Wyoming - Wikipedia 6/20/17, 540 PM

Coordinates: 43°N 107.5°W Wyoming From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wyoming i/waɪˈoʊmɪŋ/ is a state in the mountain region of the western United States. The state is the tenth largest by area, the least populous and the second least densely populated state in the country. Wyoming is State of Wyoming bordered on the north by Montana, on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the south by Colorado, on the southwest by Utah, and on the west by Idaho. Cheyenne is the capital and the most populous city in Wyoming, with a population estimate of 63,335 in 2015.[7] The state population was estimated at 586,107 in 2015, which is less than the population of 31 of the largest U.S. cities.[2]

The western two-thirds of the state is covered mostly with the mountain ranges and rangelands in the Rocky Flag Seal Mountains, while the eastern third of the state is high elevation prairie known as the High Plains. Almost half of Nickname(s): Equality State (official); the land in Wyoming is owned by the U.S. government, leading Wyoming to rank sixth in the United States in Cowboy State; Big Wyoming[1] total acres and fifth in percentage of a state's land owned by the federal government.[8] The federal lands include Motto(s): Equal Rights two national parks—Grand Teton and Yellowstone—two national recreation areas and two national monuments, as well as several national forests, historic sites, fish hatcheries, and wildlife refuges.

The Crow, Arapaho, Lakota, and Shoshone were some of the original inhabitants of the region. Southwestern Wyoming was included in the Spanish Empire and then Mexican territory until it was ceded to the United States in 1848 at the end of the Mexican–American War. The region acquired the name Wyoming when a bill was introduced to Congress in 1865 to provide a "temporary government for the territory of Wyoming." The territory was named after the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania, with the name ultimately being derived from the Munsee word xwé:wamənk, meaning "at the big river flat."[9][10]

The mineral-extraction industry—especially coal, oil, natural gas, and trona—along with the travel and tourism Official English sector, are the main drivers behind Wyoming's economy. Agriculture has historically been an important language component of the state economy with the main commodities being livestock (beef), hay, sugar beets, grain (wheat Demonym Wyomingite and barley), and wool. The climate is generally semi-arid and continental, being drier and windier in comparison Capital Cheyenne to the rest of the United States, with greater temperature extremes. (and largest city) Largest metro Cheyenne Metro Area Except for the 1964 election, Wyoming has been a politically conservative state since the 1950s, with the Area Ranked 10th [11] Republican party winning every presidential election. • Total 97,914[1] sq mi (253,600 km2) • Width 372.8 miles (600 km) Contents • Length 280 miles (452 km) • % water 0.7 • Latitude 41°N to 45°N 1 Geography • Longitude 104°3'W to 111°3'W 1.1 Location and size 1.2 Mountain ranges Population Ranked 50th 1.3 Islands • Total 586,107 (2015 estimate); 1.4 Public lands 563,626 (2010 census)[2] 2 Climate • Density 5.97/sq mi (2.31/km2) 3 History Ranked 49th 4 Demographics • Median $60,925[3] (15th) 4.1 Population household 4.2 Birth data income 4.3 Languages 4.4 Religion Elevation 5 Economy • Highest point Gannett Peak[4][5][6] 5.1 Mineral and energy production 13,809 ft (4209.1 m) 5.2 Taxes • Mean 6,700 ft (2040 m) 6 Transportation • Lowest point Belle Fourche River at 7 Wind River Indian Reservation South Dakota border[5][6] 8 State law and government 3,101 ft (945 m) 8.1 Judicial system Before Wyoming Territory 8.2 Politics statehood 9 Counties Admission to July 10, 1890 (44th) 10 Cities and towns Union 11 Metropolitan areas 12 Education Governor Matt Mead (R) 12.1 Higher education Secretary of Ed Murray (R) 13 Sports State 14 State symbols Legislature Wyoming Legislature 15 See also • Upper house Senate https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming Page 1 of 14 Wyoming - Wikipedia 6/20/17, 540 PM

16 References • Lower house House of Representatives 17 External links U.S. Senators Mike Enzi (R) John Barrasso (R) U.S. House Liz Cheney (R) (list) Geography delegation Time zone Mountain: UTC -7/-6 Location and size ISO 3166 US-WY Abbreviations WY, Wyo. As specified in the designating legislation for the Territory of Wyoming, Wyoming's borders are lines of latitude, 41°N and 45°N, and longitude, 104°3'W and 111°3'W (27° W and 34° W of the Washington Meridian), making Website wyoming.gov (http://wyoming. gov) the shape of the state a latitude-longitude quadrangle.[12] Wyoming is one of only three states (along with Colorado and Utah) to have borders along only straight latitudinal and longitudinal lines, rather than being defined by natural landmarks. Due to surveying inaccuracies during the 19th century, Wyoming's legal border Wyoming state symbols deviates from the true latitude and longitude lines by up to half of a mile (0.8 km) in some spots, especially in the mountainous region along the 45th parallel.[13] Wyoming is bordered on the north by Montana, on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the south by Colorado, on the southwest by Utah, and on the west by Idaho. It is the tenth largest state in the United States in total area, containing 97,814 square miles (253,340 km2) and is made up of 23 counties. From the north border to the south border it is 276 miles (444 km);[14] and from the east to the west border is 365 miles (587 km) at its south end and 342 miles (550 km) at the north end.

