Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the

Emerson Y. Sy Author

Prepared for the Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Biodiversity Management Bureau by the United States Agency for International Development

ABSTRACT

The illegal wildlife trade is one of the most lucrative transnational crimes in the world. Numerous wildlife are threatened with extinction due to overexploitation for food, medicine, and as pets. Although it is difficult to quantify the illegal wildlife trade due to its mostly clandestine nature, analyzing seizure data can indicate its magnitude. Wildlife seizure records from the DENR, PCSDS, and other sources for the period 2010–2019 were collated and analyzed to identify threatened by the illegal wildlife trade, hotspots, and trafficking routes. The 10-year seizure dataset involved 511 incidents, 283 taxa, and 44,647 wildlife individuals. (n = 16,237 individuals) and (n = 6,042) were the top seized live wildlife, while pangolin scales (>2,100 kg) had the most quantity and seizure frequency among derivatives. Intervention policies on the key source, transit, and destination locations were proposed to address illegal wildlife trade in the country.

Keywords: Illegal wildlife trade, smuggling, laundering, corruption, pangolin, turtle

INTRODUCTION

The Philippine Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2015–2028 identified habitat loss, overexploitation, climate change, pollution, and invasive alien species as the five main causes of biodiversity loss in the country (BMB-DENR, 2016). Overexploitation of biodiversity includes over-harvesting of forest and mineral resources, illegal fishing and overfishing, and the illegal wildlife trade. Various wildlife species are utilized for sustenance, medicinal, clothing, status symbol, cultural, ornamental, and pet purposes. The demand for wildlife all over the world is high (TRAFFIC, 2008) and in some cases, persistent and increasing (Sy and Krishnasamy, 2020).

The illegal wildlife trade also has serious repercussions on the global economy and human health. For instance, the ongoing pandemic due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19 disease has been linked to the wildlife trade (Lu et al., 2020). The spread of the disease resulted in massive global economic shrinkage, infected almost 40 million, and caused the death of more than 1.1 million people as of 18 October 2020 (WHO, 2020).

The Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act of 2001 or Republic Act No. 9147 prohibits the killing, inflicting injury, introduction, trading, collecting, hunting, possessing, gathering, maltreating, and transporting of wildlife without permits. Violators may face a fine of up to PHP1,000,000 and imprisonment of up to 12 years (Annex I).

Corruption in the public and private sectors plays a crucial role in facilitating the illegal wildlife trade (Duffy, 2014; Milliken and Shaw, 2012), which could lead to the weakening of social and cultural structures (i.e. break down of rule of law, institutionalized corruption). Corrupt public officials have been documented to monetize the permitting system by issuing licenses even with incomplete requirements, facilitate smuggling or the issuance of transport and import/export permits of wildlife with dubious origins, delay or drop cases against suspected wildlife traffickers, and make evidence disappear for prosecutions (Abotsi et al., 2016; Atuelan, 2016; Krishnasamy and Zavagli, 2020; UNODC, n.d.; Visaya, 2020).

Wildlife trafficking has been linked to other serious crimes such as human trafficking (i.e. use of people as illicit wildlife couriers) and money laundering. Wildlife traffickers may take advantage of weaknesses in the financial sector to move, hide, and launder money, which can be damaging to financial integrity (FATF, 2020).

The monetary value of the worldwide illegal wildlife trade, excluding fisheries and timber, was previously estimated between USD 10 billion and USD 15 billion annually. The former estimate was mistakenly attributed to INTERPOL, which did not conduct a valuation study (Van Uhm, 2016), while the latter was an estimate of the international legal wildlife trade by TRAFFIC in the early 1990s (Broad et al., 2003). In the Philippines, the estimated loss due to illegal wildlife trade was valued at PHP 50 billion (ca. USD 1 billion) annually, but no valuation study was published to indicate data sources and research methodologies. Estimates based on unreliable sources and unknown valuation methodologies have limited usefulness and credibility (‘t Sas-Rolfes et al., 2019). Due diligence should be exercised when citing sources since valuation estimates are often cited and popularized without a critical review on the assumption that figures were determined after rigorous studies by experts (Andreas, 2010). Although it is difficult to accurately estimate the

Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines 1 value of illegal wildlife trade due to its mostly clandestine nature (Wyatt, 2013), it is generally accepted that it is one of the most lucrative transnational crimes (Duffy, 2016).

One of the ways to better understand the dynamics and to estimate the magnitude of the illegal wildlife trade is by analyzing seizure data accumulated over some time. Seizure analyses have been conducted on charismatic and critically endangered species such as the tiger (Verheij et al., 2010), elephant (Krishnasamy, 2016), and pangolin (Heinrich et al., 2017). Only a few wildlife seizure studies have been conducted on indigenous Philippine species such as the Philippine pangolin Manis culionensis (Gomez and Sy, 2018; Sy and Krishnasamy, 2020), Tokay Gecko Gekko gecko (Sy and Shepherd, 2020), and Philippine Forest Turtle Siebenrockiella leytensis (Sy et al., 2020).

This study was undertaken to provide an overview of illegal wildlife trade, based on seizure data, by identifying species threatened by the illegal wildlife trade, hotspots, and wildlife trafficking routes in the Philippines. Results from the study may be utilized by authorities to reassess current protocols and strategies and to formulate appropriate intervention policies to address shifting trends in wildlife poaching, trafficking, and smuggling.

2 Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines

METHODOLOGY

Data Sources Wildlife seizure data from 2010–2019 were officially requested from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources–Biodiversity Management Bureau (DENR–BMB) and the Council for Sustainable Development Staff (PCSDS). Supplementary data were requested from all 17 DENR regional offices, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), Bureau of Customs–Environmental Protection and Compliance Division (BOC–EPCD; formerly Enforcement and Security Service–Environmental Protection Unit), Philippine Coast Guard, Philippine National Police–Maritime Group (PNP–MG), and National Bureau of Investigation–Environmental Crime Division (NBI–EnCD) between July and November 2019. A follow-up request was sent to DENR regional offices that had not provided seizure data as of January 2020. Additional data were also collated from published scientific literature, open-source news and social media, gray literature (e.g. newsletters, magazines, websites, unpublished reports), and non-governmental organizations. All collated data were combined into one dataset.

Data Validation The wildlife species in official seizure reports were inconsistently recorded in scientific, English, and/or vernacular names. Species were validated or identified to the lowest taxonomic level by cross-referencing data from various sources, reviewing photos, interviewing enforcement personnel who were knowledgeable on specific seizure incidents, and using taxonomic keys and references (del Hoyo et al., 2020; Frost, 2020; Jensen et al., 2019; Heaney et al., 2020; Uetz et al., 2020; World Catalog, 2020). Relevant data of each incident such as date, location, transport method, trade route, and quantity were documented.

Reported seized quantities were validated by comparing data from multiple sources when available. The researcher used the lower number when two or more official sources reported the same incident, but with different figures.

Data Analyses The seizures of live or whole dead wildlife were categorized into faunal groups of , , , , and invertebrate. When a seizure incident involved processed wildlife and their parts (e.g. five descaled pangolins and 2 kg of pangolin scales), it was presumed that the derivatives were from the same to avoid inflating the total quantity. For this study, an incident was considered a seizure when wildlife or derivatives were seized from suspects or were abandoned by poachers or traffickers.

