6 X 10.5 Three Line Title.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-77316-4 - Food Webs and Container Habitats: The Natural History and Ecology of Phytotelmata R. L. Kitching Index More information

Index

This index gives access to all proper names and key concepts in the text. Where multiple information is available within Tables then the whole Table is indexed rather than its separate contents. A few near ubiquitous references (such as ‘tree hole’ and ‘Australia’) are omitted and should be accessed via the Contents page.

Ablabesmyia spp., 340 algae, 78, 89, 303, 315, 322 Abryna regispetri, 32 Algophagidae, 49, 373 Acanthophila hypocausta, 359 Algophagus pennsylvanicus, 49, 373 Acari, 24, 25, 46, 49, 53, 92, 147, 150, 160, alligator, 253 163, 183, 269, 371–376 Alnus glutinus, 29 Acaridae, 49, 373 Alocasia macrorrhizos, 360 Acer campestre, 29 Alocasia spp., 193, 250 Acer platanoides, 29 altitude, 124, 127, 168, 184–187, 206, 256, 282 Acer pseudoplatanus, 144 amber, Dominican, 320 Acer spp., 258 America, Central, 331 acidity (pH), 56, 73, 77, 78, 80, 202, 208, America, South, 121, 143, 283, 341, 382 221, 245, 246 amphibians, 291 Acmena ingens, 145 Amphinemis spp., 319 Acontiinae, 370 Anasitsiellidae, 51, 92 Acrolophidae, 369–370 Anatopynnia pennipes, 51, 147, 183, 199, Acrolophus vigia, 370 268–274, 285 Adineta vaga, 303 Anatopynnia spp., 337, 340 Aechmea bracteata, 370 Angelica spp., 305 Aechmea disticantha, 83 Angelica sylvestris, 3, 4, 35, 45, 303 Aechmea mexicana, 370 animalicules, wheel, 303–304 Aechmea paniculigera, 88 Anisitsiellidae, 92, 376 Aechmea spp., 18, 68, 78, 267, 320 Anisopodidae, 346, 348 Aedes spp., 45, 188, 277 Anisoptera, 54, 102, 183, 199, 202, 203, Aedes aegypti, 64, 266, 326 315–320 Aedes albopictus, 46, 261–264, 266, 331 Anisopus fenestralis, 346 Aedes geniculatus, 263, 331 Anisopus picturatus, 348 Aedes hendersoni, 30, 258–264 Annelida, 91, 306, 308–309 Aedes polynesiensis, 29 Anoetidae, 206, 372 Aedes riversi, 331 Anopheles barberi, 52, 258–261, 264, 265, 327 Aedes sierrensis, 235, 331 Anopheles bellator, 59 Aedes simpsoni, 64 Anopheles homunculus, 59 Aedes triseriatus, 30, 45, 47, 73, 216, Anopheles plumbeus, 263, 331 258–266, 273, 330–333 Anopheles spp., 45, 327 Aedinae, 45, 188, 327 Anophelinae, 45, 327 Aesculus hippocastaneum, 29, 348 Antherigona excisa, 359 Aeshnidae, 54, 320, 318 Anthomyiidae, 359 Africa, East, 340 ants, see Formicidae Africa, West, 143, 283, 324 Anura, 24, 43, 50, 53, 55, 134, 141, 147, Africa, Southern, 377 276, 279, 285, 289, 291, 301, 315, alderﬂies, 143, see Megaloptera 318, 376–384

419

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420 Index

aphids, 354 Bellenden Ker National Park, 9, 177, 315 Aphrophora sp., 55, 322 Betula pendula, 29 Aphrophoridae, 322 Billbergia, 18 Araceae, 360 biogeographic sets, 121 Arachnida, 371–376 biogeography, island, 287–288 Araneae, 55, 221 Bipalium penzigi, 302 Araucaria cunninghamii, 145 Blaesoxipha spp., 363 Archaeoclus spp., 337 blow flies, see Calliphoridae Arecales, 360 Bogor Botanical Gardens, 18, 122 Arecidae, 35 Boiga irregularis, 376 Argentina, 304 booyong, black, 139, 140 Argyrodendron actinophyllum, 145 Borboridae, 358 Arkansas, 141 Borneo, 133, 138, 143, 164, 169, 203, 278, armadillo, 253 283, 288, 291, 318, 362, 364, 370, Armigeres spp., 229 382 Arrhenuridae, 53, 373 Botanobia darlingtoniae, 360 Arrhenurus kitchingi, 147 Botswana, 377 Arrhenurus spp., 150, 373 Brachycera, 351 Arthropoda, 307–376 Bradshaw, William, 8, 9, 253 Ascidae, 376 Bradysia macfarlanei, 349 aspect, 124 Bradysia spp., 349, 350 assembly, community, 232, 236–241, 298 Brazil, 319, 321, 323, 325, 350, 353, 368 Astelia solandri, 324 bristle-bird, 137 Astelia spp., 49, 319 Bromeliaceae, 3, 17, 35, 58, 59, 68, 78, 83, Astigmata, 372, 373 86, 88, 89, 109, 122, 217, 219, 233, Aulacigastridae, 360 267, 278, 298, 302–304, 306, 307, Australia, North, 169, 278 318, 319, 320, 321, 323–325, 330, Australia, Southern, 351 331, 340, 346, 348–350, 353, 358, Australia, Western, 358 360, 361, 364, 365, 368, 370, 373, axil waters, 35, 56, 64, 65, 66, 79, 91, 98, 376, 377, 382 104, 193, 244–251, 267, 276, 279, community studies, 20 286, 289, 297, 303, 306, 307, 319, bromeliad food web, Jamaica, 101, 102 324, 331, 341, 346, 358, 360, 364, bromeliads 376, 377, 382, 383 nutrient concentrations, 79, 83 community studies, 40 oxygen regime, 88 plant records, 36 temperature regime, 88 axils, water levels of, 76 Bromelioglyphus monteverdensis, 373 Bromelioideae, 18 bacteria, 79 Brunei, 1, 4, 8, 66, 169, 203, 207, 219–231, Badisis ambulans, 48, 358 320, 370 Baiteta, 93, 94 Bufonidae, 382 Bali, 303 bullfinch, 139 bamboo bunting, indigo, 253 food web, New Guinea, 104 butterflies, 195, 228, 254, 291 internodes, 15, 32, 51, 56, 58, 78, 100, 101, 104, 107, 108, 208, 233, 267, cacao, 59 277, 290, 298, 303, 306, 307, cadavers, 56 318–320, 321, 322, 330, 341, 346, caddisflies, see Trichoptera 349, 350, 351, 353, 359, 361, 383 Cadle, John, 377 community studies, 34 Calamoceratidae, 368 bananas, see Musa spp. Calamus spp., 144 basidiocarps, 17, 42 Caldcluvia paniculata, 145 Bdelloidea, 303 California, 235 Beaver, Roger, 9, 24, 203, 233 Callidena tridens, 303 Beccari, Oduardo, 1, 2 Callidina symbiotica, 303 Beebiomyia sp., 55, 355 Calliphoridae, 49, 163, 228, 362 beech, see Fagus spp. Callosciurus notatus, 38

