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Download Download ANTIQUARIE SCOTLANDF SO . 491 II. ANCIENTSE THTJLE ONTH TH F EO W . FOTHEBINGHAMY H . B . , ESQ. F.S.A., SOOT., KIKKWALL, ORKNEY. Thule Ultimr o , a Thule s formeha , a geographicad l proble mboto t h ancien moderd an t n timese accoun e originaTh th . f o t l discovers yi lostwhad have an ,w givets i e n principall authory yb disbelieve o wh s d the truth of the discovery. This account is contradictory in some of its particulars, in fairness to be partly ascribed to the manner in which it has passed down to us; but if its truth be allowed, this problem may be to some extent satisfactorily, thoug certainl e t hnevei b n ca r y resolved. Pythea f Marseilleso s a celebrate, d astronomer, mathematiciand an , navigator, of the time of Alexander the Great, in the fourth century before Christ, is said to have made a voyage from Marseilles through the Straits of Gibraltar, along the coasts of Spain and Gaul, through the British Channel alond an ,e eas gth t sid Britain—(introrsusf o e , inwards, Pliny, 4, 16, 30, quoted in Kenrick's Phoenicia, p. 221)—to its northern extremity; thence sailin e nort x dayth e arrive gsi h o t s t alana d d to which he gave the name of Thule, situated 46,300 stadia from the Equator. In this country the northern tropic and Arctic circle were all one. He reached it at the summer solstice, when there was no night, or a day of twenty-four hours, and where there is also stated to he a rlny of monthsx si nigha d equaf ,an to lwintee lengttime th th f eo t r ha solstice . The inhabitants of this country bordering on the frozen zone, were des- titut f cultivateeo d fruits almosd an , t deprive domestif do c animalsd an , their food consisted of millet, herbs, fruits, and roots, and when there was corn and honey they made drink of them. The corn was threshed and store largn di e granaries, threshing floors being useles accounn o s t raie wand oth f n an f Diodorusun o o t S . s Siculus . capv . B ,ii. , tellf o s e ancienth t Britons: " They dwel mean i t n cottages, coveree th r dfo most part with reeds or sticks. In reaping their corn they cut off the ears from the stalk, and so house them up in repositories under ground; thence they take and pluck out the grains of as many of the oldest of servy the ma e day s md afteth a the an r , rm fo they have bruisee th d corn make it into bread." 492 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF Tn Thul d othean e r neighbouring places, neither earth, waterr no , air existed separately, but a sort of concretion of all these, resembling marine sponge whicn ,i l earththinge al h th sea e d ,th s ,an were suspended. Pytheas mad a secone d voyagBaltice th o t e, which agai s bi ny some suppose para f thie o tb gav e so h d t accounn one e d a voyages an ,hi f o t s and travel n worke precedini slost w Th no s. g note e takear s n from Strab d Polybiusan o , quote e portion Strabi th d s f Polybius'o n(a o s work treating of Pytheas is lost), and from Pliny. I see it otherwise remarked that Pytheas sailinn i , g fro norte mth f Britaiho Orcar o n o st Thule, learned the progress of the consecutive lengthening and shorten- ing of the day. The inhabitants pointed out to him the place of the settin e sund assureth an ,f tham go hi dt there were seasons whee nth night was continual. (Pytheas apud Cosm. Indicopl. 11, p. 149.) In a work since lost, entitle de Descriptio "Th e Ocean,th f o n " Pytheas says barbarian,e "Th t happenesi shower setn Fo whers su .u dde th e in those places that the night was extremely short, lasting only two or three hours; and the sun sunk under the horizon, after a short interval reappeared at his rising." (Pytheas apud G-emin. 5, p. 22). accoune Th Thulf o t e ascribe Pytheao dt totalls si y disbelieve Polyy db - bius and Strabo, and credited, I think, by Pliny and Tacitus, and other ancient writers modern I . n time doubtes i Vincentr t si D y db , entirely discredited by Bayle, but supported by Bougainville, D'Anville, Huet, Murra G-oetingenf yo , G-osselinlittla d e ad Malte-Brun d y an , ma I d an , work "Pytheas