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Cerebral Cortex Structure, Function, Dysfunction Reading Ch 10 Waxman Dental Neuroanatomy Lecture Suzanne Stensaas, Ph.D
Cerebral Cortex Structure, Function, Dysfunction Reading Ch 10 Waxman Dental Neuroanatomy Lecture Suzanne Stensaas, Ph.D. March 15, 2011 Anatomy Review • Lobes and layers • Brodmann’s areas • Vascular Supply • Major Neurological Findings – Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Limbic • Quiz Questions? Types of Cortex • Sensory • Motor • Unimodal association • Multimodal association necessary for language, reason, plan, imagine, create Structure of neocortex (6 layers) The general pattern of primary, association and mulimodal association cortex (Mesulam) Brodmann, Lateral Left Hemisphere MCA left hemisphere from D.Haines ACA and PCA -Haines Issues of Functional Localization • Earliest studies -Signs, symptoms and note location • Electrical discharge (epilepsy) suggested function • Ablation - deficit suggest function • Reappearance of infant functions suggest loss of inhibition (disinhibition), i.e. grasp, suck, Babinski • Variabilities in case reports • Linked networks of afferent and efferent neurons in several regions working to accomplish a task • Functional imaging does not always equate with abnormal function associated with location of lesion • fMRI activation of several cortical regions • Same sign from lesions in different areas – i.e.paraphasias • Notion of the right hemisphere as "emotional" in contrast to the left one as "logical" has no basis in fact. Limbic System (not a true lobe) involves with cingulate gyrus and the • Hippocampus- short term memory • Amygdala- fear, agression, mating • Fornix pathway to hypothalamus • -
Contrast Sensitivity and Visual Acuity Among the Elderly
Contrast Sensitivity and Visual Acuity among the Elderly THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Mawada Osman Graduate Program in Vision Science The Ohio State University 2020 Master's Examination Committee: Angela M. Brown, PhD, Advisor Bradley E. Dougherty, OD, PhD Heidi A. Wagner, OD, MPH Copyright by Mawada Osman 2020 Abstract Purpose: To establish the clinical utility and strengthen the validity of the Ohio Contrast Cards (OCC), expand the use of the OCC in a healthy elderly population, and form a baseline dataset of patients to be compared to patients with dementia. Method: Participants ages 65 and over (N = 51) were recruited from the Ohio State University Primary Vision Care (PVC). We assessed the visual function of each patient using four visual tests which include: OCC, Pelli-Robson Chart (PR), Teller Acuity Cards (TAC) and Clear Chart. The contrast sensitivity tests (OCC and PR) were assessed twice, once by each tester. The PR contrast levels were also evaluated at two different distances 1 meter and 3 meters (0.50 meter if visual acuity worse than 6.0 cy/cm). Cognitive abilities were evaluated using the 6-Item Cognitive Impairment Test (6-CIT). Results: A significant effect of test was revealed (p < 0.005), in favor of OCC, yielding consistently higher average LogCS scores than PR, average difference of 0.412 LogCS. The PR and OCC revealed similar repeatability with 95% LoA of ± 0.28 log units and 95% LoA of ± 0.27 log units, respectively. -
FUS-Mediated Functional Neuromodulation for Neurophysiologic Assessment in a Large Animal Model Wonhye Lee1*, Hyungmin Kim2, Stephanie D
Lee et al. Journal of Therapeutic Ultrasound 2015, 3(Suppl 1):O23 http://www.jtultrasound.com/content/3/S1/O23 ORALPRESENTATION Open Access FUS-mediated functional neuromodulation for neurophysiologic assessment in a large animal model Wonhye Lee1*, Hyungmin Kim2, Stephanie D. Lee1, Michael Y. Park1, Seung-Schik Yoo1 From Current and Future Applications of Focused Ultrasound 2014. 4th International Symposium Washington, D.C, USA. 12-16 October 2014 Background/introduction element FUS transducer with radius-of-curvature of Focused ultrasound (FUS) is gaining momentum as a 7 cm) was transcranially delivered to the unilateral sen- new modality of non-invasive neuromodulation of regio- sorimotor cortex, the optic radiation (WM tract) as well as nal brain activity, with both stimulatory and suppressive the visual cortex. An acoustic intensity of 1.4–15.5 W/cm2 potentials. The utilization of the method has largely Isppa, tone-burst-duration of 1 ms, pulse-repetition fre- been demonstrated in small animals. Considering the quency of 500 Hz (i.e. duty cycle of 50%), sonication dura- small size of the acoustic focus, having a diameter of tion of 300 ms, were used for the stimulation. A batch of only a few millimeters, FUS insonification to a larger continuous sonication ranging from 50 to 150 ms in dura- animal’s brain is conducive to examining the region- tion were also given. Evoked electromyogram responses specific neuromodulatory effects on discrete anatomical from the hind legs and electroencephalogram from the Fz areas, including the white matter (WM) tracts. The and Oz-equivalent sites were measured. The histology of study involving large animals would also establish preli- the extracted brain tissue (within one week and 2 months minary safety data prior to its translational research in post-sonication) was obtained. -
The Creation of Neuroscience
