Joseph Toynbee – Otolog, Naukowiec, fi Lantrop

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Joseph Toynbee – Otolog, Naukowiec, fi Lantrop PRACE HISTORYCZNE / HISTORICAL ARTICLES 199 Joseph Toynbee – otolog, naukowiec, fi lantrop Joseph Toynbee – otologist, scientist, philanthropist Stanisław Betlejewski1, Andrzej Betlejewski2 SUMMARY Joseph Tonbee’s life’s work may be summarized in the words of William Wilde: “The labours and investigations of Otolaryngol Pol 2009; 63 (2): 199-203 Mr. Toynbee have affected more for aural pathology than those of all his predecessors either in England or on the ©by Towarzystwo continent”. Some idea of the extent of his researches is given by the fact that he dissected some 2.000 ears. These Otorynolaryngologów – Chirurgów Głowy i Szyi preparations formed the Toynbee Collection in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. He wrote Otrzymano/Received: the results of his researches in a catalogue that includes the description of 1.659 human ears. This catalogue forms the 28.07.2008 Zaakceptowano do basis of modern otology for all time. This purely pathological catalogue was completed in 1860 with the publication druku/Accepted: of a more clinical book, “The Diseases of the Ear: their Nature, Diagnosis and Treatment”. Toynbee appears to have 19.09.2008 1Katedra Zdrowia been the fi rst to describe the pathological changes in otosclerosis. In his book “Diseases of the Ear” he described the Publicznego Collegium Medicum im. L.Rydygiera condition clearly, recognizing “anchylosis of the stapes to the fenestra ovalis” in 136 temporal bones. He also aligned w Bydgoszczy the subjective, visual and ausculatory tests for Eustacchian tubal patency which we use today. Adam Politzer wrote: Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu “Toynbee was the fi rst who realized in otology that therapeutic progress depends on the knowledge of anatomy”. But Kierownik: dr hab. med. Toynbee was also active on other fi elds. Politzer, in his lecture in Vienna in 1914 said: “Toynbee was as outstanding K. Leksowski, prof. UMK 2Oddział a savant as he was a philanthropist. In addition to his scientifi c activity, he considered it a sacred task to dedicate his Otolaryngologiczny spare time to the improvement of living and health conditions of the poorer classes.” Tragic enough, Toynbee’s zeal Szpitala Specjalistycznego im. F. Ceynowy for clinical experimentation went too far. Seeking to help his patients by devising a treatment to allay their tinnitus, w Wejherowie he conceived the idea of introducing a mixture of chloroform and prussic acid into the tympanic cavity by means of Ordynator: dr med. A. Betlejewski Valsalva maneuver. When he made the fi rst trial on July 7, 1866, with himself as a subject, he was found dead on the Wkład pracy autorów/ couch in his consulting room. Authors contribution: wg kolejności Hasła indeksowe: Toynbee, ucho środkowe, patologia, otologia, historia medycyny Konfl ikt interesu/ Confl icts of interest: Key words: Toynbee, middle ear, pathology, otology, history of medicine Autorzy pracy nie zgłaszają konfl iktu interesów. Adres do korespondencji/ Address for correspondence: imię i nazwisko: Zasługi Josepha Toynbee dla rozwoju otologii jako sanego w języku niemieckim [4, 5]). Manuskrypt tego Stanisław Betlejewski nauki są niewątpliwe. Dennis Pappas w swoim prze- przemówienia obejmuje 22 strony, z których głównie adres pocztowy: ul. Powstańców glądzie historycznym „Otology through the ages” [1] siedem związanych jest z biografią Josepha Toynbeego Wielkopolskich 23/20 określa Josepha Toynbee mianem:„Founder of the i jego syna Arnolda. 85-090 Bydgoszcz tel. 0523417074 Scientific Otology”. Simpson [2] i Roggenkamp [3] powo- W swej książce „ Geschichte der Ohrenheilkun- fax 0523417074 łują się na słowa Wilde’a, który stwierdza: “The labour de” Politzer podkreśla jednak również pierwszeństwo e-mail [email protected] and investigations of Mr. Toynbee have affected more i zasługi Toynbeego w badaniach ucha opartych na for aural pathology than those of all his predecessors bazie anatomo-patologicznej: „From a clinical point either in England or on the continent” [2, 3]. of view, Toynbee’s work might seem out of date today, Ale Adam Politzer w 1914 r., w swoim wykładzie nevertheless it will be always a historical document wygłoszonym podczas otwarcia w Wiedniu „Toynbee of high value, as it is the first work about ear diseases Hall”, podkreśla jeszcze inne zasługi Josepha Toynbee. on a pathologic anatomical basis” [5]. Tłumacząc dlaczego, wspomina o ojcu Arnolda Toyn- Jakie są więc największe zasługi Josepha bee, którego imieniem nazwano osiedle dla biednych Toynbeego? dzieci, ufundowane przez grupę żydowskich kobiet Joseph Toynbee urodził się w 1815 r. i nie ukończył w Wiedniu, jako przyczynę podaje: „The reason why 23 lat gdy został przyjęty do Royal College of Surgeons I