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Re-Uniting Climate Change and Sustainable Development Climate Change Policies in the Asia-Pacific: Re-uniting Climate Change and Sustainable Development IGES White Paper Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) 2108-11 Kamiyamaguchi, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0115, Japan Tel: +81-46-855-3720 Fax: +81-46-855-3709 E-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.iges.or.jp Climate Change Policies in the Asia-Pacific: Re-uniting Climate Change and Sustainable Development Copyright © 2008 Institute for Global Environmental Strategies. All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from IGES. ISBN: 978-4-88788-048-1 Although every effort is made to ensure objectivity and balance, the publication of research results or translation does not imply IGES endorsement or acquiescence with its conclusions or the endorsement of IGES financers. IGES maintains a position of neutrality at all times on issues concerning public policy. Hence conclusions that are reached in IGES publications should be understood to be those of the authors and not attributed to staff members, officers, directors, trustees, funders, or to IGES itself. Printed and bound by Sato Printing Co. Ltd. Printed in Japan Printed on recycled paper Climate Change Policies in the Asia-Pacific: Re-uniting Climate Change and Sustainable Development IGES White Paper Table of Contents Foreword ....................................................................................................................................... i List of Authors ............................................................................................................................ iii List of Tables, Figures, and Boxes ........................................................................................... ix Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................................................. xiii Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. xix Part I Chapter 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2 Aligning Actions on Climate and Development: Asia at the Crossroads .......... 7 Summary ................................................................................................................................ 7 1. Setting the context ............................................................................................................. 8 2. The good news: cost-effective climate actions ................................................................ 16 3. The bad news: climate policy challenges ........................................................................ 21 4. Four priorities towards a low-carbon, climate-resilient Asia ............................................ 27 5. Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 63 Part II Chapter 3 Mitigation and Adaptation – Sectors and Actors ................................................ 73 Chapter 4 Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries: Risks and Opportunities for Rural Communities in the Asia-Pacific Region ............................................................................................... 79 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 79 2. REDD logic ...................................................................................................................... 81 3. Understanding deforestation: Governance, tenure and livelihoods ................................. 82 4. Treatment of forests under the UNFCCC ........................................................................ 88 5. Capacity for, and benefits of, community participation in REDD ..................................... 93 6. Employing multi-stakeholder processes and independent standards ............................. 96 7. Conclusions and recommendations ................................................................................ 99 Chapter 5 Prospects and Challenges of Biofuels in Asia: Policy Implications .............. 105 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 105 2. Biofuel’s potential: Promise or peril? ............................................................................. 106 3. Biofuel production and consumption trends in selected Asian countries ....................... 114 4. Biofuel-related policies in selected Asian countries ........................................................ 117 5. Conclusions and recommendations .............................................................................. 124 Chapter 6 Urban Organic Waste – From Hazard to Resource .......................................... 133 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 133 2. Greenhouse gas emissions from waste treatment ........................................................ 134 3. Organic waste treatment ................................................................................................ 136 4. Composting of municipal solid waste ............................................................................ 141 5. Conclusions and recommendations .............................................................................. 154 Chapter 7 Groundwater and Climate Change: No Longer the Hidden Resource ........... 159 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 159 2. Groundwater demand and socio-economic development ............................................. 160 3. Potential impacts of climate change on groundwater resources ................................... 165 4. Adaptation measures and strategies ............................................................................. 170 5. Knowledge gaps and future research needs ................................................................. 179 6. Conclusions and recommendations .............................................................................. 180 Chapter 8 Institutional Changes in Asia in Response to Climate Change ...................... 185 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 185 2. Analytical framework ...................................................................................................... 187 3. Country case studies ..................................................................................................... 189 4. Comparative study ......................................................................................................... 206 5. Conclusions and recommendations .............................................................................. 213 Chapter 9 Responsible Business – Energy Efficiency Solutions .................................... 221 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 221 2. Decoupling energy use and industrial growth ................................................................ 222 3. Barriers to energy efficiency improvement .................................................................... 225 4. Asian initiatives towards improved energy efficiency ..................................................... 231 5. Conclusions and recommendations .............................................................................. 239 Part III Chapter 10 Conclusions and Recommendations .............................................................. 245 Foreword The Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) White Paper series has been designed to extract broad findings from research conducted by IGES and its partner research institutes to bring critical environmental policy issues to the attention of the region’s policy makers. Since climate change will be the top agenda item for the region in 2008, the second issue of the White Paper focuses on climate change. The Bali Action Plan was adopted at the thirteenth session of the Conference of the Parties (COP13), which was held in Bali, Indonesia in December 2007. The Action Plan provides a roadmap to the post-2012 climate regime to be agreed upon by the end of 2009. This year is the start of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, and there are important processes already underway to help bring about an agreement on the future regime as stipulated by the Action Plan. The G8 Summit to be held in Toyako, Japan in July 2008, in particular, will look at climate change as the most important agenda item. Since Asia is increasingly emerging as a significant source of greenhouse gases (GHG), and the Asia-Pacific region is among the most vulnerable to impacts from climate change, meaningful involvement of countries in the region in these processes is considered essential. The White Paper consists of three main parts. Part I contains detailed discussions on climate
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