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Contents Part I. West Texas Under the Dominion of Spain, France and Mexico I

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Contents Part I. West Texas Under the Dominion of Spain, France and Mexico I CONTENTS PART I. WEST TEXAS UNDER THE DOMINION OF SPAIN, FRANCE AND MEXICO I. Explorations and Expeditions. II. Old Missions. Forts and Early Colonization. III. Industrial, Social and Local Conditions. PART II. WEST TEXAS BEFORE ANNEXATION AND AFTER THE BEGINNING OF AMERICAN COLONIZATION I. Colonial Development. II. Industrial Enterprises, Overland Transportation, Early Roads, and Well-Known Places. III. Important Expeditions. PART III. THE FRONTIER FROM ANNEXATION UNTIL THE CESSATION OF INDIAN HOSTILITIES Effect of Annexation and Further Explorations and Expeditions. II. Federal Forts, Posts, and Stations. III. Forts, Posts, and Stations (Continued). IV. Characteristics of Early Army Cantonments. V. Early Settlers, and their Domestic, Social, and Other Activities. VI. Early Roads and Overland Transportation. VII. The Civil War and Its Effect on the Frontier. PART IV. COUNTY ORGANIZATION AND COUNTY HISTORY I. Creation of New Counties - Bexar County - Travis County - Comal County - Denton County - Gillespie County - Hays County - Medina County - Williamson County - Cooke County - Bell County - El Paso County - McLennan County - Tarrant County - Hill County - Johnson County - Bosque County - Coryell County - Burnet County - Uvalde County - Bandera County - Kerr County - Llano County - San Saba County - Lampasas County - Comanche County - Erath County - Parker County - Wise County - Young County - Jack County - Palo Pinto County - Brown County - Blanco County - Mason County - Hamilton County - Montague County - Clay County - Stephens County - Kendall County - Coleman County - Hood and Somervell Counties - Menard County - Eastland County - Shackelford County - Presidio County - Tom Green County - McCulloch County - Callahan County - Taylor County - Throckmorton County - Further Activities, Accomplishments and Reward of Early Western Frontiersmen. PART V. INDIANS OF WESTERN TEXAS I. The Early Indians of West Texas. II. Indians Found on the Frontier By the First Settlers. III. Indian Activities and Engagements From 1829-1840. IV. Activities and Engagements From 1840-1846. V. Relations With Texas Indians From 1846-1854. VI. Relations With Indians From 1854-1859. VII. Bitter Relations With the Indians on the Brazos Reserve, and Elsewhere. VIII. Additional Indian Raids During 1859. IX. West Texas Indian Troubles in 1860. X. Frontier Protection and Indian Activities in 1861 and 1862. XI. Frontier Protection and Indian Activities and Depredations During 1863. XII. Frontier Protection From Indian Activities During 1864. XIII. Indian Fights and Depredations During 1865. XIV. Indian Activities and Depredations During 1866. XV. Indian Activities and Depredations During 1867. XVI. Indian Activities and Depredations During 1868. XVII. Indian Activities and Depredations During 1869. XVIII. Relations With the Indians During 1870. XIX. Indian Activities and Depredations During 1871. XX. Indian Fights and Depredations During 1872. XXI. Indian Fights and Depredations During 1875. XXII. Indian Activities and Depredations, and Change in Government Policy During 1874-1875. XXIII. Miscellaneous Fights and Depredations, and Summary of Relations between the Savages and Citizens. INTRODUCTION The old pioneer settlers and their descendants, old setters associations and others have long wished to see a work that would accurately present a true and reliable account of the early West Texas frontier. It is true several books relating to some phase of the history of Western Texas have been written. Some were county histories. Others, personal reminiscences. Others related to the cattle industry, etc. But we know of no work previously published, which gives a detailed account of the early history of the West Texas frontier. It is not our purpose to create strife between different sections of the state. But we are prone to say that it is indeed unfortunate some of our historians, heretofore, have failed to accord to Western Texas the consideration to which it is entitled. Many important historic events, which occurred in the western part of our state, are seldom, or never, mentioned. Whereas, things of less importance, which occurred in other sections, are almost invariably given a prominent place in our Texas history. Such failure, however, no doubt, is partly due to the fact that more recent historians have followed too closely the works of their predecessors. For thirty years after the citizens of the United States began to establish colonies in Texas, the population was confined, almost exclusively, to the Eastern and Southern parts of the state, and occupied practically the same territory previously inhabited by the Spanish and French. During this period several important works pertaining to the history of Texas, were published and naturally related primarily to the populated districts - the Eastern and Southern districts of Texas. These works have been guiding stars to more recent writers, and have helped to give the