteers were fully trained in many different aspects of archaeological work so that they themselves can undertake similar projects individually or in groups after the project has finished. They are now able to carry out research and know what resources are available to them as well as being able to carry out fieldwork, dealing with finds and reporting.
This project has revealed a great enthusiasm to experience archaeology from the local community, and that there is a demand for more archaeological projects within this area. The project has also had a social impact as several of the volunteers have worked together on a further fieldwalking project (see appendix V). Many of the volunteers have continued to work with GGAT on the other GLP projects (Finds Roadshows and Ancient Trackways), especially the heritage wardens. Several of the volunteers are planning to continue volunteering with the Trust on future projects. The volunteers learned valuable transferable skills through the project, in particular I.T skills through accessing different research material online and using databases to record finds. They improved on maths skills through using measurements and dealing with maps, and developed their English skills through writing blogs. They also learnt how to research archaeological sites an additional specific skill. Volunteers also improved their levels of confidence through working as part of small groups and teams and making informed judgements on the material they were assessing.
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5 Conclusion
The field walking at both Bank Farm and Monksland Farm produced a large number of finds; this was in accordance with expectation as artefacts had been found at both locations previously. The finds showed evidence of activity from the prehistoric period through to modern times, ranging from prehistoric worked flint, to medieval tile and ceramics, post-medieval ceramics to modern clay pigeon-shooting discs. It is likely that the high number of flints found in this area are related to structures identified by the previous geophysical survey (E003572), and trial excavation (E003573) carried out in 2005 by Kissock. We now know from the specialist report on the flints that there was evidence of flint knapping in both areas due to the presence of flint debitage along with flakes and blades.
Aspects of the project appealed to many different people and many of the volunteers have stayed with us to participate in other Gower Landscape Partnership projects. The feedback showed that the volunteers really enjoyed the project and would like to be involved in similar future projects.
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6 Bibliography
Andrefsky, W. 2005. Lithics: macroscopic approaches to analysis, 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bridges E.M. and Reynolds P.R. 2001, Coal Mines in the Gower Peninsula Gower 52: 27 45. Evans E.M. 2003, Swansea LANDMAP: historic landscape technical report, GGAT Report no. 2003/094. Grenfell, H. and Morris, B. 2006, The Caves of Gower: The Gower Society. Harley, L. 1963, The Clay Tobacco-Pipe in Britain with special reference to Essex and East Anglia, Essex Field Club Special Memoirs 8, 20-34. Kissock, J. 2005, Excavations in Black Marles Field, The Bank Farm, Scurlage, 30 April - 2 May 2005. Leighton, D.K. 1999, ‘A fresh look at Parc le Breos’, Gower 50, 12-25. Roberts, R. and Jones, C. 2006, Historic landscape characterisation: Gower AONB, Vol. 1 Part 1 and 2: landscape characterisation and management. GGAT unpublished report no. 2006/052. Shennan, S. 1985, Experiments in the collection and analysis of archaeological survey data: The East Hampshire survey. Sheffield: Department of Archaeology and Prehistory. Toft, L.A. 1998, ‘Lime Burning on the Gower Peninsula's Limestone Belt’, Industrial Archaeology Review Vol. 9, No. 1, Autumn 1988. Williams, G. 1971 (ed), Glamorgan County History Vol.III: The Middle Ages. Williams, J. 2004, Lime-burning in West Sussex, and the Newbridge Wharf Limekilns, Billingshurst, Sussex Archaeological Collections 142: 115-125.
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7 Plates
Plate 1. Flint scraper found by volunteer at Bank Farm
Plate 2. Volunteers fieldwalking at Bank Farm
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Plate 3. Volunteer field walking at Monksland Farm
Plate 4. Flint Blade found by a volunteer at Monksland Farm
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Plate 5. Volunteers researching
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Appendix I: The finds summary An assessment of all finds recovered during the project was kindly produced by Mr. Steve Sell along with volunteers, the results of which are presented in Table 1, below.
Table 1: Finds recovered
Site Site name Context Type Description/Detail Period Quantity Weight no (Kg) 877 Monksland A1 Stone 35 899g 877 Monksland B1 ?Coke U/D 1 <1g 877 Monksland A6 Animal bone pelvis fragment U/D 1 10g (acetabulum) 877 Monksland A7 Animal bone U/D 1 10g 877 Monksland B2 Animal bone U/D 1 <1g 877 Monksland B3 Animal bone LM vertebrae U/D 1 40g fragment 877 Monkland B7 Animal bone long bone (tibia shaft) U/D 1 18g 877 Monksland C7 Animal bone MM cervical U/D 1 2g vertebrae fragment 877 Monksland F2 Animal bone long bone (humerus – U/D 1 22g distal epiphysis) 877 Monksland F7 Animal bone LM rib with butchery U/D 1 16g marks 877 Monksland U/S Animal bone long bone (tibia - U/D 2 64g distal epiphysis and shaft fragment), LM rib fragment 877 Monksland B7 Brick / Tile 2 48g 877 Monksland C6 Brick / tile 1 20g 877 Monksland I3 Brick / Tile 2 10g 877 Monksland B1 Brick Tile 2 58g 877 Monksland A1 Brick/Tile Clay? Post- 3 1g medieval 877 Monksland B1 Brick/Tile Post- 2 56g medieval 877 Monksland B6 Brick/Tile Modern 1 30g 877 Monksland F5 Brick/Tile Post- 1 17g medieval 877 Monksland I3 Brick/Tile Post- 2 10g medieval 877 Monksland I5 Brick/Tile Post- 3 110g medieval 877 Monksland U/S Brick/Tile Post- 1 19g medieval 877 Monksland U/S Brick/Tile Post- 5 167g medieval 877 Monksland U/S Brick/Tile 7 198g 877 Monksland A5 Clinker 1 3g 878 Bank Farm U/S Clinker & slag 2 3 g 877 Monksland A6 Coal U/D 2 3g
