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Limiting Factors, Enhancement Potential, Critical Habitats, and Conservation Status for Bull Trout of the Williston Reservoir Wa

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Limiting Factors, Enhancement Potential, Critical Habitats, and Conservation Status for Bull Trout of the Williston Reservoir Wa Limiting Factors, Enhancement Potential, Critical Habitats, and Conservation Status for Bull Trout of the Williston Reservoir Watershed: Information Synthesis and Recommended Monitoring Framework John Hagen1 and Susanne Weber2 July, 2019 Prepared for: Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program – Peace Region 3333 - 22nd Avenue, Prince George, BC, V2N 1B4 Prepared with financial support of the Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program on behalf of its program partners BC Hydro, the Province of BC, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, First Nations and public stakeholders. ________________________________________________________________ 1 John Hagen and Associates, 330 Alward St., Prince George, BC, V2M 2E3; [email protected] 2 Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Adaptation, 2000 South Ospika Blvd., Prince George; V2N 4W5; [email protected]; [email protected] Suggested citation: Hagen, J., and S. Weber. 2019. Limiting Factors, Enhancement Potential, Critical Habitats, and Conservation Status for Bull Trout of the Williston Reservoir Watershed: Information Synthesis and Recommended Monitoring Framework. Report prepared for the Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program – Peace Region, Prince George, BC. ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Bull Trout (Salvelinus confluentus) is one of the most highly-valued fish species in the upper Peace Basin, and is also one of British Columbia’s most sensitive species. This study reviews the existing knowledge base for Bull Trout of the Williston Reservoir and Dinosaur Reservoir watersheds, assesses the status of populations of large-bodied, migratory Bull Trout that are of particularly high value and conservation concern, and recommends monitoring studies that will enable habitat-based conservation actions and improved status assessments in future. The purposes of this study are: 1) to evaluate the existing knowledge base relative to FWCP’s strategic objectives of maintaining or improving habitat productivity, the status of populations, and opportunities for sustainable use of fish, and building and maintaining relationships with stakeholders and aboriginal communities; and 2) to identify monitoring study needs to potential proponents wishing to develop Bull Trout project grant applications via the FWCP grant application process. The study thereby fulfils Objective 1c-1 of the Streams Action Plan (FWCP 2014): Action 1c-1: Review existing information (including provincial management plan), summarize status and trends of Bull Trout and its habitats, undertake actions that are within the FWCP scope and lead directly to the development of conservation and enhancement actions, and develop a cost-effective monitoring program to assess status and trends. This report has two main components, reflecting the dual purposes of the study as specified above. The first is a synthesis of available information from the Williston Reservoir watershed and the broader scientific literature, highlighting key information types necessary for FWCP to move forward on habitat conservation and enhancement projects. The final component of this report is comprised of the conclusions from the information synthesis along with recommendations for Bull Trout monitoring in the Williston Reservoir watershed, and can be read as a stand-alone document to gain a quicker perspective on information gaps and monitoring priorities. Small-bodied, stream resident and large-bodied, migratory life histories are both common for Bull Trout of the Williston Reservoir watershed. Populations of the large-bodied, migratory form of the Bull Trout are of highest value to people, at highest risk, and potentially impacted by the creation of Williston Reservoir, so these populations are the primary focus for this report. With respect to the biology of the Bull Trout in the Williston Reservoir watershed, the lack of knowledge about 1) population structure in the Williston Reservoir watershed and 2) changes in age, growth and life history over time are key data gaps. Because of conservation concern for Bull Trout across its range, studies of limiting factors have been ongoing since the 1990s. Elevated water temperatures in juvenile and adult habitats, land use-related habitat degradation, interrupted connectivity, the presence of non-native interspecific competitors in adult rearing environments, and angling exploitation appear to be the most important factors limiting the distribution and abundance of Bull Trout. The most important i information gaps with respect to limiting factors are probably the lack of knowledge about: 