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Urban Sprawl in Arid Environments: Contrasting Master Plans and Land Use Changes in Al Ain City, United Arab Emirates

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Urban Sprawl in Arid Environments: Contrasting Master Plans and Land Use Changes in Al Ain City, United Arab Emirates ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en Urban sprawl in arid environments: contrasting master plans and land use changes in Al Ain City, United Arab Emirates PhD Thesis written by / Tesi Doctoral escrita per ADNAN SHARAF Departament de Geografia Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Urban sprawl in arid environments: contrasting master plans and land use changes in Al Ain City, United Arab Emirates PhD Thesis written by / Tesi Doctoral escrita per ADNAN SHARAF Departament de Geografia Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona PhD in Geography / Doctorat en Geografia Advisor / Director: Pere Serra Ruiz, PhD Tutor: David Saurí Pujol, PhD Cerdanyola del Vallès, June 2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My long journey to pursuing and obtaining a PhD has been especially fruitful and enriching in large part due to the contributions of incredible people, who deserve special mention. Namely, I must begin by thanking my family, especially my father, mother, wife, and sons, all of whom created a support system upon which I could regularly rely, while inspiring me on a daily basis. My parents have nurtured my intellectual passions, my wife has served as my muse, and my sons have continuously reaffirmed my commitment to what has been a challenging yet incredibly rewarding pursuit. Without them, I could have faltered, but with them, I have surely thrived. My professor, Dr. Pere Serra, has helped me more than he knows. I have seen him as a role model, mentor, and friend. His passion for GIS and Geography is unparalleled, and it is quite frankly contagious. He has built an intellectual discourse to which I have been proud to contribute. It has been my great honor to be his student. I take this opportunity to thank Professor David Saurí who was instrumental in my admission to the PhD research. I am profoundly grateful to him for his continuous encouragement and support. Also I would like to thank Department of Geography and many people have made valuable comment suggestions on this thesis which gave us an inspiration to improve our assignment. We thank all the people for their help directly and indirectly to complete our assignment. Lastly, I could not have completed a PhD on the subject of Change Detection in Al Ain City if it was not for the Al Ain municipality. The municipality has been more than generous with their time and support, consistently providing me incredibly useful data. More than that, Al Ain has been an immensely inspiring municipality, offering regular reaffirmations as to why I have chosen to delve so deeply into the topic of Change Detection in Al Ain City. I am forever indebted to the profoundly impactful support of all of these people, and of Al Ain municipality. You deserve more than my thanks, and I thus wish for you to be acknowledged as a critical component of my success. I am grateful beyond words. i ii INDEX Acknowledgement……………………………………………………….…………………………….……………….i Index……………………………………………………………...……………………..………………………………….iii Abstract………………………………...………………………………………………………….………………………xi Resum………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………xiii Chapter 1. Introduction…………………………………………...…………………………………………………1 1.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………..……………………………………….1 1.2. Objectives and hypothesis ………….………………………………..……………………………………8 1.3. Methodology………………………………………………………………………….………..………………11 1.4. Thesis structure………………………………………………………………………………………………12 1.5. Chapter bibliography………………………………………………………………………………………14 Chapter 2. Study area: Al Ain region ………………..……………………………………………..………...23 2.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………23 2.2. Brief of UAE political outline……………………………………………………………………………24 2.3. Climate and topography………………………………………………….….……………………………24 2.4. Abu Dhabi Emirate……………………………………….…………………………………………………25 2.4.1. Climate and topography…………………...…………….………………………………………26 2.4.2. Population……………………………………………………………………………..………………29 2.4.3. Water management ………………………..……...………………………………………………30 2.4.4. Economy………………………………………………………………..………………………………33 2.4.4.1. Agriculture and industry ……………………………………………...……………......33 2.4.4.2. Services and tourism…………………….…………………………………………………35 2.5. Al Ain city…………………………………………………………...……………………………………….…37 2.5.1. Sand dunes………….……….…………………………………………………………………..……38 2.5.2. Social history………………………………………………………………………………...………39 2.5.3. Population…………………………………………………………………………………….