DOCSLIB.ORG

After the Format War

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
After the Format War INTERVIEW | TECHNOLOGY FOCUS After the format war Nadya Anscombe talks to David Bunzel, president of the Optical Storage Technology Association, about the aftermath of the Blu-ray/high-definition-DVD format war and future technologies in the optical data-storage market What are the current technology trends in magnetic-disk-based storage is its energy the optical data-storage industry? efficiency. Because an optical disk does not As with many high-tech industries, the need to be constantly spinning, there is no optical data-storage market can be divided need for energy-hungry cooling systems. into three types of technologies: existing It is this energy efficiency that makes it mainstream (CD, DVD); emerging (Blu-ray, particularly attractive to large data centres ultra-density optical (UDO) systems) and that could save a lot of money on their future technologies (such as holographic data energy bills. I have a feeling we will be seeing storage and two-photon three-dimensional companies replacing a growing percentage (3D) storage). of their traditional hard-disk drives with As capacity increases, the technology Blu-ray-based juke-box systems in their challenges become greater, so new data centres in the future. Some optical technologies are taking longer to come storage technologies are also write-once to market. After many years of promises, technologies, which can be an important holographic data storage, in the shape of a BUNZEL DAVID aspect of secure archival record keeping. product from US company, InPhase, should Between 2006 and 2010, storage- be coming onto the market this year, and it David Bunzel: “We need more vendors in the Blu-ray media growth is expected to be 35% per will be interesting to see how this product market, but entry into this market is difficult because year, and information generated will grow fares in this competitive market. Clearly of the current pricing structure.” by 57% per year. Although hard-disk there is demand for a product with such high drives will continue to be appropriate for storage capacities and retrieval data rates, but many applications, the growth in storage the question is how big is that market? requirements for digital data will continue I am also impressed with results from support of content providers, especially in the to support growth in optical storage. Market research into two-photon 3D data storage, film and entertainment business. Companies drivers for archival storage, where high but achieving these results in optimal can now feel confident about incorporating capacity optical can play a role, include the conditions in the lab is different to achieving a Blu-ray drive into their systems, and healthcare, financial, government and legal them in real applications. we should see the market accelerate as sectors, as well as digital asset management Although these technologies are companies start to include this technology and video production for broadcast and fascinating and exciting, we must not forget into their long-term plans. publication applications. that Blu-ray is only just starting out on its Blu-ray has proved to be quite successful Media revenues for optical storage are journey in the market and that current in the entertainment market, with Sony’s projected to exceed $30 billion per year by technologies can also give us the huge data PlayStation 3 already shipping more than 2010, according to GlobalSources, with only capacities that some applications need. For 8 million systems on a global basis. When 4% of that comprised of holographic storage. example, ‘juke-box’ style data-storage systems factoring in Blu-ray drives that were sold can use existing technologies, such as DVDs with PCs and consumer players, the Blu- What are the main challenges faced by the or Blu-ray disks, and multiply their storage ray installed base exceeds 10 million units, optical data-storage industry today? capacity by simply using many disks. Juke- according to the Santa Clara Consulting We need more vendors in the Blu-ray box systems of up to 2,000 disks, or over Group. This presents a solid foundation of market, but entry into this market is difficult 9 Tbytes, exist today. hardware as leverage for developing a market because of the current pricing structure. for commercial Blu-ray storage products. The Blu-ray/HD-DVD format war brought Is the Blu-ray market growing at the It will be interesting to see how sales in prices down much faster than manufacturers expected rate? recordable Blu-ray disks will grow over the expected or wanted. Although this has been It is difficult to tell what is happening in coming years. Although growth rates will be good for the consumer, it means companies the Blu-ray market at the moment because significant because it is starting from nothing, do not have as much chance of getting a the competition with high-definition (HD) I think initially the recordable Blu-ray disk return on their investment. The industry DVD has only recently been won. The will have more commercial applications than needs to get