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Spontaneous Abrupt Climate Change Due to an Atmospheric Blocking–Sea-Ice–Ocean Feedback in an Unforced Climate Model Simulation
Spontaneous abrupt climate change due to an atmospheric blocking–sea-ice–ocean feedback in an unforced climate model simulation Sybren Drijfhouta,b,1, Emily Gleesonc, Henk A. Dijkstrad, and Valerie Livinae aDepartment of Climate Research, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, 3730AE, De Bilt, The Netherlands; bSchool of Ocean and Earth Sciences, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3TB, United Kingdom; cResearch, Environment and Applications Division, Met Éireann, Dublin 9, Ireland; dInstitute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands; and eNational Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom Edited by Mark H. Thiemens, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, and approved October 18, 2013 (received for review March 15, 2013) Abrupt climate change is abundant in geological records, but the warm, salty layer is inaccessible to the atmosphere when the climate models rarely have been able to simulate such events in surface halocline is present. As a result, subsurface warming response to realistic forcing. Here we report on a spontaneous takes place below the surface halocline, which eventually desta- abrupt cooling event, lasting for more than a century, with bilizes the water column and erodes the surface halocline. a temperature anomaly similar to that of the Little Ice Age. The The link between multiple sea-ice states and AMOC was also event was simulated in the preindustrial control run of a high- investigated within an idealized coupled climate model (9). The resolution climate model, without imposing external perturba- sea-ice switch featured abrupt transitions between a weak and tions. Initial cooling started with a period of enhanced atmo- strong AMOC, essentially showing that these two mechanisms spheric blocking over the eastern subpolar gyre. -
2007 UNEP-WCMC Global List of Transboundary Protected Areas Lysenko I., Besançon C., Savy C
2007 UNEP-WCMC Global List of Transboundary Protected Areas Lysenko I., Besançon C., Savy C. No TBPA Name Country Protected Areas Sitecode Category PA Size, km 2 TBPA Area, km 2 Ellesmere/Greenland 1 Canada Quttinirpaaq 300093 II 38148.00 Transboundary Complex Greenland Hochstetter Forland 67910 RAMSAR 1848.20 Kilen 67911 RAMSAR 512.80 North-East Greenland 2065 MAB-BR 972000.00 North-East Greenland 650 II 972000.00 1,008,470.17 2 Canada Ivvavik 100672 II 10170.00 Old Crow Flats 101594 IV 7697.47 Vuntut 100673 II 4400.00 United States Arctic 2904 IV 72843.42 Arctic 35361 Ia 32374.98 Yukon Flats 10543 IV 34925.13 146,824.27 Alaska-Yukon-British Columbia 3 Canada Atlin 4178 II 2326.95 Borderlands Atlin 65094 II 384.45 Chilkoot Trail Nhp 167269 Unset 122.65 Kluane 612 II 22015.00 Kluane Wildlife 18707 VI 6450.00 Kluane/Wrangell-St Elias/Glacier Bay/Tatshenshini-Alsek 12200 WHC 31595.00 Tatshenshini-Alsek 67406 Ib 9470.26 United States Admiralty Island 21243 Ib 3803.76 Chilkat 68395 II 24.46 Chilkat Bald Eagle 68396 II 198.38 Glacier Bay 1010 II 13045.50 Glacier Bay 22485 V 233.85 Glacier Bay 35382 Ib 10784.27 Glacier Bay-Admiralty Island Biosphere Reserve 11591 MAB-BR 15150.15 Kluane/Wrangell-St Elias/Glacier Bay/Tatshenshini-Alsek 2018 WHC 66796.48 Kootznoowoo 101220 Ib 3868.24 Malaspina Glacier 21555 III 3878.40 Mendenhall River 306286 Unset 14.57 Misty Fiords 21247 Ib 8675.10 Misty Fjords 13041 IV 4622.75 Point Bridge 68394 II 11.64 Russell Fiord 21249 Ib 1411.15 Stikine-LeConte 21252 Ib 1816.75 Tetlin 2956 IV 2833.07 Tongass 13038 VI 67404.09 Global List of Transboundary Protected Areas ©2007 UNEP-WCMC 1 of 78 No TBPA Name Country Protected Areas Sitecode Category PA Size, km 2 TBPA Area, km 2 Tracy Arm-Fords Terror 21254 Ib 2643.43 Wrangell-St Elias 1005 II 33820.14 Wrangell-St Elias 35387 Ib 36740.24 Wrangell-St. -
High Arctic Holocene Temperature Record from the Agassiz Ice Cap and Greenland Ice Sheet Evolution