Mountain ranges The Flag of Wyoming The Great Plains meet the Rocky Mountains in Wyoming. The state is a great plateau broken by many mountain ranges. Surface elevations range from the summit of Gannett Peak in the Wind River Mountain Range, at 13,804 feet (4,207 m), to the Belle Fourche River valley in the state's northeast corner, at 3,125 feet (952 m). In the northwest are the Absaroka, Owl Creek, Gros Ventre, Wind River and the Teton ranges. In the north central are the Big Horn Mountains; in the northeast, the Black Hills; and in the southern region the Laramie, Snowy and Sierra Madre ranges.

The Snowy Range in the south central part of the state is an extension of the Colorado Rockies in both geology and appearance. The Wind River Range in the west central part of the state is remote and includes more than 40 mountain peaks in excess of 13,000 ft (4,000 m) tall in addition to Gannett Peak, the highest peak in the state. The Seal of Wyoming The Big Horn Mountains in the north central portion are somewhat isolated from the bulk of the Rocky Living insignia Mountains. Bird Western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) The Teton Range in the northwest extends for 50 miles (80 km), part of which is included in Grand Teton Fish Cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) National Park. The park includes the Grand Teton, the second highest peak in the state. Flower Wyoming Indian paintbrush (Castilleja The Continental Divide spans north-south across the central portion of the state. Rivers east of the divide drain linariifolia) into the Missouri River Basin and eventually the Gulf of Mexico. They are the North Platte, Wind, Big Horn and Grass Western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum the Yellowstone rivers. The Snake River in northwest Wyoming eventually drains into the Columbia River and smithii) the Pacific Ocean, as does the Green River through the Colorado River Basin. Mammal American bison (Bison bison) The Continental Divide forks in the south central part of the state in an area known as the Great Divide Basin Reptile Horned lizard (Phrynosoma douglassi where the waters that flow or precipitate into this area remain there and cannot flow to any ocean. Instead, brevirostre) because of the overall aridity of Wyoming, water in the Great Divide Basin simply sinks into the soil or evaporates. Tree Plains cottonwood (Populus sargentii) Inanimate insignia Several rivers begin in or flow through the state, including the Yellowstone River, Bighorn River, Green River, and the Snake River. Dinosaur Triceratops Fossil Knightia Islands Mineral Nephrite

Wyoming has 32 named islands, the majority of which are located in Jackson Lake and Yellowstone Lake within Motto Equal Rights Yellowstone National Park in the northwest portion of the state. The Green River in the southwest also contains a Soil Forkwood (unofficial) number of islands. Song "Wyoming" by Charles E. Winter & George E. Knapp Public lands State route marker More than 48% of the land in Wyoming is owned by the U.S. government, leading Wyoming to rank sixth in the United States in total acres and fifth in percentage of a state's land owned by the federal government.[8] This amounts to about 30,099,430 acres (121,808.1 km2) owned and managed by the United States government. The state government owns an additional 6% of all Wyoming lands, or another 3,864,800 acres (15,640 km2).[8] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming Page 2 of 14 Wyoming - Wikipedia 6/20/17, 540 PM

The vast majority of this government land is administered by the Bureau of Land Management and U.S. Forest State quarter Service in numerous national forests, a national grassland, and a number of vast swathes of public land, in addition to the Francis E. Warren Air Force Base in Cheyenne.

In addition, Wyoming contains areas managed by the National Park Service and other agencies such as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, including: Released in 2007 National parks Lists of United States state symbols Grand Teton National Park Yellowstone National Park – first designated national park in the world[15]

Memorial parkway

John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway between Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks

National recreation areas

Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area Flaming Gorge National Recreation Area (managed by the Forest Service as part of Ashley National Forest) Wyoming terrain map National monuments

Devils Tower National Monument – first national monument in the U.S.[15] Fossil Butte National Monument

National historic trails, landmarks and sites

California National Historic Trail Fort Laramie National Historic Site Independence Rock National Historic Landmark Medicine Wheel/Medicine Mountain National Historic Landmark Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail National Register of Historic Places listings in Wyoming Oregon National Historic Trail National Park Service sites map Pony Express National Historic Trail

National fish hatcheries

Jackson National Fish Hatchery Saratoga National Fish Hatchery

National wildlife refuges

National Elk Refuge Seedskadee National Wildlife Refuge

Yellowstone National Park Devils Tower National Thunder Basin National Seedskadee National Monument Grassland Wildlife Refuge

Panoramic view of the Teton Range looking west from Jackson Hole, Grand Teton National Park

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Climate

Wyoming's climate is generally semi-arid and continental (Köppen climate classification BSk), and is drier and windier in comparison to most of the United States with greater temperature extremes. Much of this is due to the topography of the state. Summers in Wyoming are warm with July high temperatures averaging between 85 and 95 °F (29 and 35 °C) in most of the state. With increasing elevation, however, this average drops rapidly with locations above 9,000 feet (2,700 m) averaging around 70 °F (21 °C). Summer nights throughout the state are characterized by a rapid cooldown with even the hottest locations averaging in the 50–60 °F (10–16 °C) range at night. In most of the state, most of the precipitation tends to fall in the late spring and early summer. Winters are cold, but are variable with periods of sometimes extreme cold interspersed between generally mild periods, with Chinook winds providing unusually warm temperatures in some locations. Wyoming is a dry state with much of the land receiving less than 10 inches (250 mm) of rainfall per year. Precipitation depends on elevation with lower areas in the Big Horn Basin averaging 5–8 inches (130–200 mm) (making the area nearly a true desert). The lower areas in the North and on the eastern plains typically average around 10–12 inches (250–300 mm), making the climate there semi-arid. Some mountain areas do receive a good amount of precipitation, 20 inches (510 mm) or more, much of it as snow, sometimes 200 inches (510 cm) or more annually. The state's highest recorded temperature is 114 °F (46 °C) at Basin on July 12, 1900 and the lowest recorded temperature is −66 °F (−54 °C) at Riverside on February 9, Köppen climate types of Wyoming 1933.