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Site Site name Context Type Description/Detail Period Quantity Weight no (Kg) 877 Monksland A8 Coal U/D 2 20g 877 Monksland A8 Coal 2 20 g 877 Monksland B1 Coke 1 <1 g 877 Monksland A1 Flint/Chert 1 <1g 877 Monksland A2 Flint/Chert 5 34g 877 Monksland A4 Flint/Chert 2 8g 877 Monksland A5 Flint/Chert 3 14g 877 Monksland A7 Flint/Chert 5 16g 877 Monksland A8 Flint/Chert 5 18g 877 Monksland B3 Flint/Chert 3 14g 877 Monksland B4 Flint/Chert 1 2g 877 Monksland B6 Flint/Chert 1 2g 877 Monksland B7 Flint/Chert 1 4g 877 Monksland B8 Flint/Chert 3 10g 877 Monksland C2 Flint/Chert 1 4g 877 Monksland C7 Flint/Chert 5 18g 877 Monksland D1 Flint/Chert 1 <1g 877 Monksland D6 Flint/Chert 1 2g 877 Monksland D7 Flint/Chert 1 <1g 877 Monksland E2 Flint/Chert 1 <1g 877 Monksland E8 Flint/Chert 1 <1g 877 Monksland F2 Flint/Chert 1 5g 877 Monksland F4 Flint/Chert 1 2g 877 Monksland F5 Flint/Chert 1 2g 877 Monksland F6 Flint/Chert 3 12g 877 Monksland F7 Flint/Chert 1 <1g 877 Monksland G9 Flint/Chert 2 6g 877 Monksland H3 Flint/Chert 1 13g 877 Monksland H4 Flint/Chert 4 20g 877 Monksland H5 Flint/Chert 1 3g 877 Monksland I1 Flint/Chert 1 6g 877 Monksland I7 Flint/Chert 1 2g 877 Monksland K5 Flint/Chert 1 12g 877 Monksland U/S Flint/Chert Inclusive 9 52g 877 Monksland A2 Glass Brown Modern 1 2g 877 Monksland A4 Glass Clear Modern 1 <1g 877 Monksland A5 Glass Clear Modern 1 8g 877 Monksland A6 Glass Window Modern 1 2g 877 Monksland A7 Glass Window Modern 2 2g 877 Monksland B1 Glass Clear Modern 1 <1g 877 Monksland B4 Glass Clear Modern 1 2g 877 Monksland B5 Glass Clear Modern 1 4g 20 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Site Site name Context Type Description/Detail Period Quantity Weight no (Kg) 877 Monksland B6 Glass Window, green shard Modern 1 2g 877 Monksland B7 Glass Clear, green Modern 1 2g 877 Monksland C2 Glass Brown Modern 1 4g 877 Monksland C4 Glass Clear bottle top Modern 1 12g 877 Monksland C5 Glass Window, clear, green Modern 3 12g 877 Monksland C6 Glass Clear Modern 1 40g 877 Monksland C7 Glass Brown Modern 1 4g 877 Monksland C7 Glass Clear Modern 1 10g 877 Monksland D2 Glass Window Modern 1 4g 877 Monksland D5 Glass Bottle/vessel Modern 1 10g 877 Monksland D7 Glass Green Modern 2 2g 877 Monksland D7 Glass Green Modern 2 6g 877 Monksland F6 Glass Light bulb, green Modern 2 2g shard 877 Monksland H2 Glass Blue bottle top Modern 1 6g 877 Monksland U/S Glass Green Modern 1 16g 877 Monksland U/S Glass Green bottle top Modern 1 10g 877 Monksland U/S Glass Clear Modern 1 <1g 877 Monksland A2 Iron Tent peg Modern 1 50g 877 Monksland A5 Iron Modern 1 26g 877 Monksland B Iron Modern 1 60g 877 Monksland B1 Iron Fragment 1 26g 877 Monksland B2 Iron Modern 1 226g 877 Monksland B3 Iron Disc with hole Modern 1 1360g 877 Monksland B6 Iron Modern 1 23g 877 Monksland C2 Iron Modern 1 6g 877 Monksland C7 Iron Bolt Modern 1 34g 877 Monksland D Iron 1/4" thick Modern 1 150g 877 Monksland D Iron Modern 1 34g 877 Monksland D5 Iron Chain, ferrous alloy Modern 1 84g 877 Monksland U/S Iron Horseshoe, stirrup, Modern 3 440g misc. 878 Bank Farm U/S Iron Modern 1 46g 877 Monksland B1 Iron object 1 26g 877 Monksland D1 Lead /Lead alloy Fragment Modern 1 4g
877 Monksland C7 Modern White button Modern 1 <1g synthetics 877 Monksland D8 Modern Bottle top Modern 1 14g synthetics 877 Monksland E8 Modern Bottle stopper 1 14 g synthetics
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Site Site name Context Type Description/Detail Period Quantity Weight no (Kg) 877 Monksland F5 Modern 1 2 g synthetics 877 Monksland F5 Modern White/blue plastic Modern 1 2g synthetics 877 Monksland U/S Modern Shotgun cartridge 2 7 g synthetics 877 Monksland U/S Modern Cartridge case Modern 1 14g synthetics 877 Monksland C7 Mortar/Plaster Button 1 <1 g
877 Monksland A2 Pottery Small fragment 1 <1g 877 Monksland A2 Pottery Local coarseware Post - 1 -1g medieval 877 Monksland A2 Pottery Modern 1 6G 877 Monksland A3 Pottery Modern 2 20g 877 Monksland A4 Pottery Modern 1 2g 877 Monksland A5 Pottery Modern 1 <1g 877 Monksland A6 Pottery Local Post - 1 2g medieval 877 Monksland A6 Pottery Modern 1 1g 877 Monksland A7 Pottery Brown glaze Post - 1 2g buffware medieval 877 Monksland A7 Pottery Local Post - 1 fragment medieval 877 Monksland A7 Pottery Modern 2 <1g 877 Monksland A8 Pottery Modern 1 2g 877 Monksland B5 Pottery Modern 2 20g 877 Monksland B7 Pottery North Devon ware Post - 1 22g medieval 877 Monksland B7 Pottery Modern 1 2g 877 Monksland B7 Pottery Modern 2 2g 877 Monksland C3 Pottery Modern 1 <1g 877 Monksland C4 Pottery Modern 1 4g 877 Monksland C5 Pottery Modern 2 30g 877 Monksland C6 Pottery Local imitation Post - 2 14g Staffordshire slip medieval ware 877 Monksland C6 Pottery Tin glazed Post - 1 1g medieval 877 Monksland C6 Pottery Modern 3 3g 877 Monksland C8 Pottery Modern 1 3g 877 Monksland D1 Pottery Modern 1 6g 877 Monksland D2 Pottery Modern 1 8g 877 Monksland D6 Pottery Modern 3 17g 877 Monksland D7 Pottery Local Post - 2 4g medieval 22 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Site Site name Context Type Description/Detail Period Quantity Weight no (Kg) 877 Monksldand D7 Pottery Modern 3 11g 877 Monksland D8 Pottery Local Post - 1 14G medieval 877 Monksland D8 Pottery Modern 6 20g 877 Monksland E3 Pottery Modern 1 2g 877 Monksland E7 Pottery Modern 3 10g 877 Monksland F1 Pottery Modern 1 <1 877 Monksland F2 Pottery Modern 1 10g 877 Monksland F4 Pottery Modern 1 <1 877 Monksland F5 Pottery Local Post - 1 fragment medieval 877 Monksland F5 Pottery Modern 1 2g 877 Monksland F6 Pottery Modern 4 4g 877 Monksland F7 Pottery Modern 5 14g 877 Monksland I5 Pottery Local Post- 1 18g medieval 877 Monksland I5 Pottery Modern 1 2g 877 Monksland I6 Pottery Modern 3 18g 877 Monksland U/S Pottery North Devon ware Post - 1 30g medieval 877 Monksland U/S Pottery Local Post - 6 22G medieval 877 Monksland U/S Pottery Modern 1 1g 877 Monksland U/S Pottery Modern flowerpot Modern 1 3g 877 Monksland U/S Pottery Tile Post- 10 13g medieval 877 Monksland U/S Pottery Modern 1 4g 877 Monksland U/S Pottery Modern 13 48g 877 Monsland A5 Shell Oyster 1 0g 877 Monksland B6 Shell U/D 1 <1g 877 Monksland C7 Shell Oyster 1 -1g 877 Monkslan C7 Shell 1 <1g 877 Monksland A4 Slag 1 -1g 877 Monksland B6 slag 1 1 g 877 Monksland H4 Slag 1 8 g 877 Monksland A6 slag & coal 3 9 g 877 Monksland C4 slag/ 1 <1 g 877 Monksland A6 Slag/ industrial 1 4g
877 Monksland B6 Slag/ industrial 1 1g
877 Monksland C4 Slag/ industrial 10 -1g
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Site Site name Context Type Description/Detail Period Quantity Weight no (Kg) 877 Monksland H4 Slag/Other low density slag with U/D 1 8g industrial maroon tinge and small and large vesicles 877 Monksland D5 Slate Building material? 2 14g 877 Monksland A2 Stone 20 221g 877 Monksland A3 Stone 3 16g 877 Monksland A4 Stone 10 43g 877 Monksland A5 Stone 11 146g 877 Monksland A6 Stone 30 259g 877 Monksland A7 Stone 11 52g 877 Monksland A8 Stone 3 6g 877 Monksland B1 Stone 11 124g 877 Monksland B2 Stone 60 24g 877 Monksland B6 Stone 14 118g 877 Monksland B8 Stone 2 48g 877 Monksland C3 Stone 1 4g 877 Monksland C4 Stone 4 8g 877 Monksland C7 Stone 1 20g 877 Monksland D5 Stone 1 2g 877 Monksland D7 Stone 1 56g 877 Monksland F6 Stone 1 2g 877 Monksland U/S Stone Clay ironstone 4 19g 877 Monksland D5 Stone tile/Slate 2 14 g
877 Monksland U/S Synthetic ? Paint Modern 1 -1g 878 Bank Farm B synthetics Clay pigeon Modern 8 20g+ 878 Bank Farm C Animal bone Irregular bone U/D 2 2g fragment, tooth fragment 878 Bank Farm D Animal bone U/D 1 <1g 877 Monksland I4 Animal bone Long bone (tibia U/D 1 36g distal epiphysis and shaft fragment) 878 Bank Farm U/S Animal bone Long bone (radius – U/D 2 124g pathology visible on proximal epiphysis), long bone (humerus - pathology visible on distal epiphysis) 878 Bank Farm U/S Animal bone Maxilla molar U/D 1 6g 878 Bank Farm A Brick / Tile 4 84g 878 Bank Farm B Brick/Tile Post- 10 92g medieval 878 Bank Farm C Brick/Tile Writing: & Patent? Post- 34 585g medieval