High Arctic Holocene temperature record from the Agassiz ice cap and Greenland ice sheet evolution Benoit S. Lecavaliera,1, David A. Fisherb, Glenn A. Milneb, Bo M. Vintherc, Lev Tarasova, Philippe Huybrechtsd, Denis Lacellee, Brittany Maine, James Zhengf, Jocelyne Bourgeoisg, and Arthur S. Dykeh,i aDepartment of Physics and Physical Oceanography, Memorial University, St. John’s, Canada, A1B 3X7; bDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, K1N 6N5; cCentre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2100; dEarth System Science and Departement Geografie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, 1050; eDepartment of Geography, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada, K1N 6N5; fGeological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Canada, K1A 0E8; gConsorminex Inc., Gatineau, Canada, J8R 3Y3; hDepartment of Earth Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada, B3H 4R2; and iDepartment of Anthropology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, H3A 2T7 Edited by Jeffrey P. Severinghaus, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, and approved April 18, 2017 (received for review October 2, 2016) We present a revised and extended high Arctic air temperature leading the authors to adopt a spatially homogeneous change in reconstruction from a single proxy that spans the past ∼12,000 y air temperature across the region spanned by these two ice caps. 18 (up to 2009 CE). Our reconstruction from the Agassiz ice cap (Elles- By removing the temperature signal from the δ O record of mere Island, Canada) indicates an earlier and warmer Holocene other Greenland ice cores (Fig. 1A), the residual was used to thermal maximum with early Holocene temperatures that are estimate altitude changes of the ice surface through time. -
Recent Noteworthy Findings of Fungus Gnats from Finland and Northwestern Russia (Diptera: Ditomyiidae, Keroplatidae, Bolitophilidae and Mycetophilidae)
Biodiversity Data Journal 2: e1068 doi: 10.3897/BDJ.2.e1068 Taxonomic paper Recent noteworthy findings of fungus gnats from Finland and northwestern Russia (Diptera: Ditomyiidae, Keroplatidae, Bolitophilidae and Mycetophilidae) Jevgeni Jakovlev†, Jukka Salmela ‡,§, Alexei Polevoi|, Jouni Penttinen ¶, Noora-Annukka Vartija# † Finnish Environment Insitutute, Helsinki, Finland ‡ Metsähallitus (Natural Heritage Services), Rovaniemi, Finland § Zoological Museum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland | Forest Research Institute KarRC RAS, Petrozavodsk, Russia ¶ Metsähallitus (Natural Heritage Services), Jyväskylä, Finland # Toivakka, Myllyntie, Finland Corresponding author: Jukka Salmela ([email protected]) Academic editor: Vladimir Blagoderov Received: 10 Feb 2014 | Accepted: 01 Apr 2014 | Published: 02 Apr 2014 Citation: Jakovlev J, Salmela J, Polevoi A, Penttinen J, Vartija N (2014) Recent noteworthy findings of fungus gnats from Finland and northwestern Russia (Diptera: Ditomyiidae, Keroplatidae, Bolitophilidae and Mycetophilidae). Biodiversity Data Journal 2: e1068. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.2.e1068 Abstract New faunistic data on fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaroidea excluding Sciaridae) from Finland and NW Russia (Karelia and Murmansk Region) are presented. A total of 64 and 34 species are reported for the first time form Finland and Russian Karelia, respectively. Nine of the species are also new for the European fauna: Mycomya shewelli Väisänen, 1984,M. thula Väisänen, 1984, Acnemia trifida Zaitzev, 1982, Coelosia gracilis Johannsen, 1912, Orfelia krivosheinae Zaitzev, 1994, Mycetophila biformis Maximova, 2002, M. monstera Maximova, 2002, M. uschaica Subbotina & Maximova, 2011 and Trichonta palustris Maximova, 2002. Keywords Sciaroidea, Fennoscandia, faunistics © Jakovlev J et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. -
PALEOLIMNOLOGICAL SURVEY of COMBUSTION PARTICLES from LAKES and PONDS in the EASTERN ARCTIC, NUNAVUT, CANADA an Exploratory Clas