Index 421

Camacinia harteri, 320 Christensen Institute, Madang, 7, 91, 245 Camacinia spp., 320 Chrysomelidae, 364 Camponotus schmitzi, 54, 163, 199, 221, Cladocera, 307 228, 371 Clarke, Charles, 2, 6, 8, 9, 24, 56, 203, 219, Camponotus spp., 291 220, 371 cannibalism, 248, 273, 318, 363, 377 Clarke, Sally, 25 Cape Tribulation, 176, 177, 181, 188–190, climate change, 115, 127, 283–284 193, 197 climate, synoptic, 123, 124, 275, 279–281 Cape York, 143, 163, 176, 244, 363 Clinodiplosis spp., 349 Captopteromyia fractipennis, 351 coastlines, distance to, 127 Carabidae, 54, 364–365 cobra-plant, 25 Carboniferous Period, 277 coconuts, 8, 38, 39 Cardwellia sublimis, 198 Coenagrionidae, 319 Carpinus betulus, 29 Coenosia spp., 361 carrabeen, red, 139 Coenosiinae, 361 carrion, 244, 346, 372 Cohen, Joel, 116 Cartopsis sessilﬂora, 59 Coix lacrymajobi, 360 Caryas glabra, 144 Coleoptera, 307, 364–368 cascade model, 117, 118 Collembola, 98 cassowary, 137 Colocasia antiquorum, 324 Casuarina cunninghamiana, 350 Colocasia esculentum, 64 cat, native, 139 Colocasia indica, 306, 356 cations, 79, 82 Colocasia spp., 49, 51, 52, 64, 65, 354 Cebrella matanga, 228 Colpodes sp., 54, 364–365 Cecidomyidae, 51, 54, 160, 163, 229, 230, Colurella gastracantha, 303 348 Commelina obliqua, 359 Cecopoidea, 321 Commelinidae, 35 Cephaloleia spp., 364 community Cephalotaceae, 25 ‘climax’, 257 Cephalotus follicularis, 4, 25, 48, 358 non-equilibrium, 257 Cerambycidae, 32 community structuring Ceratopogonidae, 25, 38, 48, 146, 147, 150, bottom-up, 251, 274 160, 163, 196, 225, 235, 245, 248, top-down, 251, 274 249, 267, 276, 323, 340–345, 349, competition, 115, 118, 130, 189, 196, 251, 350 254, 255–264, 284, 294, 295 Cercopidae, 55, 322 ghost of past, 256–264 Cereus spp., 355 complexity, 126 Ch’en Ts’ang-ch’I, 3 composition, taxonomic, 295 Chaetonotidae, 304 Compterosmittia spp., 47 Chaetonotus similis, 304 Conandale Ranges, 9, 177, 181 Chaetonotus spp., 304 conductivity, 77, 78, 80, 208, 245, 246 Chalybosoma casuarinae, 350 Congo, 377 chance encounter, 115, 119, 130, 131, 134 conifers, 330 Chaoboridae, 51, 163, 265, 324–327 connectance, 107, 111, 112, 155, 164, 168, Chaoborus punctipennis, 12 169, 183, 187, 188, 193–194, 212, chaos, 118 214, 241, 248, 298 Chauliodes pectinicornis, 323 Conover, Adele, 32 Cheiroseius spp., 376 continental drift, 119, 121, 275–277 China, 330 Copeland, Robert, 258 Chironomidae, 47, 51, 95, 121, 146, 147, Copepoda, 25, 45, 52, 146, 147, 250, 307 150, 163, 183, 192, 195, 196, 199, Copestylum rovaina, 354 225, 235, 269, 276, 277, 285, 323, Copestylum spp., 355 331, 337–340 Cordyline spp., 35 evolution of, 337 Corethrella appendiculata, 12, 146, 265, 325 Chironomus spp., 47 Corethrella calathicola, 325 Chloropidae, 360–361 Corethrella spp., 226, 229 Chordata, 376–384 Corethrellinae, 325

