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Marine Environmental Quality in the North Coast and Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada: a Review of Contaminant Sources, Types, and Risks

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Marine Environmental Quality in the North Coast and Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada: a Review of Contaminant Sources, Types, and Risks Marine Environmental Quality in the North Coast and Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada: A Review of Contaminant Sources, Types, and Risks D.I.Johannessen, K.A.Harris, J.S.Macdonald, and P.S.Ross Fisheries and Oceans Canada Institute of Ocean Sciences P.O. Box 6000 Sidney, B.C., Canada V8L 4B2 2007 Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2717 Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2717 2007 MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN THE NORTH COAST AND QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA: A REVIEW OF CONTAMINANT SOURCES, TYPES, AND RISKS by D.I. Johannessen, K.A. Harris, J.S. Macdonald, and P.S. Ross Fisheries and Oceans Canada Institute of Ocean Sciences P.O. Box 6000 Sidney, B.C. Canada V8L 4B2 © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2007 Cat. No. Fs 97-6/2717 ISSN 0706-6457 Correct citation for this publication: Johannessen, D.I., Harris, K.A., Macdonald, J.S., and Ross,P.S.. 2007. Marine environmental quality in the North Coast and Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada: A review of contaminant sources, types, and risks. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2717: xii + 87 p. ii Table of Contents 1 Introduction................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Purpose and Scope of the Report........................................................................ 1 2 Overview of the North Coast and Queen Charlotte Islands Environment.................. 2 2.1 Area and Population............................................................................................ 2 2.2 Physiography....................................................................................................... 4 2.3 Climate................................................................................................................ 5 2.4 Oceanography ..................................................................................................... 5 2.5 Biology and ecology ........................................................................................... 6 3 Vessel Traffic.............................................................................................................. 8 3.1 Chronic Oiling .................................................................................................. 10 3.2 BC Ferries ......................................................................................................... 11 3.3 Cruise Ships ...................................................................................................... 12 3.4 Whale Watching................................................................................................ 16 3.5 Synthesis ........................................................................................................... 16 4 Ports .......................................................................................................................... 16 4.1 Shipping ............................................................................................................ 16 4.2 Major Ports........................................................................................................ 17 4.2.1 Wood Preservatives and anti-sapstains..................................................... 17 4.2.2 Antifouling compounds ............................................................................ 17 4.2.3 Other Sources of Contamination............................................................... 18 4.2.4 Prince Rupert Port..................................................................................... 18 4.2.5 Kitimat Port............................................................................................... 19 4.2.6 Stewart ...................................................................................................... 20 4.3 Small Craft Harbours and Marinas ................................................................... 21 4.4 Synthesis ........................................................................................................... 22 5 Forestry ..................................................................................................................... 23 6 Pulp and Paper Mills................................................................................................. 24 7 Mining and Smelting ................................................................................................ 27 7.1 Mining and Smelting in the Alice Arm/Observatory Inlet area........................ 29 7.1.1 Anyox Slag Heap History and Literature.................................................. 30 7.1.2 Alice Arm – Amax/Kitsault mine tailings: history and literature............. 31 7.2 Submarine Tailings Disposal at Tasu Sound, Queen Charlotte Islands............ 35 7.3 Aluminum Smelting at Kitimat......................................................................... 36 7.4 Heavy Metals in the Environment .................................................................... 36 8 Aquaculture............................................................................................................... 37 8.1 Finfish Aquaculture .......................................................................................... 37 8.1.1 Organic wastes.......................................................................................... 38 8.1.2 Chemical Contamination .......................................................................... 40 8.1.3 Research Needs......................................................................................... 41 8.1.4 Synthesis ................................................................................................... 42 8.2 Shellfish Aquaculture........................................................................................ 43 8.2.1 Environmental Concerns........................................................................... 43 8.2.2 Research needs.......................................................................................... 44 iii 8.2.3 Synthesis ................................................................................................... 44 9 Coast Guard/Military Activities................................................................................ 44 10 Global Pollutants....................................................................................................... 46 11 Oil and Gas Development......................................................................................... 47 12 Ocean Dumping ........................................................................................................ 49 13 Other activities.......................................................................................................... 51 14 Conclusions............................................................................................................... 52 iv Table of Figures Figure 1.1 Location of the two sub-areas for which MEQ reports have been developed, and which together make up the PNCIMA....................................................... 2 Figure 2.1 Location and type of major settlements on the north coast and Queen Charlotte Islands. .............................................................................................. 3 Figure 2.2 Relative populations of settlements on the North Coast and Queen Charlotte Island as well as much of the rest of BC........................................................... 4 Figure 3.1 Map of marine vessel traffic density based on inter-grid (5 km by 5 km) movement on the BC coast in 2003 .................................................................. 9 Figure 3.2 BC ferry routes for the northern BC coast...................................................... 12 Figure 3.3 Cruise ship routes along the BC coast ............................................................ 13 Figure 4.1 Phase 1 of the new Fairview high volume container terminal........................ 19 Figure 4.2 Phase 2 of the new Fairview high volume container terminal........................ 19 Figure 4.3 Layout of the existing industrial port at Kitimat............................................. 20 Figure 4.4 Locations and names of small craft harbours on BC’s north coast................. 21 Figure 4.5 Locations of anchorages, boat launches, and marinas on BC’s north coast ... 22 Figure 5.1 Location and ownership of tree farm licences on the northern coast of BC... 23 Figure 6.1 Location of the two currently active pulp and paper mills on BC’s north coast ......................................................................................................................... 25 Figure 6.2 Change in dioxin and furan loadings in pulp mill effluents and concentrations in crab hepatopancreas and sediments near the outfall for 1990-2003........... 26 Figure 7.1 Location and type of active mines in and around the study area and locations of historically active mine sites....................................................................... 28 Figure 7.2 Location of mines and advanced exploration sites (both active and decommissioned) which are thought to present a risk of acid rock drainage and associated heavy metal leaching .............................................................. 29 Figure 7.3 Map of Observatory Inlet area showing the location of the Kitsault, Dolly Varden, and Anyox mine sites as well as sediment core and surface sediment sampling transects..........................................................................................
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