The Creation of Neuroscience The Society for Neuroscience and the Quest for Disciplinary Unity 1969-1995 Introduction rom the molecular biology of a single neuron to the breathtakingly complex circuitry of the entire human nervous system, our understanding of the brain and how it works has undergone radical F changes over the past century. These advances have brought us tantalizingly closer to genu- inely mechanistic and scientifically rigorous explanations of how the brain’s roughly 100 billion neurons, interacting through trillions of synaptic connections, function both as single units and as larger ensem- bles. The professional field of neuroscience, in keeping pace with these important scientific develop- ments, has dramatically reshaped the organization of biological sciences across the globe over the last 50 years. Much like physics during its dominant era in the 1950s and 1960s, neuroscience has become the leading scientific discipline with regard to funding, numbers of scientists, and numbers of trainees. Furthermore, neuroscience as fact, explanation, and myth has just as dramatically redrawn our cultural landscape and redefined how Western popular culture understands who we are as individuals. In the 1950s, especially in the United States, Freud and his successors stood at the center of all cultural expla- nations for psychological suffering. In the new millennium, we perceive such suffering as erupting no longer from a repressed unconscious but, instead, from a pathophysiology rooted in and caused by brain abnormalities and dysfunctions. Indeed, the normal as well as the pathological have become thoroughly neurobiological in the last several decades. In the process, entirely new vistas have opened up in fields ranging from neuroeconomics and neurophilosophy to consumer products, as exemplified by an entire line of soft drinks advertised as offering “neuro” benefits. -
Visual and Electrosensory Circuits of the Diencephalon in Mormyrids: an Evolutionary Perspective
THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 297:537-552 (1990) Visual and Electrosensory Circuits of the Diencephalon in Mormyrids: An Evolutionary Perspective MARIO F. WULLIMANN AND R. GLENN NORTHCUTT Georg-August-Universitat,Zentrum Anatomie, 3400 Gottingen, Federal Republic of Germany (M.F.W.); University of California, San Diego, and Department of Neurosciences A-001, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California 92093 (R.G.N.) ABSTRACT Mormyrids are one of two groups of teleost fishes known to have evolved electroreception, and the concomitant neuroanatomical changes have confounded the interpretation of many of their brain areas in a comparative context, e.g., the diencephalon, where different sensory systems are processed and relayed. Recently, cerebellar and retinal connections of the diencephalon in mormyrids were reported. The present study reports on the telencephalic and tectal connections, specifically in Gnathonemus petersii, as these data are critical for an accurate interpretation of diencephalic nuclei in teleosts. Injections of horseradish peroxidase into the telencephalon retrogradely labeled neurons ipsilaterally in various thalamic, preglomer- ular, and tuberal nuclei, the nucleus of the locus coeruleus (also contralaterally), the superior raphe, and portions of the nucleus lateralis valvulae. Telencephalic injections anterogradely labeled the dorsal preglomerular and the dorsal tegmental nuclei bilaterally. Injections into the optic tectum retrogradely labeled neurons bilaterally in the central zone of area dorsalis telencephali and ipsilaterally in the torus longitudinalis, various thalamic, pretectal, and tegmental nuclei, some nuclei in the torus semicircularis, the nucleus of the locus coeruleus, the nucleus isthmi and the superior reticular formation, basal cells in the ipsilateral valvula cerebelli, and eurydendroid cells in the contralateral lobe C4 of the corpus cerebelli. -
Visual Physiology
Visual Physiology Perception and Attention Graham Hole Problems confronting the visual system: Retinal image contains a huge amount of information - which must be processed quickly. Retinal image is dim, blurry and distorted. Light levels vary enormously. Solutions: Enhance the important information (edges and contours). Process relative intensities, not absolute light levels. Use two systems, one for bright light and another for twilight (humans). The primary visual pathways: The right visual field is represented in the left hemisphere. The left visual field is represented in the right hemisphere The eye: 50% of light entering the eye is lost by absorption & scattering (diffraction). The rest strikes retinal photoreceptors. Photoreceptors: Rod Outer Segment Cone The retina contains two kinds of photoreceptors, rods and cones. Inner Segment Pedicle Why are two kinds of photoreceptor needed? 2 S Surface Luminance (cd/m ) c o t o White paper in starlight 0.05 p i c White paper in moonlight 0.5 White paper in artificial light 250 P ho t Computer monitor, TV 100 o p i White paper in sunlight 30,000 c Ambient light levels can vary hugely, by a factor of 10,000,000. Pupil diameter can vary retinal illumination by only a factor of 16. Rods respond at low (scotopic) light levels. Cones respond at high (photopic) light levels. Differences between rods and cones: Sensitivity Number Retinal distribution Visual Pigment Number and distribution of receptors: There are about 120 million rods, and 8 million cones. Cones are concentrated in central vision, around the fovea. Rods cover the entire retina, with the exception of the fovea. -