422 Index

Corynoptera spp., 349 Decapoda, 307 Costa Rica, 302, 303, 318, 321–325, 348, decomposition rates, 188, 280 351, 358, 361 deer, fallow, 139 cottonwood, 350 demes, structured, 196–197 Craig, George, 258 Dendrobates spp., 55, 377 crane-flies, see Tipulidae Dendrobatidae, 276, 382 Crataegus monogyna, 144 dendrolimnetobionts, 43 Cretaceous period, 92 dendrolimnetophils, 43 Creutzaeria seychellensis, 159 dendrolimnetoxenes, 43 Creutzeria spp., 159, 372 Desmorhynchus nematopsis, 302 cricket, water, see Veliidae Desmorhynchus ochroleucus, 302 Crinum, 35 detritivores Crustacea, 307, 310–314 fine particle feeders, 46 Cryptocara erthroxylon, 145 macrosaprophages, 49 Cryptochironomus spp., 337 detritus, dynamics of, 69 Ctenacroscelis spp., 324 Diaptomus bisetosus, 307 Ctenophora pectinicornis, 324 diatom, 307 Culex (Lutzia) spp., 52 Diceratobasis macrogaster, 319 Culex restuans, 265 Diceratobasis worki, 319 Culex spp., 47, 277 Dieffenbackia, 35 Culex torrentium, 263 Diglena mustela, 303 Culicidae, 24, 38, 39, 45, 47, 79, 91, 109, dingo, 139 122, 123, 141, 146, 147, 150, 159, Dipsacus spp., 289, 305, 160, 163, 183, 192, 207, 216, 229, Dipsacus sylvestris, 3, 4, 35, 45, 303 245, 248, 249, 253, 258–267, 277, Diptera, 323–364 284, 302, 304, 307, 318, 323–336, Dipterocarpaceae, 291 350, 362 discovery, stochastic, 290, 295 evolution and containers, 330 dispersal, 196, 197 Culicinae, 327 disturbance, 294 Culicini, 47, 327 diversity, alpha, 111 Culicoidea, 324 diversity, beta, 112 Culicoides annulatus, 341 Dixidae, 326 Culicoides spp., 48, 191, 277, 341 Dohrniphora spp., 48 Culicoides sumatrae, 245, 248, 249 Dohrniphora spp., 353 Curcuma australasica, 8, 16, 35, 51, 55, Dolichopodidae, 351 104, 107, 233, 241–251, 286, Dorrigo National Park, 7, 74, 181 288–289, 314, 354, 361 Dracaena spp., 35, 64, 65 aquatic fauna, 246 dragon, forest, 139, 291 Curcuma food web, New Guinea, 105 dragonflies, see Anisoptera Curcuma spp., 49 Drosophila melanogaster, 359 cycads, 330 Drosophilidae, 358–359 Cyclopoidea, 307 Dugesia spp., 302 Cyphon spp., 368 Dumoga-Bone National Park, 7, 30, 144, Cyphonidae, 365 147, 254 Cypselosoma flavinotata, 358 dung, 346, 349, 358, 365 Czechoslovakia, 141 dynamic constraints hypothesis, 215, 279–218 Daintree Region, Queensland, 8, 91, 137, 197 Dysoxylon micranthum, 198 damselflies, see Zygoptera Dysoxylon mollissimum, 197 Daphnia spp., 307 Dysoxylon oppositifolium, 197 Darlingtonia californica, 24, 358 Dytiscidae, 53, 183, 188, 199, 202, 356 Darlingtonia spp., 47, 340, 353 Darwin, Charles, 2, 14 Ectaetia platscelis, 348 Dascillidae, 365 eggs, trophic, 377 Dasyhelea dufouri, 235–237 electrolytes, 78 Dasyhelea spp., 25, 48, 163, 225, 229, 245, Elodes spp., 368 248, 249, 277, 341 Elodidiae, 365

Index 423

Elton, Charles, 62 Florida, 66, 69, 71, 141, 144, 216, 253, 264, encephalitis, eastern equine, 331 281, 325, 361 Encyrtidae, 160, 207 flower flies, see Anthomyiidae Endiandra monothyra, 198 food web(s) Endonepenthia spp., 160, 207, 353 construction, 93 energetics, 118, 124, 215, 273, 280–281 graphed versions, 98, 99 England, Southern, 196, 263, 292 stability, 117 Epacridaceae, 47, 91, 331, 370, 376 statistics, 105, 106 Ephemeroptera, 315, 318, 322 intercorrelations, 150–154 epiphytes, 176 theory, 115 Epiplatea hondurana, 355 variation, 99 Eratmopodites spp., 42, 52, 327, 331 with relative abundance, 100, 101 eristalines, 46, 49, 107, 146, 147 food-chain length, average, 110, 123, 151, Eristalini, 245, 248–250, 277, 354 157, 168, 183, 187, 192, 215, 279, Eristalis sp., 78 282, 295 Eristalis bastardi, 354 Forcipomyia spp., 48 Eryngium spp., 319 forest Erythrodiplax spp., 320 complex mesophyll vine, 181 Ethiopian region, 276 complex notophyll vine, 181 Eublemma radda, 370 lowland, 197, 198, 199, 201, 286 Eublemma spp., 55, 228, 230, 370 maritime, 197, 199, 201, 286 Eucalyptus, 176 microphyll fern, 181 Eucorethrella underwoodi, 325 riparian, 197–199, 201, 286 Eumerus spp., 354 Formicidae, 54, 163, 221, 228 Eungella National Park, 9, 177, 183, fox, 139 189–190, 302 France, 263, 348 Eurybatinae, 358 Frank, Howard, 6, 9 evenness, 111 Fraxinus excelsior, 29, 144 experimentation, 13, 119 Frenesia difficilis, 368 extinction, local, 130, 192, 265, 298 Freycinetia spp., 8, 193, 319 Exyra spp., 370 frogs, see Anura fruits, fallen, 319 facilitation, 132, 133, 251, 288 Fungi, 291, 304, 346, 371 Fagus grandifolia, 258 Fagus sylvaticus, 3, 29, 30, 62, 69, 83, 84, Gallopin, Gilberto, 116 139, 140, 144 Gannet Pond, 253 fallen fruits, as habitats, 38, 42 Gastropoda, 150, 376 Fangorn, 137 Gastrotricha, 102, 303, 304 Fashing, Norman, 372 gecko, leaf-tailed, 139 feeding links Geocentrophora applanata, 302 identification of, 95, 97 Geocentrophora metameroides, 302 number, 107, 117, 151, 155, 156, 164, Geoplana picadoi, 302 183, 187, 199, 239, 241, 279, 298 Geoplanidae, 302 Feltiella spp., 349 Geossois benthamina, 145 fer-de-lance, 18, 376 Germany, 141, 303, 304 ferns, 330 Gerridae, 52, 321 Ficalbia pollucibilis, 159 Gilbert, Francis, 353 Ficus watkinsiana, 145 ginkoes, 330 fig, strangler, 139 glaciation, 115, 127 finch, purple, 253 Gnathomyia rufa, 324 Finlaya spp., 45, 277 Gnathomyia spp., 324 fish, 307, 315 Gondwana, 92, 121, 137, 139, 276, 376 Fish, Durland, 6 Gracillariidae, 370 flatworm, 91 graph theory, 98 flesh flies, see Sarcophagidae Graphomya maculata, 146, 361 Fletcherimyia fletcheri, 363 Graphomya spp., 16, 51, 52, 245, 248–250, Fletcherimyia spp., 50 361

