Entwicklung Eines Modells Dynamisch-Muskulärer Arbeitsbeanspruchungen Auf Basis Digitaler Menschmodelle

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Entwicklung Eines Modells Dynamisch-Muskulärer Arbeitsbeanspruchungen Auf Basis Digitaler Menschmodelle Jens Mühlstedt Entwicklung eines Modells dynamisch-muskulärer Arbeitsbeanspruchungen auf Basis digitaler Menschmodelle Jens Mühlstedt Entwicklung eines Modells dynamisch-muskulärer Arbeitsbeanspruchungen auf Basis digitaler Menschmodelle Universitätsverlag Chemnitz 2012 Impressum Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Angaben sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Zugl.: Chemnitz, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2012 Technische Universität Chemnitz/Universitätsbibliothek Universitätsverlag Chemnitz 09107 Chemnitz http://www.bibliothek.tu-chemnitz.de/UniVerlag/ Herstellung und Auslieferung Verlagshaus Monsenstein und Vannerdat OHG Am Hawerkamp 31 48155 Münster http://www.mv-verlag.de ISBN 978-3-941003-62-0 http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-86342 Entwicklung eines Modells dynamisch-muskulärer Arbeitsbeanspruchungen auf Basis digitaler Menschmodelle Von der Fakultät für Maschinenbau der Technischen Universität Chemnitz genehmigte Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor-Ingenieur Dr.-Ing. vorgelegt von: Dipl.-Ing. Jens Mühlstedt geboren am 06.05.1981 in Gera eingereicht am 07.12.2011 Gutachter: Prof. Dr. phil. habil. Dr.-Ing. Birgit Spanner-Ulmer Prof. Dr.-Ing. Martin Schmauder Chemnitz, den 07.12.2011 Dissertation Jens Mühlstedt Bibliografische Beschreibung Mühlstedt, Jens Thema Entwicklung eines Modells dynamisch-muskulärer Arbeitsbeanspruchungen auf Basis digitaler Menschmodelle Dissertation an der Fakultät für Maschinenbau der Technischen Universität Chemnitz, Institut für Betriebswissenschaften und Fabriksysteme, Professur Arbeitswissenschaft, Chemnitz 231 Seiten und 142 Seiten in Anlagen, insgesamt 373 Seiten 88 Abbildungen und 82 Abbildungen in Anlagen, insgesamt 170 Abbildungen 15 Tabellen und 3 Tabellen in Anlagen, insgesamt 18 Tabellen 120 Quellenzitate und 291 Quellenzitate in Anlagen, insgesamt 411 Quellenzitate1 1 Unternehmensbezeichnungen, Handelsnamen, Warenzeichen und dergleichen sind in der Arbeit, soweit bekannt, durch Kursivschrift gekennzeichnet – die Rechte liegen bei den jeweiligen Inhabern 6 Bibliografische Beschreibung Referat Arbeitswissenschaftliche digitale Menschmodelle werden als Werk- zeuge virtueller Ergonomie zur Gestaltung menschengerechter Produkte und Arbeitsplätze genutzt. Der bislang nur qualitativ be- schriebene Praxiseinsatz wird durch theoretische Analysen und eine empirische Studie systematisiert und darauf aufbauend werden die Schwachstellen der Systeme erörtert. Ein wesentlicher Ansatzpunkt für Weiterentwicklungen ist die Erarbeitung ergonomischer Bewer- tungsverfahren bzw. -modelle, insbesondere für Belastungen auf- grund von Bewegungen. Digitale Menschmodelle bieten das Potenzial, aus simulierten Bewegungsdaten und den damit zusam- menhängenden Belastungen eine Bewertung der Arbeitsvorgänge zu generieren. In dieser Arbeit wird daher ein neues arbeitswissen- schaftliches Bewertungsmodell für muskuläre Beanspruchungen erforscht, d. h. methodisch hergeleitet und evaluiert. Dazu ist ein Versuchsstand zur Standardisierung und Belastungserzeugung notwendig. In der darauf aufbauenden Laborstudie werden die Belas- tungsparameter statischer Momentanteil, Winkelgeschwindigkeit und Momentrichtung variiert und die daraus entstehende Veränderung der muskulären Beanspruchung von Probanden erforscht. Ein dafür benötigtes, neues Verfahren zur Normalisierung wird vorgestellt. Die Laborstudie zeigt, dass der statische Momentanteil linear steigend mit der Arbeitsbeanspruchung zusammenhängt. Die durchschnittli- che Winkelgeschwindigkeit hat auf die Arbeitsbeanspruchung je nach Muskeltyp entweder einen linear steigenden oder keinen Einfluss. Schlagworte virtuelle Ergonomie, Arbeitswissenschaft, Ergonomieverfahren, Elektromyografie, EMG, MVC/MVE, NSM, Normbewegung, digitale Menschmodelle, Belastung, Beanspruchung 7 Dissertation Jens Mühlstedt Abstract Digital human models for human factors are used as tools for virtual ergonomics and the design of products and workplaces. In this work the use of the systems is analysed with theoretical models and an empirical study. Therefore, disadvantages of the systems are identi- fied. A main idea for further developments is the research on ergo- nomic approaches and models, especially for movements and the strain caused by movements. Digital human models are capable to assess work processes based on data from simulations. In this work a new human factors orientated rating model for muscular strains is developed and evaluated. A test stand generates and standardizes the stress. In a laboratory survey the stress parameters are analysed. The