Structure and Function of Visual Area MT
AR245-NE28-07 ARI 16 March 2005 1:3 V I E E W R S First published online as a Review in Advance on March 17, 2005 I E N C N A D V A Structure and Function of Visual Area MT Richard T. Born1 and David C. Bradley2 1Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5701; email: [email protected] 2Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Neurosci. Key Words 2005. 28:157–89 extrastriate, motion perception, center-surround antagonism, doi: 10.1146/ magnocellular, structure-from-motion, aperture problem by HARVARD COLLEGE on 04/14/05. For personal use only. annurev.neuro.26.041002.131052 Copyright c 2005 by Abstract Annual Reviews. All rights reserved The small visual area known as MT or V5 has played a major role in 0147-006X/05/0721- our understanding of the primate cerebral cortex. This area has been 0157$20.00 historically important in the concept of cortical processing streams and the idea that different visual areas constitute highly specialized Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 0.0:${article.fPage}-${article.lPage}. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org representations of visual information. MT has also proven to be a fer- tile culture dish—full of direction- and disparity-selective neurons— exploited by many labs to study the neural circuits underlying com- putations of motion and depth and to examine the relationship be- tween neural activity and perception. Here we attempt a synthetic overview of the rich literature on MT with the goal of answering the question, What does MT do? www.annualreviews.org · Structure and Function of Area MT 157 AR245-NE28-07 ARI 16 March 2005 1:3 pathway. -
Visual Performance of Scleral Lenses and Their Impact on Quality of Life In
A RQUIVOS B RASILEIROS DE ORIGINAL ARTICLE Visual performance of scleral lenses and their impact on quality of life in patients with irregular corneas Desempenho visual das lentes esclerais e seu impacto na qualidade de vida de pacientes com córneas irregulares Dilay Ozek1, Ozlem Evren Kemer1, Pinar Altiaylik2 1. Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. 2. Department of Ophthalmology, Ufuk University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey. ABSTRACT | Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the visual quality CCS with scleral contact lenses were 0.97 ± 0.12 (0.30-1.65), 1.16 performance of scleral contact lenses in patients with kerato- ± 0.51 (0.30-1.80), and 1.51 ± 0.25 (0.90-1.80), respectively. conus, pellucid marginal degeneration, and post-keratoplasty Significantly higher contrast sensitivity levels were recorded astigmatism, and their impact on quality of life. Methods: with scleral contact lenses compared with those recorded with We included 40 patients (58 eyes) with keratoconus, pellucid uncorrected contrast sensitivity and spectacle-corrected contrast marginal degeneration, and post-keratoplasty astigmatism who sensitivity (p<0.05). We found the National Eye Institute Visual were examined between October 2014 and June 2017 and Functioning Questionnaire overall score for patients with scleral fitted with scleral contact lenses in this study. Before fitting contact lens treatment to be significantly higher compared with scleral contact lenses, we noted refraction, uncorrected dis- that for patients with uncorrected sight (p<0.05). Conclusion: tance visual acuity, spectacle-corrected distance visual acuity, Scleral contact lenses are an effective alternative visual correction uncorrected contrast sensitivity, and spectacle-corrected contrast method for keratoconus, pellucid marginal degeneration, and sensitivity. -
Visual Cortex in Humans 251
Author's personal copy Visual Cortex in Humans 251 Visual Cortex in Humans B A Wandell, S O Dumoulin, and A A Brewer, using fMRI, and we discuss the main features of the Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA V1 map. We then summarize the positions and proper- ties of ten additional visual field maps. This represents ã 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. our current understanding of human visual field maps, although this remains an active field of investigation, with more maps likely to be discovered. Finally, we Human visua l cortex comprises 4–6 billion neurons that are organ ized into more than a dozen distinct describe theories about the functional purpose and functional areas. These areas include the gray matter organizing principles of these maps. in the occi pital lobe and extend into the temporal and parietal lobes . The locations of these areas in the The Size and Location of Human Visual intact human cortex can be identified by measuring Cortex visual field maps. The neurons within these areas have a variety of different stimulus response proper- The entirety of human cortex occupies a surface area 2 ties. We descr ibe how to measure these visual field on the order of 1000 cm and ranges between 2 and maps, their locations, and their overall organization. 4 mm in thickness. Each cubic millimeter of cortex contains approximately 50 000 neurons so that neo- We then consider how information about patterns, objects, color s, and motion is analyzed and repre- cortex in the two hemispheres contain on the order of sented in these maps. -