de Marseille," written by aPolish geographer,M.Lelewel. There are in the account of Pytheas's discovery of Thule things difficult to believe, and contradictions difficult, if not impossible to reconcile; still it appears to me to carry scepticism too far to reject the voyage as a fiction. The mention of the Sacred Cape in Portugal, of Calbium in the north-west of France, and of the Island of Basilia or Baltia, whence the Bele th td StraitsBaltie naman th a f bees eo cSe ,ha n brought forwaro dt suppor authenticite th t voyagee th f yo Pytheasf so , whil Thule eth s eha foro t e greates t mth i f o rise t t nou geographica l proble antiquityf mo . The first point that arrests the attention of the inquirer is the account given of its.locality. The Thule of Pytheas is said to be 46,300 stadia fro e equatormth borderin e b dayso x frozee t , si th e n 'b gno o zonet d an , sail to the north of Britain. Now directly to the north of Britain and ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND. 493 its isles there is no land; but on the north-east is Norway, extending to the North Cape in. 71°, with a climate influenced by the warm Gulf- stream, and on the north-west is Iceland, lying between 63° and 67°; and farther west the coast of Greenland, eternally frost-bound, stretch- ing past 80°. Revertin e 46,30th o gt 0 stadi whicy b a h Thul s distani e t froe mth equator bees ha nt i , supposed that there were stadi f differenao t dimen- e amonsionus e ancientsn si gth . GosseliM . n suppose e largesth f o s t 666f were equal to a degree of the equator; of a second, 700 ; of a third, 833^; and of a fourth, 1111$-. Applying this to Pytheas's account, we should hav latitude eth f Thule—69eo ° 27' about Greenland towardr o , s Norte th h Cap n Norwayi e ; 66° 8' about Iceland 34° Yutlandn i '55 ; ; inapplicablee b soutr o fa t 40° o s hs 'a 41 d an . However, Colonel Leaken i , "e Londoth f volo . .ix n Geographical Journal, Stadium e papea th n "i n ro , came to the conclusion, that in reality there was only one stadium of 600 Greek littlfeed an te more tha e 600tnth h a degreepar f o t , which would have the effect of throwing Thule farther north. e lengte dayth th A o ,f st h o Thul s stateei o havdt s longeseit y da t monthsx si twenty-four o , threr o r hourso e tw hourr o , nightf so , giving f twenty-ono y da monthx a si r twenty-twf eo o sy da e oth hoursw No . is to be found only at the pole, of twenty-four hours in latitude 67°, of twenty one or twenty-two hours, 65° and 66°. Setting aside the polar day of six months, I may observe that, at the summer solstice in Orkney, in Lat. 59", wherwritingm a eI nighe th , quits i thery eda e lighte Th . of eighteen and a half hours is extended, in the north of Zetland, to nineteen hours nighd scarceln an , ca t there saib e y b t thio det a s season, ano inferencn d drawe eb then nca n fro mdifferenca e lengtth n f i heo the day from the nineteen to the twenty-four hours. I have just now, 26th June, near midnight, taken Stevenson' ' Progress f Discoveryo s ' e windototh rooma candler o f w o s whic hav n d i ligh,o ga n an , ef s ho i t been able to read it. Some years ago I used to be engaged angling fo rn returnin o trouts d an , g ovee hillth r se th lat t nighta n ei r o , earliest morning, I have observed a ruddy line of light remaining in the e night th wesd disappearin l an ,al t g only wite livelieth h r splendours of the rising sun. The summer night is the most charming thing in Orkney. 494 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF Thule is also described as being destitute of the cultivated fruits, and almost deprived of the domestic animals; and the food of the inhabitants consiste f milletdo , herbs, fruits rootsd an , . When the cord d yha n an honey they made drink of these, and the corn was thrashed and stored in large granaries, threshing-floors being useless on account of the rain and want of sun. Millet, cornt producthoned no an , e countra y ar f so y touchine th n go arctic circle, wit he summe nighlittlo th n t r a eo t r solstice e conTh -.
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