The number of thunderstorm days vary across the state with the southeastern plains of the state having the most days of thunderstorm activity. Thunderstorm activity in the state is highest during the late spring and early summer. The southeastern corner of the state is the most vulnerable part of the state to tornado activity. Moving away from that point and westwards, the incidence of tornadoes drops dramatically with the west part of the state showing little vulnerability. Tornadoes, where they occur, tend to be small and brief, unlike some of those that occur a little farther east.

Casper climate: Average maximum and minimum temperatures, and average rainfall. Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average max. 32 37 45 56 66 78 87 85 74 60 44 34 58 temperature (0) (3) (7) (13) (19) (26) (31) (29) (23) (16) (7) (1) (14) Wyoming state welcome sign on °F (°C) Interstate 80 in Uinta County (at the Average Utah border) min. 12 16 21 28 37 46 54 51 41 32 21 14 31 temperature (−11) (−9) (−6) (−2) (3) (8) (12) (11) (5) (0) (−6) (−10) (-1) °F (°C) Average 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.6 2.1 1.5 1.3 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.7 12.8 rainfall (15.2) (15.2) (25.4) (40.6) (53.3) (38.1) (33.0) (17.8) (22.9) (25.4) (20.3) (17.8) (325.1) inches (mm) Source:[16]

Jackson climate: Average maximum and minimum temperatures, and average rainfall. Autumn in the Bighorn Mountains Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average max. 24 28 37 47 58 68 78 77 67 54 37 24 49 temperature (−4) (−2) (3) (8) (14) (20) (26) (25) (19) (12) (3) (−4) (9) °F (°C) Average min. -1 2 10 21 30 36 41 38 31 22 14 0 20 temperature (−18) (−17) (−12) (−6) (−1) (2) (5) (3) (−1) (−6) (−10) (−18) (-7) °F (°C) Average 2.6 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.9 1.8 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.3 2.3 2.5 21.4 rainfall (66.0) (48.3) (40.6) (35.6) (48.3) (45.7) (33.0) (33.0) (38.1) (33.0) (58.4) (63.5) (543.6) inches (mm) Source:[17]

History

Several Native American groups originally inhabited the region now known as Wyoming. The Crow, Arapaho, Lakota, and Shoshone were but a few of the original inhabitants encountered when white explorers first entered the region. What is now southwestern Wyoming became a part of the Spanish Empire and later Mexican territory of Alta California, until it was ceded to the United States in 1848 at the end of the Mexican–American War. French-Canadian trappers from Québec and Montréal went into the state in the late 18th century, leaving French toponyms such as Téton, La Ramie, etc. John Colter, a member of the Lewis and Clark

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Expedition, itself guided by French Canadian Toussaint Charbonneau and his young Shoshone wife, Sacagawea, first described the region in 1807. At the time, his reports of the Yellowstone area were considered to be fictional.[18] Robert Stuart and a party of five men returning from Astoria discovered South Pass in 1812. The Oregon Trail later followed that route. In 1850, Jim Bridger located what is now known as Bridger Pass, which the Union Pacific Railroad used in 1868—as did Interstate 80, 90 years later. Bridger also explored Yellowstone and filed reports on the region that, like those of Colter, were largely regarded as tall tales at the time.

The region had acquired the name Wyoming by 1865, when Representative James Mitchell Ashley of Ohio introduced a bill to Congress to provide a "temporary government for the territory of Wyoming". The territory was named after the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania, made famous by the 1809 poem Gertrude of Wyoming by Thomas Campbell, based on the Battle of Wyoming in the American Revolutionary War. The name ultimately derives from the Munsee word xwé:wamənk, meaning "at the big river flat."[9][10]

After the Union Pacific Railroad had reached the town of Cheyenne in 1867, the region's population began to grow steadily, and the federal government established the Wyoming The first Fort Laramie as it looked Territory on July 25, 1868.[19] Unlike mineral-rich Colorado, Wyoming lacked significant before 1840 (painting from memory deposits of gold and silver, as well as Colorado's subsequent population boom. However, by Alfred Jacob Miller) South Pass City did experience a short-lived boom after the Carissa Mine began producing gold in 1867.[20] Furthermore, copper was mined in some areas between the Sierra Madre Mountains and the Snowy Range near Grand Encampment.[21]

Once government-sponsored expeditions to the Yellowstone country began, reports by Colter and Bridger, previously believed to be apocryphal, were found to be true. This led to the creation of Yellowstone National Park, which became the world's first national park in 1872. Nearly all of Yellowstone National Park lies within the far northwestern borders of Wyoming.