424 Index

Great Dividing Range, 282 Hydracarina, 147 Great Lakes Region, 258, 264, 266 hydrogen sulphide, 56 guilds, 43, 241, 243 Hydrometra spp., 321 Guyana, 365 Hydrometridae, 52, 321 Guzmania spp., 18, 59 Hydrophilidae, 183, 365 Gynacantha spp., 320 Hylidae, 382 Gyraulus convexiosculus, 376 Hylinae, 382 Hymenoptera, 55, 353, 364, 370–371 habitat availability, 251 Hyperoliidae, 276 habitat segregation, 128, 284–285, 297 Helius spp., 324 in mosquitoes, 258–261 Homoneura spp., 355 Habrotrocha thienemanni, 303 Habrotrocha tripus, 303 Ilex opaca, 144 Hadrothemis spp., 320 Illinois, 324 Harmsen, Rudolf, 15 Indo-China, 143 Harpacticoidea, 307 Indaeshna grubaueri, 203, 318, 320 Hawaii, 288, 319 India, 143 Heliamphora heterodoxa, 25 Indiana, 258 Heliamphora ionasii, 25 Indonesia, 143, 302, 358, 361 Heliamphora minor, 25 inhibition, 132, 133 Heliamphora nutans, 25 Insecta, 307–371 Heliamphora spp., 4, 25, 47, 340, 341, 363 interaction strength, 13, 97, 99, 102 Heliamphora tatei, 25 Intsia bijuga, 145 Heliconia bihae, 351, 354, 355 invasion, 115, 130, 134, 197, 216, 232, Heliconia caribaea, 39, 351, 355 236–241, 265 Heliconia imbricata, 351, 355 Iridomyrmex conifer, 358 Heliconia latispatha, 355 Iriomote, 330 Heliconia spp., 35, 55, 250, 267, 322, 358, island biogeography, 129, 130 364 Isoptera, 353 Heliconia wagenriana, 351, 355 Helodidae, 365 Jamaica, 18, 88, 89, 302, 319, 320, 321, 364, Hemiphractinae, 382 373 Hemiptera, 52, 199, 321–322 Japan, 78, 331 herbivores, 54 Java, 161, 163, 354, 355 Hirudinea, 306 Jebb, Matthew, 233 Hispinae, 364 Jenkins, Bertram, 6, 7, 8, 236, 279 Histiostigmatidae, 46, 159, 163, 372 Juniper, Peter, 9 Hohenbergia spp., 18, 68 Jurassic Period, 337 Holarctic region, 319 Holoplagia richardi, 348 kangaroo, grey, 137 Holzapfel, Christine, 253 katydid, 32 Homoptera, 354 Kenya, 64, 65, 76, 318, 319 Homosianoetus mallotae, 372, 373 kerangas, 203, 220 hoop pine, 176 Kerteszia spp., 327 Horaiellinae, 346 keystone predator, 128 hornbill, 254 Kinabalu, 159, 168, 283 bushy crested, 291 kingfisher, paradise, 137 helmeted, 291 Kitching, Beverley, 9 rhinoceros, 291 Kovac, Damir, 32 horse flies, see Tabanidae Kuala Belalong Field Studies Centre, 291 horse-chestnut, 348 Kurihara, Takeshi, 9 host plant biogeography, 275, 277–278 Lagernaria siceraria, 39 role of, 219–231 Lake Mooat, 163 hover flies, see Syrphidae Lamington National Park, 6, 71, 145, 147, hyacinth, water, 253 157, 177, 181, 189–190, 193, Hyadesiidae, 373 208–217, 234, 238, 240, 269, 280