Blu-ray to the point where it is market needs time to readjust. Up until consumer applications. After all, 50 Gbyte is a a reasonable business proposition again, and now, growth has been slower than hoped lot for one person to need to record. this will encourage more players to enter. This because manufacturers were more focused will then encourage the market to grow at a on winning the format battle than developing What are the main drivers for growth in the healthy rate. the market. Resources that could have been optical data-storage industry? invested in promoting high-capacity storage One of the main advantages optical Nadya Anscombe is a freelance science and to customers were invested in securing the disk storage has over traditional technology journalist based in the UK. 412 nature photonics | VOL 2 | JULY 2008 | www.nature.com/naturephotonics © 2008 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • VHS and VCR (Edited from Wikipedia)
    VHS And VCR (Edited from Wikipedia) SUMMARY A videocassette recorder, VCR, or video recorder is an electromechanical device that records analog audio and analog video from broadcast television or other source on a removable, magnetic tape videocassette, and can play back the recording. Use of a VCR to record a television program to play back at a more convenient time is commonly referred to as timeshifting. VCRs can also play back prerecorded tapes. In the 1980s and 1990s, prerecorded videotapes were widely available for purchase and rental, and blank tapes were sold to make recordings. Most domestic VCRs are equipped with a television broadcast receiver (tuner) for TV reception, and a programmable clock (timer) for unattended recording of a television channel from a start time to an end time specified by the user. These features began as simple mechanical counter-based single-event timers, but were later replaced by more flexible multiple-event digital clock timers. In later models the multiple timer events could be programmed through a menu interface displayed on the playback TV screen ("on-screen display" or OSD). This feature allowed several programs to be recorded at different times without further user intervention, and became a major selling point. The Video Home System (VHS) is a standard for consumer-level analog video recording on tape cassettes. Developed by Victor Company of Japan (JVC) in the early 1970s, it was released in Japan in late 1976 and in the United States in early 1977. From the 1950s, magnetic tape video recording became a major contributor to the television industry, via the first commercialized video tape recorders (VTRs).
    [Show full text]
  • Multichannel Music and DVD Audio
    Multichannel Music and DVD Audio Table of contents 1 Multichannel Music and DVD Audio.......................................................................... 2 Built with Apache Forrest http://forrest.apache.org/ Multichannel Music and DVD Audio 1. Multichannel Music and DVD Audio In the early years, fantastic sound meant fantastic music. With the advent of "surround sound", the emphasis shifted a bit, in the direction of film sound. Also, my present speakers (Bose Acoustimass 7) did not really make music sound "musically". Surround sound in the sense of matrix encoded "Dolby surround" also does not "promote" audiophile music. Already Dolby Digital 5.1 and DTS offer more for multichannel music (five discrete full-range channels, although with some compression). DVD Audio, together with Super Audio CD (SACD), presently offers the ultimate in modern audiophile audio reproduction. DVD Audio offers a sampling depth up to 24 bits, sampling frequence up to 192 kHz, and up to 6 channels. Instead of lossy compression, the music date may be compressed losslessly using Meridian Lossless Packing. DVD-Audio can also contain multimedia content like pictures, lyrics, etc. It can also be combined with video content, although audio of highest quality/bandwidth and video cannot coexist (for bandwidth reasons). DVD Audio comes with digital copy protection that is part of the specification, and not based on deliberately specification-violations and production of deliberately defect discs (like "copy protected" CD's). SACD has similar properties, however, it cannot be combined with multimedia content. It is said, e.g. by Wikipedia, that there is a format war between SACD and DVD Audio. It appears to me that formats wars in the 2000's run differently than the format war between VHS, Betamax and Video 2000; also compare the "format war" DVD-R vs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Data Storage Technologies