On December 10, 1869, territorial Governor John Allen Campbell extended the right to vote to women, making Wyoming the first territory and then United States state to grant suffrage to women. In addition, Wyoming was also a pioneer in welcoming women A backcounty road in the into politics. Women first served on juries in Wyoming (Laramie in 1870); Wyoming had the first female court bailiff (Mary Sierra Madre Range of Atkinson, Laramie, in 1870); and the first female justice of the peace in the country (Esther Hobart Morris, South Pass City, in southeastern Wyoming near 1870). Also, in 1924, Wyoming became the first state to elect a female governor, Nellie Tayloe Ross, who took office in January Bridger Peak 1925.[22] Due to its civil-rights history, one of Wyoming's state nicknames is "The Equality State", and the official state motto is "Equal Rights".[1]

Wyoming's constitution included women's suffrage and a pioneering article on water rights.[23] Congress admitted Wyoming into the Union as the 44th state on July 10, 1890.[1]

Wyoming was the location of the Johnson County War of 1892, which erupted between competing groups of cattle ranchers. The passage of the federal Homestead Act led to an influx of small ranchers. A range war broke out when either or both of the groups chose violent conflict over commercial competition in the use of the public land.

Demographics

Population Historical population The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Wyoming was 586,107 on July 1, 2015, a 3.99% increase since Census Pop. %± the 2010 United States Census.[2] The center of population of Wyoming is located in Natrona County.[27][28] 1870 9,118 — 1880 20,789 128.0% In 2014, the United States Census Bureau estimated that the racial composition of the population was 92.7% White American (82.9 1890 62,555 200.9% non-Hispanic white), 2.7% American Indian and Alaska Native, 1.6% Black or African American, 1.0% Asian American, and 0.1% 1900 92,531 47.9% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander.[29] 1910 145,965 57.7% 1920 194,402 33.2% According to the 2010 census, the racial composition of the population was 90.7% White American, 0.8% Black or African 1930 225,565 16.0% American, 2.4% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.8% Asian American, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 1940 250,742 11.2% 2.2% from two or more races, and 3.0% from some other race. Ethnically, 8.9% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino 1950 290,529 15.9% origin (they may be of any race) and 91.1% Non-Hispanic, with non-Hispanic whites constituting the largest non-Hispanic group at 1960 330,066 13.6% [30] 85.9%. 1970 332,416 0.7% As of 2015, Wyoming had an estimated population of 586,107, which was an increase of 1,954, or 0.29%, from the prior year and 1980 469,557 41.3% an increase of 22,481, or 3.99%, since the 2010 census. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 12,165 people (that 1990 453,588 −3.4% is 33,704 births minus 21,539 deaths) and an increase from net migration of 4,035 people into the state. Immigration resulted in a 2000 493,782 8.9% net increase of 2,264 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 1,771 people. In 2004, the foreign-born 2010 563,626 14.1% population was 11,000 (2.2%). In 2005, total births in Wyoming numbered 7,231 (birth rate of 14.04 per thousand).[31] Sparsely Est. 2016 585,501 3.9% Sources: 1910–2010[24][25][26]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming Page 5 of 14 Wyoming - Wikipedia 6/20/17, 540 PM populated, Wyoming is the least populous state of the United States. Wyoming has the second-lowest population density, behind 2015 Estimate[2] Alaska. It is one of only two states with a smaller population than the nation's capital, Washington, D.C. (the other state is Vermont).

According to the 2000 census, the largest ancestry groups in Wyoming are: German (26.0%), English (16.0%), Irish (13.3%), Norwegian (4.3%), and Swedish (3.5%).[32]

As of 2011, 24.9% of Wyoming's population younger than age 1 were minorities.[33]

Birth data

Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, Wyoming population density map – the largest giving a higher overall number. population centers are Cheyenne in the southeast Live Births by Race/Ethnicity of Mother and Casper in the east central section. Race 2013[34] 2014[35] 2015[36] White: 7,090 (92.7%) 7,178 (93.2%) 7,217 (92.9%) > Non-Hispanic White 6,136 (80.3%) 6,258 (81.3%) 6,196 (79.8%) Native 305 (4.0%) 294 (3.8%) 294 (3.8%) Asian 124 (1.6%) 108 (1.4%) 135 (1.7%) Black 125 (1.6%) 116 (1.5%) 119 (1.5%) Hispanic (of any race) 926 (12.1%) 895 (11.6%) 963 (12.4%) Total Wyoming 7,644 (100%) 7,696 (100%) 7,765 (100%)

Languages

In 2010, 93.39% (474,343) of Wyomingites over the age of 5 spoke English as their primary language. 4.47% (22,722) spoke Spanish, 0.35% (1,771) spoke German, and 0.28% (1,434) spoke French. Other common non-English languages included Algonquian (0.18%), Russian (0.10%), Tagalog, and Greek (both 0.09%).[37]

In 2007, the American Community Survey reported that 6.2% (30,419) of Wyoming's population over five years old spoke a language other than English at home. Of those, 68.1% were able to speak English very well, 16.0% spoke English well, 10.9% did not speak English well, and 5.0% did not speak English at all.[38]

Religion

According to a 2013 Gallup Poll, the religious affiliations of the people of Wyoming were: 49% Protestants, 18% Catholics, 9% Latter-day Saints (Mormons) and less than 1% Jewish.[39]

A 2010 ARDA report recognized as the largest denominations in Wyoming the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) with 62,804 (11%), the Catholic Church with 61,222 (10.8%) and the Southern Baptist Convention with 15,812 adherents (2.8%). The same report counted 59,247 Evangelical Protestants (10.5%), 36,539 Mainline Protestants (6.5%), 785 Eastern Orthodox Christians; 281 Black Protestants, as well as 65,000 adhering to other traditions and 340,552 not claiming any tradition.[40]