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Site Site name Context Type Description/Detail Period Quantity Weight no (Kg) 878 Bank Farm D Brick/Tile Post- 5 45g medieval 878 Bank Farm U/S Brick/Tile Post- 13 289g medieval 878 Bank Farm B Clay 1 -1g 878 Bank Farm A Clay pipe An undiagnostic Post- 1 1g fragment of pipe medieval bowl. No markings or design 878 Bank Farm B Clay pipe An unmarked Post- 1 2g fragment of pipe medieval stem25mm in length with a bore diameter of 2.4mm 878 Bank Farm D Clay pipe An unmarked Post- 1 2g fragment of pipe medieval stem. 37.5mm in length with a bore diameter of 1.6mm 878 Bank Farm A Coal U/D 1 10g 878 Bank Farm C Coal U/D 1 4g 878 Bank Farm C Coal U/D 2 6g 878 Bank Farm C Coal U/D 1 21g 878 Bank Farm D Coal U/D 2 37g 878 Bank Farm U/S Coal U/D 1 5g 878 Bank Farm A Coal/coke/slag 3 24 g
878 Bank Farm U/S Coal/coke/slag 3 61 g
878 Bank Farm A Coke with Slag Fragment of coke U/D 1 1g with very thin layers of slag with maroon tinge 878 Bank Farm U/S Coke/Clinker U/D 1 10g 878 Bank Farm U/S Cu alloy Lock plate, part of Modern 4 22g bell, disc, part of key 878 Bank Farm B Fired clay Wattle and daub? 1 10g 878 Bank Farm B Fired clay Daub 1 10g 878 Bank Farm D Flint 3 16 g 878 Bank Farm C Flint 2 4g 878 Bank Farm U/S Flint 3 4g 878 Bank Farm A Flint 3 66g 878 Bank Farm A Flint 1 2g 878 Bank Farm B Flint 1 4g 878 Bank Farm B Flint 1 2g 878 Bank Farm B Flint 1 12g 878 Bank Farm B Flint 1 4g 25 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Site Site name Context Type Description/Detail Period Quantity Weight no (Kg) 878 Bank Farm B Flint 1 22g 878 Bank Farm A Glass Brown Modern 1 4g 878 Bank Farm C Glass Brown Modern 1 2g 878 Bank Farm D Glass Clear Modern 1 2g 878 Bank Farm D Glass Clear Modern 1 2g 878 Bank Farm U/S Glass Clear, green Modern 2 4g 878 Bank Farm U/S Glass Clear Modern 1 4g 877 Monksland B Iron Bolt Modern 1 300g 878 Bank Farm B Iron Chain Modern 1 90g 878 Bank Farm B Iron Modern 1 20g 878 Bank Farm B Iron Modern 2 100g 878 Bank Farm B Iron Modern 1 24g 878 Bank Farm B Iron Blade Fragment 1 <1g 878 Bank Farm D Iron Tent peg Modern 1 23g 878 Bank Farm U/S Iron Tent peg Modern 1 30g 878 Bank Farm U/S Iron Modern 1 125g 878 Bank Farm U/S Iron Modern 1 44g 878 Bank Farm U/S Iron Modern 1 34g 878 Bank Farm B Iron object Possible blade 1 -1g 878 Bank Farm B Lead Fishing weight Modern 1 68g 878 Bank Farm A Modern Plastic Modern 1 1g synthetics 878 Bank Farm A Modern Clay pigeon and 2 8 g synthetics plastic fragment 878 Bank Farm B Modern Clay pigeon disk Modern 1 2g synthetics 878 Bank Farm D Modern Maybe grinding blade 1 4 g synthetics piece 878 Bank Farm D Modern Modern 1 5g synthetics 878 Bank Farm U/S Modern Piece of clay pigeon 1 2 g synthetics 878 Bank Farm U/S Modern Clay pigeon Modern 1 2g synthetics 878 Bank Farm B Modern Clay pigeon pieces 9 22 g 878 Bank Farm A Other Unknown dirty buff 1 2g colour, stone or ceramic. 878 Bank Farm B Other Tarmac 2 10g 878 Bank Farm C Other Tarmac 1 35g 878 Bank Farm U/S Other Unknown buff 1 31g ceramic, date unknown.
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Site Site name Context Type Description/Detail Period Quantity Weight no (Kg) 878 Bank Farm A Pottery Local Post- 1 3G medieval 878 Bank Farm A Pottery North Devon ware Post- 3 2G medieval 878 Bank Farm A Pottery Medieval Medieval 1 2g 878 Bank Farm A Pottery Modern 4 8 878 Bank Farm B Pottery Modern 4 11g 878 Bank Farm B Pottery Local Post- 10 18g medieval 878 Bank Farm B Pottery North Devon gravel Post- 3 20g free/early Post-med? medieval 878 Bank Farm B Pottery Jug handles Medieval 4 8G 878 Bank Farm B Pottery Staffordshire slip Post- 1 2g ware? medieval 878 Bank Farm B Pottery North Devon ware Post 22 208g Medieval 878 Bank Farm C Pottery Modern 7 16g 878 Bank Farm C Pottery Buckley ware? Post- 1 10g medieval 878 Bank Farm C Pottery Possibly EPM Early Post- 2 11g coarsewares? medieval 878 Bank Farm C Pottery Local Post- 9 73g medieval 878 Bank Farm C Pottery North Devon ware Post- 9 127g medieval 878 Bank Farm C Pottery Local Post- 9 90g medieval 878 Bank Farm C Pottery North Devon ware Post- 7 70G medieval 878 Bank Farm D Pottery Early Post- 2 7G medieval 878 Bank Farm D Pottery North Devon ware Post- 3 49G medieval 878 Bank Farm U/S Pottery Buff Fabric. Not Unknown 1 31G amphora or mortarium 878 Bank Farm U/S Pottery Modern 3 3g 878 Bank Farm A Pottery? Greyish buff fabric Unknown 1 2g with blackish stained area. Possibly black quartz bits. Two surfaces smooth. 878 Bank Farm B Shell U/D 1 2g 878 Bank Farm B Slag 2 7 g 878 Bank Farm C Slag 1 <1g 878 Bank Farm D Slag 1 <1 878 Bank Farm D Slag 3 37 g 878 Bank Farm C Slag & coal 6 96 g
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Site Site name Context Type Description/Detail Period Quantity Weight no (Kg) 878 Bank Farm A Slag/industrial 1 14g
878 Bank Farm C Slag/Ore? Unknown 1 66g 878 Bank Farm U/S Slag/ore? Unknown 1 45g 878 Bank Farm B Slag/Other Small fragment of U/D 1 7g industrial low density slag with vesicles, slightly magnetic 878 Bank Farm A Slate 7 50g 878 Bank Farm B Slate 10 80g 878 Bank Farm C Slate 50 17g 878 Bank Farm A Stone 34 346g 878 Bank Farm B Stone 166 2030g 878 Bank Farm C Stone Mixed natural stone 63 467g 878 Bank Farm D Stone 20 214g 878 Bank Farm A Stone tile/Slate 7 50 g
878 Bank Farm B Stone tile/Slate 10 80g
878 Bank Farm C Stone tile/Slate 5 17g
878 Bank Farm B Synthetic 1 2g 878 Bank Farm B Tarmac 2 10g 878 Bank Farm C Tarmac 1 35g 878 Bank Farm B Tile Roof tile/ glazed Medieval 1 24g
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Appendix II: The finds specialist reports
Clay Pipes by Charlotte James-Martin Two tobacco pipe stem fragments and a small fragment of pipe bowl were recovered during an archaeological field walking session. The stems were recovered from Fields B and D and the bowl fragment from Field A. The fragments were unmarked and undiagnostic.
Catalogue Field Description Quantity
An undiagnostic fragment of pipe bowl. No markings or A 1 design
An unmarked fragment of pipe stem. B 1 25mm in length with a bore diameter of 2.4mm
An unmarked fragment of pipe stem. D 1 37.5mm in length with a bore diameter of 1.6mm
Discussion The fragment of pipe bowl is undiagnostic; the stem fragment from Field B could have a potentially 17th century date given its bore diameter; and the bore diameter of the stem fragment from Field D suggests a date of manufacture of 19th-20th Century. Bore diameter can be used as a guide but not definitive evidence for dating a context with an assemblage of this limited size.
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Metallurgical findings from Gower Landscape Partnership Project by Daria Dabal Summary The small assemblage of surface archaeometallurgical findings from Monksland Farm and Bank Farm comprised 25 pieces of various materials (336g). None of these materials were necessarily evidence for metallurgical activity and were rather domestic or farming in origin. However, it should be noted that coal was used as a fuel in the production of lime in nearby post-medieval lime kilns. Therefore, it is possible that some of the materials within this assemblage could be associated with lime burning in Scurlage.
Methodology All examined archaeometallurgical materials were inspected visually, using a 10x magnifying loupe where necessary and are listed in Table 2. The materials were not subjected to any form of instrumental analysis and therefore. The identifications of materials in this short report are therefore limited and must be regarded as provisional.