included Joseph Toynbee, the father into the circle w 1838r., rok po fakcie wstąpienia na tron brytyjski of my lecture is first in order to point out to what królowej Wiktorii. Jego tragiczna śmierć w 1866 r. a great extent in our case the father’s moral and ethi- skończyła przedwcześnie niezwykle twórczą karierę. cal characteristics were bequeathed to the son, and Był jednym z piętnaściorga dzieci bogatego farmera secondly to show that an intensive scientific activity z Lincolnshire. W wieku 17 lat udał się do Londynu, can be linked together in harmony with a just as in- gdzie stał się uczniem Williama Wade w Westminster tensive philanthropic work” (tłumaczenie angielskie General Dispensary w Soho. W tym samym czasie, oryginalnego manuskryptu Politzera z 1914 r. napi- w szkole medycznej St.George Hospital stał się pil- Otolaryngologia Polska tom 63, nr 2, marzec–kwiecień 2009 200 PRACE HISTORYCZNE / HISTORICAL ARTICLES badał przyżyciowo. Otrzymywał również preparaty do badania od innych kolegów – lekarzy. W przedmowie wydanego w 1857 r. „A Descriptive Cataloque of Prepa- rations Illustrative of the Diseases of the Ear” Toynbee pisze: “These dissections(…)justify me in expressing the hope, that they will be regarded as a solid basis, on which ultimately a complete system of aural pathology may be reached” [3]. Zbiór tych preparatów miał klu- czowe znaczenie w pracy Toynbeego a także olbrzymie znaczenie dla dalszych badań m.in. dla von Tröltscha i Adama Politzera w początkach jego kariery naukowej. W manuskrypcie swego przemówienia z 1914 r. Politzer pisze: ”When I was introduced to Toynbee 53 years ago, in 1861, by Sir James Paget, the general physician of the Queen of England with a letter of recommendation from Rokitansky, I received a hospitable reception from him. For hours he was at my side in explaining the precious specimens of his collection. I will always be grateful to him for the support he showed me in my scientific career” [4, 5]. Zbiór preparatów Toynbeego, po jego śmierci prze- chowywany był w „Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England”, niestety zostały one całkowicie zniszczone podczas niemieckich nalotów na Londyn w czasie II Wojny Światowej [3, 6]. Joseph Toynbee poświęcił swą karierę naukową przekształceniu otologii w wiedzę medyczną dobrze Ryc. 1. Joseph Toynbee (1815–1866). ugruntowaną na badaniach anatomopatologicznych. Jego doniesienia naukowe w dalekiej przyszłości stały się podstawą do prowadzonych obecnie badań kości skro- nym studentem anatomii, wykazując duże zdolności niowych z użyciem techniki biologii molekularnej [7]. w przygotowywaniu preparatów [3, 5]. Niewątpliwą zasługą Toynbeego są jego opisy doty- Już we wczesnej młodości interesował się narządem czące unieruchomienia strzemiączka jako przyczyny słuchu. Gdy miał 21 lat, w „The Lancet” drukowano niedosłuchu. W 1860 r. Toynbee wydał książkę „Dise- jego doniesienia, określane przez niego jako listy, do- ases of the Ear”, będącą opisem zmian patologicznych tyczące anatomii i fizjologii ucha. Jego badania, doty- w uszach w zestawieniu z obserwacjami kliniczny- czące nieunaczynionych tkanek (chrząstka stawowa, mi [1, 2, 3, 6–8]. Wśród 1149 sekcjonowanych uszu, rogówka itp.), były powodem wybrania go, w wieku 26 w 53 przypadkach stwierdził ograniczenie ruchomości lat, na członka Royal Society of London. Te doniesienia strzemiączka, bez widocznych zmian makroskopo- mają szczególne znaczenie z punktu widzenia historii wych. Przypisywał tę częściową ankylozę zwiększonej medycyny, gdyż Toynbee opisał w nich, jako pierwszy, sztywności torebki stawowej („partial anchylosis of the komórki rogówki [3]. stapediovestibular articulation resulting from rigity of Po zakończeniu tej pracy Toynbee poświęcił się tylko its capsular ligaments”). W 136 preparatach z obniżoną badaniom w zakresie otologii. Od początku wychodził ruchomością strzemiączka stwierdził zmiany makro- z założenia, że główną przyczyną złej opinii, jaką miała skopowe, które ujął w pięć grup, o różnym nasileniu chirurgia ucha, był brak badań patologicznych, a je- zmian chorobowych [3, 6]. Von Tröltsch opisywane dynym racjonalnym podejściem do zrozumienia i do zmiany określił pojęciem sclerosis, a Politzer, czter- leczenia chorób ucha są badania sekcyjne. Zdecydował dzieści lat po doniesieniach Toynbeego wykazał, że więc przeprowadzać badania sekcyjne każdego dostęp- zmiany te są chorobą torebki błędnika i określił to nego do takiego badania ucha. W okresie dwudziestu lat pojęciem „otosclerosis”. Jako inną przyczynę niedo- przeprowadził badania ponad 2000 kości skroniowych. słuchu Toynbee rozpoznawał przerwanie ciągłości Jego praca jako chirurga ucha, m.in. w zakładzie dla łańcucha kosteczek słuchowych, które określał jako głuchych i niemych w Old Kent Road oraz w zakładzie „disconnection”, i był świadomy, że takie przerwanie
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