1) baseline water temperature conditions in critical habitats, 2) sustainable thresholds for land use activities, 3) the threat posed by increasing Lake Trout populations in Williston Reservoir, and 4) exploitation rates in subsistence fisheries. Enhancements that have been successfully applied to other species may not be suitable for application to Bull Trout in the Williston Reservoir and Dinosaur Reservoir watersheds, so enhancements should be treated as experiments with commensurate standards for monitoring. The most promising potential enhancements to Bull Trout habitat may be: 1) stream fertilization, 2) fish access improvement, 3) side channel development, and 4) riparian restoration. An experimental trial(s) is needed in the Williston Reservoir watershed to confirm potential benefits to Bull Trout from natal stream fertilization, while for other enhancement techniques the principal information shortfall is the lack of systematic surveys (or a review of prior assessments) to identify candidate locations. Information about conservation status and critical habitats is summarized in this report at the spatial scale of ‘core areas’ (putative metapopulations comprised of fish that are genetically similar and demographically linked). Conservation status was evaluated using the Core Area Conservation Status and Risk Assessment Methodology developed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, using indicators distribution, adult abundance, population trend, and threats. Low Risk core areas were the pristine Upper Finlay core area and the Finlay Reach core area which is home to major populations in the Davis and Ingenika watersheds. Potential Risk core areas were the Lower Finlay and Omineca core areas, which had relatively low habitat threats. The Parsnip, Parsnip Reach, and Peace Reach core areas all estimated to be At Risk, with the most important factor affecting the ranking being small adult population size. The Dinosaur core area was considered to be at High Risk of extirpation due to limited habitat availability and a small, declining population; the remnant population isolated between the Peace Canyon and W.A.C Bennett dams may not be self-supporting and may depend on entrainment through the W.A.C. Bennett Dam for future viability. A total of 91 stream segments across 6 core areas were delineated as critical habitats for spawning and/or juvenile Bull Trout, along with 34 information gaps limiting FWCP’s ability to assess conservation status and move forward with conservation and enhancement actions. Most data gaps were related to imprecise or missing information about critical habitats, and limited or missing population data (adult abundance, population trend). For core areas that have received prior surveys of critical habitats and abundance (Parsnip, Omineca, Peace Reach/Dinosaur, Finlay Reach), it is important to refine estimates of distribution of spawning and juvenile rearing, using redd count- and electrofishing-based survey methods, respectively, to enable habitat conservation and enhancement actions. For core areas that have not had reconnaissance spawning surveys (Parsnip Reach, Lower Finlay, Upper Finlay), it is important to identify key natal watersheds utilized by populations of large-bodied, migratory Bull Trout, their relative importance, and the locations of critical habitats. Movement studies (telemetry, otolith ii microchemistry) and a reconnaissance aerial redd count methodology developed by FLNRORD and FWCP are proven, albeit expensive, methods for acquiring this information. In the report’s final section, a monitoring framework is presented to enable potential proponents to fulfill actions 1c-2, 1c-3, and 1c-4 of the Streams Action Plan: Action 1c-2: Implement high priority habitat restoration options for Bull Trout. Action 1c-3: Undertake Bull Trout monitoring as per recommendations of the monitoring program and develop specific, prioritized recommendations for habitat- based actions which correspond to the monitoring results. Action 1c-4: Review Bull Trout monitoring results, refine and implement specific plans in response, as needed; Identify limiting factors to direct conservation and enhancement efforts. The monitoring framework is comprised of: 1) a list of key types of information facilitating conservation status assessments and habitat- based conservation actions, 2) a recommended sequence of monitoring actions, 3) a summary of potential monitoring techniques to address identified data gaps, 4) an update on recent monitoring developments in the watershed, and 5) a list of sources of key background information for proponents wishing to propose monitoring studies through FWCP’s grant application process including: 1) the Streams Action Plan, 2) the information synthesis presented in this report, 3) First Nations knowledge reports prepared for FWCP during spring 2019, and 4) yearly guidance from FWCP. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................
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