Wildlife parts and by-products were analyzed separately due to the involvement of different body parts and units of measurement (i.e. by piece, weight, container). Due to the high economic value of sea turtle as a commodity, eggs were categorized separately to highlight the level of trafficking based on seizure records. The equivalent number of individual animals representing the derivatives was estimated conservatively. In the absence of robust data on the Philippine Pangolin, a dry scale weight of 0.2945 kg per individual was used. The weight was based on the average of 0.228 kg of scales from an estimated 3-kg Philippine Pangolin (Sy et al., unpubl. data) and 0.361 kg of scales per individual Sunda Pangolin Manis javanica (Zhou et al., 2012), as this is presumed to be the closest value to the Philippine Pangolin (Sy & Krishnasamy, 2020). Dry sea turtle scute weight was calculated at 0.25 kg per individual based on a salvaged Green Sea Turtle Chelonia

Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines 3 mydas measuring 86 cm curved carapace length (W. Plaza, pers. comm. to EYS, August 2020). One seizure incident in Cebu Province reported 20 boxes of sea turtle scutes in 2012. The content of each box was conservatively estimated to weigh 5 kg each to extrapolate sea turtle individuals that the scutes represented.

In addition to seizure locations in official reports, the mapping of smuggling routes in the Philippines was based on various sources including published literature, the natural geographical distribution of seized wildlife, news reports, gray literature, and information from wildlife authorities and key informants. Locations were categorized as follows: “source” refers to a poaching site or the first known point of a trade route; “transit” refers to a location along the trade route, and “destination” refers to the final point of a trade route. Limitations Wildlife seizure reports were primarily provided by the DENR-BMB and PCSDS. Supplementary seizure reports were provided by the BOC-EPCD, PNP-Maritime Group 2nd Special Operations Unit, BFAR-VII, DENR sea turtle conservation program, and DENR regional offices (II, III, IV-B, XI, XIII, XII, Cordillera Administrative Region [CAR], National Capital Region [NCR], Wildlife Trade Monitoring Unit at Ninoy Aquino International Airport [WTMU-NAIA]). The rest of the DENR regional offices (I, IV-A, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao [ARMM]) and other law enforcement authorities were not able to provide seizure data as of the cut-off date on 29 February 2020. Forest (timber and non- timber) products and marine species except aquatic and sea turtles were excluded, which may be the focus of substantial enforcement activities in some regions or provinces (i.e. Palawan), in the dataset and subsequent analyses.

Due to varying degrees of wildlife law enforcement and incident documentation efforts of each political region in the Philippines, the dataset used in this study should not be interpreted as complete in relation to wildlife trafficking trends and volumes from 2010 to 2019.

4 Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The researcher collated a total of 511 wildlife seizure incidents in the Philippines representing a minimum of 274 taxa and 35,240 wildlife individuals for the period 2010–2019. Seized wildlife derivatives had an additional nine taxa and an estimated 9,407 individuals and 11,534 eggs (Annex II). Reptiles (n = 16,237) and invertebrates (n = 9,040) were the top seized live or dead whole wildlife based on quantity (i.e. excluding derivatives as defined in this study). However, birds (n = 98) and reptiles (n = 88) had the most taxa represented in the study period (Table 1).

Table 1. Seized wildlife in the Philippines from 2010–2019.

FAUNAL GROUP QUANTITY PERCENTAGE TAXON PERCENTAGE

Amphibian 129 0.4% 3 1.1%

Reptile 16,237 46.1% 88 32.1%

Bird 6,042 17.1% 98 35.8%

Mammal 3,792 10.8% 31 11.3%

Invertebrate 9,040 25.7% 54 19.7%

TOTAL 35,240 274

Amphibians A total of 129 individuals representing at least three species were seized during the study period (Fig. 1). Two non-native species that are primarily kept as pets were seized as they were illegally possessed (Ornate Horned Frog Ceratophrys ornata) or were smuggled (Vietnamese Mossy Frog Theloderma corticale). Live East Asian Bullfrog Hoplobatrachus rugulosus individuals (n = 83) were seized from a market vendor in Quezon City in 2010.

Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines 5

Figure 1. Amphibian group and quantity seized from 2010–2019.

The East Asian Bullfrog (Fig. 2) is native to East Asia and mainland Southeast Asia and may have been introduced intentionally for meat production in the Philippines in the 1990s. The frog has been documented on eight islands and 28 provinces and is considered an invasive species in the country (Pili et al., 2019; Sy and Del Prado, 2019). The ecological impact of the East Asian Bullfrog in the Philippines is unknown, but aquaculturists in Davao have already experienced negative economic impacts (Arado, 2018). The harvesting of invasive faunal species should be decriminalized to mitigate the population growth and spread of harmful species in the country.

Figure 2. The East Asian Bullfrog is an invasive species in the Philippines. © E.Y. Sy

6 Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines

No seizure records were reported for the African Clawed Frog Xenopus laevis (Fig. 3) and Oriental Fire-bellied Newt Cynops orientalis, which are typically concealed with shipments of legally-imported ornamental freshwater fishes. These have been regularly smuggled into the Philippines by the thousands annually in at least the last 10 years. Both species are ubiquitous in pet shops in several major cities throughout the country (Sy, 2013). Other commonly-traded non-native include African Bullfrog Pyxicephalus adspersus, Cranwell’s Horned Frog Ceratophyrs cranwelli, Axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum, and Paddle-tailed Newt Pachytriton brevipes. The indigenous Harlequin Tree Frog pardalis and forest frogs Platymantis spp. have been occasionally documented being illegally-traded in an online platform in the last five years (Sy, unpubl. data).

Figure 3. Dyed African Clawed Frogs in an ornamental fish importer’s facility. © E.Y. Sy

Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines 7

Reptiles Nearly 80% of seized reptiles were freshwater turtles/tortoises (60.7%; n = 9,851) and sea turtles (17.2%; n = 2,800) (Fig. 4). The critically endangered Philippine Forest Turtle accounted for 46.7% (n = 4,597) of the total seized freshwater turtles/tortoises. The largest seizure incident of freshwater turtles in the Philippines occurred in the Municipality of Bataraza, Palawan Province in 2015 and involved 4,402 freshwater turtle individuals, of which 3,921 were Philippine Forest Turtles (Sy et al., 2020; Fig. 5).

Figure 4. Reptilian group and quantity seized from 2010–2019.

Figure 5. Nearly 4,000 Philippine Forest Turtles were seized in Bataraza, Palawan in 2015. © Katala Foundation.

8 Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines

On 3 March 2019, a wildlife smuggler returning from Hong Kong attempted to bring in 1,529 turtles representing nine non-native species without CITES and other pertinent permits and certificates but was thwarted by the BOC-EPCD at the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (Fig 6a–b). The suspect eluded arrest when he abandoned his luggage at the airport. The seizure was the biggest exotic turtle smuggling bust and was widely reported in national and international news (Associated Press, 2019; Atuelan and Esperas, 2019; Gunia, 2019). The insufficient follow-up investigations and operations to arrest and prosecute suspected wildlife smugglers might embolden them to continue and expand their illegal activities.

Figure 6a. The smuggler duct-taped the tortoises to restrict the movement in the luggage. © E.Y. Sy

Figure 6b. The smuggler abandoned his four suitcases and eluded arrest. © E.Y. Sy

Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines 9

The Hawksbill Sea Turtle Eretmochelys imbricata (Fig. 7) was the most seized marine turtle, accounting for 43.9% (n = 1,228) of the total 2,800 individuals. Two slaughtered Leatherback Sea Turtles Dermochelys coriacea intended for human consumption were seized in Camarines Sur Province in 2013 and 2015. Nine hundred eighty (980) sea turtle individuals were unidentified, but most likely involved Hawksbill Sea Turtle and Green Sea Turtle. Additionally, more than 500 kg of sea turtle scutes, which was estimated to represent 2,014 individuals were also seized during the period (See Derivatives section for details). Overall, the authorities seized approximately 5,796 sea turtles during the period.