A PALEOLIMNOLOGICAL SURVEY OF COMBUSTION PARTICLES FROM LAKES AND PONDS IN THE EASTERN ARCTIC, NUNAVUT, CANADA An Exploratory Classification, Inventory and Interpretation at Selected Sites NANCY COLLEEN DOUBLEDAY A thesis submitted to the Department of Biology in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen's University Kingston, Ontario, Canada December 1999 Copyright@ Nancy C. Doubleday, 1999 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibf iographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your lYe Vorre réfhœ Our file Notre refdretua The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive pemettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, Ioan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othemise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son pemission. autorisation. ABSTRACT Recently international attention has been directed to investigation of anthropogenic contaminants in various biotic and abiotic components of arctic ecosystems. Combustion of coai, biomass (charcoal), petroleum and waste play an important role in industrial emissions, and are associated with most hurnan activities. -
Marine Tephrochronology of the Mt
Quaternary Research 73 (2010) 277–292 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yqres Marine tephrochronology of the Mt. Edgecumbe Volcanic Field, Southeast Alaska, USA Jason A. Addison a,b,⁎, James E. Beget a,b, Thomas A. Ager c, Bruce P. Finney d a Alaska Quaternary Center and Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 900 Yukon Drive, PO Box 755780, Fairbanks, AK 99775-5780, USA b Alaska Quaternary Center, PO Box 755940, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-5940, USA c U.S. Geological Survey, Mail Stop 980, Box 25045, Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225, USA d Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209-8007, USA article info abstract Article history: The Mt. Edgecumbe Volcanic Field (MEVF), located on Kruzof Island near Sitka Sound in southeast Alaska, Received 30 March 2009 experienced a large multiple-stage eruption during the last glacial maximum (LGM)–Holocene transition Available online 11 December 2009 that generated a regionally extensive series of compositionally similar rhyolite tephra horizons and a single well-dated dacite (MEd) tephra. Marine sediment cores collected from adjacent basins to the MEVF contain Keywords: both tephra-fall and pyroclastic flow deposits that consist primarily of rhyolitic tephra and a minor dacitic Tephra tephra unit. The recovered dacite tephra correlates with the MEd tephra, whereas many of the rhyolitic Alaska North Pacific Ocean tephras correlate with published MEVF rhyolites. Correlations were based on age constraints and major Cryptotephra oxide compositions of glass shards. In addition to LGM–Holocene macroscopic tephra units, four marine Mt. -
Pasvik–Inari Nature and History Shared Area Description
PASVIK–INARI NATURE AND HISTORY SHARED AREA DESCRIPTION The Pasvik River flows from the largest lake in Finn- is recommended only for very experienced hikers, ish Lapland, Lake Inari, and extends to the Barents some paths are marked for shorter visits. Lake Inari Sea on the border of Norway and Russia. The valley and its tributaries are ideal for boating or paddling, forms a diverse habitat for a wide variety of plants and in winter the area can be explored on skis or a and animals. The Pasvik River is especially known for dog sled. The border mark at Muotkavaara, where its rich bird life. the borders of Finland, Norway and Russia meet, can The rugged wilderness that surrounds the river be reached by foot or on skis. valley astonishes with its serene beauty. A vast Several protected areas in the three neighbouring pine forest area dotted with small bogs, ponds and countries have been established to preserve these streams stretches from Vätsäri in Finland to Pasvik in great wilderness areas. A vast trilateral co-operation Norway and Russia. area stretching across three national borders, con- The captivating wilderness offers an excellent sisting of the Vätsäri Wilderness Area in Finland, the setting for hiking and recreation. From mid-May Øvre Pasvik National Park, Øvre Pasvik Landscape until the end of July the midnight sun lights up the Protection Area and Pasvik Nature Reserve in Nor- forest. The numerous streams and lakes provide way, and Pasvik Zapovednik in Russia, is protected. ample catch for anglers who wish to enjoy the calm backwoods. -
Cryosat-2 Delivers Monthly and Inter-Annual Surface Elevation Change for Arctic Ice Caps