    International Technology Research Institute World Technology (WTEC) Division WTEC Panel Report on The Future of Data Storage Technologies Sadik C. Esener (Panel Co-Chair) Mark H. Kryder (Panel Co-Chair) William D. Doyle Marvin Keshner Masud Mansuripur David A. Thompson June 1999 International Technology Research Institute R.D. Shelton, Director Geoffrey M. Holdridge, WTEC Division Director and ITRI Series Editor 4501 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21210-2699 WTEC Panel on the Future of Data Storage Technologies Sponsored by the National Science Foundation, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and National Institute of Standards and Technology of the United States government. Dr. Sadik C. Esener (Co-Chair) Dr. Marvin Keshner Dr. David A. Thompson Prof. of Electrical and Computer Director, Information Storage IBM Fellow Engineering & Material Sciences Laboratory Research Division Dept. of Electrical & Computer Hewlett-Packard Laboratories International Business Machines Engineering 1501 Page Mill Road Corporation University of California, San Diego Palo Alto, CA 94304-1126 Almaden Research Center 9500 Gilman Drive Mail Stop K01/802 La Jolla, CA 92093-0407 Dr. Masud Mansuripur 650 Harry Road Optical Science Center San Jose, CA 95120-6099 Dr. Mark H. Kryder (Co-Chair) University of Arizona Director, Data Storage Systems Center Tucson, AZ 85721 Carnegie Mellon University Roberts Engineering Hall, Rm. 348 Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890 Dr. William D. Doyle Director, MINT Center University of Alabama Box 870209 Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0209 INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE World Technology (WTEC) Division WTEC at Loyola College (previously known as the Japanese Technology Evaluation Center, JTEC) provides assessments of foreign research and development in selected technologies under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation (NSF).
    [Show full text]
  • Holographic Data Storage
    International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) NCETECE`14 Conference Proceedings ISSN: 2278-0181 Holographic Data Storage Komal Daiya1, Bharti Chouhan 2,Pankaj Rathi3 Electronics & Communication Engineering, Shrinathji Institue of Technology & Engineering, Nathdwara Rajasthan, India1 Electronics & Communication Engineering, Shrinathji Institute of Technology & Engineering, Nathdwara Rajasthan, India2 Electronics & Communication Engineering, Shrinathji Institute of Technology & Engineering, Nathdwara Rajasthan, India3 [email protected],[email protected],[email protected] Abstract - This analysis papers examines the new technology of lightweight. It's a complicated kind of photography that Holographic knowledge storage. It highlights the importance and permits a picture to be recorded in 3 dimensions. optics could wish of this technology. The demand for will increase within the be a Lens less Photography. optics captures each intensity capability and speed of information storage tests the bounds of level and part. this system can even be accustomed optically typical technologies and drives the hunt for new approaches. The store, method info.It involves the utilization of a optical growing demands of high definition digital video content, fastened content knowledge, and compliance and security maser, interference, optical phenomenon, intensity level application can shortly outstrip the capabilities of current recording and appropriate illumination of the recording. The storage technologies to stay up the demand. Clearly a image changes because the position and orientation of the replacement storage paradigm is required to fulfill the growing viewing system changes in mere a similar means as if the storage demands. The decreasing price of storing knowledge and article were still gift, so creating the image seem dimensional. therefore the increasing storage capability of identical tiny device The holographic recording itself isn't AN image; it consists of footprint are key enablers of this revolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Case Analysis.1
    Management of Technology & Entrepreneurship (MTE) Technology Venturing & Entrepreneurship Sony Betamax Case Analysis GROUP 2 Patrick Hammer, Oliver Stampfli, Marcel Sutter, Thomas Thalmann, Donato Verardi [firstname.lastname]@epfl.ch Professor: Christopher L. Tucci Assistant: Farah Abdallah January 14, 2007 TSE - Sony Betamax - Case Analysis Group 2 Table of Content Summary of case report.................................................................... 2 Related topics and class sessions.................................................... 2 Format war (primary subject)............................................................................. 2 Customer needs............................................................................................... 2 Attacker’s advantage........................................................................................ 3 List of discussion questions.............................................................. 3 Brief answers..................................................................................... 3 Detailed answers............................................................................... 4 Recommendations.......................................................................... 10 Lessons learned.............................................................................. 10 Exhibits ............................................................................................11 Seven Key assets by Shapiro & Varian [6] [7] .................................................