Index 425

Landophia sp., 42 Madang, 15, 93, 94, 145, 245 latitude, 123, 126, 150, 154–157, 164, 165, maggot, rat-tailed, 354 184–188, 191, 192, 252, 279–281, Magnilia grandiflora, 144 282, 298 Maine, 320 Lauxaniidae, 355 Malacca, 349 law malaria, ‘bromeliad’, 58 Boyle’s, 118 Malawi, 377 link-scaling, 118 Malaysia, 143, 159, 164, 203, 206, 20, 221, link-species scaling, 118 228, 229, 241–244, 245, 267, 276, species-scaling, 118 278, 320–322, 326, 349, 259, 260, Lawton, John, 116, 279 285, 362, 363, 370 leaf litter, composition of, 73 Mantella spp., 383 leaf pools, 42 Mantellidae, 121, 276, 279, 377, 382 leatherjacket, 323 Mantidactylus spp., 383 Lechriodus fletcheri, 53, 147, 209, 211 marsh beetles, see Scirtidae Lentinus sajor-caju, 42 Mastixiodendron pachyclados, 145 Lepadella patella, 303 Maxillopoda, 307 Lepidoptera, 55, 368–370 May, Robert, 116 Leptagrion spp., 319 Mayer, Karel, 83 Leptocera bromelairum, 358 Mecistogaster spp., 141, 318 Leptocera spp., 358 Megalagrion spp., 319 Leptodactylidae, 276, 382 Megaloprepus spp., 318 Leptophlebiidae, 315 Megaloptera, 318, 322 Lestodiplosis spp., 163, 229, 230, 349 Megapodagrionidae, 319 Lestodiplosis syringopais, 349 Megaselia scalaris, 353 Leucotabanus ambiguus, 350 Megaselia spp., 48, 159, 160, 229, 353 lianes, 176 Melicope octandra, 145 Libellulidae, 54, 199, 318, 320 Mercurialis perennis, 144 lichen, 369 Merosargus spp., 351 Liliidae, 35 Mesocyclops leuckarti, 307 Limnephilidae, 368 Mesostigmata, 372, 376 Limnia stantoni, 324 metahabitat, 122, 159, 277–278 Limnophora spp., 359 metapopulation, 129, 130, 196–197, 216, Limoniinae, 324 285–287, 298 Lipnotes spp., 324 Metopidia lepadella, 303 Liquidamber styraciflua, 144 Metopidia spp., 303 Litse bindoneana, 198 Metopininae, 353 litterfall, 69, 71 Metriocnemus cavicola, 196, 235, 236, 340 lizard, flying, 291 Metriocnemus knabi, 25, 337 Lobelia, 91 Metriocnemus martinii, 196, 340 log-hole, 29, 64 Metriocnemus spp., 25, 47, 121, 195, 277, Lophostemon conferta, 29, 30, 145 340 Lounibos, Phillip, 6, 9 Mexico, 321, 324, 358 Lycaenidae, 228 Michigan, 77 Lycastopsis catarractarum, 50, 98, 150, 306 micro-crustaceans, 25, 216 lyrebird, superb, 137 micro-organisms, 133, 141, 208 Lyriothemis cleis, 147, 318 Microdontinae, 353–354 Lyrothemis spp., 320 Microhylidae, 382, 383 Micronesia, 363 Machado-Alison, C. E., 9 Micropezidae, 25, 48, 358 Macrobiotus tetradactlus, 305 Microporus xanthopus, 42 Macrotrachela ehrenbergi, 303 microsere, 28 Macrotrachela quadricornifera, 303 Microvelia spp., 321 macrovariables, 188 midges, 24, 95, 100, 192, 210, 229, 269, 331 Madagascar, 121, 159, 169, 276, 278, 279, Milesiinae, 353–354 287, 359, 360, 361, 377, 382, 383, Milnesium tardigradum, 305 359 Minahasa, 288

426 Index

Misemenops spp., 102 Nepenthes gracilis, 2, 23, 163, 220–231, mistletoe, 139 349 Misumenops nepenthicola, 158, 221 Nepenthes gymnamphora , 160, 161, 163 Misumenops spp., 205 food web, 160 Mitchell, Heather, 9 Nepenthes madagascariensis, 14, 24, 361 mites, see Acari food web, 160 moccasin, water, 253 Nepenthes maxima, 7, 158, 160, 163, 220, Mogi, Motoyoshi, 9 363 Mollusca, 376 food web, 160 Mongoma spp., 324 Nepenthes melamphora, 304 Monopelopia spp., 340 Nepenthes mirabilis, 2, 23, 158, 160, 163, Monostyla aecuata, 303 220–231, 349, 363, 364, 370 Monostyla spp., 303 food web, 160 Mooat, Lake, 7 Nepenthes pervillei, 159, 287 Moore, Marian, 12 food web, 160 Moraria arboricola, 146 Nepenthes rafﬂesiana, 2, 23, 56, 220–231 mosquitoes, see Culicidae Nepenthes sanguinea, 363 moth ﬂies, see Psychodidae Nepenthes spp., 4, 8, 45, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, Mt Field National Park, 145, 146, 176 55, 58, 66, 141, 157–174, 194, 195, Musa spp., 35, 46, 49, 50, 64, 65, 66, 67, 76, 207, 217, 219–231, 277–279, 287, 77, 302, 305, 306, 324, 358, 359, 360 304, 320, 325, 330, 340, 349, 353, Musaceae, 250 362, 376 Muscidae, 51, 146, 245, 248, 249, 361–362 role of pitcher size, 227–229 mutualism, 130 Nepenthes tobaica, 158, 161, 163, 370 Mycetobia spp., 348 food web, 161 Mycetophilidae, 221, 349 Nepenthes Myobatrachidae, 276, 382 distance to distribution centre, 164, 165, 168, 173, 174 Naiadacarinae, 373 food web statistics, 162 Naiadacarus spp., 373 number of co-occurring species, 164, 165, Namanereidinae, 50, 98, 306 168, 172, 174 Nearctic Region, 330, 348 webs Brunei lowlands, 224–226 Nematocera, 323, 346, 349 nepenthexenes, 44 Nematoda, 46, 102, 304–305, 341, 371 Nepenthomyia malayana, 50, 362 Neodexiopsis spp., 361 Nepenthophilus tigrinus, 159, 369 Neotropical Region, 143, 276, 319, 355, 369, Nepenthosyrphus spp., 163, 229, 230, 355 389 Neurochaeta inversa, 359, 360 Nepenthaceae, 21 Neurochaetidae, 48, 121, 276, 359–360 nepenthebionts, 44 New Brunswick, 87, 88 nepenthephils, 44 New England National Park, 7, 74, 181, 183 Nepenthes alata, 283 New Guinea, 66, 91, 93, 94, 97, 104, 107, Nepenthes albomarginata, 22, 102, 103, 158, 108, 138, 143, 145, 147, 150, 233, 159, 163, 175, 203–208, 220–231, 244–251, 253, 276, 278, 283, 286, 349, 363 288, 306, 324, 337, 359, 360, 361, food web, 102, 103 376, 377 regional webs, 203–208 New Jersey, 322 web statistics, 206 New South Wales, 115, 139 Nepenthes ampullaria, 2, 22, 220–231, New York, 86, 216 233, 245, 267, 285, 325, 349, 351, New Zealand, 324 362 niche, ecological, 118 web invasion, 242 Nigeria, 330 Nepenthes bicalcarata, 2, 21, 23, 54, 169, nitrogen, 79 199, 220–231, 325, 362, 370, 371 Noctuidae, 228, 230, 370 food web, 161 Nothofagus cunninghamii, 146, 181 Nepenthes distillatoria, 159, 369 Nothofagus moorei, 181 food web, 160 Nothofagus sp., 75, 137 Nepenthes faunas, Brunei lowlands, 222 nutrient dynamics, 79, 118