Description of residues The submitted material comprised ten pieces of coal (total weight 106g), three bits of coke (total weight 11g), two fragments of slag (weight 9g), one fragment of fired clay (weight 45g). A number of pieces of stone were also submitted for examination, but were found to be entirely natural. Slag Larger fragment (weight 8g, Monksland H4) was low density slag with maroon tinge and large vesicles. Smaller slag (weight 1g, Bank Farm B) was black and glossy with many small vesicles. Both pieces had broken surfaces and interpretation of their original shapes was impossible. Coal and Coke A small amount of coal (weight 106g, found in almost all contexts) and coke (weight 11g, Bank Farm A and B) were recovered. One fragment of coke (weight 1g, Bank Farm A) had one side coated in thin layer of low density slag with maroon tinge. Fired Clay One fragment of fired clay (weight 45g, Bank Farm C) with small coal particles and organic matter, one side smooth in orange colour, the other reduced with some slag.
Discussion In general, the Gower peninsula was dominated in Post-medieval times by two industries: limestone quarrying and coal mining. The availability of natural resources allowed limestone quarries and kilns to be located at the south of the peninsula and coal mines in the north. From a geological point of view, carboniferous limestones are typical for the southern part of Gower but coals, shales and sandstones are characteristic for the north-east area of the peninsula (Bridges and Reynolds 2001). Quarrying and processing limestone for building (as a mortar or for lime-washing walls) and 30 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking agricultural purposes have been an important and widespread industry on Gower. It reached its height during the 18th century through the time of agricultural revolution, when limestone would be transported off to be burnt and used mainly as a fertiliser to improve the structure of heavy clay soils (Williams 2004). Many quarries and the remains of various kilns testify to this. According to the 1st Edition of the Ordinance Survey map published in 1879, five lime quarries and six lime kilns were located within the village of Scurlage. All of them had gone out of use by the second half of the 19th century as they had been labelled “old” on the documents. Productions of lime depend upon the availability of raw materials. The kilns were located nearby limestone quarries and sometimes even occurred in pairs. The lime kilns were charged with alternating layers of limestone and coal from the close by outcrops. The large part of Gower lies on the edge of the South Wales Coalfield and was formerly a coal mining area, where people were extracting this mineral since medieval times. The first written information about it comes from a document of 1319 regarding an examination of the land ordered by William de Breos (Bridges and Reynolds 2001). Later, by the sixteenth century coal mining was well established on north-east part of Gower and through the seventeen and eighteen century became an important industry in the area of Wernffrwd, Cilonnem and Llanmorlais (Roberts and Jones 2006). By the end of 18th century coal had been used domestically and as a fuel for limekilns, forges and non-ferrous metal smelting.
Interpretation None of the materials in this collection is necessarily evidence for metallurgical activity. The coal and coke findings are probably modern domestic or of agricultural origin. However, it should be noted that coal was used as a fuel in the production of lime in nearby Post-medieval lime kilns. Therefore, it is possible that some of the materials within this assemblage could be associated with lime burning in Scurlage during Post-medieval times.
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Table 2: Summary of Archaeometallurgical Materials Table 1. Summary of archaeometallurgical materials. All weights in grams
Site No Site Name Context Type Description Period Quality Weight (g) Bank Farm U/S Stone U/D 1 44g 878 Bank Farm U/S coal coke U/D 1 10 878 Bank Farm U/S coal U/D 1 5 878 Bank Farm A stone U/D 1 11 878 Bank Farm A coal U/D 1 10 878 Bank Farm A coal coke fragment of coke with very thin layers of slag with maroon tinge U/D 1 1 with slag 878 Bank Farm B slag small fragment of low density slag with vesicles, slightly magnetic U/D 1 1 878 Bank Farm B stone U/D 1 8 878 Bank Farm C stone U/D 2 101 878 Bank Farm C coal U/D 4 31 878 Bank Farm C fired clay fragment of fired clay with small coal particles and organic matter, U/D 1 45 one side smooth in orange colour, other reduced with some slag bits 878 Bank Farm D coal U/D 2 37
877 Monksland A6 stone U/D 2 1 877 Monksland A6 coal U/D 2 3 877 Monksland A8 coal U/D 2 20 877 Monksland B1 coal coke U/D 1 <1 877 Monksland H4 slag/ low density slag with maroon tinge and small and large vesicles U/D 1 8 clinker
Total 25 336
Table 2. ArchaeometallurgicalTable residues 3: Archaomatallurgical by classes. Weight inresidues grams by classes
Indeterminate Slag Clinker Coal Coke Fired Clay Stone
Site No Site Name Context Total
878 Bank Farm U/S 1 44
878 Bank Farm U/S 5 10 15 878 Bank Farm A 10 1 11 22 878 Bank Farm B 1 8 9 878 Bank Farm C 31 45 101 177 878 Bank Farm D 37 37 877 Monksland A6 3 1 4 877 Monksland A8 20 20 877 Monksland B1 <1 0 877 Monksland H4 8 8 0 Total 9 106 11 45 122 336
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The Animal Bone by Hannah Bowden
Seventeen fragments of animal bone (0.352 kg) was recovered. Nine fragments were identifiable in total from the assemblage, which consisted of sheep/goat teeth and long bone fragments, (Table 4).
The condition of the bone ranged from poor to good, with a large mammal sized rib fragment with butchery marks recovered from F7 at Monksland and unstratified sheep/goat long bones (humerus and radius), which displayed signs of pathology, recovered from Bank Farm.
The remaining bone consisted of unidentifiable and large and medium mammal sized vertebrae and rib fragments.
Table 4: Animal bone recovered during Field walking at Monksland and Bank Farm
Identifiable Bone (NISP) Weight Sheep/goat Area Context Pres NISP (Kg) Teeth Bones Comments A6 P/M 1 0.010 - 1 Pelvis fragment (acetabulum) A7 M/G 1 0.010 1 - 3rd molar B2 P 1 0.001 - - Unidentifiable B3 P/M 1 0.040 - 1 Long bone (humerus – distal epiphysis) Monksland B7 M 1 0.018 - 1 Long bone (tibia shaft)
C7 M 1 0.002 - - MM cervical vertebrae fragment. F2 P/M 1 0.022 - - LM vertebrae fragment. F7 P/M 1 0.016 - - LM rib with butchery marks. I4 M 1 0.036 - 1 Long bone (tibia distal epiphysis and shaft fragment. Subtotal 9 0.155 1 4 C P/M 2 0.002 - - Irregular bone fragment Tooth fragment D P 1 0.001 - - Unidentifiable - too small <5mm fragment. U/S M/G 1 0.006 1 - Maxilla molar Bank Farm U/S M 2 0.064 - 1 Long bone (tibia - distal epiphysis and shaft fragment) LM rib fragment. U/S G 2 0.124 - 2 Long bone (radius – pathology visible on proximal epiphysis) Long bone (humerus - pathology visible on distal epiphysis) Subtotal 8 0.197 1 3 Total 17 0.352 2 7 Preservation: P (poor) M (moderate) G (good); Comments: LM (large mammal size), MM (medium mammal size)
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The Lithic Assemblage by Elizabeth A. Walker
Methodology A total of 77 lithics were examined macroscopically in accordance with Andrefsky’s published methodology involving the examination of each individual piece with the eye under good, directional light (Andrefsky 2005). Any evidence for retouch and for use along fine edges is detectable in this way. All the pieces in the assemblage identified as being humanly, rather than naturally, fractured were examined with those deemed to be natural rapidly divided into flint and other stones. These two groups were then counted and listed separately on the excel spreadsheet. All the worked pieces were then identified on the basis of the technological characteristics they exhibit and allocated to a broad time-period where this was possible.
The knapping debitage has been separated as far as possible using a basic visual descriptor. This has generated groupings of flakes and blades; blades defined as being at least twice as long as they are wide. Blade fragments are determined here by having a narrow width and the presence of remnant longitudinal scars running at right angles to the width of the piece. The fragment is then described according to whether it is the proximal (bulbar), mesial or distal end of the blade that is present (Andrefsky 2005, 19). If it has been impossible to determine whether the piece under examination is a flake, blade or a possible core fragment it has been classified under the generic term of general knapping debitage.
Monksland Farm 877 The Assemblage There are thirty-six worked lithic artefacts from the fieldwalking at Monksland Farm. One artefact has been identified to be of certain later Mesolithic age; a micro-blade core from Area C. A further blade core from an unrecorded area of the farm is suggested to be of Mesolithic date, but this could be early or later Mesolithic in date. There are also two scrapers, one of which is fragmentary which might also be of Mesolithic age, both from Area G.
A single platform blade core from Area H may be of either Mesolithic or Neolithic age and a further possible scraper made on a flake is attributed a Neolithic date on the basis of the size and shape of the flake on which it is made. A further scraper looks slightly later in date, this might be Neolithic or Bronze Age. It comes from Area B. A flint knife from an unrecorded area of the farm supports the possibility that there is Bronze Age activity in the area.