Economy

According to the 2012 United States Bureau of Economic Analysis report, Wyoming's gross state product was $38.4 billion.[41] As of 2014 the population was growing slightly with the most growth in tourist-oriented areas such as Teton County. Boom conditions in neighboring states such as North Dakota were drawing energy workers away. About half of Wyoming's counties showed population losses.[42] The state makes active efforts through Wyoming Grown, an internet-based recruitment program, to find jobs for young people educated in Wyoming who have emigrated but may wish to return.[43]

As of November 2015, the state's unemployment rate was 4.0%.[44] The composition of Wyoming's economy differs significantly from that of other states with most activity in tourism, agriculture, and energy extraction; and little in anything else.[43]

The mineral extraction industry and travel and tourism sector are the main drivers behind Wyoming's economy. The federal government owns about 50% of its landmass, while 6% is controlled by the state. Total taxable values of mining production in Wyoming for 2001 was over $6.7 billion. The tourism industry accounts for over $2 billion in revenue for the state.

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In 2002, more than six million people visited Wyoming's national parks and monuments. The key tourist attractions in Presidential election results[11] Wyoming include Grand Teton National Park, Yellowstone National Park, Devils Tower National Monument, Year Democratic Republican Independence Rock and Fossil Butte National Monument. Each year Yellowstone National Park, the world's first national 2016 21.88% 55,973 68.17% 174,419 park, receives three million visitors. 2012 27.82% 69,286 68.64% 170,962 Historically, agriculture has been an important component of Wyoming's economy. Its overall importance to the 2008 32.54% 82,868 64.78% 164,958 performance of Wyoming's economy has waned. However, agriculture is still an essential part of Wyoming's culture and 2004 29.07% 70,776 68.86% 167,629 lifestyle. The main agricultural commodities produced in Wyoming include livestock (beef), hay, sugar beets, grain (wheat and barley), and wool. More than 91% of land in Wyoming is classified as rural. 2000 27.70% 60,481 67.76% 147,947 1996 36.84% 77,934 49.81% 105,388 Mineral and energy production 1992 33.97% 68,160 39.55% 79,347 1988 38.01% 67,113 60.53% 106,867 Wyoming's mineral commodities include coal, natural gas, coalbed methane, crude oil, uranium, and trona. 1984 28.24% 53,370 70.51% 133,241 Coal: Wyoming produced 395.5 million short tons (358.8 million metric tons) of coal in 2004, greater than any other 1980 27.97% 49,427 62.64% 110,700 [45] state. Wyoming possesses a reserve of 68.7 billion tons (62.3 billion metric tons) of coal. Major coal areas 1976 39.81% 62,239 59.30% 92,717 include the Powder River Basin and the Green River Basin Coalbed methane (CBM): The boom for CBM began in the mid-1990s. CBM is characterized as methane gas that is 1972 30.47% 44,358 69.01% 100,464 extracted from Wyoming's coal bed seams. It is another means of natural gas production. There has been substantial 1968 35.51% 45,173 55.76% 70,927' CBM production in the Powder River Basin. In 2002, the CBM production yield was 327.5 billion cubic feet 1964 56.56% 80,718 43.44% 61,988 3 (9.3 km ). 1960 44.99% 63,331 55.01% 77,451 Crude oil: Wyoming produced 53,400,000 barrels (8,490,000 m3) of crude oil in 2007. The state ranked 5th 1956 39.92% 49,554 60.08% 74,573 nationwide in oil production in 2007.[46] Petroleum is most often used as a motor fuel, but it is also utilized in the manufacture of plastics, paints, and synthetic rubber. 1952 37.09% 47,934 62.71% 81,047 Diamonds: The Kelsey Lake Diamond Mine, located in Colorado less than 1,000 feet (300 m) from the Wyoming 1948 51.62% 52,354 47.27% 47,947 border, produced gem quality diamonds for several years. The Wyoming craton, which hosts the kimberlite volcanic 1944 48.77% 49,419 51.23% 51,921 pipes that were mined, underlies most of Wyoming. 1940 52.82% 59,287 46.89% 52,633 Natural gas: Wyoming produced 1.77 trillion cubic feet (50.0 billion m3) of natural gas in 2016. The state ranked 6th 1936 60.58% 62,624 37.47% 38,739 nationwide for natural gas production in 2016.[47] The major markets for natural gas include industrial, commercial, and domestic heating. 1932 56.07% 54,370 40.82% 39,583 1928 35.37% 29,299 63.68% 52,748 Trona: Wyoming possesses the world's largest known reserve of trona,[48] a mineral used for manufacturing glass, 1924 16.11% 12,868 52.39% 41,858 paper, soaps, baking soda, water softeners, and pharmaceuticals. In 2008, Wyoming produced 46 million short tons (41.7 million metric tons) of trona, 25% of the world's production.[48] 1920 31.86% 17,429 64.15% 35,091 Wind power: Because of Wyoming's geography and high-altitude, the potential for wind power in Wyoming is one 1916 54.62% 28,316 41.86% 21,698 of the highest of any state in the US. The Chokecherry and Sierra Madre Wind Energy Project is the largest 1912 36.20% 15,310 34.42% 14,560 [49] commercial wind generation facility under development in North America. Carbon County is home to the largest 1908 39.67% 14,918 55.43% 20,846 proposed wind farm in the US. However, construction plans have been halted because of proposed new taxes on 1904 29.08% 8,930 66.72% 20,489 wind power energy production.[50] Uranium: Although uranium mining in Wyoming is much less active than it was in previous decades, recent 1900 41.17% 10,164 58.66% 14,482 increases in the price of uranium have generated new interest in uranium prospecting and mining. 1896 51.49% 10,861 47.75% 10,072 1892 46.14% 7,772 50.52% 8,454 Taxes