Index 427

Nymphuliane, 369 Periscelidae, 53, 360 Nyssa sylvatica, 144 Perla spp., 321 Peru, 321, 324, 349, 351 O’Connor, Barry, 372 Phaonia exoleta, 146, 362 O’Reillys’ Lodge, 139 Phaonia mirabilis, 362 oak, 73 Phaonia nepenthicola, 361 Oceanic region, 319 Phaoniinae, 361 Odonata, 12, 24, 43, 52, 53, 55, 100, 102, Philippines, 250, 382 147, 150, 188, 192, 202, 285, 286, Philodina roseola, 303 291, 307, 315–120 Philodina spp., 303 Oligochaeta, 49, 51, 102, 146, 202, 304, Philodinidae, 303 305–309, 315, 337, 341 Phlebotominae, 346 omnivores, 117 Phoridae, 48, 51, 150, 159, 160, 163, 204, Ontario, 15, 322 229, 349, 352–353, ontology, food-web, 11, 97 Phorinae, 353 orchid, 139 Phyllocnistis nepenthae, 161, 370 Oriental Region, 276, 319, 382 Phylloicus bromeliarum, 368 Orites excelsa, 145 Phyllomedusinae, 382 Orthocladiinae, 47, 121,331, 337–340 phytotelmata Orthopodomyia alba, 258–261 deﬁned, 3 Orthopodomyia californica, 331 physical characteristics, 67 Orthopodomyia signifera, 258–261, 265 types, 17 Orthopodomyia spp., 47 Picea abies, 29 Orthoptera, 322 Pierettia spp., 50, 160 Oscinella frit, 360 Pierettia urceola, 363 Ostracoda, 46, 100, 147, 307, 314 pig, bearded, 291 Ostrya virginiana, 144 Pimm, Stuart, 6, 116, 118, 193, 279 oviposition, 197, 216, 244, 273, 284, 318 pineapple, 64, 65 oxygen, dissolved, 83 pines, hoop, 139 Pinus ellittii, 144 paddleworm, see Polychaeta Pinus taeda, 144 pademelon, red-necked, 139 Pitcairnia feliciana, 17 Palaearctic Region, 346 pitcher plants, 2, 21, 58, 78, 83, 122, 155, Palau, 363 216, 297, 318, 341, 346, 353, 362 palm fronds, 8, 193 community studies, 26 Palmerston National Park, 177 Pittendrigh, Colin, 59 palms, 30, 254 planarians, 50, 183, 188, 199, 202, 302 Paluma ranges, 9 Planariidae, 302 Panagrodontus spp., 305 Planchonella obovoidea, 198 Panama, 141, 292, 321, 325, 350, 395 Planorbiidae, 376 Pandanales, 360 plant distributions, 122 pandanni, see Richea sp. Platanus acerifolia, 30 Pandanus spp., 48, 303, 319, 360, 383 Platyhelminthes, 301–303 Pangaea, 121 Platymantis spp., 382 pangolin, 291 Plecoptera, 318, 321, 322 Paradrosophila spp., 358 Plectrus cirratus, 305 Paraguay, 324 Plön School, 43 Paramerina spp., 51, 291, 337, 340 Podonominae, 47, 276, 331 Parochlus bassianus, 279, 331, 376 Podopteryx selysi, 183, 199, 203 passerines, 137 Polychaeta, 50, 91, 98, 150, 306, 308–309 Pelmatoplana bogorensis, 302 Polypedilum spp., 47, 225 Pelodryadinae, 382 population dynamics, 129 Pelophryne spp., 382 possum Penang, 203, 205, 207, 221 ring-tailed, 139 Pentaneura spp., 51, 340 striped, 138 Pericnemis stricta, 319 predation, 95, 107, 118, 130, 151, 155, 254, Pericnemis triabgularis, 318 266–274, 257

