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Translating Feminism: from Seneca Falls to #Yesallwomen

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Translating Feminism: from Seneca Falls to #Yesallwomen Università degli Studi di Padova Dipartimento di Studi Linguistici e Letterari Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Lingue Moderne per la Comunicazione e la Cooperazione Internazionale Classe LM-38 Tesi di Laurea Translating feminism: from Seneca Falls to #YesAllWomen Relatrice Laureanda Prof. Fiona Clare Dalziel Ioana Daniela D’Amore n° matr.1183556 / LMLCC Anno Accademico 2018 / 2019 Table of Contents SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................ 5 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................................... 17 1 WHAT IS TRANSLATION? ...................................................................................................... 17 1.1 WHAT IS EQUIVALENCE? ........................................................................................................... 19 1.2 HISTORY OF TRANSLATION ....................................................................................................... 21 1.3 TRANSLATION METHODS ........................................................................................................... 23 1.4 COMPUTER-AIDING TRANSLATION ............................................................................................... 27 1.5 CHALLENGES AND PROCESSES ..................................................................................................... 29 1.6 SOLUTIONS AND TECHNIQUES .................................................................................................... 33 1.7 HOW CAN WE TELL IF A TRANSLATION IS GOOD ENOUGH? ................................................................ 36 1.8 THE TRANSLATOR .................................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................ 45 2.TRANSLATING FEMINISM ..................................................................................................... 45 2.2 WHAT IS FEMINISM? ................................................................................................................ 47 2.3 GENDER STEREOTYPES .............................................................................................................. 49 2.4 DO WOMEN SPEAK DIFFERENTLY? ............................................................................................... 51 2.5 SEXISM IN LANGUAGE ............................................................................................................... 54 2.6 GENDER AND TRANSLATION ....................................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 61 3. TRANSLATION PROPOSALS AND ANALYSIS ......................................................................... 61 3.1 TRANSLATION NO. 1: SENECA FALLS AND THE ORIGINS OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT .............................................................................................................................................. 61 3.2 TRANSLATION NO. 2: MEN EXPLAIN THINGS TO ME ........................................................................ 85 3.3. AN ANALYSIS OF EXTRACTS FROM THE FIRST TRANSLATION ............................................................ 108 ‘SENECA FALLS AND THE ORIGINS OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT’................................................... 108 3.3.1 Cultural references ................................................................................................... 108 3.3.2 Paraphrases .............................................................................................................. 111 3.3.3 Lexical equivalence ................................................................................................... 111 3.3.4 Fixed expressions ...................................................................................................... 113 3.4 AN ANALYSIS OF THE SECOND TRANSLATION ................................................................................ 115 3 MEN EXPLAIN THINGS TO ME - #YESALLWOMEN ............................................................................... 115 3.4.1 Metaphors ................................................................................................................ 115 3.4.2 Fixed expressions ...................................................................................................... 116 3.4.3 Apparent or real false friends ................................................................................... 119 3.4.4 Loan words ............................................................................................................... 119 3.4.5 Literal translation ..................................................................................................... 121 3.4.6 Cultural references ................................................................................................... 122 3.4.7 Paraphrases .............................................................................................................. 124 3.4.8 Idiomatic expressions ............................................................................................... 125 3.4.9 Approximation .......................................................................................................... 128 3.4.10 Legal terminology ................................................................................................... 130 3.4.11 Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... 130 3.4.12 Neologisms ............................................................................................................. 131 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................ 133 4 Summary In questa tesi ho deciso di mettere a confronto due mondi diversi per quanto riguarda il periodo storico in cui le vicende sono ambientate. Ho scelto appositamente queste due opere per confrontarle capire quali possono essere stati i cambiamenti avvenuti nell’arco di tempo che le separa. Il primo testo che ho tradotto e analizzato fa parte del libro “Seneca Falls and the Origins of Women’s Rights Movement”, “Seneca Falls e le Origini del Movimento per i Diritti delle Donne” di Sally McMillen, ex insegnante di storia all’Università di Davidson, nel North Carolina. L’autrice è specializzata nella storia statunitense e in particolare nel ruolo che le donne hanno ricoperto in essa. McMillen è infatti molto precisa nel descrivere tutto: i paesaggi degli anni 1840, i movimenti politici e religiosi e trascrive interi frammenti originali di dialoghi tra i personaggi principali dell’opera, riportando così in vita anche il linguaggio utilizzato in quel periodo storico. Nel frammento tradotto da me, le protagoniste, tra cui Elizabeth Cady Stanton, colei che ha steso e poi ha presentato pubblicamente la “Dichiarazione dei sentimenti”, intraprendono i primi passi concreti verso quella che sarà storicamente ricordata come la prima Convenzione in cui sono stati discussi i diritti delle donne. Tutto questo è accaduto nella cittadina di Seneca Falls, e da qui il titolo del libro e della Convenzione. Nel passaggio riportato in questa tesi si racconta come l’idea della Convenzione sia nata durante una cerimonia del the, da Lucretia Mott e Elizabeth, da sempre attiviste anche nell’abolizione della schiavitù. Elizabeth era ritenuta lo spirito movente di tutto, e infatti gran parte del merito del successo di questa Convenzione e delle conseguenze positive va a lei. Nel libro si racconta come la donna abbia attraversato un momento particolarmente difficile, mentre progettava la Convenzione e stendeva la Dichiarazione, poiché viveva perlopiù sola, essendo suo marito Harry spesso assente per lavoro, con una casa da mantenere e dei figli da accudire. La protagonista attraversa un periodo di esasperazione in cui si pensa abbia anche subìto un aborto spontaneo. Più tardi affermerà che quegli anni le sono stati utili per capire appieno la sofferenza che certe donne affrontano quotidianamente. Nel momento in cui si trova a dover sostenere il primo discorso 5 pubblico sui diritti delle donne, confessa che, per un attimo, avrebbe voluto abbandonare tutti i suoi princìpi e scappare. Nonostante questo, continua e la Convenzione si dimostra un successo, molto più di quanto previsto, ottenendo supporto anche da molti uomini. Un ruolo importante è svolto anche da Frederick Douglass, ex schiavo famoso per i suoi racconti sulla vita da schiavo e per il suo giornale, The North Star. Nel momento in cui Elizabeth si spingerà oltre nelle sue richieste, arrivando a pretendere anche il diritto di voto per le donne e la loro partecipazione attiva nella vita politica del Paese e nelle decisioni pubbliche, Douglass sarà l’unico a sostenerla. Egli affermerà che non avrebbe preteso il diritto di voto per sé stesso se non lo avessero avuto anche le donne. Considerando la fama che aveva raggiunto, questa sua presa di posizione avrebbe avuto un peso rilevante nello svolgimento degli avvenimenti successivi. Elizabeth, infatti,
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