Unlike most other states, Wyoming does not levy an individual or corporate income tax. In addition, Wyoming does not assess any tax on retirement income earned and received from another state. Wyoming has a state sales tax of 4%. Counties have the option of collecting an additional 1% tax for general revenue and a 1% tax for specific purposes, if approved by voters. Food for human consumption is not subject to sales tax.[51] There also is a county lodging tax that varies from 2% to 5%. The state collects a use tax of 5% on items purchased elsewhere and brought into Wyoming. All property tax is based on the assessed value of the property and Wyoming's Department of Revenue's Ad Valorem Tax Division supports, trains, and guides local government agencies in the uniform assessment, valuation and taxation of locally assessed property. "Assessed value" means taxable value; "taxable value" means a percent of the fair market value of property in a particular class. Wind farm in Uinta County Statutes limit property tax increases. For county revenue, the property tax rate cannot exceed 12 mills (or 1.2%) of assessed value. For cities and towns, the rate is limited to 8 mills (0.8%). With very few exceptions, state law limits the property tax rate for all governmental purposes.

Personal property held for personal use is tax-exempt. Inventory if held for resale, pollution control equipment, cash, accounts receivable, stocks and bonds are also exempt. Other exemptions include property used for religious, educational, charitable, fraternal, benevolent and government purposes and improvements for handicapped access. Mine lands, underground mining equipment, and oil and gas extraction equipment are exempt from property tax but companies must pay a gross products tax on minerals and a severance tax on mineral production.[52][53]

Wyoming does not collect inheritance taxes. There is limited estate tax related to federal estate tax collection. A Wyoming coal mine

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In 2008, the Tax Foundation ranked Wyoming as having the single most "business friendly" tax climate of all 50 states.[54] Wyoming state and local governments in fiscal year 2007 collected $2.242 billion in taxes, levies, and royalties from the oil and gas industry. The state's mineral industry, including oil, gas, trona, and coal provided $1.3 billion in property taxes from 2006 mineral production.[46] Wyoming receives more federal tax dollars per capita in aid than any other state except Alaska. The federal aid per capita in Wyoming is more than double the United States average.[55]

As of 2016, Wyoming does not require the beneficial owners of LLCs to be disclosed in the filing, which creates an opportunity for a tax haven, according to Clark Stith of Clark Stith & Associates in Rock Springs, Wyoming, a former Republican candidate for Wyoming secretary of state.[56]

Transportation

The largest airport in Wyoming is Jackson Hole Airport, with over 500 A drilling rig drills for natural gas just employees.[57] Three interstate highways and thirteen United States west of the Wind River Range in the highways pass through Wyoming. In addition, the state is served by the Wyoming Rockies. Wyoming state highway system.

Interstate 25 enters the state south of Cheyenne and runs north, intersecting Interstate 80 immediately west of Cheyenne. It passes through Casper and ends at Interstate 90 near Buffalo. Interstate 80 crosses the Utah border west of Evanston and runs east through the southern third of the state, passing through Cheyenne before entering Nebraska near Pine Bluffs. Interstate 90 comes into Wyoming near Parkman and cuts through the northeastern part of the state. It serves Gillette and enters South Dakota east of Sundance.

U.S. Routes 14, 16, and the eastern section of U.S. 20 all have their western terminus at the eastern entrance to Yellowstone National Park and pass through Cody. U.S. 14 travels eastward before joining I-90 at Gillette. U.S. Map of Wyoming - PDF (http://nationalatlas.gov/pri 14 then follows I-90 to the South Dakota border. U.S. 16 and 20 split off of U.S. 14 at Greybull and U.S. 16 ntable/images/pdf/reference/pagegen_wy.pdf) turns east at Worland while U.S. 20 continues south Shoshoni. U.S. Route 287 carries traffic from Fort Collins, Colorado into Laramie, Wyoming through a pass between the Laramie Mountains and the Medicine Bow Mountains, merges with US 30 and I-80 until it reaches Rawlins, where it continues north, passing Lander. Outside of Moran, U.S. 287 is part of a large interchange with U.S. Highways 26, 191, and 89, before continuing north to the southern entrance of Yellowstone. U.S. 287 continues north of Yellowstone, but the two sections are separated by the national park.

Other U.S. highways that pass through the state are United States Highways are 18, 26, 30, 85, 87, 89, 189, 191, 212, and 287.

Wyoming is one of only two states (the other being South Dakota) in the 48 contiguous states not served by Amtrak.[58]

Wind River Indian Reservation

The Wind River Indian Reservation is shared by the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho tribes of Native Americans in the central western portion of the state near Lander. The reservation is home to 2,500 Eastern Shoshone and 5,000 Northern Arapaho.[59]

Chief Washakie established the reservation in 1868[60] as the result of negotiations with the federal government in the Fort Bridger Treaty.[61] However, the Northern Arapaho were forced onto the Shoshone reservation in 1876 by the federal government after the government failed to provide a promised separate reservation.[61]

Today the Wind River Indian Reservation is jointly owned, with each tribe having a 50% interest in the land, water, and Wind River Canyon other natural resources.[62] The reservation is a sovereign, self-governed land with two independent governing bodies: the Eastern Shoshone Tribe and the Northern Arapaho Tribe. Until 2014, the Shoshone Business Council and Northern Arapaho Business Council met jointly as the Joint Business Council to decide matters that affect both tribes.[60] Six elected council members from each tribe served on the joint council.