Figure 7. A Hawksbill Turtle with scutes removed by poachers was rescued in Palawan in 2017. The turtle died due to its severe injury a few hours later. © John Boyles

Among , seizures of Tokay Gecko Gekko gecko (Fig. 8) between 2010 and 2012 accounted for 70.6% (n = 2,092) of the total seizure during the period. A scam involving Tokay Geckos enticed numerous unsuspecting individuals to illegally collect, transport, and trade the species throughout the country (Sy and Shepherd, 2020). The scam eventually unraveled, and no additional Tokay Gecko seizures were documented after 2012.

Figure 8. More than 2,000 Tokay Geckos were seized between 2010 and 2012. © E.Y. Sy

10 Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines

Seizure of 572 individuals representing at least 30 taxa was documented. Native and non-native snakes represented 18 and 12 taxa respectively. The non-native Burmese , Python bivittatus (Fig. 9), accounted for almost 25% of all snake seizures (n = 141) and was the second most traded reptile species based on an online trade study conducted in 2016 (Sy, 2018). The BOC-EPCD intercepted several outbound and inbound packages with live snakes during the period (Fig. 10).

Figure 9. The is a potential invasive species in the Philippines © E.Y. Sy

Figure 10. An x-ray image of a concealed live snake in a speaker. © BOC-EPCD

Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines 11

Three species of crocodilians (Annex II) were documented in seizure records including the endemic and critically endangered Philippine Crocodile Crocodylus mindorensis (Fig. 11). A 30-month study conducted from July 2016 to December 2018 also documented the three crocodilian species for sale on Facebook (Sy and Lorenzo II, in review).

Figure 11. The endemic Philippine Crocodile Crocodylus mindorensis © E.Y. Sy

12 Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines

Birds The vast majority (98.6%) of seized birds were due to illegal possession and trade of live birds as pets. The combined parrot (n = 2,876) and myna/starling (n = 2,260) seizures accounted for 85% of the total live bird seizures (Fig. 12).

The 30 non-native parrots accounted for 1,962 individuals (68.2%) while the remaining six native parrots accounted for 914 individuals (31.8%). Among native parrots, the Blue-naped Parrot Tanygnathus lucionensis was the most seized taxon accounting for 80.3% or 734 individuals. Based on field observations and online searches, the Philippine Hanging Parrot Loriculus philippensis (Fig. 13) was the most widely poached and the least expensive parrot (PHP150-250 per individual) in the Philippines. However, only 155 individuals, or 17.0% of the seized native parrots were recorded.

Figure 12. Bird group and quantity seized from 2010–2019.

Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines 13

Figure 13. The Hanging Parrot is the most poached and illegally-traded parrot in the Philippines. © E.Y. Sy

14 Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines

The Palawan Hill Myna Gracula religiosa palawanensis (Fig. 14) was the top seized bird (n = 2,115) and accounted for 35.0% of the total bird seizure. The taxon only occurs in the Palawan faunal region, is heavily poached due to the demand for the pet trade, and extirpated in some areas (Kennedy et al., 2000). Many enthusiasts desire to keep the Palawan Hill Myna due to its ability to mimic sounds and words.

Figure 14. Poached and trafficked Palawan Hill Mynas. © E.Y. Sy

The seizures of birds due to illegal hunting and wild meat trade involved wild ducks (Fig. 15), rails, crakes, snipes, moorhens, and jungle fowls and accounted for 1.4% (n = 82) of the total quantity. The wild meat trade is very likely to be more significant than reflected in the seizure records during the period. The wild meat trade is usually conducted locally, maybe an accepted practice, perceived to be legal, and may elude detection by authorities.

Figure 15. Live endemic Philippine Ducks in the wild meat trade in Region 2.

Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines 15

Mammals Seizures of 3,239 live and dead pangolins accounted for 85.4% of the total seized in the last 10 years (Fig. 16a–b). The large quantity was mainly due to a single seizure incident when a ship manned by foreign nationals ran aground in Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park in 2013 and authorities discovered 2,870 frozen Sunda Pangolins in the ship hull (Gomez and Sy, 2018). In addition, pangolin scales and meat representing an estimated 7,237 pangolins were seized by authorities (see Derivatives section for additional details). Overall, an estimated 10,476 pangolins were seized during the period.

Figure 16a. Mammalian group and quantity seized from 2010–2019.

The Philippine Pangolin (Fig. 17) has been assessed as critically endangered by the PCSDS since 2015. It was also globally assessed as critically endangered by the IUCN Red List in 2019 (Schoppe et al., 2019), which reiterates the dire survival situation of the species. In a year-long USAID Protect Wildlife Project-funded field study, researchers found only 17 Philippine Pangolin individuals after 12 surveys, wildlife poaching was still rampant in most surveyed areas, and pangolin exploitation is not selective (Schoppe, 2020). The weight of Philippine Pangolins that were seized or retrieved on streets in Metro Manila and nearby provinces in 2018– 2019 ranged from 1.7 kg to 5.25 kg per individual (Sy, unpubl. data). This dataset confirms the finding of Schoppe (2020) that pangolins are poached regardless of size.

16 Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines

Figure 16b. Descaled and eviscerated Philippine Pangolins in Palawan. © Marsha Posada-Ocampo/DENR

Figure 17. A rescued Philippine Pangolin in Metro Manila. © E.Y. Sy

Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines 17

In the remaining 553 seized mammals, smuggled Indonesian species accounted for 50.4% or 279 individuals (Table 2). The popularity of the Sugar Glider Petaurus breviceps (Fig. 18) as a small mammalian pet is growing, but it may become an invasive species in the future when escaped or released pets establish feral populations in the wild and negatively affect native species and ecosystems. The introduced Sugar Glider in Tasmania () was identified as a predator of Swift Parrots and their eggs and the primary threat to breeding failure of the endangered bird (Stojanovic et al., 2014). Endemic Indonesian species that are unusual or critically endangered such as the White- striped Wallaby Dorcopsis hageni, Sulawesi Bear Cuscus Ailurops ursinus, Western Long- beaked Echidna Zaglossus bruijnii, and Black Crested Macaque Macaca nigra are sought after as display animals for zoological parks (Shepherd and Sy, 2018; Shepherd et al., 2019). The alleged practice of a few zoological parks and wildlife breeding farms to illegally acquire wildlife, engage in wildlife laundering by fraudulently reporting wild- caught or smuggled wildlife as captive-bred, and legally export wildlife under the pretense of conservation warrants immediate attention and in-depth investigation by the Figure 18. Smuggled Sugar Gliders from Indonesia. © E.Y. Sy DENR.

Table 2. Seized Indonesian Mammals in the Philippines between 2010 and 2019.

MAMMAL QUANTITY PERCENTAGE Sugar Glider Petaurus breviceps 214 77% White-striped Wallaby Dorcopsis hageni 27 10% Sulawesi Bear Cuscus Ailurops ursinus 17 6%

Striped Possum Dactylopsila trivirgata 10 4% Western Long-beaked Echidna Zaglossus bruijnii 5 2% Black Crested Macaque Macaca nigra 4 1%

Cuscus Phalanger sp. 2 1% TOTAL 279

18 Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines

Invertebrates The (spider, scorpion, whip scorpion) accounted for 4,534 individuals or 50.2% of the total seized invertebrates. (Theraphosidae) was the most diverse with at least 38 taxa and the most frequently seized (n = 2,994) (Fig. 19).

Figure 19. Invertebrate group and quantity seized from 2010–2019.

Smuggling of through postal service was often intercepted by the Philippine Bureau of Customs (BOC) between the late 2000s and early 2010s. Most recently, three smuggling attempts from Poland and Malaysia with a total of 837 tarantulas were intercepted in the Central Mail Exchange Center in 2019 (Fig. 20).

Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines 19

Figure 20. Smuggled tarantulas shipped through the postal service. © E.Y. Sy

A total of 547 derby (Neoscona spp.) figured in two seizure incidents in Iloilo Province in 2018 and Negros Occidental in 2019. Female derby spiders are usually collected in the wild by children and used for spider fighting matches. Enterprising individuals illegally collect, transport, and trade derby spiders by the hundreds to major cities throughout the country for gambling purposes.

Unidentified and preserved butterflies and that were seized in Palawan Province accounted for 4,019 individuals or 44.5% of the total invertebrates. A poacher yielded 3,712 preserved butterflies in a seizure incident in 2010. Two separate seizure incidents involving a German and two Japanese researchers yielded a total of 295 butterflies and moths in 2013. The invertebrate species were underrepresented during the period since most specimens were not identified to or species level.

20 Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines

Wildlife derivatives and eggs Wildlife derivatives are composed of various wildlife body parts and by-products such as bird’s nest, elephant ivory, bushmeat, pangolin scales, rhinoceros horns (Fig. 21), skins, skulls and bones, and turtle scutes (Annex 1).

Figure 21. Smuggled rhinoceros horns. © E.Y. Sy

Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines 21

The two most significant wildlife derivatives/by-products seized in the last 10 years were the following:

1. Sea turtle scutes In the last 10 years, a total of 503.6 kg sea turtle scutes, representing an estimated 2,014 individuals, in nine incidents were seized by authorities. Sea turtles, particularly Hawksbill Sea Turtles, are poached and slaughtered for their meat, carapace, and scutes. The scutes are utilized as raw material for utility items and ornaments such as bun combs (panyeta), musical instrument picks, and as ornaments on sword handles and scabbards (Fig. 22a-b).

Figure 22a. Old kalis/kris handles and scabbards decorated with sea turtle scutes. © E.Y. Sy

Figure 22b. A contemporary tourist kris with sea turtle scute motif on scabbard was observed during the MinDA Tienda event in Manila City on 24 October 2020. © E.Y. Sy

22 Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines

2. Pangolin scales The PCSDS seized a total of 118.95 kg of Philippine Pangolin scales in eight seizure incidents between 2012 and 2014. The scales were estimated to represent 404 Philippine Pangolins.

Two significant seizure incidents involving pangolin scales occurred in Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis Oriental Province in 2017 (officially seized in 2018 after an administrative hearing) (Fig. 23) and Puerto Princesa City, Palawan Province in 2019. The total gross weight of pangolin scales from the two seizures was 2,008.41 kg. The seized pangolin scales in Palawan Province were determined to be from the Philippine Pangolin based on molecular analysis (E. Lorenzo pers. comm. to EYS in March 2020). If the scales from Misamis Oriental Province were also from the Philippine Pangolin, the total weight of seized scales in the last 10 years is equivalent to an estimated 7,224 Philippine Pangolin individuals (Sy & Krishnasamy, 2020).

Figure 23. Seized pangolin scales in Cagayan de Oro City. © E.Y. Sy

Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines 23

Eggs Reptile and bird eggs (n = 11,534 pcs.) were also seized during the study period. A total of 11,489 sea turtle eggs (99.6%; Fig. 24) were seized in eight incidents in Palawan Province, Turtle Islands (Tawi-Tawi Province), and Zamboanga City. Sea turtle poaching and trafficking were most rampant in Western Philippines (i.e. Turtle Islands,Tawi-Tawi Province), but also occurred in northern and elsewhere. Smuggling incidents (n = 22) of sea turtle eggs and turtle parts, most likely sourced in Turtle Islands, Philippines, were reported in the news in Sabah. More than 84,000 turtle eggs and an unspecified quantity of turtle parts were seized in the vicinity of Sandakan, Sabah in the last 10 years (Sy, unpubl. data). This highlights the challenges in intercepting wildlife contrabands in remote locations. The issues surrounding the sea turtle egg collection as food and for trade in Turtle Islands are complex, contentious, and unresolved.

Figure 24. Sea turtle eggs. © Jamie Dichaves

24 Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines

Wildlife law enforcement activities The two regions with the most wildlife law enforcement activities were Region IV-B (MIMAROPA) (n = 197 incidents) and the NCR (n = 152 incidents) with a combined total of 349 (68.3%) out of 511 seizure incidents (Fig. 25). The activities in Region IV-B were mainly due to enforcement efforts in Palawan Province with 191 wildlife seizure incidents. Palawan is known as the main source location of native wildlife while the NCR is the main destination of illegally-traded wildlife in the country.

Figure 25. Wildlife law enforcement by region in 2010-2019.

The regions in Eastern Mindanao (XI, XII, XIII) had a total of 38 wildlife seizure incidents. Twelve of these incidents involved the seizure of smuggled Indonesian wildlife only, which accounted for 1,408 (41.5%) out of 3,392 wildlife individuals. The biggest seizure of smuggled Indonesian wildlife (n = 450; 22 species) occurred in Mati City, Davao Oriental Province on 8 April 2019.

The regions in northern Luzon (CAR, I, II) documented the least wildlife law enforcement activities during the study period with one incident for each region although illegal hunting and bushmeat trading activities were rampant in the area. Illegally-caught snakes were utilized in making snake wine and openly sold in La Trinidad, Benguet Province (CAR) with no reported seizures or arrests of suspected wildlife traffickers in the last 10 years. In Region I, local wildlife authorities conducted an investigation only after online outrage over a documented case of Rufous Hornbill Buceros hydrocorax hunting in Adams, Ilocos Norte Province (Dioquino, 2014). Local authorities were heavily criticized for their inaction on bird poaching and hunting in the region (Adriano, 2014). In Region II, poaching of wildlife for bushmeat trade such as the Northern Luzon Giant Cloudrat Phloeomys pallidus (Fig. 26), Philippine Marbled Water Varanus marmoratus (Fig. 27), and various bird species were documented being trafficked openly along major highways and public markets.

Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines 25

Anecdotal reports suggested that poaching and illegal bushmeat trade in the region, especially in Cagayan Province, increased significantly when foreign-owned casinos started to operate in the area.

Figure 26. Cloudrats and in the bushmeat trade.

Figure 27. The endemic Philippine Marbled Water Monitor Lizard in bushmeat trade. © PENRO-Pampanga

26 Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines

The insufficient budgetary outlays and lack of tenure for wildlife law enforcement personnel to conduct sustained enforcement activities resulted in a heavy reliance on other law enforcement agencies (e.g. NBI, PNP). While several significant seizures were conducted due to collaborative law enforcement in 2018–2019 (Table 3), the dependence on other law enforcement agencies may not be tenable in the long run. The proposed bill in Congress (House Bill No. 6973) and Senate (Senate Bill No. 1878) to create the Environmental Protection and Enforcement Bureau (EPEB) will institutionalize and capacitate personnel under the DENR and will improve wildlife and environmental law enforcement in the country.

Table 3. Significant seizures in 2018–2019 LEAD LAW SEIZED YEAR DESCRIPTION REGION ENFORCEMENT QUANTITY AGENCY NBI-EnCD Smuggled Indonesian wildlife 312 NCR BMB-POGI Transport of smuggled Indonesian wildlife 15 XI Task Force Davao 2018 Poached sea turtle eggs 2,000 BARMM PNP-MG Smuggled reptiles and amphibians by a 34 NCR BOC-EPCD long-time wildlife farm permittee Smuggled turtles and tortoises 1,529 NCR BOC-EPCD NBI-EnCD Smuggled Indonesian wildlife 450 XI BMB-POGI Transport of Philippine Pangolins 10 IV-A PNP 2019 NBI-EnCD Illegal trade of reptiles and raptors 13 NCR BMB-POGI Smuggled Indonesian wildlife 338 XIII PNP 1154.31 kg of Philippine Pangolin scales, 1,417+ kg IV-B AFP 263 kg sea turtle scutes, etc.