    [Show full text]
  • High-Capacity Optical Storage: Will Blue Laser Or Holographic Storage Be the Solution?
    High-Capacity Optical Storage: Will blue laser or holographic storage be the solution? Optical Storage Symposium 2007 9/19/2007 ~ 2:00pm - 3:15pm Moderator: Michael Johnson ~ Director BusDev, CUC Broadcast Panel: Graham Irving, Director, K-PAR Archiving Software Andy Richards, VP of BusDev, Plasmon Data Horst Schellong, President, DISC Storage, LLC. OSS07-mpj HighHigh--CapacityCapacity OpticalOptical StorageStorage • Market Drivers • Market Review • Technology Review • Product Review • Panel Review • Q&A OSS07-mpj MarketMarket DriversDrivers ~~ InformationInformation Created,Created, Captured,Captured, ReplicatedReplicated inin 20062006 • 161 Exabytes (161 Billion Gigabytes!) of digital data was created, captured and replicated in 2006 – Majority generated from 1Billion+ devices • Digital cameras, camera phones, medical scanners, surveillance cameras – Will increase 6x to 988 Exabytes by 2010 • Major Contributors To This Growth – Film to digital image capture – Analog to digital voice – Analog to digital TV (DTV) – Internet – Email, IM Source: IDC OSS07-mpj MarketMarket DriversDrivers ~~ InformationInformation VersusVersus AvailableAvailable StorageStorage • In 2007, 255 Exabytes will be created, surpassing the available storage capacity available (264 Exabytes). • Between 2006 – 2010, storage media growth will = 35% per annum, while info will grow 57% per annum Source: IDC OSS07-mpj MarketMarket DriversDrivers ~~ InternetInternet GrowthGrowth • In 1996, the world-wide web (www) was only four (4) years old and there were 48million internet users at the time. – 1.1Billion internet users in 2006 – Expected to be over 1.6Billion internet users by 2010 • Broadband adoption will drive additional interest for people to communicate even more. – Easy and inexpensive Source: IDC OSS07-mpj MarketMarket DriversDrivers ~~ EmailEmail GrowthGrowth • 253 Million email boxes in 1998 – 1.6Billion email boxes in 2006 – 2Billion+ email boxes by 2010 – # of Emails sent grew 3x faster than email users during same period.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Blu-Ray Vs. HD-DVD Is Not VHS Vs. Betamax: the Co-Evolution of Standard-Setting Consortia
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Christ, Julian P.; Slowak, André P. Working Paper Why Blu-ray vs. HD-DVD is not VHS vs. Betamax: The co-evolution of standard-setting consortia Schriftenreihe des Promotionsschwerpunkts Globalisierung und Beschäftigung, No. 29/2009 Provided in Cooperation with: PhD program "Globalization and Employment", University of Hohenheim, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Evangelisches Studienwerk Suggested Citation: Christ, Julian P.; Slowak, André P. (2009) : Why Blu-ray vs. HD-DVD is not VHS vs. Betamax: The co-evolution of standard-setting consortia, Schriftenreihe des Promotionsschwerpunkts Globalisierung und Beschäftigung, No. 29/2009, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:100-opus-4434 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/30377 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte.