history of our state its framework and outline. Perhaps, then, it were but natural for more modern authors to follow too closely the works of earlier historians, and have failed to expand with the advance of civilization. As a consequence, we feel, that no apologies are due for offering this edition, devoted to the early history of Western Texas. The present work, however, like all others, is subject to criticism and no doubt contains mistakes, for it is impossible to present so much material without occasionally making an error in spelling names, giving dates. etc. Nevertheless during the last four years this author has worked independently and alone financed himself and has expended much more time, trouble and money, than prudence would demand in his endeavor to prepare a work that is as reliable and accurate as can be written. We began to gather data for the present work during the summer of 1925, and within three or four months, could have published a mass of material. But since 1925 and up until the present – June 24, 1929 – on an average, approximately two-thirds of the author’s time has been devoted to this edition. During this period we have driven approximately 30,000 miles, have made a personal campaign into practically all of the former frontier counties to gather information from county records, and to interview several hundred surviving old settlers, practically all of whom ranged from 70 to 97 years of age. And except in a few instances, and then only to ascertain names, etc., we only interviewed those old pioneers who were familiar with the frontier history, because of their personal experience and not by hearsay. Too these statements were nearly always found reliable. And although there were honest, the statements of the younger generations who borrowed their information from older members of their families were nearly always found irreliable. The author also made trips into Oklahoma and New Mexico, dug into the early files in the capitol at Austin, and spent approximately who months doing research work among the dusty and dingy old records and archives in the department of War, Department of Interior, Post Office Department, Census Bureau, and elsewhere in Washington, D.C. Due consideration was given to documentary evidence on the one hand and to the statements of surviving old settlers on the other. The author used a checking system, and endeavored to consider both documentary and oral evidence in accordance with those recognized rules of law followed by able judges of the bench and bar. But true to expectation, often the author noticed considerable variations in the statements of surviving old settlers. In such instances, each individual firmly felt his versions were correct. The author, however, endeavored to iron out the differences when possible by interviewing other early pioneers who were familiar with such disputed events by checking with the records, etc. And in practically every case, the plausible truth would soon appear. For example: On one occasion where the honest old pioneer differed, Mr. M______ said to the author, “You never could have convinced me I was wrong had you not been in possession of that letter.” It has been our aim to not only present historic events as accurately as possible, but to arrange the material in chronological order in a style to show the relation of one event to another and to show the effects of various events upon others. We have covered, however, only the earlier periods of Western Texas and except in a few instances do not go beyond the cessation of Indian hostilities. No attempt has been made to give a detailed account of all battles, actions, etc., of the United States soldiers and Indians, nor of the marauding activities of West Texas desperadoes, for a detailed account of either of those subjects alone, would fill a volume. The activities of the Unites States soldiers should properly be covered in a separate work. And, needless to say, the desperadoes of Western Texas, except in a very few instances, operated after the Indian activities were brought to a close, and after those periods covered by this edition. The history of Western Texas has not only been greatly overlooked, but too little attention has been given to the approximately three centuries of picturesque and important Spanish, French, and Mexican history of Texas, and to the history of our state at large. In fact, the curriculums of our high schools and colleges except in a very few instances contain no advanced courses in the history of Texas. We are interested in the history of our own state and advanced courses in the history of Texas should certainly be offered in all of our higher educational institutions. On a number of occasions, in our treatment of Indians, often we refer to the savages In uncomplimentary terms, because of their brutal conduct. But we do not intend to create bitter feelings about any of the various tribes, for most of them have now been peacable for more than fifty years, and it is the Christian duty of all of us to treat them kindly, and to accord to these people, the real Americans, an opportunity to be bettered by the advance of civilization.
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