variation of the static torque part, the angular velocity and the torque direction cause changes in the muscular strains. Hence, these muscular strains are measured electromyographically. A new nor- malisation method, the normalised standard movement, is intro- duced. The survey shows the existence of a correlation of static torque part and work strain. Depending on the muscle type, the angular velocity either affects the work strain linear increasing or does not affect it. Keywords virtual ergonomics, human factors, ergonomics, electromyography, EMG, MVC/MVE, NSM, normalised standard movement, digital human models, stress, strain 8 Inhalt Inhalt Seite Bibliografische Beschreibung 6 Referat, Schlagworte 7 Kurz- und Formelzeichen 12 1 Einleitung 15 2 Stand der Wissenschaft und Technik 19 2.1 Arbeitswissenschaft und virtuelle Ergonomie 19 2.2 Digitale Menschmodelle 26 2.2.1 Historie digitaler Menschmodelle 27 2.2.2 Systeme arbeitswissenschaftlicher 30 digitaler Menschmodelle 2.2.3 Eigenschaften arbeitswissenschaftlicher 38 digitaler Menschmodelle 2.3 Belastung und Beanspruchung 43 2.4 Arbeitswissenschaftlich-biometrische 50 Bewertungsverfahren 2.4.1 Belastungsbewertungsverfahren 51 2.4.2 Beanspruchungsermittlungsverfahren 55 2.5 Fazit und Ableitung von Forschungsfragen 58 3 Studien zu digitalen Menschmodellen 59 3.1 Erweiterte Analysemethodik virtueller Ergonomie 59 3.2 Erarbeitung eines 62 Funktionsschemas digitaler Menschmodelle 3.3 Empirische Studie zur 66 Anwendung digitaler Menschmodelle 9 Dissertation Jens Mühlstedt 3.3.1 Vorstudie und Versuchsdesign 66 der Anwenderbefragung 3.3.2 Ergebnisse der Anwenderbefragung 69 3.4 Fazit der Ergebnisse der Studien 92 4 Entwicklung eines Bewertungsmodells 99 dynamisch-muskulärer Beanspruchungen für digitale Menschmodelle 4.1 Physiologische Funktionseinheiten 102 4.2 Verrichtungssystematik arbeitsbezogener 109 Bewegungen und Elementarbewegungen 4.3 Herleitung des Bewertungsmodells 111 dynamisch-muskulärer Beanspruchungen 4.3.1 Eine Ergonomie-Datenbank als 112 Rahmen des Bewertungsmodells 4.3.2 Das Bewertungsmodell in 115 einem digitalen Menschmodell 4.3.3 Das Bewertungsmodell in 117 einer Laboruntersuchung 4.3.4 Weiterentwicklung zu einem 119 Ergonomieverfahren 4.4 Fazit der Modellentwicklung 120 5 Laborstudie zur Evaluierung des Bewertungsmodells 121 5.1 Versuchsplanung 121 5.1.1 Messverfahren Elektromyografie 122 5.1.2 Bewegungsabstraktion, Schwerkraftausgleich 124 und Körperhaltung 5.1.3 Zeitliche Steuerung der Versuche 130 5.1.4 Normalisierung der Versuchsergebnisse 133 5.1.5 Probanden 137 5.2 Konstruktion und Aufbau des Versuchsstandes 138 10 Inhalt 5.2.1 Funktions- und Wirkstruktur 139 des Versuchsstandes 5.2.2 Versuchsstand ARBEX und Komponenten 147 5.3 Versuchsdurchführung 160 5.3.1 Versuchsserien zur Evaluierung des Bewer- 160 tungsmodells 5.3.2 Ablauf einer Versuchsserie 169 5.4 Ergebnisse der Laborstudie 172 5.4.1 Berechnungen zur Versuchsauswertung 173 5.4.2 Zusammenhang zwischen 182 Moment und Arbeitsbeanspruchung 5.4.3 Zusammenhang zwischen 187 Bewegungsgeschwindigkeit und Arbeitsbean- spruchung 5.4.4 Kinetische und elektromyografische 195 Normalisierung 5.4.5 Vergleich der Normalisierungen per Maximal- 199 kraftmessung und Normbewegung 5.4.6 Subjektive Beanspruchung und 203 muskuläre Ermüdung 5.5 Fazit der Laborstudie 209 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 215 Quellenverzeichnis 219 Anlagen A Katalog digitaler Menschmodelle 233 B Fragebogen empirische Studie / Anwenderbefragung 329 C Anforderungsliste Versuchsstand 339 Quellenverzeichnis der Anlagen 343 11 Dissertation Jens Mühlstedt Kurz- und Formelzeichen Arbeitsbeanspruchung FE Finite Elemente [µV] FFT Fast-Fourier- Bewegungsaktivität Transformation [µVs] (Muskel-)Länge [m] beurteilte Arbeitsbe- Moment [Nm] anspruchung Effektivmoment [Nm] Beanspruchungsein- heiten statischer Moment- anteil [Nm] Variationskoeffizient MVC maximal voluntary CAD Computer Aided contraction Design MVE maximal voluntary CAE Computer Aided electrical activity Engineering MKS Mehrkörpersystem CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing NEMG Nadel- Elektromyografie CAx Computer Aided … NSM normalised standard EDV elektronische Daten- movement verarbeitung NSMC normalised standard elektrische Aktivität movement / contrac- [µV] tion torque EMG Elektromyografie NSME normalised standard Freiheitsgrad movement / electrical activity Kraft [N] 12 OEM Original Equipment sEMG surface electromyog- Manufacturer raphy OEMG Oberflächen- Zeit [s] Elektromyografie Pausendauer [s] PC Personal Computer TU Technische Universität pFE physiologische Funkti- VR Virtual Reality onseinheit Mittelwert PLM Produktlebenszyklus- management Winkelbeschleunigung [°/s²] Quotient durchschnittliche Korrelationskoeffizient Winkelgeschwindigkeit Bestimmtheit der [°/s] Regressionsgerden (Gelenk-)Winkel [°] RMS
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