The remaining 27 worked lithics suggest localized flint knapping, due to the presence of flakes, blades and more general knapping debitage found in all the areas. One post-medieval gunflint fragment demonstrates more recent activity in Area B.
The maximum number of worked lithic artefacts from any one area is six from Area H. A further seven pieces do not have information about which area of the farm they were recovered from. The finds will be described according to the area in which they were discovered.
Area A This area has generated one stone flake from zone A2 which is round with very weathered flake scars on the dorsal surface. The ventral surface has an obvious bulb of percussion and the flake is struck from a plain striking platform. This flake can only be said to be of prehistoric date. There
34 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking are also two further pieces of possible worked flint from this area. One of these, from zone A1, is a possible prehistoric flint flake of black unpatinated flint which appears to have been struck by a plough, resulting in the uncertainty about its age. A further plough-struck flint from zone A8 is impossible to determine with any certainty if it is natural or prehistoric.
The one certain flake from Area A is therefore prehistoric and is an indication of localized knapping activity.
Area B Five worked flints are recorded from Area B. These include a scraper found in zone B7 which is of Neolithic or Bronze Age date. This tool is made on a cortical flake. The cortex provides a natural backing to the scraper. The scraping edge has invasive scalar retouch which is steep, regular and probably formed by pressure flaking. The flake on which the scraper has been made is irregular in shape. The plain platform remains on one side and the ventral surface has had flake removals struck from it prior to the scraper being formed.
There are three prehistoric flint flakes from this area with one recorded from each of zones B3, B6 and B8. The group from Area B also includes the post-medieval gunflint fragment which was recovered in zone B4. This is heavily percussed at both the proximal and distal ends from the metal hammer in the gun.
The one scraper found in Area B suggests either Neolithic or Bronze Age activity, with further localized prehistoric flint knapping in the vicinity.
Area C A later Mesolithic micro-blade core fragment is recorded from zone C2. This single find is made on a naturally split pebble. There are two micro-blade removals struck from the same platform. There are no other accompanying finds from this area, but a core may be an indication of local flint knapping.
Area D Collecting in Area D has resulted in the discovery of two prehistoric flint flakes. One of these, from zone D6, may be a flake struck from a blade core. The piece could possibly be a core rejuvenation flake detached to refresh the striking platform of the core. Both these flakes indicate local flint knapping.
Area E Two worked pieces were recorded from Area E. A flake from zone E2 and a blade fragment from zone E8. The flake is of irregular form and is struck from a piece of creamy pink-coloured chert. The blade fragment is the proximal end of an otherwise undiagnostic flint blade. Both pieces indicate knapping activity in the area.
Area F There are five worked pieces of flint from Area F. Two of these are flakes from zones F2 and F4. A cortical flint blade was recovered from zone F6 and a proximal end of a flint blade from zone F7. This blade was struck from a core that was worked from a prismatic core with two platforms. A further worked piece of general flint knapping debitage may be a flake fragment, however, it is not possible to determine with full certainty.
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This small group of flake, blade and debitage indicate flint knapping activity in the area.
Area G Two worked pieces from the same zone, G9, suggest Mesolithic activity. One of these is a scraper fragment made on a cortical burnt flint. The distal end of the flake has a denticulated form which may be deliberate. There are also traces of retouch through the patina of the flake which suggests that this was a Mesolithic scraper. The second piece is a possible Mesolithic straight-scraper made on the proximal end of a heavily cortical flake. The scraping edge is straight with some minor denticulations caused by subsequent retouch. This area has two tools both of which are of possible Mesolithic age. These may suggest the presence of Mesolithic activity in this area.
Area H Six worked pieces of flint were recovered from Area H. These comprise a flint flake which has traces of having been used at the distal end, possibly as an end-scraper from zone H5. A round nodular core was recorded in zone H3. This is a simple flint nodule which has had a single flake detached from it to create a platform as if to create a blade core.
The remaining four pieces all come from zone H4. These comprise a single-platform blade core of possible Mesolithic or Neolithic age, two flint flakes and a piece of general knapping debitage. The blade core is worked all around the platform with traces of cortex remaining towards the base of the core. The knapper has abandoned the core owing to a number of hinge- fractured removals which have prevented it being worked further.
Area I The two worked flints from Area I are a flake, possibly showing signs of light burning, from zone I7 and the proximal end of a flint blade with a snap fracture. This is from zone I1. These two pieces suggest local flint knapping activity.
Area K A single thick blade core rejuvenation blade was recorded in zone K5. The distal end of the blade has white pebble cortex surviving. The blade is plano-convex in cross-section. It is struck from a plain striking platform. This suggests knapping activity in the area.
Finds from the farm without more accurate provenance Seven worked finds were recovered without more accurate provenance. These are: A Bronze Age flint knife made on a blade struck from a plain striking platform. The tool has one straight, well-serrated working length. The denticulations have been carefully chipped into the edge. The other length has a convex shape to it. The retouch on this side is steeper and may offer a backing to the tool. The two lengths meet at a point which is slightly irregular in shape. A small bladelet core is made on a cortical flint pebble from which a single striking platform has been created from which the knapper has attempted to remove a series of bladelets. Each of the bladelet removals has, however, hinged causing the core to be abandoned. A second minor platform appears to have been created later at the base of the core, presumably to rectify the hinging. A cortical flint blade. A flint blade with traces of cortex along one length.
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A primary cortical flint flake with the dorsal surface entirely cortical. A flake struck from a cortical core. The platform is plain and the bulb is pronounced. A flake struck from a plain striking platform with a highly pronounced bulb of percussion.
Natural Pieces A total of 20 natural pieces of flint and stone were also recorded from across Monksland Farm.
Bank Farm 878 The Assemblage There are fourteen worked lithic artefacts from the fieldwalk at Bank Farm. Three of these are tools which can be dated. There is a later Mesolithic blade core from Area B; a Neolithic thumbnail-type scraper, which does not have an accurate provenance recorded for it, and a Neolithic/Bronze Age flint knife fragment from area A. The remaining 11 items are pieces created during knapping activity and can only be considered to be of prehistoric age. The finds are described according to the area in which they were discovered.
Area A Four worked pieces were recovered from Area A. The Neolithic or Bronze Age flint knife fragment is made on the proximal end of a thin flake on which one length has been carefully retouched invasively to create a knife edge. The distal end of the tool is absent and the other length is unmodified. The group includes a small, round core fragment with traces of cortex around the edge. The piece is slightly irregular in shape and has removals running around the edge and from both faces. The core is undatable, being of an irregular form that may be of any age. This group also contains two prehistoric flint flakes.
The knife fragment suggests activity towards the end of the Neolithic or into the Bronze Age. The other three pieces could feasibly be of a similar age, however, none has any real features that would enable such a claim to be made with any certainty.
Area B Five worked pieces of flint were collected from Area B. They comprise a later Mesolithic small pebble flint blade core with two striking platforms. The top platform has been created by removing a flake from the flint nodule. The basal one is a natural water-rolled fracture in the nodule. There have been blade removals struck from the main platform. Also present in the group are a flint blade which has a plano-convex profile, a primary cortical flint flake, a secondary flint flake and an irregular piece of general flint knapping debitage. The group indicates the presence of later Mesolithic and more general prehistoric flint knapping taking place in the area.
Area C A single miscellaneous retouched piece of flint has been flaked bifacially with steep but marginal retouch along the lengths of the piece. It is undiagnostic as a tool and for dating. The second piece of worked flint from Area C is an irregular, cortical piece of general prehistoric flint knapping debitage.
Area D The only flint recovered from Area D is a natural flint nodule, which may have been worked as a
37 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking core, having some scars evident on it, however, there is no certain evidence that these are worked and are not natural removals. Consequently this is considered to be a natural piece of flint.
Finds from the farm without more accurate provenance Three worked finds were recovered without more accurate provenance. These are: A small Neolithic thumbnail type convex scraper with steep retouch running around most of the circumference. The flake is thick and it is struck from a plain striking platform. The distal end of a prehistoric flint blade. One length has traces of cortex on it. A small prehistoric flint flake.
Natural Pieces A total of seven natural pieces of flint and stone were also recorded from Bank Farm.
38 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Appendix III: Catalogue of lithic finds
Table 5: Assessment of Lithics by Elizabeth Walker (National Museum of Wales)
Project Area No. Object name Material Colour Period Other Description Length Width Thickness Weight name and of of Characteristics mm mm mm g reference field finds 877 A1 1 Possible flake Flint Black Prehistoric? Plough struck A small 14.8 11.2 4 0.8 Monksland fragment of Farm black unpatinated flint, possibly a flake which has been struck by a plough. 877 A2 1 Stone flake Stone White Prehistoric Weathered A round flake 24.1 26.8 8.7 4.8 Monksland with very Farm weathered flake scars on the dorsal surface. The ventral surface has an obvoius bulb of percussion and the flake is struck from a plain striking platform.