………41 2.5.4. Water resources………………………………………………………………….…………………42 2.5.5. Economy………………………………………………………………………………..…………..….47 2.5.5.1. Agriculture and industry………………………………………….…………...……47 2.5.5.2. Services and tourism…………………………………………….……….…………..48 2.6. Conclusions………………………………………………………………………………………….….……51 2.6. Chapter bibliography……………………………………………………….……………………………53 iii Chapter 3. Theoretical frame: Al Ain Master Plans …………………………………………....………55 3.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………..…......55 3.2. General Master Plans………………………………………………………………………..……..…….55 3.3. Al Ain General Master Plan (1986 to 2000) .……………………………………………....…..56 3.4. Al Ain General Master Plan (2003 to 2015) ……………………………………………...……69 3.4.1. Planning process………………………………………………………………………………..…...70 3.4.2. Content of the strategy………………………………………………………………………....…72 3.4.3. Summary of strategy and policy…………………………………………...…………….……73 3.4.4. Enhancement and preservation of the environment……………………….…….…..76 3.5. Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………………….…….77 3.6. Chapter bibliography………………….…………………………………………………………………80 Chapter 4. LULC changes and landscape analysis of Al Ain……………………………….…….....81 4.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………….………………...……81 4.2. Integration of GIS and RS for land use analysis…………………………………………….....81 4.3. Vector map of Al Ain: LULC change detection analysis………………………….…………84 4.4. LULC changes (1984‐2014)…………………………………………………………….……………..86 4.4.1. Urban growth by districts and by sectors……………………………………..…………...87 4.4.2. Agricultural and industrial land growth by districts and by sectors……………94 4.5. Landscape results.........………………………………………….……………………………………….99 4.5.1. Urban landscape dynamics………………………………………………………………….…102 4.5.2. Farm landscape dynamics………………..……………………………………………………115 4.6. Conclusions………………………………………………………………………………………….……..124 4.7. Chapter bibliography…………………………….……………………………………………….……128 Chapter 5. A statistical multivariate analysis at district scale ………………..……..........…….133 5.1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………133 5.2. Factor statistical analysis at district scale: data description………………………….133 5.3. Statistical Analysis ……………………………………………………….……………………………134 5.4. Result of statistical analysis ……………………………………………………………...………..137 5.5. Conclusions……………………………………………………..…………………………………………146 5.6. Chapter bibliography………………………………………….………………………………………148 iv Chapter 6. Driving forces and socio‐environmental consequences of LULC changes in AL Ain city…………...………………………………………………………………………...……..……………151 6.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………...………….151 6.2. Al Ain driving forces……………………………………………………………...…………………...151 6.3. Driving forces of LULC changes……………………………………………………………..……153 6.3.1. Oil in the Abu Dhabi Emirates…………………………………………………….………….153 6.3.2. Geographical location………………………………………………………………………..…..155 6.3.3. Economic development……………………………………………………………..…………..156 6.3.4. Government development policies…………………………………………………………157 6.3.5. Population increase……………………………………………………..………………………..159 6.3.6. Improvement of infrastructures…………………………………………………...………..160 6.3.7. Services and tourism…………………………………………………………..………………...161 6.4. Socio‐environmental consequences of horizontal urban sprawl………….………..162 6.5. Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………….……………... 167 6.6. Chapter bibliography……….…………………………………………………………………………169 Chapter 7. Future planning: Master Plan 2030…………………………………………..…………....173 7.1. Introduction……….…………………………………………………………………………………...…..173 7.2. Foundation of the Plan for Al Ain city 2030………….…………………………………...…..173 7.3. Economics……………………………………………………………………………….………………….174 7.4. Urban structure framework………..…………………………………………………..…………...174 7.5. Overall patterns……….………………………………………………………………………………….176 7.6. Zooming in….……………………………………………………………………………………………....178 7.7. Building blocks………….…………………………………………………………………….…………..180 7.8. Policy statements…….…………………………………………………………………..……….……...181 7.9. Conclusions…………….……………………………………………………………………..………..…..182 7.10. Chapter bibliography………..……………………………………………………………..………...184 Chapter 8. Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………………...185 v LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Abu Dhabi air temperature (°C) by month.………………….…………………..…………27 Table 2.2. Rainfall in Abu Dhabi and Al Ain regions by month…………………..………………..28 Table 2.3. Abu Dhabi Emirate population by gender and nationality……………..……………29 Table 2.4. Population density by region (inhab/km2)……………………………………..………….30 Table 2.5. Available desalinated water and consumption in Abu Dhabi………………………31 Table 2.6. Consumption of desalinated water by region (Mm3). …………….………………….32
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