Smuggling routes Wildlife seizure incidents were identified as source (n = 231 incidents), transit (n = 41) or destination (n = 176). The category of the remaining 63 incidents was unclear. For instance, 30 Tokay Geckos were seized by authorities in Biliran Province in 2011, but it was uncertain if the lizards were poached in the province or brought in from nearby provinces (Sy and Shepherd, 2020). Palawan Province was the main source of illegally traded native wildlife with 189 (81.5%) out of 232 seizure incidents at the source location. The NCR was identified as the main destination with 124 (71.7%) out of 174 seizure incidents. Palawan wildlife figured in 26 seizure incidents (15%) in the NCR based on the available data. The provinces of Bataan, Batangas, Cavite, Quezon, Occidental Mindoro, and Negros Occidental were important transit locations in the smuggling of Palawan wildlife to the NCR and other provinces on Luzon (Fig. 28).

The NCR was also the most important transit location accounting for 10 (25%) out of 40 seizure incidents. International wildlife smuggling, particularly live reptiles, usually pass through the international airport located in the NCR. Packages from China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Mozambique, Poland, Thailand, UK, and the US with smuggled live wildlife and derivatives were also seized by the Philippine BOC.

Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines 27

The most important source of smuggled live non-native wildlife was Indonesia, which accounted for 25 (71.4%) out of 35 seizure incidents involving international sources. The main entry points of wild-caught Indonesian wildlife were General Santos City, the Municipality of Glan (Sarangani), and Mati City (Davao Oriental). The smuggled wildlife were transported by land and passed through the provinces of Davao del Sur, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, and Zamboanga del Norte en route to central Philippines and Luzon Island (Fig. 29)

Figure 28. Smuggling routes of Palawan wildlife. Solid line indicates route from source or transit to destination; broken line indicates route from source to transit location.

28 Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines

.

Figure 29. Smuggling routes of Indonesian wildlife in the Philippines. Solid line indicates route from source or transit to destination; broken line indicates route from source to transit location.

Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines 29

Some endangered Indonesian species, such as the CITES Appendix-I listed Palm Cockatoo Probosciger aterrimus (Fig. 30), being smuggled to the Philippines are protected by Indonesian law, and commercial trade of wild-caught individuals are prohibited. The large quantity, approximately 500–1,500 individuals, of Indonesian wildlife illegally entering the Philippines annually in the last 30 years was partly due to the demand from several unscrupulous zoos and wildlife breeding facilities. Some of these facilities have been reported to purchase smuggled wildlife from the black market as display animals, parental stocks, replacement of unproductive or deceased animals, and laundered wildlife for commercial export. The reported inventory of these facilities does not tally with the country’s CITES import and export documentation, pointing to wildlife laundering. The insufficient regulatory monitoring of the regional offices may reflect negatively on the wildlife authority as a whole.

Figure 30. The CITES Appendix I-listed Palm Cockatoo is routinely smuggled to the Philippines and laundered by legal zoos/farms for the international trade. © E.Y. Sy

30 Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This report provided an extensive overview of trafficked species, derivatives, and marine turtle eggs, quantified the magnitude of the illegal wildlife trade, and identified additional wildlife smuggling routes based on available seizure records in the Philippines in the last 10 years. However, analyses based on seizure data have inherent detection and reporting biases. Regions that actively conducted wildlife law enforcement activities and had better documentation and reporting mechanisms may be overrepresented in this study.

Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are proposed to the wildlife authorities to address the illegal wildlife trade in the country:

Documentation The proper identification and documentation of seized wildlife are essential in data analyses of species threatened by the illegal wildlife trade. Attempts to provide initial species identification should be done by knowledgeable individuals and validated by specialists to ensure the reliability of official reports.

Species scientific names should always be included in the report to avoid ambiguity and confusion. English and vernacular names may be useful to field personnel and should be indicated when available.

Wildlife seizure incidents were often categorized as “voluntary surrendered” or “rescued” when no administrative or criminal cases were filed against suspects, which were mostly not reflected in seizure records. Review documentation and reporting protocols to ensure that standard operating procedures are followed to accurately report and quantify seizures of illegally-traded wildlife.

Law enforcement Many significant seizures were accomplished when various law enforcement agencies collaborated. Greater cooperation and coordination among various law enforcement agencies and the private sector (i.e. general public, private companies) should be encouraged to mitigate the illegal wildlife trade.

Additional resources and trained personnel should be allocated in the key source, transit, and destination locations to enhance scrutiny and conduct sustained law enforcement activities against wildlife poaching, illegal transport, and trafficking. The proposed bill in Congress and Senate to create the Environmental Protection and Enforcement Bureau (EPEB) will institutionalize and capacitate personnel under the DENR.

Several major wildlife seizures and arrests failed to investigate and identify key wildlife traffickers. Appropriate resources should be allocated to increase the likelihood of intercepting illegal wildlife shipments and to conduct in-depth investigations and follow-up operations to arrest and prosecute key traffickers and financiers.

Conduct regular in-depth physical and paper audits to detect fraudulent breeding reports and wildlife laundering by registered wildlife facilities. Individuals and companies that may be enabling unscrupulous zoos

Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines 31 and wildlife farms to continue their illegal wildlife acquisition, wildlife laundering and transport activities should be investigated and prosecuted to serve as a deterrent and to demonstrate the seriousness of wildlife authorities in addressing corruption in public and private sectors.

Further research Create and maintain an open-access national wildlife seizure database to encourage more researchers to conduct wildlife trade studies that could elucidate trade dynamics and emerging trends, which may be used to formulate appropriate and timely intervention policies.

Conduct a follow-up wildlife seizure analysis when additional data from DENR regional and other law enforcement offices are forthcoming to better understand the roles of under-represented regions in wildlife trade in the country.

Incorporate seizure data from international wildlife law enforcement agencies to provide a broader view on illegal wildlife trade involving the Philippines.

32 Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author is grateful to the USAID Protect Wildlife Project for providing support and funding for this study. The views and conclusions of the author expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the U.S. Government or the USAID. The author also wishes to thank various regulatory and law enforcement agencies, particularly the Wildlife Resources Division of the DENR-BMB, DENR regional offices, PCSDS, BOC, and PNP-MG, for providing unpublished seizure records, Edward Lorenzo (USAID Protect Wildlife) and Glenn Forbes (USAID Protect Wildlife), Nilo Ramoso (BMB), and Randy Vinluan (USAID/ Philippines) for providing critical comments and suggestions on an earlier draft, and Enrique Nuñez, Evangeline Miclat, Welrisa Ragadio, Rey Alcantara, and Jose Espiritu (CI-Philippines) for providing administrative support.

Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines 33

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ANNEX I. ILLEGAL ACTS, FINES, AND PENALTIES UNDER R.A. NO. 9147

Act CR EN VU OTS OWS A minimum of 6 1 year and 1 day to 6 months and 1 4 years and 1 day to 2 years and 1 day to years and 1 day to 12 2 years of day to 1 year of 6 years of 4 years of a. Killing and years of imprisonment imprisonment imprisonment and/or imprisonment and/or destroying wildlife imprisonment and/or and/or fine of and/or fine of fine of PHP50,000 to fine of PHP30,000 to fine of PHP100,000 PHP20,000 to PHP10,000 to PHP500,000. PHP300,000. to PHP1,000,000. PHP200,000. PHP100,000. 6 months and 1 day 1 month to 6 b. Inflicting injury 4 years and 1 day to 2 years and 1 day to 1 year and 1 day to 2 to 1 year of months of which cripples and/or 6 years of 4 years of years of imprisonment imprisonment impairs the imprisonment and/or imprisonment and/or imprisonment and/or and/or fine of and/or fine of reproductive system fine of PHP50,000 to fine of PHP30,000 to fine of PHP20,000 to PHP10,000 to PHP5,000 to of wildlife species PHP500,000. PHP200,000. PHP200,000. PHP50,000. PHP20,000. c. Dumping, 1 month to 8 1 month to 8 years 1 month to 8 years 1 month to 8 years 1 month to 8 years squatting, mineral years of of imprisonment of imprisonment of imprisonment of imprisonment exploration and imprisonment and/or fine of and/or fine of and/or fine of and/or fine of extraction, burning, and/or fine of PHP5,000 to PHP5,000 to PHP5,000 to PHP5,000 to logging, and quarrying PHP5,000 to PHP5,000,000. PHP5,000,000. PHP5,000,000. PHP5,000,000. in a critical habitat PHP5,000,000. 1 month to 8 1 month to 8 years 1 month to 8 years 1 month to 8 years 1 month to 8 years years of d. Introduction, of imprisonment of imprisonment of imprisonment of imprisonment imprisonment reintroduction or and/or fine of and/or fine of and/or fine of and/or fine of and/or fine of restocking of wildlife PHP5,000 to PHP5,000 to PHP5,000 to PHP5,000 to PHP5,000 to PHP5,000,000. PHP5,000,000. PHP5,000,000. PHP5,000,000. PHP5,000,000. 1 month and 1 day 10 days to 1 2 years and 1 day to 1 year and 1 day to 2 6 months and 1 day to 6 months of month of 4 years of years of to 1 year of imprisonment imprisonment e. Trading of wildlife imprisonment and/or imprisonment and/or imprisonment and/or and/or fine of and/or fine of fine of PHP5,000 to fine of PHP2,000 to fine of PHP1,000 to PHP500 to PHP200 to PHP300,000. PHP200,000. PHP100,000. PHP50,000. PHP20,000. 10 days to 1 2 years and 1 day to 1 year and 1 day to 2 6 months and 1 day 1 month and 1 day f. Collecting, hunting month of 4 years of years of to 1 year of to 6 months of or possessing of imprisonment imprisonment and imprisonment and imprisonment and imprisonment and wildlife, by-products and fine of fine of PHP30,000 to fine of PHP20,000 to fine of PHP10,000 to fine of PHP5,000 to and derivatives PHP1,000 to PHP300,000. PHP200,000. PHP100,000. PHP50,000. PHP5,000. 10 days to 1 2 years and 1 day to 1 year and 1 day to 2 6 months and 1 day 1 month and 1 day g. Gathering or month of 4 years of years of to 1 year of to 6 months of destroying of active imprisonment imprisonment and imprisonment and imprisonment and imprisonment and nests, nest trees, host and fine of fine of PHP30,000 to fine of PHP20,000 to fine of PHP10,000 to fine of PHP5,000 to plants, etc. PHP1,000 to PHP300,000. PHP200,000. PHP100,000. PHP50,000. PHP5,000. 6 months and 1 day 3 months and 1 day 1 month and 1 day to 10 days to 1 month 5 days to 10 days h. Maltreating and/or to 1 year of to 6 months of 3 months of of imprisonment of imprisonment inflicting other imprisonment and imprisonment and imprisonment and and fine of and fine of injuries fine of PHP50,000 to fine of PHP20,000 to fine of PHP5,000 to PHP1,000 to PHP200 to PHP100,000. PHP50,000. PHP20,000. PHP5,000. PHP1,000. 6 months and 1 day 3 months and 1 day 1 month and 1 day to 10 days to 1 month 5 days to 10 days to 1 year of to 6 months of 3 months of of imprisonment of imprisonment i. Transporting of imprisonment and imprisonment and imprisonment and and fine of and fine of wildlife fine of PHP50,000 to fine of PHP20,000 to fine of PHP5,000 to PHP1,000 to PHP200 to PHP100,000. PHP50,000. PHP20,000. PHP5,000. PHP1,000.

38 Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines

ANNEX II. SEIZED WILDLIFE, DERIVATIVES, AND EGGS IN THE PHILIPPINES FROM 2010 TO 2019

AMPHIBIAN 129 East Asian Bullfrog Hoplobatrachus rugulosus 83 Ornate Horned Frog Ceratophrys ornata 34 Vietnamese Mossy Frog Theloderma corticale 10 Horned frog Ceratophrys sp. 2 REPTILE 16,237

Crocodilian 49 Saltwater Crocodile Crocodylus porosus 27 Spectacled Caiman crocodilus 17 Philippine Crocodile Crocodylus mindorensis 5 Sea Turtle 2,800 Hawksbill Sea Turtle Eretmochelys imbricata 1,228 Unidentified sea turtle – 980 Green Sea Turtle Chelonia mydas 548 Olive Ridley Sea Turtle Lepidochelys olivacea 42 Leatherback Sea Turtle Dermochelys coriacea 2 Turtle 9,851 Philippine Forest Turtle Siebenrockiella leytensis 4,597 Southeast Asian Box Turtle Cuora amboinensis 2,581 Red-eared Slider Trachemys scripta elegans 994 Unidentified freshwater turtle – 645 Asian Leaf Turtle Cyclemys dentata 292 Chinese Softshell Turtle Pelodiscus sinensis 140 African Spur-thighed Tortoise Centrochelys sulcata 139 Common Snapping Turtle Chelydra serpentina 100 Razorback Turtle Sternotherus carinatus 100 Red-footed Tortoise Chelonoidis carbonarius 93 Indian Star Tortoise Geochelone elegans 53 Hermann's Tortoise Testudo hermanni 44 Mata Mata Chelus fimbriata 27 Malayan Soft-shelled Turtle Dogania subplana 18 False Map Turtle Graptemys pseudogeographica 9 New Guinea Snapping Turtle Elseya novaeguineae 5 Pig-nosed Turtle Carettochelys insculpta 3 Aldabara Giant Tortoise Aldabrachelys gigantea 2 Alligator Snapping turtle Macrochelys temminckii 2 Elongated Tortoise Indotestudo elongata 2 Northern Map Turtle Graptemys geographica 2 Asian Forest Tortoise Manouria emys 1 Yellow-bellied Slider Trachemys scripta scripta 1 Yellow-spotted Turtle Podocnemis unifilis 1 Lizard 2,965 Tokay Gecko Gekko gecko 2,092 Leopard Gecko Eublepharis macularius 270

Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines 39

Blue-tongued Skink Tiliqua gigas 221 Philippine Sailfin Lizard Hydrosaurus pustulatus 106 Green Iguana Iguana iguana 84 Unidentified monitor lizard Varanus spp. 47 Mindanao Water Monitor Lizard Varanus cumingi 25 Bearded Dragon Pogona vitticeps 21 Rainer Guenther's Monitor Lizard Varanus rainerguentheri 18 Common Garden Lizard Calotes versicolor 15 Madagascan Day Gecko Phelsuma madagascariensis 12 Philippine Marbled Water Monitor Lizard Varanus marmoratus 8 Plumed Basilisk plumifrons 8 Green Tree Monitor Lizard Varanus prasinus 7 Veiled Chameleon Chamaeleo calyptratrus 7 Palawan Water Monitor Lizard Varanus palawanensis 3 Anglehead lizard Gonocephalus sp. 2 Black Tree Monitor Lizard Varanus beccarii 2 Common Skink Eutropis sp. 2 Gray's monitor lizard Varanus olivaceus 2 Savannah monitor lizard Varanus exanthematicus 2 Unidentified lizard _ 2 Visayan Water Monitor Lizard Varanus nuchalis 2 Yellow Tree Monitor Lizard Varanus reisingeri 2 Lizard Varanus salvator 1 Black and White Tegu Salvator merianae 1 Blue Tree Monitor Lizard Varanus macraei 1 Northern Caiman Lizard guianensis 1 Philippine Waterside Skink Tropidophorus grayi 1 Snake 572 Burmese Python Python bivittatus 141 Python regius 76 Southern Philippine Cobra Naja samarensis 67 Unidentified snake – 46 Reticulated Python reticulatus 41 Sumatran Blood Python 33 Red-tailed Boa Boa constrictor 27 Philippine Yellow-spotted Pitviper Trimeresurus flavomaculatus 21 Palawan Mangrove Snake Boiga dendrophila multicincta 18 Cornsnake Pantherophis guttatus 13 Northern Philippine Cobra Naja philippinensis 12 Asian Green Vine Snake Ahaetulla prasina preocularis 10 Coelognathus erythrurus Luzon Red-tailed Rat Snake 7 manillensis Pitviper Trimeresurus sp. 7 Dog-toothed Cat Snake Boiga cynodon 6 viridis 6 Marine File Snake Acrochordus granulatus 6 Asian Keeled Pit Viper Tropidolaemus subannulatus 5 Yellow Anaconda Eunectes notaeus 5 Common Wolf Snake Lycodon capucinus 4 Northern White-lipped Python Bothrochilus albertisii 4 Paradise Tree Snake Chrysopelea paradisi 3 Luzon Mountain Rat Snake Ptyas luzonensis 2 Coelognathus erythrurus Philippine Red-tailed Rat Snake 2 erythrurus Bronzeback Snake Dendrelaphis sp. 1 California Kingsnake Lampropeltis getula californiae 1 Cat Snake Boiga sp. 1 Dog-faced Water Snake Cerberus schneiderii 1

40 Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines

Equatorial Spitting Cobra Naja sumatrana 1 Luzon Mangrove Snake Boiga dendrophila divergens 1 Mindanao Mangrove Snake Boiga dendrophila latifasciata 1 Unidentified Python Python sp. 1 Western Hognosed Snake Heterodon nasicus 1 Woma Python ramsayi 1 BIRD 6,042 Palawan Hill myna Gracula religiosa palawanensis 2,115 Blue-naped Parrot Tanygnathus lucionensis 734 African Lovebird and Budgerigar Agapornis and Melopsittacus 300 African Lovebird Agapornis spp. 293 Chestnut Munia Lonchura atricapilla 240 Sulfur-crested Cockatoo Cacatua galerita 211 Coconut Lorikeet Trichoglossus haematodus 200 Budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus 159 Philippine Hanging Parrot Loriculus philippensis 155 Chattering Lory Lorius garrulus 115 Black-capped Lory Lorius lory 99 Crested Myna Acridotheres cristatellus 90 Black Lory Chalcopsitta atra 70 Java Sparrow Lonchura oryzivora 68 Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 63 Goffin's Cockatoo Cacatua goffiniana 60 Black Palm Cockatoo Probosciger aterrimus 56 Dusky Lory Pseudeos fuscata 55 Unidentified bird - 49 Eclectus Parrot Eclectus roratus 48 Western Crowned Pigeon Goura cristata 46 Indian Ring-necked Parakeet Psittacula krameri 45 White-bellied Munia Lonchura leucogastra 45 Cockatiel Nymphicus hollandicus 41 Spotted Dove Spilopelia chinensis 39 Violet-necked Lory Eos 39 White Cockatoo Cacatua alba 38 Long Crested Myna Basilornis corythaix 35 Moluccan Cockatoo Cacatua moluccensis 27 Green-winged Ground Dove Chalcophaps indica 25 Large Fig Parrot Psittaculirostris desmarestii 24 Red and Blue Lory Eos histrio 24 Pinon's Ducula pinon 22 Island Collared Dove Streptopelia bitorquata 19 Palawan Hornbill Anthracoceros marchei 18 Papuan Hornbill Rhyticeros plicatus 18 Yellow-crested Cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea 18 Yellow-faced Myna Mino dumontii 18 Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus 17 Visayan Tarictic Hornbill Penelopides panini 17 Philippine Duck Anas luzonica 16 Luzon Tarictic Hornbill Penelopides manillae 15 Southern Cassowary Casuarius casuarius 15 Philippine Cockatoo Cacatua haematuropygia 14 Wandering Whistling Duck Dendrocygna arcuata 13 Diamond Dove Geopelia cuneata 11 Yellow-breasted Fruit Dove Ptilinopus occipitalis 11 African Grey Parrot Psittacus erithacus 10 Philippine Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis holospilus 10 Luzon Lowland Scops owl Otus megalotis 9 Palawan Peacock Pheasant Polyplectron napoleonis 9

Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines 41

Red Turtle Dove Streptopelia tranquebarica 9 Luzon Rufous Hornbill Buceros hydrocorax hydrocorax 8 Philippine Eagle Owl Bubo philippensis 7 Red Bird-of-Paradise Paradisaea rubra 7 Blue-crowned Racquet-tail Parrot Prioniturus discurus 6 Great-billed Parrot Tanygnathus megalorynchos 6 Luzon Bleeding Heart Pigeon Gallicolumba luzonica 6 Pesquet's Parrot Psittrichas fulgidus 6 Ring-necked Dove Streptopelia capicola 6 Victoria's Crown Pigeon Goura victoria 5 Pied Imperial Pigeon Ducula bicolor 5 Sun Parakeet Aratinga solstitialis 5 Crested Goshawk Accipiter trivirgatus 4 Greater Painted Snipe Rostratula benghalensis 4 Green-cheeked Conure Pyrrhura molinae 4 Guaiabero Bolbopsittacus lunulatus 4 Pheasant Pigeon Otidiphaps nobilis 4 Rufous Hornbill Buceros hydrocorax 4 Eastern Grass Owl Tyto longimembris 3 Ernest's Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus ernesti 3 Large-billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos 3 Philippine Oriole Oriolus steerii 3 Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata 3 Society Finch Lonchura striata domestica 3 Zebra Dove Geopelia striata 3 Buff Banded Rail Gallirallus philippensis 2 Coleto Sarcops calvus 2 Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela 2 Green Imperial Pigeon Ducula aenea 2 Nicobar Pigeon Caloenas nicobarica 2 Rainbow Lorikeet Trichoglossus moluccanus 2 Rose-fronted Conure Pyrrhura roseifrons 2 White-bellied Sea Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster 2 Yellow-headed Amazon Amazona oratrix 2 Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria 1 Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax 1 Black-naped Oriole Oriolus chinensis 1 Blue-headed Racquet-tail Parrot Prioniturus platenae 1 Cream-bellied Fruit Dove Ramphiculus merrilli 1 Giant Scops Owl Otus gurneyi 1 Grey Imperial Pigeon Ducula pickeringii 1 Jungle Fowl Gallus gallus 1 Philippine Hawk Eagle Nisaetus philippensis 1 Pink-bellied Imperial Pigeon Ducula poliocephala 1 Red Lory Eos borneo 1 Red-rumped Parrot Psephotus haematonotus 1 Ducula myristicivora 1 White-browed Crake Porzana cinerea 1 White-eared Brown Dove Phapitreron leucotis 1 MAMMAL 3,792 Sunda Pangolin Manis javanica 2,870 Philippine Pangolin Manis culionensis 369 Sugar glider Petaurus breviceps 214 Palawan Tree Squirrel (White) Sundasciurus cf. juvencus 66 Long-tailed macaque Macaca fascicularis 34 Giant Flying Fox Pteropus vampyrus 33 Philippine Palm Civet Cat Paradoxurus philippinensis 28 White-striped Wallaby Dorcopsis hageni 27