39 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Project Area No. Object name Material Colour Period Other Description Length Width Thickness Weight name and of of Characteristics mm mm mm g reference field finds 877 A2 3 Natural Flint Two All three Monksland pieces of flint orange pieces show Farm and one evidence of creamy thermal white fractures and no obvious signs of being humanly worked. 877 A2 1 Natural piece Quartz White Natural piece Monksland of a quartz with an of fractured Farm pebble orange quartz. No cortex obvious signs of having been humanly worked. 877 A7 5 Natural Flint Orange All these Monksland pieces of flint pieces show Farm thermal fractures and are typical gravel flint without any signs of having been humanly worked.
40 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Project Area No. Object name Material Colour Period Other Description Length Width Thickness Weight name and of of Characteristics mm mm mm g reference field finds 877 A8 1 Possible Flint Black Undated Plough struck An irregular Monksland piece of with a piece of flint Farm knapping white which may debitage - but patina have been most likely a around struck by a plough struck the edges plough piece of resulting in the natural flint black original colour of the flint being exposed. The piece has a white patination around the cortex. The edges are fresh and sharp. 877 A8 4 Natural Flint Orange All these Monksland pieces of flint pieces show Farm thermal fractures and are typical gravel flint without any signs of having been humanly worked.
41 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Project Area No. Object name Material Colour Period Other Description Length Width Thickness Weight name and of of Characteristics mm mm mm g reference field finds 877 B3 1 Flake Flint Orange Prehistoric A flint flake 19.3 15.2 5.8 1.7 Monksland struck from Farm close to the edge of the nodule as the piece has a rim of cortex running around half its circumference. The flake is unmodified. 877 B3 1 Natural piece Flint Creamy A thermally Monksland of flint white fractured piece Farm of flint with no evidence of having been humanly worked. 877 B3 1 Split piece of Stone Orange A piece of Monksland a conglomerated Farm conglomerate rock rock containing clasts and inclusions. The piece is split revealing a grey piece of flint which is natural.
42 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Project Area No. Object name Material Colour Period Other Description Length Width Thickness Weight name and of of Characteristics mm mm mm g reference field finds 877 B4 1 Gunflint Flint Black Post- Half a heavily 22.1 17.5 7.3 3.2 Monksland fragment medieval percussed Farm gunflint. There is evidence for direct percussion at both the proximal and distal ends of the piece. 877 B6 1 Flake Flint White Prehistoric A round flint 13.3 22.5 5.6 2.7 Monksland flake with a Farm pronounced bulb of percussion on the ventral surface.
43 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Project Area No. Object name Material Colour Period Other Description Length Width Thickness Weight name and of of Characteristics mm mm mm g reference field finds 877 B7 1 Scraper Flint Grey Neolithic or A scraper 21.7 28.6 7.5 4.9 Monksland Bronze Age made on a Farm cortical flake. The cortex provides a natural backing to the scraper. The scraping edge has invasive scalar retouch which is steep, regular and probably formed by pressure flaking. The flake on which the scraper has been made is irregular in shape. The plain platform remains on one side and the ventral surface has had flake removals struck from it prior to the scraper being formed.
44 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Project Area No. Object name Material Colour Period Other Description Length Width Thickness Weight name and of of Characteristics mm mm mm g reference field finds 877 B8 1 Flake Flint Black Prehistoric A small round 12 13.3 5.4 0.6 Monksland flint flake. Farm 877 B8 1 Natural piece Flint Orange A natural piece Monksland of flint of flint with Farm thermal fractures. 877 B8 1 Natural piece Stone Grey A piece of Monksland of stone grey stone Farm which has a white pebble surface on one side and a natural fractured face the other. There is no evidence that this has been humanly worked. 877 C2 1 Micro-core Flint Creamy Later Fragment A fragment of 14.2 23.1 12.1 4.4 Monksland fragment white Mesolithic a micro-core Farm made on a naturally split pebble. There are two micro- blade removals struck from the same platform.
45 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Project Area No. Object name Material Colour Period Other Description Length Width Thickness Weight name and of of Characteristics mm mm mm g reference field finds 877 D1 1 Flake Flint Honey Prehistoric A small, thin 15.7 10.4 1.6 0.3 Monksland flint flake with Farm traces of cortex at the proximal end. 877 D6 1 Flake Flint Grey Prehistoric A flake struck 27.8 19.4 5.9 2.9 Monksland from a blade Farm core. The piece has the look of possibly being a core rejuvenation flake. It has a very pronounced bulb of percussion. 877 D7 1 Natural piece Chert Pinkish A cortical Monksland of chert brown piece of chert Farm with no signs of having been humanly worked. 877 E2 1 Flake Chert Creamy Prehistoric Chert flake of 14.4 10.8 2.7 0.3 Monksland pink irregular Farm shape. 877 E8 1 Blade Flint Black Prehistoric Fragment Proximal end 11.8 9.7 3.8 0.4 Monksland fragment of a flint blade. Farm
46 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Project Area No. Object name Material Colour Period Other Description Length Width Thickness Weight name and of of Characteristics mm mm mm g reference field finds 877 F2 1 Flake Flint Pale grey Prehistoric A flake struck 30.4 25.3 9.6 7.6 Monksland from a cortical Farm nodule. There have been earlier flake removals as there are two flake scars on the dorsal surface. The flint cortex is water-rounded and creamy white in colour. The flake has been struck from a plain platform. 877 F4 1 Flake Flint White Prehistoric A flake struck 23.1 14.2 4 1.4 Monksland from a core. Farm There are traces of cortex towards the distal termination. 877 F5 1 Natural piece Stone Orange A piece of flint Monksland of stone with natural Farm thermal fractures.
47 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Project Area No. Object name Material Colour Period Other Description Length Width Thickness Weight name and of of Characteristics mm mm mm g reference field finds 877 F6 1 Piece of flint Flint Black Prehistoric An 22.8 24.5 7.5 3.8 Monksland knapping undiagnostic Farm debitage general piece of flint knapping debitage. One face has a bulbar surface suggestive that it may be a flake fragment. 877 F6 1 Blade Flint Grey Prehistoric A cortical flint 43.4 19.8 9.2 7.2 Monksland blade. The Farm cortex covers much of the dorsal surface with just two removals through it. The cortex is orange stained and is completely smooth. 877 F6 1 Natural piece Flint White A piece of flint Monksland of flint with a natural Farm thermal fracture.
48 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Project Area No. Object name Material Colour Period Other Description Length Width Thickness Weight name and of of Characteristics mm mm mm g reference field finds 877 F7 1 Blade Flint Creamy Prehistoric Fragment A proximal 18.7 13.5 4.2 1.1 Monksland fragment white end of a flint Farm blade. There are traces of the original cortex surface along one length. On the dorsal surface there is evidence for earlier blade removals struck from the opposite end of what may have been a prismatic core.
49 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Project Area No. Object name Material Colour Period Other Description Length Width Thickness Weight name and of of Characteristics mm mm mm g reference field finds 877 G9 1 Burnt scraper Flint Pinkish ? Burnt fragment A cortical 15.6 22.8 4.7 1.9 Monksland fragment brown Mesolithic burnt flint Farm flake. The distal end of the flake has a denticulated form. Whether this is intentional or not is impossible to determine. Just beyond the denticulations there are some traces of retouch through the patina suggesting that this may have been a scraper.
50 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Project Area No. Object name Material Colour Period Other Description Length Width Thickness Weight name and of of Characteristics mm mm mm g reference field finds 877 G9 1 Possible Flint Brown ? A possible 26.6 23.8 8.5 5.5 Monksland scraper Mesolithic straight scraper Farm made on the proximal end of a heavily cortical flake. The scraping edge is straight with some minor denticulations caused by subsequent retouch. The edge is moderately steep and the retouch is marginal. 877 H3 1 Flint nodular Flint Black Prehistoric A round flint 23.9 27.9 15.9 13.1 Monksland core nodule from Farm which a single flake has been removed as if to commence to work the nodule as a core.
51 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Project Area No. Object name Material Colour Period Other Description Length Width Thickness Weight name and of of Characteristics mm mm mm g reference field finds 877 H4 1 Single- Flint Black Mesolithic A blade core 35.4 29.8 14 16.3 Monksland platform or Neolithic with a single Farm blade core platform. The core is worked around all the platform with only traces of cortex remaining towards the base of the core. Several of the blade removals have hinged badly making the core unworkable. 877 H4 1 Flake Flint Brown Prehistoric A flint flake 21.5 16.5 5 1.8 Monksland with a cortical Farm distal end. 877 H4 1 Burnt flake Flint Pink Prehistoric Burnt A burnt small 14.7 11.2 2.4 0.4 Monksland round flint Farm flake. 877 H4 1 A piece of Flint Black Prehistoric An irregular 19 18.5 6.8 1.5 Monksland general flint piece of Farm knapping general flint debitage knapping debitage.