State law and government

Wyoming's Constitution established three branches of government: the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

The Wyoming State Legislature comprises a House of Representatives with 60 members and a Senate with 30 members.

The executive branch is headed by the governor and includes a secretary of state, auditor, treasurer and superintendent of public instruction. Wyoming does not have a lieutenant governor. Instead the secretary of state stands first in the line of succession.

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Wyoming is an alcoholic beverage control state.

Judicial system

Wyoming's highest court is the Supreme Court of Wyoming, with five justices presiding over appeals from the state's lower courts. Wyoming is unusual in that it does not have an intermediate appellate court, like most states. This is largely attributable to the state's population and correspondingly lower caseload. Appeals from the state district courts go directly to the Wyoming Supreme Court. Wyoming also has state circuit courts (formerly county courts), of limited jurisdiction, which handle certain types of cases, such as civil claims with lower dollar amounts, misdemeanor criminal offenses, and felony arraignments. Circuit court judges also commonly hear small claims cases as well.

Before 1972, Wyoming judges were selected by popular vote on a nonpartisan ballot. This earlier system was criticized by the state bar who called for the adoption of the Missouri Plan, a system designed to balance judiciary independence with judiciary accountability. In 1972, an amendment to Article 5 of the Wyoming Constitution, which incorporated a modified version of the plan, was adopted by the voters. Since the adoption of the amendment, all state court judges in Wyoming are nominated by the Judicial Nominating Commission and appointed by the Governor. They are then subject to a retention vote [63] by the electorate one year after appointment. Wyoming State Capitol building, Cheyenne Politics

Wyoming's political history defies easy classification. The state was the first to grant women the right to vote and to [65] elect a woman governor. On December 10, 1869, John Allen Campbell, the first Governor of the Wyoming Presidential elections results[64] Territory, approved the first law in United States history explicitly granting women the right to vote. This day was later Year Republicans Democrats [65] commemorated as Wyoming Day. On November 5, 1889, voters approved the first constitution in the world 2016 68.17% 174,419 21.88% 55,973 [66] granting full voting rights to women. 2012 68.64% 170,962 27.82% 69,286 While the state elected notable Democrats to federal office in the 1960s and 1970s, politics have become decidedly 2008 64.78% 164,958 32.54% 82,868 more conservative since the 1980s as the Republican Party came to dominate the state's congressional delegation. 2004 68.86% 167,629 29.07% 70,776 Today, Wyoming is represented in Washington by its two Senators, Mike Enzi and John Barrasso, and its one member 2000 67.76% 147,947 27.70% 60,481 of the House of Representatives, Congresswoman Liz Cheney. All three are Republicans. The state has not voted for a 1996 49.81% 105,388 36.84% 77,934 Democrat for president since 1964, one of only eight times since statehood. At present, there are only two relatively reliably Democratic counties: affluent Teton and college county Albany. In the 2004 presidential election, George W. 1992 39.70% 79,347 34.10% 68,160 Bush won his second-largest victory, with 69% of the vote. Former Vice President Dick Cheney is a Wyoming resident 1988 60.53% 106,867 38.01% 67,113 and represented the state in Congress from 1979 to 1989. 1984 70.51% 133,241 28.24% 53,370

Republicans are no less dominant at the state level. They have held a majority in the state senate continuously since 1980 62.64% 110,700 27.97% 49,427 1936 and in the state house since 1964. However, Democrats held the governorship for all but eight years between 1976 59.30% 92,717 39.81% 62,239 1975 and 2011. Uniquely, Wyoming elected Democrat Nellie Tayloe Ross as the first woman in United States history 1972 69.01% 100,464 30.47% 44,358 to serve as state governor. She served from 1925 to 1927, winning a special election after her husband, William 1968 55.76% 70,927 35.51% 45,173 [67] Bradford Ross, unexpectedly died a little more than a year into his term. 1964 43.44% 61,998 56.56% 80,718 1960 55.01% 77,451 44.99% 63,331

Counties

The state of Wyoming has 23 counties.

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The 23 counties of the state of Wyoming[68] Rank County Population Rank County Population 1 Laramie 94,483 13 Converse 14,008 2 Natrona 78,621 14 Goshen 13,636 3 Campbell 47,874 15 Big Horn 11,794 4 Sweetwater 45,267 16 Sublette 10,368 5 Fremont 41,110 17 Platte 8,756 6 Albany 37,276 18 Johnson 8,615 7 Sheridan 29,596 19 Washakie 8,464 8 Park 28,702 20 Crook 7,155 9 Teton 21,675 21 Weston 7,082 10 Uinta 21,025 22 Hot Springs 4,822 11 Lincoln 17,961 23 Niobrara 2,456 12 Carbon 15,666 Wyoming Total 576,412

Wyoming license plates contain a number on the left that indicates the county where the vehicle is registered, ranked by an earlier census.[26] Specifically, the numbers are representative of the property values of the counties in 1930.[69] The county license plate numbers are as follows:

License License License Plate County Plate County Plate County Prefix Prefix Prefix 1 Natrona 9 Big Horn 17 Campbell 2 Laramie 10 Fremont 18 Crook 3 Sheridan 11 Park 19 Uinta 4 Sweetwater 12 Lincoln 20 Washakie 5 Albany 13 Converse 21 Weston 6 Carbon 14 Niobrara 22 Teton 7 Goshen 15 Hot Springs 23 Sublette 8 Platte 16 Johnson

Cities and towns An enlargeable map of the 23 counties of Wyoming The State of Wyoming has 99 incorporated municipalities.