42 Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines

Sulawesi Bear Cuscus Ailurops ursinus 17 African Pygmy Hedgehog Atelerix albiventris 13 Philippine Tarsier Carlito syrichta 13 Prionailurus javanensis Asian Leopard Cat 10 sumatranus Northern Palawan Tree Squirrel Sundasciurus juvencus 10 Striped Possum Dactylopsila trivirgata 10 Asian Small-clawed Otter Aonyx cinereus 9 Unidenfied fruit bat – 9 Palawan Bearded Pig Sus ahoenobarbus 7 Asian Bearcat Arctictis binturong 6 Ferret Mustela putorius furo 6 Palawan Porcupine Hystrix pumila 5 Tiger Panthera tigris 5 Western Long-beaked Echidna Zaglossus bruijnii 5 Sulawesi Crested Macaque Macaca nigra 4 Unidenfied gerbil – 4 Chinchilla Chinchilla lanigera 3 Palawan Stink Badger Mydaus marchei 3 Variable Squirrel Callosciurus finlaysonii 3 Cuscus Phalanger sp. 2 Unidenfied civet cat – 2 Malayan Civet Cat Viverra tangalunga 1 Philippine Brown Deer Rusa mariannus 1 Philippine Slow Loris Nycticebus menagensis 1 Southern Luzon Slender-tailed Cloud Rat Phloeomys cumingi 1 Tamaraw Bubalus mindorensis 1 INVERTEBRATE S 9,040

Arachnid 4,534 Unidentified tarantula Theraphosidae 2,712 Derby spider Neoscona sp. 547 Unidentified spider – 57 Mexican Redrump Tarantula vagans 53 Mexican Fireleg Tarantula Brachypelma boehmei 47 Selenocosmia Tarantula Selenocosmia sp. 25 Mexican Redknee Tarantula Brachypelma hamorii 23 Honduran Curly Hair Tarantula Tliltocatl albopilosum 10 Chaco Golden Knee Tarantula pulchripes 6 Mexican Golden Redrump Tarantula Brachypelma albiceps 4 Orange Tree Tarantula Pseudoclamoris gigas 4 Antilles Pink-toed Tarantula Caribena versicolor 3 Chilean Rose Tarantula Grammostola rosea 3 Grey Mustard Baboon Tarantula meridionalis 3 Mexican Redleg Tarantula Brachypelma emilia 3 Purple Tree Tarantula Tapinauchenius violaceus 3 Salem Ornamental Tarantula Poecilotheria formosa 3 Bahia Scarlet Birdeater Tarantula Lasiodora klugi 2 Brazilian Whiteknee Tarantula Acanthoscurria geniculata 2 Cobalt Tree Tarantula Cyriopagopus lividus 2 Metallic Blue Ornamental Tarantula Poecilotheria metallica 2 Mexican Golden Redrump Tarantula Brachypelma albiceps 2 Mexican Pink Tarantula Brachypelma klaasi 2 Mexican Rose Grey Tarantula Brachypelma verdezi 2 Pumpkin Patch Tarantula Hapalopus sp 2 Socotra Island Blue Baboon Tarantula Monocentropus balfouri 2 Venezuelan Suntiger Tarantula Psalmopoeus irminia 2 Bengal Ornamental Tarantula Poecilotheria miranda 1

Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines 43

Blue Foot Baboon Tarantula Idiothele mira 1 Bolivian Redrump Tarantula Acanthoscurria chacoana 1 Brazilian Salmon Pink Tarantula Lasiodora parahybana 1 Common Rose Tarantula Grammostola porteri 1 Fringed Ornamental Tarantula Poecilotheria ornata 1 Giant baboon Tarantula Hysterocrates gigas 1 Golden Brown Baboon Tarantula Augacephalus breyeri 1 Magam Tiger Tarantula Poecilotheria vittata 1 Mexican Flame knee Tarantula Brachypelma auratum 1 Philippine Orange Tarantula Selenobrachys philippinus 1 Rear Horned Baboon Tarantula Ceratogyrus darlingi 1 Straight Horned Baboon Tarantula Ceratogyrus marshalli 1 Trinidad Olive Tarantula Holothele incei 1 Wessel's Tiger Ornamental Tarantula Poecilotheria tigrinawesseli 1 Asian Black Forest Scorpion Heterometrus longimanus 506 Unidentified scorpion – 481 Deathstalker Scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus 3 Emperor Scorpion Pandinus imperator 2 Unidentified whip scorpion – 1 439 Unidentified beetle – 439 Butterfly/ 4,019 Unidentified butterfly – 3,724 Unidentified butterfly and moth – 295 Other invertebrates 48 Unidentified ant _ 32 Unidentified _ 6 Unidentified cicada _ 2 Unidentified horse fly _ 2 Unidentified _ 2 Unidentified bee _ 1 Unidentified centipede _ 1 Unidentified pillbug _ 1 Unidentified wasp _ 1 DERIVATIVES Chinese Softshell Turtle - meat Pelodiscus sinensis 4.25 kg Sea turtle - scutes 503.60 kg Sea turtle - meat 70.00 kg Sea turtle - plastron 48 pcs Sea turtle - carapace 20 pcs Green Sea Turtle - cut meat Chelonia mydas 6 individuals Green Sea Turtle - scutes Chelonia mydas 5.00 kg Hawksbill Turtle - carapace Eretmochelys imbricata 2 pcs Green Sea Turtle - carapace Chelonia mydas 1 pc Hawksbill Sea Turtle - scutes Eretmochelys imbricata 0.10 kg Snake skin 1.50 kg Snake meat 1.00kg Various wildlife skull 20 pcs Lizard skeleton 1 set Monitor lizard tail 1 pc Bird's nest 71.64 kg Hornbill casque 3 pcs Cassowary beak Casuarius casuarius 1 pc Ostrich skull Struthio camelus 1 pc Peacock feather Phasianidae 3 pcs Bird feather 2 pcs Bobcat claw 154 pcs

44 Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines

Bear claw 101 pcs Burcell's Zebra skin Equus quagga burchellii 2 skin Camel skin 1 skin Deer skull 8 pcs Fox taxidermy Vulpes sp. 1 pc Long-tailed Macaque - skull and bones Macaca fascicularis 1 set Long-tailed Macaque - skull Macaca fascicularis 5 pcs Deer antler 4 pcs Deer meat Cervus sp. 4.52 kg Elephant ivory item 2 pcs; 0.8 kg Palawan Bearded Pig - meat Sus ahoenobarbus 19.50 kg Palawan Bearded Pig - skull Sus ahoenobarbus 1 pc Philippine Pangolin - scales Manis culionensis 1,273.26 kg Unidentified pangolin scales Manidae 854.10 kg Philippine Pangolin - meat Manis culionensis 30.50 kg Philippine Pangolin - cut meat Manis culionensis 3 individuals Rhinoceros horn Ceratotherium simum 6pcs; 13.2 kg Moose head Alces alces 1pc EGGS 11,534 Sea turtle egg 11,489 Monitor lizard egg 17 Crocodile egg 4 Leopard Gecko egg 1 Raptor egg 14 Tabon Fowl egg 9

Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines 45

This publication, Wildlife from Forests to Cages: An Analysis of Wildlife Seizures in the Philippines, is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the author and DAI Global, LLC and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.