52 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Project Area No. Object name Material Colour Period Other Description Length Width Thickness Weight name and of of Characteristics mm mm mm g reference field finds 877 H5 1 Flake Flint Black Neolithic A flint flake 26.3 16.6 8 3.4 Monksland possibly used which has Farm as a scraper traces of having been used at the distal end, possibly as an end-scraper. The distal end terminates in a steep end which shows signs of possible use. 877 I1 1 Blade Flint White Prehistoric The proximal 34.3 28.5 6.7 7.1 Monksland fragment end of a flint Farm blade. The distal end has been snapped. The blade is struck from a plain striking platform and has a pronounced bulb of percussion.
53 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Project Area No. Object name Material Colour Period Other Description Length Width Thickness Weight name and of of Characteristics mm mm mm g reference field finds 877 I7 1 Flake Flint Pink Prehistoric A flint flake 27.1 19.8 4.7 2.3 Monksland with a white Farm dorsal surface and a pink ventral surface. Most of the surface is cortex. 877 K5 1 Core Flint Brown Prehistoric A thick blade 44.6 22.3 12.2 12.1 Monksland rejuvenation core Farm blade rejuvenation blade. The distal end has white pebble cortex surviving. The blade is plano- convex in cross-section. It is struck from a plain striking platform.
54 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Project Area No. Object name Material Colour Period Other Description Length Width Thickness Weight name and of of Characteristics mm mm mm g reference field finds 877 U/S 1 Knife Flint Black Bronze Age A Bronze Age 47.1 24.7 7.1 10 Monksland flint knife. The Farm blade on which it is made is struck from a plain striking platform and the tool has one straight well serrated working length. The denticulations have been carefully chipped into the edge. The other length has a convex shape to it. The retouch here is steeper and may offer a backing to the tool. The two lengths meet at a point which is slightly irregular in shape.
55 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Project Area No. Object name Material Colour Period Other Description Length Width Thickness Weight name and of of Characteristics mm mm mm g reference field finds 877 U/S 1 Blade core Flint Grey Mesolithic Small bladelet 25.9 27.8 16.1 11.6 Monksland core made on a Farm cortical flint pebble from which a single striking platform has been created from which the knapper has attempted to remove a series of bladelets. Each of the bladelet removals has, however, hinged causing the core to be abandoned. A second minor platform appears to have later been created at the base of the core, presumably to rectify the hinging. 877 U/S 1 Blade Flint Black Prehistoric A cortical flint 25.1 11.4 4.5 1.1 Monksland blade. Farm
56 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Project Area No. Object name Material Colour Period Other Description Length Width Thickness Weight name and of of Characteristics mm mm mm g reference field finds 877 U/S 1 Blade Flint Grey Prehistoric A flint blade 26.4 16.8 5.6 1.9 Monksland with traces of Farm cortex along one length. 877 U/S 1 Cortical flake Flint Black Prehistoric A primary 33.2 22.2 8.6 6.2 Monksland cortical flint Farm flake with the dorsal surface entirely cortical. 877 U/S 1 Flake Flint White Prehistoric A flake struck 31.5 26.2 8.1 6 Monksland from a cortical Farm core. The platform is plain and the bulb is pronounced. 877 U/S 1 Flake Flint Grey Prehistoric A flake struck 25.6 24.7 6.2 3.3 Monksland from a plain Farm striking platform with a highly pronounced bulb of percussion.
57 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Project Area No. Object name Material Colour Period Other Description Length Width Thickness Weight name and of of Characteristics mm mm mm g reference field finds 878 Bank A 1 Knife Flint Brown Neolithic or Fragment The proximal 24.2 18.1 3.4 2.1 Farm fragment Bronze Age end of a thin flake on which one length has been carefully retouched invasively to create a knife edge. The distal end of the tool is absent and the other length is unmodified. 878 Bank A 1 Flake Flint White Prehistoric A thin flint 20.6 18.5 2.2 0.8 Farm flake with pronounced bulb of percussion. 878 Bank A 1 Flake Flint Black Prehistoric Small flint 15.9 13.2 3.4 0.5 Farm flake with traces of cortex at the distal end.
58 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Project Area No. Object name Material Colour Period Other Description Length Width Thickness Weight name and of of Characteristics mm mm mm g reference field finds 878 Bank A 1 Core Flint Black Prehistoric A small round 19.9 25.4 8.4 4.3 Farm fragment core fragment with traces of cortex around the edge. The piece is slightly irregular in shape and has removals running around the edge and from both faces. 878 Bank A 2 Natural Flint Yellow Two natural Farm pieces of flint and white pieces of flint which show no signs of having been humanly worked. 878 Bank A 1 Burnt natural Flint White Burnt A burnt natural Farm piece of flint piece of flint with one thermal fracture. 878 Bank A 1 Natural piece Stone Grey A natural flat Farm of stone piece of a stone. 878 Bank B 1 Piece of flint Flint Grey Prehistoric An irregular 22.6 15.3 5.5 1.8 Farm knapping piece of flint debitage knapping debitage.
59 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Project Area No. Object name Material Colour Period Other Description Length Width Thickness Weight name and of of Characteristics mm mm mm g reference field finds 878 Bank B 1 Natural piece Stone Pinkish A piece of Farm of stone brown stone from which there are no obviously humanly struck removals. 878 Bank B 1 Natural piece Flint Orange A natural piece Farm of flint of flint with a thermal fracture. 878 Bank B 1 Blade Flint Grey Prehistoric A flint blade of 32.9 11.8 3.5 1.6 Farm plano-convex form.
60 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Project Area No. Object name Material Colour Period Other Description Length Width Thickness Weight name and of of Characteristics mm mm mm g reference field finds 878 Bank B 1 Blade core Flint White Later A small pebble 23.2 26.5 20.2 15.6 Farm Mesolithic flint blade core with two striking platforms. The top platform has been created by removing a flake from the flint nodule. The basal one is a natural water rolled fracture in the nodule. There have been a few blade removals struck from the main platform. 878 Bank B 1 Flake Flint Pinkish Prehistoric A primary 30.5 22 6.3 5 Farm brown cortical flint flake with the dorsal surface entirely cortical. 878 Bank B 1 Flake Flint Yellowish Prehistoric A small flint 14.7 28 7.1 2.5 Farm brown flake with a cortical pebble edge to it.
61 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Project Area No. Object name Material Colour Period Other Description Length Width Thickness Weight name and of of Characteristics mm mm mm g reference field finds 878 Bank C 1 Retouched Flint Grey Prehistoric A 20 18.3 5 2.3 Farm flake miscellaneous fragment retouched piece of flint. The piece has been flaked bifacially and the retouch is very steep along two of the lengths of the piece. The retouch is marginal in both locations. 878 Bank C 1 Piece of flint Flint Brown Prehistoric Irregular piece 14.5 23.2 6.6 2 Farm knapping of cortical flint debitage knapping debitage 878 Bank D 1 Natural flint Flint Grey A natural flint Farm nodule nodule which has some removals from it. The removals are heavily weathered and there is no evidence for them being humanly worked.
62 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Project Area No. Object name Material Colour Period Other Description Length Width Thickness Weight name and of of Characteristics mm mm mm g reference field finds 878 Bank U/S 1 Thumbnail Flint Black Neolithic A small 17.5 16.2 8.7 2.7 Farm type scraper thumbnail type convex scraper with retouch running around most of the circumference. The flake is thick and is struck from a plain striking platform. The retouch is very steep. 878 Bank U/S 1 Blade Flint Black Prehistoric Fragment The distal end 14.9 16.3 3.3 1 Farm fragment of a flint blade. One side has traces of cortex running along the length. 878 Bank U/S 1 Flake Flint Black Prehistoric A small flint 11 15.6 3.8 0.6 Farm flake.
63 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Appendix IV: Volunteer feedback and analysis
Gower Landscape Fieldwalking SurveyMonkey
#2 COMPLETE Collector: Web Link 1 (Web Link) Started: Wednesday, August 10, 2016 11:03:46 AM Last Modified: Wednesday, August 10, 2016 11:14:57 AM Time Spent: 00:11:10 IP Address: 82.69.66.205
PAGE 1: Gower Landscape Project Field Walking Survey
Q1: Overall I had an enjoyable time volunteering on the Strongly Agree field walking project
Q2: I understand more about Archaeology and my local Agree area
Q3: Overall, how would you rate the training events for Excellent the fieldwalking project?