    [Show full text]
  • Compact Holographic Data Storage System
    Compact Holographic Data Storage System Tien-Hsin Chao [email protected], Voice: +1 818 354-8614, Fax: +1 818 393-1545 Hanying Zhou [email protected], Voice: +1 818 354-0502, Fax: +1 818 393-1545 George Reyes [email protected], Voice: +1 818354-8614, Fax: +1 818 393-1545 Jet Propulsion Laboratory M/S 303-300 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena California 91109 ABSTRACT JPL, under current sponsorships from NASA Space Science and Earth Science Programs, is developing a high-density, nonvolatile and rad-hard advanced Compact Holographic Data Storage (CHDS) system to enable large-capacity, high-speed, low power consumption, and read/write of data for potential commercial and NASA space applications. This CHDS system consists of laser diodes, photorefractive crystal, spatial light modulator, photodetector array, and I/O electronic interface. In operation, pages of information would be recorded and retrieved with random access and high-speed. The non-volatile, rad-hard characteristics of the holographic memory will provide a revolutionary memory technology to enhance mission capabilities for all NASA’s Earth Science Mission. JPL is investigating an innovative angular multiplexing scheme for the holographic data storage to maximize the storage capacity, data transfer rate, and minimize the system volume. An experimental Liquid Crystal Beam Steering Spatial Light Modulator has been developed, with a industrial collaborator, to enable high-speed, high angular- resolution, random access beam steering for storing tens of thousand of page of holographic data in a cubic photorefractive crystal. In this paper, recent technology progress in developing this CHDS at JPL will be presented.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Advanced Semiconductor Memories
    CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO ADVANCED SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORIES 1.1. SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORIES OVERVIEW The goal of Advanced Semiconductor Memories is to complement the material already covered in Semiconductor Memories. The earlier book covered the fol- lowing topics: random access memory technologies (SRAMs and DRAMs) and their application to specific architectures; nonvolatile technologies such as the read-only memories (ROMs), programmable read-only memories (PROMs), and erasable PROMs in both ultraviolet erasable (UVPROM) and electrically erasable (EEPROM) versions; memory fault modeling and testing; memory design for testability and fault tolerance; semiconductor memory reliability; semiconductor memories radiation effects; advanced memory technologies; and high-density memory packaging technologies [1]. This section provides a general overview of the semiconductor memories topics that are covered in Semiconductor Memories. In the last three decades of semiconductor memories' phenomenal growth, the DRAMs have been the largest volume volatile memory produced for use as main computer memories because of their high density and low cost per bit advantage. SRAM densities have generally lagged a generation behind the DRAM. However, the SRAMs offer low-power consumption and high-per- formance features, which makes them practical alternatives to the DRAMs. Nowadays, a vast majority of SRAMs are being fabricated in the NMOS and CMOS technologies (and a combination of two technologies, also referred to as the mixed-MOS) for commodity SRAMs. 1 2 INTRODUCTION TO ADVANCED SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORIES MOS Memory Market ($M) Non-Memory IC Market ($M) Memory % of Total IC Market 300,000 40% 250,000 30% 200,00U "o Q 15 150,000 20% 2 </> a. o 100,000 2 10% 50,000 0 0% 96 97 98 99 00 01* 02* 03* 04* 05* MOS Memory Market ($M) 36,019 29,335 22,994 32,288 49,112 51,646 56,541 70,958 94,541 132,007 Non-Memory IC Market ($M) 78,923 90,198 86,078 97,930 126,551 135,969 148,512 172,396 207,430 262,172 Memory % of Total IC Market 31% .
