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Eleutheria Dichotoma Effects of different environmental factors on life history of hydrozoan Eleutheria dichotoma Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Rostock vorgelegt von Aleksandra Dańko geboren am 14. 11. 1979 in Olkusz, Polen Rostock 27.05.2019 https://doi.org/10.18453/rosdok_id00002874 Dieses Werk ist lizenziert unter einer Creative Commons Namensnennung 4.0 International Lizenz. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Hendrik Schubert Universität Rostock, Institut für Biowissenschaften Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliches Fakultät Prof. Dr. habil. Joanna Pijanowska Universität Warschau, Institut für Hydrobiologie Fakultät für Biologie Jahr der Einreichung: 2019 Jahr der Verteidigung: 2020 ii Contents Page 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 General introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Model organism ...................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Research hypotheses ............................................................................................................. 12 2 Materials and methods ................................................................................................................. 15 2.1 Culturing conditions .............................................................................................................. 15 2.2 Origin of the stem culture ..................................................................................................... 15 2.3 Preparation of the samples and performing the measurements ......................................... 16 2.3.1 Preparation of hydroid colonies for different experiments .......................................... 16 2.3.2 Checking vessels with hydroid colonies during experiments (Experiment IV) .............. 16 2.3.3 Checking vessels with medusae during experiments (Experiments I, II, III) .................. 16 2.3.4 Measuring size of medusae (Experiments I, II, III) ......................................................... 17 2.3.5 Measuring diameter of tentacle knobs in hydranths (Experiment IV) .......................... 18 2.3.6 Measuring size of the larvae (Experiment III) ................................................................ 19 2.3.7 Estimating levels of heat shock proteins (HSPs) (Experiment IV) ................................. 19 2.4 Experimental setups .............................................................................................................. 21 2.4.1 Effects of salinity on reproduction and survival of medusae in hydrozoan Eleutheria dichotoma (Experiment I) .............................................................................................................. 21 2.4.1.1 Test study .................................................................................................................. 21 2.4.1.2 Preparation of the experimental hydroid colony ...................................................... 21 2.4.1.3 Scheme of the experiment ........................................................................................ 22 2.4.1.4 Statistical methods .................................................................................................... 24 2.4.2 Effects of temperature on reproduction and survival of medusae in two clones of Eleutheria dichotoma (Experiment II) ........................................................................................... 27 2.4.2.1 Experimental design .................................................................................................. 27 2.4.2.2 Sub-experiment 1: Effects of low (12°C) and medium temperature (23°C) on reproduction and survival of three generations of medusae ................................................... 27 2.4.2.3 Sub-experiment 2: Effects of high (28°C) and medium temperature (23°C) on reproduction and survival of the first generation of medusae (primary medusae) ................. 29 2.4.2.4 Statistical methods .................................................................................................... 30 2.4.3 Effects of population density on reproduction and survival of medusae in hydrozoan Eleutheria dichotoma (Experiment III) .......................................................................................... 31 2.4.3.1 Experimental design .................................................................................................. 31 iii 2.4.3.2 Statistical methods .................................................................................................... 33 2.4.4 Effects of temperature and salinity on reproduction of hydroid colonies in hydrozoan Eleutheria dichotoma (Experiment IV) .......................................................................................... 35 2.4.4.1 Experimental design .................................................................................................. 35 2.4.4.2 Statistical methods .................................................................................................... 36 3 Effects of salinity on reproduction and survival of medusae in hydrozoan Eleutheria dichotoma – (Results for Experiment I) ...................................................................................................................... 39 3.1 Effects of salinity on age at first sexual and asexual reproduction (maturity of medusae) .. 39 3.2 Asexual reproduction rates (medusae budding rates) .......................................................... 42 3.3 Sexual reproduction rates (larval production rates) ............................................................. 44 3.4 Age-specific reproduction rates ............................................................................................ 45 3.5 Survival .................................................................................................................................. 46 3.6 Sizes of one-day old primary medusae ................................................................................. 48 4 Effects of temperature on reproduction and survival of medusae in two clones of Eleutheria dichotoma – (Results for Experiment II) ................................................................................................ 49 4.1 Sub-experiment 1: Effects of low (12°C) and medium temperature (23°C) on reproduction and survival of medusae .................................................................................................................... 49 4.1.1 Effects of temperature on age at first asexual and sexual reproduction ...................... 49 4.1.2 Asexual reproduction rates (medusae budding rates) .................................................. 53 4.1.3 Sexual reproduction rates (larval production rates) ..................................................... 53 4.1.4 Survival .......................................................................................................................... 54 4.1.5 Size of medusae at birth and at first sexual reproduction ............................................ 57 4.2 Sub-experiment 2: Effects of high (28°C) and medium temperature (23°C) on reproduction and survival of the first generation of medusae (primary medusae) ............................................... 58 4.2.1 Effects of temperature on age at first asexual and sexual reproduction ...................... 58 4.2.2 Asexual reproduction rates (medusae budding) and sexual reproduction rates (larval production) .................................................................................................................................... 60 4.2.3 Survival .......................................................................................................................... 61 4.2.4 Size of one-day old medusae (primary medusae) at birth and at first sexual reproduction .................................................................................................................................. 62 5 Effects of population density on reproduction and survival of medusae in hydrozoan Eleutheria dichotoma – (Results for Experiment III) ............................................................................................... 64 5.1 Patterns of survivorship and mortality .................................................................................. 64 5.2 Reproduction rate ................................................................................................................. 65 5.3 Sizes of the medusae at birth and at sexual maturation....................................................... 68 5.4 Size of larvae .......................................................................................................................... 68 iv 6 Effects of temperature and salinity on reproduction and growth of hydroid colonies in hydrozoan Eleutheria dichotoma - Results............................................................................................ 70 6.1 Effects of salinity and temperature on growth of the hydroid colonies: length of the hydrorhiza (system of stolons) .......................................................................................................... 70 6.2 Effects of salinity and temperature on growth of the colonies: number
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