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Portraits De Loire in the Renaissance

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Portraits De Loire in the Renaissance IMOLA GEBAUER Portraits of the Loire in the Renaissance Imola Gebauer Mission Val de Loire, France [email protected] ABSTRACT The Loire forms a key link for the Centre-Val-de-Loire and Pays-de-la-Loire Regions and for their inhabitants alike. It is unquestionably a geographic link, but also one which stems from the territory's long-standing history. This is the focus of the Keywords: current project's aspirations through six animated films (4-5 minutes). To talk about World Heritage the way in which the Loire's riverside territories relate to the river and about how this management relation has its roots in a historical process involving the shaping of a landscape. The aim is to help the general public to picture what the Loire and its banks might have Cultural looked like in Renaissance times, and in doing so to grasp the ever-present nature of a landscape relationship with the river forged slowly and patiently over time, which also shows that Loire today's landscapes are a foundation for the landscapes of tomorrow. Film series ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Renaissance We say thank you for the help of all the specialists (archaeologists, conservators, researchers, etc.) and institutions (museums, archives, libraries, etc.) whose guiding helped us to collect the written and iconographic sources and also to our financers the Contrat de Plan Interrégionaux État-Région and Centre-Val-de-Loire Region. 67 EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CULTURAL MANAGEMENT & POLICY || Vol. 10, Issue 1, 2020 || ISSN 2663-5771 Presentation The Presentation of the Loire Valley: in which the evolutionary process is still in progress” listed site and key points (UNESCO, 2012a: 88). A site is recognized on account of its value, “which The Loire Valley was included on the World Heritage is so exceptional as to transcend national boundaries List as a “continuing and organically evolved cultural and to be of common importance for present and landscape” on 30 November 2000. It is the largest site future generations of all humanity” (UNESCO, 2012a: ever listed in France. This inclusion – the culmination 14): outstanding universal value. The OUV of each site of decades' worth of extensive work and attention is determined at the time of its inclusion on the basis devoted to the site – bestows international recognition of the criteria set by UNESCO. The Committee refers upon it and adds a new, more general aspect: a cultural, to ten criteria when assessing nominations, at least economic and social vision. one of which must be met if the site is to be listed. The The convention concerning the protection of the “organically evolved and continuing landscape” of the world cultural and natural heritage was adopted by Loire Valley meets the three following criteria out of the the UNESCO General Conference in 1972. The World ten existing for UNESCO (UNESCO, 2000: 44): Heritage Committee is the “jury”, the decision-making body, which considers nominations of properties for Criterion (i): represent a masterpiece of human inclusion submitted by States Parties and identifies creative genius which sites will be included on the World Heritage List. The Loire Valley is noteworthy for the quality of its There are 21 States Parties to the Convention, which architectural heritage, in its historic towns such as Blois, meet at least once a year. Inclusion in itself does not Chinon, Orleans, Saumur, and Tours, but in particular result in another law; it has no direct legal consequence in its world-famous castles, such as the Château de on the site in question. That said, upon signature each Chambord. The Château de Chambord, listed under State Party undertakes to preserve and enhance listed criterion (i) since 1983, has been included within the properties within its territory with respect to UNESCO perimeter. and the international community. UNESCO listed properties are divided into three Criterion (ii): exhibit an important interchange of main categories: cultural properties, natural properties human values, over a span of time or within a cultural or mixed properties (cultural and natural). “Cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture landscapes” are mixed properties. The “cultural or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscapes” category has existed since 1992. These landscape design. are sites which have also gained UNESCO recognition The Loire Valley is an outstanding cultural for their tangible and human factors (intangible and landscape along a major river which bears witness symbolic). Tangible factors encompass both nature, to an interchange of influences and human values with its biodiversity, and architecture. Human factors and to a harmonious development of interactions are the activities of the civilizations that have shaped between human beings and their environment over this landscape or contributed to the identity of the two millennia. territory. Three types of cultural landscape can be distinguished: Criterion (iv): be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble • the cultural landscape designed and created or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in intentionally, such as gardens or parklands human history. • organically evolved or continuing landscapes (with The landscape of the Loire Valley, and more an economic or social activity for example) particularly its many cultural monuments, illustrate to • associative landscapes, connected with culture, an exceptional degree the ideals of the Renaissance religion or art. and the Age of the Enlightenment on western European thought and design. An organically evolved or continuing landscape is a combined work of nature and man, “which retain The project Portraits of the Loire in the Renaissance an active social role in contemporary society [...], and is created to respond and reflect these three criterions. 68 IMOLA GEBAUER FIGURE 1. THE LISTED PERIMETER OF THE LOIRE VALLEY WORLD HERITAGE SITE Source: © Mission Val de Loire. The listed perimeter encompasses the middle The dazzling white of the latter contrasts with the course of the river, from Sully-sur-Loire upstream to gleaming black of slate, contributing to the identity of Chalonnes-sur-Loire downstream, over a length of the perimeter. 300km and extending over nearly 850km². The listed Vines have become the most typical crop grown site runs from the riverbed right up to the hilltops or on Loire hillsides. Quality vineyards have been tended levees. In 2019 it embraces 155 riverside municipalities, since the 15th century, dividing the landscape up into 4 departments (Loiret, Loire-et-Cher, Indre-et-Loire plots. Wine forms one of the cornerstones of French and Maine-et-Loire), 2 regions (Centre and Pays-de-la- cuisine. Loire) and 1 regional natural park (Loire-Anjou-Touraine The Loire Valley gardens have proven a testing PNR). 900,000 inhabitants currently live within the ground for gardens across France. The French-style perimeter. garden, modelled on the monastic design, originated at The factors that give this area an identity come to Louis XI's Château du Plessis. Royal presence brought light through a less administrative approach. The Loire Italian gardeners to the region (Blois, Amboise). From Valley is characterised by the components defining its the 18th century, exotic plants arrived from the port of landscape: the river – stone – vines and gardens. Nantes, and gardens were graced with rare botanical The river: The Loire with its myriad tributaries species: cedars, chestnut trees, tulip trees and (Cosson, Beuvron, Cher, Indre, Vienne, Thouet and sequoias among others. The traditions for designing Maine) outlines the landscape and paves the way for and redesigning gardens are still going strong in the the development of human societies connected to it. 21st century (Villandry, Chaumont). The river valleys are cultural and economic corridors The Loire Valley represents a wellspring of human along which such concepts as civilization and urban civilization, as the birthplace and home of a cast of planning have been able to emerge and flourish. inspirational figures. Following on from the Renaissance The quintessential stones are also a defining kings and their noteworthy contemporaries – Du Bellay, feature of the Loire Valley landscape: tuffeau (a sort Rabelais and Ronsard among them – between 1800 of limestone) and slate (a sort of schist), which are the and 2000 such prominent names as Honoré de Balzac, most commonly used stones in all sorts of buildings. Charles Péguy, René Bazin, Hervé Bazin, Max Ernst, 69 EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CULTURAL MANAGEMENT & POLICY || Vol. 10, Issue 1, 2020 || ISSN 2663-5771 “THE FACTORS THAT GIVE THIS AREA AN IDENTITY COME TO LIGHT THROUGH A LESS ADMINISTRATIVE APPROACH. THE LOIRE VALLEY IS CHARACTERISED BY THE COMPONENTS DEFINING ITS LANDSCAPE: THE RIVER – STONE – VINES AND GARDENS” Olivier Debré, Alexander Calder and others have each initiatives where they contribute to enhancing the site. helped to shape the history of the Loire landscape in Policy coherence requires close collaboration between turn. the heads of the different managing bodies of local collectivities and the State. To foster the networking of The Presentation of the Mission Val de stakeholders – one of the most important missions of Loire the structure – the team runs a number of forums for getting together and holding discussions, all of which In their readiness to pursue a policy in keeping are key calendar dates to make aware of and share the with UNESCO's guidelines, in 2002 the State, its values of the world heritage listing. representatives and local stakeholders signed the Loire Mission Val de Loire acts as an interface when it Valley Charter of Commitment. The same year, this comes to knowledge and research. It invites scientists document led to the founding of Mission Val de Loire, and operators within the perimeter to deepen an interregional joint association, in line with the wishes knowledge through dialogue, publications, and of the Centre (now Centre-Val de Loire) and Pays de la numerous consultations.
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