The Cryosphere, 9, 1895–1913, 2015 www.the-cryosphere.net/9/1895/2015/ doi:10.5194/tc-9-1895-2015 © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License. CryoSat-2 delivers monthly and inter-annual surface elevation change for Arctic ice caps L. Gray1, D. Burgess2, L. Copland1, M. N. Demuth2, T. Dunse3, K. Langley3, and T. V. Schuler3 1Department of Geography, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada 2Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Canada 3Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Correspondence to: L. Gray ([email protected]) Received: 29 April 2015 – Published in The Cryosphere Discuss.: 26 May 2015 Revised: 15 August 2015 – Accepted: 3 September 2015 – Published: 25 September 2015 Abstract. We show that the CryoSat-2 radar altimeter can 1 Introduction provide useful estimates of surface elevation change on a variety of Arctic ice caps, on both monthly and yearly Recent evidence suggests that mass losses from ice caps and timescales. Changing conditions, however, can lead to a glaciers will contribute significantly to sea level rise in the varying bias between the elevation estimated from the radar coming decades (Meier et al., 2007; Gardner et al., 2013; altimeter and the physical surface due to changes in the ratio Vaughan et al., 2013). However, techniques to measure the of subsurface to surface backscatter. Under melting condi- changes of smaller ice caps are very limited: Satellite tech- tions the radar returns are predominantly from the surface so niques, such as repeat gravimetry from GRACE (Gravity Re- that if surface melt is extensive across the ice cap estimates covery and Climate Experiment), favour the large Greenland of summer elevation loss can be made with the frequent or Antarctic Ice Sheets, while ground and airborne exper- coverage provided by CryoSat-2. -
Sea Changes Ashore: the Ocean and Iceland's Herring Capital
University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Sociology Scholarship Sociology 12-2004 Sea changes ashore: The ocean and iceland's herring capital. Lawrence C. Hamilton University of New Hampshire, [email protected] Steingrimur Jonsson University of Akureyri Helga Ogmundardottir University of Uppsala Igor M. Belkin University of Rhode Island Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/soc_facpub Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Hamilton, L.C., Jónsson, S., Ögmundardóttir, H., Belkin, I.M. Sea changes ashore: The ocean and iceland's herring capital. (2004) Arctic, 57 (4), pp. 325-335. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Sociology at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology Scholarship by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ARCTIC VOL. 57, NO. 4 (DECEMBER 2004) P. 325– 335 Sea Changes Ashore: The Ocean and Iceland’s Herring Capital LAWRENCE C. HAMILTON,1 STEINGRÍMUR JÓNSSON,2 HELGA ÖGMUNDARDÓTTIR3 and IGOR M. BELKIN4 (Received 16 May 2003; accepted in revised form 6 February 2004) ABSTRACT. The story of Siglufjör›ur (Siglufjordur), a north Iceland village that became the “Herring Capital of the World,” provides a case study of complex interactions between physical, biological, and social systems. Siglufjör›ur’s natural capital— a good harbor and proximity to prime herring grounds—contributed to its development as a major fishing center during the first half of the 20th century. This herring fishery was initiated by Norwegians, but subsequently expanded by Icelanders to such an extent that the fishery, and Siglufjör›ur in particular, became engines helping to pull the whole Icelandic economy. -
RCN #33 21/8/03 13:57 Page 1
RCN #33 21/8/03 13:57 Page 1 No. 33 Summer 2003 Special issue: The Transformation of Protected Areas in Russia A Ten-Year Review PROMOTING BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN RUSSIA AND THROUGHOUT NORTHERN EURASIA RCN #33 21/8/03 13:57 Page 2 CONTENTS CONTENTS Voice from the Wild (Letter from the Editors)......................................1 Ten Years of Teaching and Learning in Bolshaya Kokshaga Zapovednik ...............................................................24 BY WAY OF AN INTRODUCTION The Formation of Regional Associations A Brief History of Modern Russian Nature Reserves..........................2 of Protected Areas........................................................................................................27 A Glossary