    [Show full text]
  • A Study About Non-Volatile Memories
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 29 July 2016 doi:10.20944/preprints201607.0093.v1 1 Article 2 A Study about Non‐Volatile Memories 3 Dileep Kumar* 4 Department of Information Media, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong‐Si South Korea ; [email protected] 5 * Correspondence: [email protected] ; Tel.: +82‐31‐229‐8212 6 7 8 Abstract: This paper presents an upcoming nonvolatile memories (NVM) overview. Non‐volatile 9 memory devices are electrically programmable and erasable to store charge in a location within the 10 device and to retain that charge when voltage supply from the device is disconnected. The 11 non‐volatile memory is typically a semiconductor memory comprising thousands of individual 12 transistors configured on a substrate to form a matrix of rows and columns of memory cells. 13 Non‐volatile memories are used in digital computing devices for the storage of data. In this paper 14 we have given introduction including a brief survey on upcoming NVMʹs such as FeRAM, MRAM, 15 CBRAM, PRAM, SONOS, RRAM, Racetrack memory and NRAM. In future Non‐volatile memory 16 may eliminate the need for comparatively slow forms of secondary storage systems, which include 17 hard disks. 18 Keywords: Non‐volatile Memories; NAND Flash Memories; Storage Memories 19 PACS: J0101 20 21 22 1. Introduction 23 Memory is divided into two main parts: volatile and nonvolatile. Volatile memory loses any 24 data when the system is turned off; it requires constant power to remain viable. Most kinds of 25 random access memory (RAM) fall into this category.
    [Show full text]
  • Platforms for Handling and Development of Audiovisual Data
    Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto Platforms for Handling and Development of Audiovisual Data José Pedro Sousa Horta Project/Dissertation concerning Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Informática Advisor: Professor Eurico Carrapatoso July 2008 © José Pedro Sousa Horta, 2008 Platforms for Handling and Development of Audiovisual Data José Pedro Sousa Horta Project/Dissertation concerning Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Informática Approved in public display by the jury: President: Prof. Doutor António Fernando Coelho _________________________________________________ Examiner: Prof. Doutor Nuno Magalhães Ribeiro Vowel: Prof. Doutor Eurico Manuel Carrapatoso July 17th 2008 Abstract Everywhere around us, digital is replacing analogue. Such is especially true in the audiovisual: be it in consumer or professional market, the advantages of computer-based media have quickly persuaded investors. To choose in which technologies, software should be based, proper understanding of the major aspects behind digital media is essential. An overview of the state of the art regarding the compression of digital video, the existing container formats and the multimedia frameworks (that enable easier playback and editing of audiovisual content) will be given, preceded by an introduction of the main topics. The professional video market is particularly focused on this document, due to the context of its elaboration, predominantly MPEG-2, MXF and DirectShow. In order to obtain more accurate results, fruit of the practical contact with the technology, a hands-on programming project was accomplished using DirectShow to playback both local and remote WMV files. Compression algorithms are continuously being improved and new ones invented, the designers of container formats are paying increased attention to metadata and some serious alternatives to DirectShow are emerging.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for Media Sanitization
    Archived NIST Technical Series Publication The attached publication has been archived (withdrawn), and is provided solely for historical purposes. It may have been superseded by another publication (indicated below). Archived Publication Series/Number: NIST Special Publication 800-88 Title: Guidelines for Media Sanitization Publication Date(s): September 2006 Withdrawal Date: December 2014 Withdrawal Note: SP 800-88 is superseded in its entirety by the publication of SP 800-88 Revision 1 (December 2014). Superseding Publication(s) The attached publication has been superseded by the following publication(s): Series/Number: NIST Special Publication 800-88 Revision 1 Title: Guidelines for Media Sanitization Author(s): Richard Kissel, Andrew Regenscheid, Matthew Scholl, Kevin Stine Publication Date(s): December 2014 URL/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-88r1 Additional Information (if applicable) Contact: Computer Security Division (Information Technology Lab) Latest revision of the SP 800-88 Rev. 1 (as of August 12, 2015) attached publication: Related information: http://csrc.nist.gov/ Withdrawal N/A announcement (link): Date updated: ƵŐƵƐƚϭϮ, 2015 NIST Special Publication 800-88 Guidelines for Media Sanitization Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Richard Kissel Matthew Scholl Steven Skolochenko Xing Li C O M P U T E R S E C U R I T Y Computer Security Division Information Technology Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930 September, 2006 U.S. Department of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology William Jeffrey, Director Reports on Computer Systems Technology The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S.
    [Show full text]