Torsten Wiesel (1924– ) [1]
Published on The Embryo Project Encyclopedia (https://embryo.asu.edu) Torsten Wiesel (1924– ) [1] By: Lienhard, Dina A. Keywords: vision [2] Torsten Nils Wiesel studied visual information processing and development in the US during the twentieth century. He performed multiple experiments on cats in which he sewed one of their eyes shut and monitored the response of the cat’s visual system after opening the sutured eye. For his work on visual processing, Wiesel received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine [3] in 1981 along with David Hubel and Roger Sperry. Wiesel determined the critical period during which the visual system of a mammal [4] develops and studied how impairment at that stage of development can cause permanent damage to the neural pathways of the eye, allowing later researchers and surgeons to study the treatment of congenital vision disorders. Wiesel was born on 3 June 1924 in Uppsala, Sweden, to Anna-Lisa Bentzer Wiesel and Fritz Wiesel as their fifth and youngest child. Wiesel’s mother stayed at home and raised their children. His father was the head of and chief psychiatrist at a mental institution, Beckomberga Hospital in Stockholm, Sweden, where the family lived. Wiesel described himself as lazy and playful during his childhood. He went to Whitlockska Samskolan, a coeducational private school in Stockholm, Sweden. At that time, Wiesel was interested in sports and became the president of his high school’s athletic association, which he described as his only achievement from his younger years. In 1941, at the age of seventeen, Wiesel enrolled at Karolinska Institutet (Royal Caroline Institute) in Solna, Sweden, where he pursued a medical degree and later pursued his own research. -
Cognitive Psychology
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY PSYCH 126 Acknowledgements College of the Canyons would like to extend appreciation to the following people and organizations for allowing this textbook to be created: California Community Colleges Chancellor’s Office Chancellor Diane Van Hook Santa Clarita Community College District College of the Canyons Distance Learning Office In providing content for this textbook, the following professionals were invaluable: Mehgan Andrade, who was the major contributor and compiler of this work and Neil Walker, without whose help the book could not have been completed. Special Thank You to Trudi Radtke for editing, formatting, readability, and aesthetics. The contents of this textbook were developed under the Title V grant from the Department of Education (Award #P031S140092). However, those contents do not necessarily represent the policy of the Department of Education, and you should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government. Unless otherwise noted, the content in this textbook is licensed under CC BY 4.0 Table of Contents Psychology .................................................................................................................................................... 1 126 ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1 - History of Cognitive Psychology ............................................................................................. 7 Definition of Cognitive Psychology -
Biorxives Gaze-Stabilization Pdf Creator
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.30.454479; this version posted August 1, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Visuo-vestibular gaze control – conserved subcortical processing Tobias Wibble1,2, Tony Pansell2, Sten Grillner1, Juan Pérez-Fernández1,3,* 1The Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 2The Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Marianne Bernadotte Centrum, St: Erik’s Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 3CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Campus universitario Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Gaze stabilization compensates for movements of the head or external environment to minimize image blurring, which is critical for visually-guided behaviors. Multisensory information is used to stabilize the visual scene on the retina via the vestibulo-ocular (VOR) and optokinetic (OKR) reflexes. While the organization of neuronal circuits underlying VOR is well described across vertebrates, less is known about the contribution and evolutionary origin of the OKR circuits. Moreover, the integration of these two sensory modalities is still poorly understood. Here, we developed a novel experimental model, the isolated lamprey eye-brain-labyrinth preparation, to analyze the neuronal pathways underlying visuo-vestibular integration which allowed electrophysiological recordings while applying vestibular stimulation using a moving platform, coordinated with visual stimulation via two screens. We show that lampreys exhibit robust visuo-vestibular integration, with optokinetic information processed in the pretectum 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.30.454479; this version posted August 1, 2021.