of Russian Protected Areas...........................................................3 The Growth of Regional Nature Protection: A Case Study from the Orlovskaya Oblast ..............................................29 THE PAST TEN YEARS: Making Friends beyond Boundaries.............................................................30 TRENDS AND CASE STUDIES A Spotlight on Kerzhensky Zapovednik...................................................32 Geographic Development ........................................................................................5 Ecotourism in Protected Areas: Problems and Possibilities......34 Legal Developments in Nature Protection.................................................7 A LOOK TO THE FUTURE Financing Zapovedniks ...........................................................................................10 -
MASTERS THESIS M-3937 DEININGER, Jr., James William PETROLOGY of the WRANGELL VOLCANICS NEAR NABESNA, ALASKA. University of Alas
MASTERS THESIS M-3937 DEININGER, Jr., James William PETROLOGY OF THE WRANGELL VOLCANICS NEAR NABESNA, ALASKA. University of Alaska, M.S., 1972 Geology University Microfilms, A XEROX Com pany , Ann Arbor, Michigan © 1973 JAMES WILLIAM DEININGER, Jr. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PETROLOGY OF THE WRANGELL VOLCANICS NEAR NABESNA, ALASKA A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE . by James W. Deininger, BA College, Alaska May, 1972 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PETROLOGY OF THE WRANGELL VOLCANICS NEAR NABESNA, ALASKA ,-1 7" h/C ^ici' tH-Ch-7 ifu sL._C3UZY Cnairman Department' Head APPROVED Dar e / ’F J / '. ? / 7 7 Dean of the Collegeof Ovrh Sciences and Mineral industry- Vice President lor RsseWch one Advanced Sfudv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT The Wrangell Mountains are underlain by a thick sequence of late Tertiary and Quaternary volcanics. In the Nabesna area, this sequence is represented by nearly 4000 feet of augite-hypersthene andesites, hypersthene or hornblende dacites, and tholeiitic basalts. The relative volumetric abundance of these rock types is as follows: pyroxene andesite, 59%; dacite, 26%; and tholeiitic basalt, 13%. The oldest flows in the Wait Creek Section were determined to be at least 13.5 (+ 0.8) 40 40 m.y. -
The Federal Nature Preserves (Zapovedniks) of Russia
MONITORING IN THE URAL RESERVES (ZAPOVEDNIKS) Kvashnina A.E. Zapovdnik “Denezhkin Kamen”, Sverdlovskaya Oblast, Severouralsk, Vsevolodo- Blagodatskoe, Russia, 624477 Marin Y.F., Mishin A.S. Visimskiy zapovednik, Sverdlovskaya Oblast, Kirovgrad, Stepan Razin St. 23, Russia, 624150 Loskutova N.M. Zapovednik “Basegi”, Permskaya Oblast, Gremiachinsk, Lenin St. 100, Russia, 618280 INTRODUCTION. The Federal Nature Preserves (Zapovedniks) of Russia. Russia and the former Soviet Union have been the scene of an unusually comprehensive attempt at biodiversity conservation through the establishment of an extensive network of protected natural areas. These natural areas include several categories of territory which today account in aggregate for some one-and-a-half percent of the land area of Russia. Territory categories include: zapovedniks - the strictly protected scientific Nature Reserves (World Conservation Union or IUCN category I State Nature Reserves or Scientific Reserves); National Parks - (IUCN category II); Natural Parks – (IUCN category V); zakazniks – natural refuges and wildlife sanctuaries (IUCN categories IV, V); natural monuments – small scale areas protecting unique biological objects (IUCN category III); arboreta (dendrological parks) and botanical gardens (Colwell et al., 1997). The zapovednik, or Russian Federal Nature Preserve, is a specially protected natural territory or aquatory that excludes all forms of management, even general visiting (except for the needs of research or protection), in order to preserve its indigenous complexes in their untouched natural state. At the same time, a zapovednik is an institution designed not just for the conservation of its territory but also for study. The principal tasks of the zapovedniks were formulated in the beginning of the last century by the Russian scientist Kozhevnikov (1909, 1911 and 1928) and by Dokuchaev (Shtilmark, 1996).