Q4: Overall, how would you rate the field walking Fair events?
Q5: What did you enjoy the most about the fieldwalking project as a whole?Was there anything you disliked? Learning how to set up field walking. A pity that the field had not been ploughed in the last year which limited finds.
Q6: Did you learn new skills from the project? Yes
Q7: What skills did you learn from the project? See above
Q8: I feel confident I could repeat the fieldwalking Strongly Agree activity either on my own or as part of a group
Q9: Anything else you would like to share about the events? Really good to be involved in community archaeology. Keep up the good work and perhaps focus on the Vale of Glamorgan from time to time for those who live in the east of GGAT's area.
Q10: Postcode CF31 3NN
2 / 5 Gower Landscape Fieldwalking SurveyMonkey
#3 COMPLETE Collector: Web Link 1 (Web Link) Started: Wednesday, August 10, 2016 12:22:33 PM Last Modified: Wednesday, August 10, 2016 12:23:31 PM Time Spent: 00:00:58 IP Address: 147.147.62.126
PAGE 1: Gower Landscape Project Field Walking Survey
Q1: Overall I had an enjoyable time volunteering on the Strongly Agree field walking project
Q2: I understand more about Archaeology and my local Agree area
Q3: Overall, how would you rate the training events for N/A the fieldwalking project?
Q4: Overall, how would you rate the field walking Excellent events?
Q5: What did you enjoy the most about the fieldwalking Respondent skipped this project as a whole?Was there anything you disliked? question
Q6: Did you learn new skills from the project? Yes
Q7: What skills did you learn from the project? Respondent skipped this question
Q8: I feel confident I could repeat the fieldwalking Strongly Agree activity either on my own or as part of a group
Q9: Anything else you would like to share about the Respondent skipped this events? question
Q10: Postcode SA43 2SZ
3 / 5 Gower Landscape Fieldwalking SurveyMonkey
#4 COMPLETE Collector: Web Link 1 (Web Link) Started: Friday, August 12, 2016 2:00:30 PM Last Modified: Friday, August 12, 2016 2:01:15 PM Time Spent: 00:00:45 IP Address: 88.109.56.161
PAGE 1: Gower Landscape Project Field Walking Survey
Q1: Overall I had an enjoyable time volunteering on the Strongly Agree field walking project
Q2: I understand more about Archaeology and my local Agree area
Q3: Overall, how would you rate the training events for Excellent the fieldwalking project?
Q4: Overall, how would you rate the field walking Very Good events?
Q5: What did you enjoy the most about the fieldwalking Respondent skipped this project as a whole?Was there anything you disliked? question
Q6: Did you learn new skills from the project? No
Q7: What skills did you learn from the project? Respondent skipped this question
Q8: I feel confident I could repeat the fieldwalking Strongly Agree activity either on my own or as part of a group
Q9: Anything else you would like to share about the Respondent skipped this events? question
Q10: Postcode Sa151QD
4 / 5 Gower Landscape Fieldwalking SurveyMonkey
#5 COMPLETE Collector: Web Link 1 (Web Link) Started: Sunday, August 21, 2016 7:00:47 PM Last Modified: Sunday, August 21, 2016 7:22:23 PM Time Spent: 00:21:36 IP Address: 86.184.163.234
PAGE 1: Gower Landscape Project Field Walking Survey
Q1: Overall I had an enjoyable time volunteering on the Strongly Agree field walking project
Q2: I understand more about Archaeology and my local Strongly Agree area
Q3: Overall, how would you rate the training events for Very good the fieldwalking project?
Q4: Overall, how would you rate the field walking Excellent events?
Q5: What did you enjoy the most about the fieldwalking project as a whole?Was there anything you disliked? Felt like a real archaoelogist! Guided by GGAT personnel it became easier to identify things that you wouldn't expect to find in a field. Once flint tools had been found I was able to find flint myself.(Sadly no tools) Finding pottery shards and been able to identify them as 18th /19th century or earlier also became easier.It was such a valuable experience and has helped me to be more alert to what is under my feet when I am out walking on the Gower.
Q6: Did you learn new skills from the project? Yes
Q7: What skills did you learn from the project? How to lay out the grid when fieldwalking and how to really look for objects which could be relevant to our understanding of the environment in the past. Reviewing the finds, back in the office, and then cataloguing them accurately has hugely increased my knowledge of finds. Once again working alongside an expert has been invaluable.
Q8: I feel confident I could repeat the fieldwalking Strongly Agree activity either on my own or as part of a group
Q9: Anything else you would like to share about the events? It was a facinating project , well organiased , well coordinated and delivered by enthusiastic experts who clearly wanted to share their knowledge and understanding with those of us who still need L plates! Participating in a 'roadshow' and sharing my ever growing knowledge and enthusiasm with the public was really good fun too.
Q10: Postcode SA2 7UH
5 / 5 Gower Landscape Fieldwalking SurveyMonkey
Q1 Overall I had an enjoyable time volunteering on the field walking project
Answered: 5 Skipped: 0
Strongly Agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Answer Choices Responses
Strongly Agree 100.00% 5
Agree 0.00% 0
Disagree 0.00% 0
Strongly Disagree 0.00% 0
Total 5
1 / 10 Gower Landscape Fieldwalking SurveyMonkey
Q2 I understand more about Archaeology and my local area
Answered: 5 Skipped: 0
Strongly Agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Answer Choices Responses
Strongly Agree 20.00% 1
Agree 80.00% 4
Disagree 0.00% 0
Strongly Disagree 0.00% 0
Total 5
2 / 10 Gower Landscape Fieldwalking SurveyMonkey
Q3 Overall, how would you rate the training events for the fieldwalking project?
Answered: 5 Skipped: 0
Excellent
Very good
Good
Fair
Poor
N/A
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Answer Choices Responses
Excellent 40.00% 2
Very good 40.00% 2
Good 0.00% 0
Fair 0.00% 0
Poor 0.00% 0
N/A 20.00% 1
Total 5
3 / 10 Gower Landscape Fieldwalking SurveyMonkey
Q4 Overall, how would you rate the field walking events?
Answered: 5 Skipped: 0
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Fair
Poor
N/A
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Answer Choices Responses
Excellent 40.00% 2
Very Good 40.00% 2
Good 0.00% 0
Fair 20.00% 1
Poor 0.00% 0
N/A 0.00% 0
Total 5
4 / 10 Gower Landscape Fieldwalking SurveyMonkey
Q6 Did you learn new skills from the project?
Answered: 5 Skipped: 0
Yes
No
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Answer Choices Responses
Yes 80.00% 4
No 20.00% 1
Total 5
6 / 10 Gower Landscape Fieldwalking SurveyMonkey
Q8 I feel confident I could repeat the fieldwalking activity either on my own or as part of a group
Answered: 5 Skipped: 0
Strongly Agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Answer Choices Responses
Strongly Agree 80.00% 4
Agree 20.00% 1
Disagree 0.00% 0
Strongly Disagree 0.00% 0
Total 5
8 / 10 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Appendix V: Report on fieldwalking at Scurlage farm submitted by Swansea Metal Detecting Club
75 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
76 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Figure 1: Location plan
77 Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking
Table 6: Analysis of flints for SMDC report by Elizabeth Walker
Provenance NGR No. Object Material Period Length Width Thicknes Weight of name mm mm s mm g finds Scurlage SS 4653 1 Flake Flint Prehistoric Farm 8782 Scurlage SS 4653 1 Blade Flint Prehistoric Farm 8782
Scurlage SS 4665 1 Knife Chert Prehistoric 28.5 20.6 4 2.5 Farm 8770
Scurlage SS 4652 1 Flake Flint Prehistoric Farm 8774
78 Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd (Projects Division)
QUALITY CONTROL
Report Title: Gower Landscape Partnership: Field Walking Report
Report Date: April 2017
Report Number: 2016/064
Report prepared by: Sarahjayne Clements
Position: Archaeologist
Date: 14/03/17
Illustrations prepared by: Charlotte James-Martin
Position: Project Officer
Date: 14/03/17
Illustrations checked and authorised by: Paul Jones
Position: Senior Illustrator
Date: 13/03/17
Report checked by: Dr Edith Evans
Position: Heritage and Outreach Manager
Date: 14/03/17
Report checked and authorised by: Richard Roberts
Position: Project Manager Date: 25/04/17
As part of our desire to provide a quality service we would welcome any comments you may wish to make on the content or presentation of this report.
Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust Ltd. Heathfield House, Heathfield, Swansea, SA1 6LE Tel. 01792 655208; Fax. 01792 474469 Registered Charity no. 505609 Web: www.ggat.org.uk e-mail: [email protected]