428 Index

predation, radiation, adaptive, 119, 122, 123, 127, 275, intra-guild, 266 278–279 predator rain shadow, 127 detritus-based, 50 rainfall regime, 69, 123, 124, 184–187, facultative, 265, 327 192–194, 281, 282, 298 fixed-substrate, 51 Rana palavanensis, 382 free-swimming, 52 Ranidae, 377, 382 generalist, 117, 133, 155, 340 rat, white-tailed, 138 keystone, 269, 273, 284, 297, 299 rats, 38 obligate, 326 Ravenala spp., 159, 360 richness, 164, 168, 181, 183, 184, red cedar, 176 189, 192, 212, 234, 235, 237, reptiles, 291 239, 241 resource limitation, 118 semi-terrestrial, 54 resource partitioning, 133, 256 surface, 52 response terrestrial, 353 functional, 273 top, 53, 107, 111, 151, 155, 157, 167, numerical, 271, 272 199, 209, 211, 212, 244, 285, 286, return times, 124 315–320, 349, 371 Rhabditis spp., 305 predator:prey ratio, 109, 117, 164, 183, Rhabdocoela, 302, 303 187, 192, 199, 234, 235, 237–239, Rhacophoridae, 276, 291, 382 241, 273, 298 Rhinomyzini, 350 predictability, environmental, 115, 124, Rhynchodemidae, 302 126, 189, 191, 193, 215–217, Rhyncodemus bromelicola, 302 251, 279–281, 295, 298 Rhyncodemus costarricensis, 302 prey per predator, 110, 157, 164, 183, 187, Richardiidae, 55, 355 191 Richards, Stephen, 377 prey, vulnerabilty, 117 Richea pandanifolia, 47, 51, 91, 276, 331, Prionocyphon niger, 191, 268–274 370, 376, Prionocyphon spp., 368 richness, 126, 151 productivity, 123, 124, 126, 189, 192, riflebird, 139 279–281 risk spreading, 193 Project Wallace, 7, 144 Roppaneura beckeri, 319 properties, scale-invariant, 117 Rotaria rotatoria, 303 Prorhynchidae, 302 Rotifer citrinus, 303 Prostigmata, 372, 373, 376 Rotifer vulgaris, 303 Protoneuridae, 319 rotifer, illoricate and loricate, 304 Protozoa, 18, 43, 301, 307, 327 Rotifera, 24, 43, 45, 102, 303–304, 307, Pseudodrosohila curvicapillata, 359 327 Pseudostigmatidae, 319 Rubus spp., 144 Psychidae, 159, 369 rule, Cope’s, 118 Psychodidae, 38, 48, 147, 191, 267, 323, Russia, 141, 303 346, 347 Psychodinae, 346 Saba florida, 42 Ptecticus longipoennis, 351 Sabah, 159, 168, 283, 340 python, 139 Sabethes chloropterus, 331 Sabethini, 30, 47, 327 quail, 253 Saccharum spp., 48, 360 Quarternary Era, 284 Sanseveria spp., 35, 64 Queensland, 114, 115, 139, 145 sap flows, 360 North, 315, 318, 320, 321, 349, 351, saprophages, 95 362, 365 filter feeders, 44 South-east, 376 Sarawak, 267, 351 Southern, 268 Sarcophaga dux, 363 Quercus petraea, 144 Sarcophaga spp., 363 Quercus robur, 29, 144 Sarcophagidae, 25, 50, 163, 362–363 Quercus virginianus, 144 Sarcosolomonia carolinensis, 363

Index 429

Sarcosolomonia pauensis, 163, 363 South-east Asia, 121 Sarcosolomonia spp., 50 Spanish moss, 137 Sargus fasciatus, 351 species packing, 118, 164, 255 Sarracenia alata, 24, 305 species pump, 127, 283, 299 Sarracenia flava, 24, 353 species richness, 107, 111, 117, 118, 126, Sarracenia leucophylla, 24, 361 151, 168, 169, 181, 183, 184, 188, Sarracenia purpurea, 24, 77, 78, 86, 87, 88, 191, 210, 234, 235, 237, 239, 241, 304, 322, 368 279, 295, 298 Sarracenia spp., 3, 4, 15, 24, 45, 46, 47, 48, Sphaeroceridae, 358 50, 54, 55, 304, 320, 331, 337, 340, spiderhunter, 291 349, 363, 370, 372 spiders, see Araneae oxygen regimes, 87, 88, 89 Spondias cyatheraea, 145 temperature regimes, 86, 87 Squatinella stylata, 303 water dynamics, 77 squirrel Sarraceniaceae, 24 grey, 253 Sarraceniomyia sarracenaie, 363 pigmy, 291 Sarraceniopsis spp., 372 fox, 253 Sarraniomyia spp., 50 Sri Lanka, 143, 159, 287, 368, 369 satin ash, 176 stability, durational, 293 scale stable isotope techniques, 13 continental, 126, 128, 129, 138, 176–194, stagshorn, 139 281–285 starling, glossy, 137 global, 121, 125, 126, 139–175, 275–281 stemflow water, composition of, 72, 73 local, 131, 135, 208–217, 288–290 Stenomicra orientalis, 360 regional, 129, 131, 197–208, 285–288 Stenomicra spp., 53, 360 spatial, 114, 115, 116, 119, 120 Stibasoma spp., 350 temporal, 114, 115, 116, 119, 120, stoneflies, see Plecoptera 232–251, 281 Stratiomyidae, 350–351 Scatopse sp., 348 Stratiomys norma, 351 Scatopsidae, 348 Strelitzia spp., 35, 360 Schizophora, 355 stress, 294 Sciaridae, 349 Strychnos innocua, 42 Scirpus sylvaticus, 45, 303 Strychnos spinosa, 42 Scirtes spp., 368 substrate type, 124 Scirtidae, 48, 49, 54, 146, 147, 150, 191, succession, 119, 131–133, 233, 241–251, 268–274, 277, 365, 368 288–289, 298 scrub fowl, yellow-footed, 137 Succingulum fransseni, 364 scuttle flies, see Phoridae sugar cane, see Saccharum spp. seasonality, 131, 133, 232, 233–236, 289, Sulawesi, 7, 100, 101, 138, 141, 143, 144, 298, 158, 163, 220, 253, 254, 278, 283, seed-ferns, 330 287, 288, 318, 324, 376 Seifert, Richard, 9, 35 Sumatra, 161, 163, 220, 303, 324, 359, selection, 293 370 seral stages, 132, 133 sunbird, 137 Seychelles, 159, 169, 174, 287 survivorship, 130, 131, 134, 197, 216, 285, Sialis joppa, 322 290 Sigmatomera flavipennis, 323 sycamore, 350 Sigmatomera occulta, 323 Syncoracinae, 346 Sigmatomera shannoniana, 323 Syndipnomyia aurocincta, 351 Sigmatomera spp., 323, 324 Synima cordierum, 198 silky oak, 176 Syrphidae, 46, 49, 146, 149, 150, 160, 163, Sloania macbridei, 198 228, 229, 277, 323, 352–357, 373 snail shells, 42 Syrphinae, 353 snake, black, 139 Systenus spp., 348 Snowy Mountains, 282 Sørensens Index, 113, 201, 205, 206, 226 Tabanidae, 350 South Carolina, 353 Tabanus spp., 350

430 Index

Tachinidae, 364 tree holes tadpoles, 12, 50, 55, 134, 147, 209, 269, Australian demographic statistics, 180, 182 285, 377 Australian food-web statistics, 190 Tall Timbers Research Station, 8, 144, 146, Australian study sites, 178, 179 253, 264 Cape Tribulation regional webs, 200 Tanypodinae, 47, 51, 54, 147, 150, 183, 192, Cape tribulation statistics, 198 199, 268–274, 285, 331, 337, 349 community studies, 31 Tanytarsus spp., 47 dissolved oxygen regimes, 83 Tapeinocheilus ananassae, 8, 66, 193, 289 local web statistics, 212, 213 Tardigrada, 305 local web variation, 208–217 Tasmania, 64, 91, 114, 143, 145, 176, 177, nutrient concentrations, 79, 82 181, 188, 276, 282, 331, 370, 376 pH levels, 78 Teinobasis ariel, 319 physical characteristics, 70 Telmatoscopus spp., 346 southern England, 232, 235 temperature regime, 82, 83, 123, 124, 134 southern Queensland, 232, 233 templet summary statistics, 142 biodiversity, 294 temperature regimes, 83, 84, 85 ecological, 293–296 water levels, 74, 75, 76 food-web, 295–296 tree-snake, brown, see Boiga irregularis habitat, 293–294 Trentophila bromeliadicola, 324 tepuyos, 4 Trentophila lecoxena, 324 Terminalia sp., 145 triangle, Grime’s, 293 Tertiary Era, 284 Trichomyiinae, 346 Tetrigidae, 199, 202, 321, 322 Trichoptera, 318, 322, 368, 369 Teucholabis immaculata, 324 Tricladida, 12, 91, 302 Thecophyllum, 18 Trinidad, 59, 321, 325, 365 Thienemann, Albrecht, 4, 24, 43, 326 Tripteroides ceylonensis, 326 Tilia cordata, 29 Tripteroides spp., 47, 91, 123, 159, 163, 188, Tilia platyphyllos, 29 206, 225, 277 Tillandsia spp., 18, 59, 69 Tripteroides tenax, 267 Tillandsia utricularia, 66, 68 Tripyla setifrea, 305 Tillandsioideae, 18 trophic eggs, 55 Tineoidea, 369 trophic levels, number of, 107, 111, 118, Tipulidae, 49, 100, 141, 150, 323–324 151, 155, 156, 164, 183, 187, 192, Tipulodina spp., 49, 324 210, 237, 298 tit, great, 139 trophic types, 241 toad, 382 tungu, 29 tolerance, 132, 133 Turbellaria, 301–303 Tolkien, J. R. R., 137 turkey topography, 117 scrub, 139 Topomyia spp., 52, 326 wild, 253 Toxorhynchites haemorrhoidalis, 267 Type 2 errors, 184 Toxorhynchites rutilus, 146, 265, 330 Toxorhynchites splendens, 250 Uganda, 65, 66, 330 Toxorhynchites spp., 12, 52, 53, 54, 91, 109, Ulmus laevis, 29 128, 133, 136, 147, 150, 161, 163, Ulmus scabra, 29 183, 192, 195, 207, 226, 229, 230, Umbelliferae, 319 264–267, 269, 273, 285, 291, 326, upside down ﬂies, see Neurochaetidsae 334–335, 340, 349 Uranotaenia diagonalis, 16, 245, 248–250, Toxorhynchitinae, 327 286 tree hole food web, 114 Uranotaenia spp., 47, 159, 221 Florida, 148 Uromys caudimaculatus, 39 New Guinea, 94, 96, 98, 99, 105 south-east Queensland, 149 Varga, Ludwig, 3 southern England, 148 vectors, 326 Sulawesi, 149 vectors, malaria, 18 Tasmania, 148 Velia spp., 321

Index 431

Veliidae, 52, 199, 202, 321 Wohlfartiopsis utilis, 363 Venezuela, 250, 26, 267, 285, 321, 340, 351, woodpecker, 139 354 Wyeomyia smithii, 15, 25, 47, 53, 277, 304, vertical structure, 188, 192–193 327, 331, 336, 360 vines, 176 Wyeomyia vandizeei, 331 viper, pit, 291 Wytham Woods, 6, 71, 139, 143, 146, 236, Virginia, 323 280 Vriesia chiapensis, 370 Vriesia gladiolifolia, 370 Xanthosoma spp., 360 Vriesia procera, 59 Xanthostemon chrysanthus, 199 Vriesia spp., 18, 59 Xanthostemon javanicum, 30 Xenerascus spp., 364 wallaby, swamp, 137 Xenoplatyura spp., 221 Wallace, Alfred Russel, 1, 254 Xylodiplosis spp, 349 warbler, willow, 139 water Yponomeutidae, 370 chemical composition, 73 Yunnan, 330 levels, 73, 74, 75 ground, 124 Zeugnomyia gracilis, 326 weasel, 139 Zeugnomyia spp., 52 Werrikimbe National Park, 7 Zimbabwe, 359 West Virginia, 322 Zingiber spp., 193, 360 whistler, olive, 137 Zingiberales, 360 Wilhelmina nepenthicola, 50, 163, 362 Zwickia spp., 372 willow, 350 Zygoptera, 52, 54, 183, 199, 202, 203, Wohlfartiopsis spp., 50 315–320