City of Casper, Wyoming

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Most Populous Wyoming Cities and Towns[70] Rank City County Population 1 Cheyenne Laramie 60,096 2 Casper Natrona 55,988 3 Laramie Albany 31,312 4 Gillette Campbell 29,389 5 Rock Springs Sweetwater 23,229 6 Sheridan Sheridan 17,517 7 Green River Sweetwater 12,622 8 Evanston Uinta 12,282 9 Riverton Fremont 10,867 10 Jackson Teton 9,710 11 Cody Park 9,653 12 Rawlins Carbon 9,203 13 Lander Fremont 7,571 14 Torrington Goshen 6,690 15 Powell Park 6,314

In 2005, 50.6% of Wyomingites lived in one of the 13 most populous Wyoming municipalities.

Metropolitan areas

The United States Census Bureau has defined two Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) and seven Micropolitan Statistical Areas (MiSA) for the State of Wyoming. In 2008, 30.4% of Wyomingites lived in either of the Metropolitan Statistical Areas, and 73% lived in either a Metropolitan Statistical Area or a Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas[71] Census Area County Population Cheyenne Laramie County, Wyoming 95,809 Casper Natrona County, Wyoming 80,973 Gillette Campbell County, Wyoming 48,176 Rock Springs Sweetwater County, Wyoming 45,237 Teton County, Wyoming 32,543

Jackson Teton County, Idaho 10,275 Cheyenne Total 42,818 Riverton Fremont County, Wyoming 40,998 Laramie Albany County, Wyoming 37,422 Sheridan Sheridan County, Wyoming 29,824 Evanston Uinta County, Wyoming 21,066

Education

Public education is directed by the state superintendent of public instruction, an elected state official. Educational policies are set by the State Board of Education, a nine-member board appointed by the governor. The constitution prohibits the state from establishing curriculum and textbook selections; these are the prerogatives of local school boards. The Wyoming School for the Deaf was the only in-state school dedicated to supporting deaf students in Wyoming, but it closed in the summer of 2000.[72]

Higher education

Wyoming has one public four-year institution, the University of Wyoming in Laramie and one private four-year college, Wyoming Catholic College, in Lander, Wyoming. In addition, there are seven two-year community colleges spread throughout the state.

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Before the passing of a new law in 2006, Wyoming had hosted unaccredited institutions, many of them suspected diploma mills.[73] The 2006 law is forcing unaccredited institutions to make one of three choices: move out of Wyoming, close down, or apply for accreditation. The Oregon State Office of Degree Authorization predicts that in a few years the problem of diploma mills in Wyoming might be resolved.[74]

Sports

Due to its sparse population, the state of Wyoming lacks any major professional sports teams. Some of the most popular sports teams in the state are the University of Wyoming Cowboys and Cowgirls teams – particularly football and basketball, which play in the Mountain West Conference. Their stadiums in Laramie are at about 7,200 feet (2,200 m) above sea level, the highest in NCAA Division I. High school sports are governed by the Wyoming High School Activities Association, which sponsors 12 sports.

Rodeo is popular in Wyoming, and Casper has hosted the College National Finals Rodeo since 2001. The Rocky Mountain Herbarium at the University of Wyoming State symbols

List of all Wyoming state symbols:[1]

State bird: western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) State coin: Sacagawea dollar State dinosaur: Triceratops State emblem: Bucking Horse and Rider State fish: cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) State flag: Flag of the State of Wyoming State flower: Wyoming Indian paintbrush (Castilleja linariifolia) State fossil: Knightia State gemstone: Wyoming nephrite jade State flower of Wyoming: Indian State grass: western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii) paintbrush State insect: Sheridan's green hairstreak butterfly (Callophrys sheridanii) State mammal: American bison (Bison bison) State motto: Equal Rights State nicknames: Equality State; Cowboy State; Big Wyoming State reptile: horned lizard (Phrynosoma douglassi brevirostre) State seal: Great Seal of the State of Wyoming State song: "Wyoming" by Charles E. Winter & George E. Knapp State sport: rodeo State tree: plains cottonwood (Populus sargentii) See also

Outline of Wyoming – organized list of topics about Wyoming Index of Wyoming-related articles List of people from Wyoming List of mountain ranges in Wyoming List of trails in Wyoming References

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"This effort has taken the form of an Internet-based recruitment program called Wyoming Grown. Young Wyomingites who have left the state sign up on the program's website, and quickly receive a call from a recruiter who helps link them to work here." 44. Bls.gov (http://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.wy.htm); Local Area Unemployment Statistics 45. "EIA State Energy Profiles: Wyoming" (http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=WY). June 12, 2008. Retrieved June 24, 2008. 46. "Petroleum Association of Wyoming" (http://www.pawyo.org/facts.html). 47. US Energy Information Administration, Natural Gas Production (https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_prod_sum_a_EPG0_VGM_mmcf_a.htm), accessed 14 June 2017. 48. Gearino, Jeff (February 16, 2009). "Soda ash companies enjoy record year" (http://www.casperstartribune.net/articles/2009/02/16/news/wyoming/4b7e9a771fe4bd868725755e0026 8e51.txt). Casper Star Tribune. 49. http://www.powercompanyofwyoming.com/ 50. Paterson, Leigh (June 14, 2016). 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External links

State of Wyoming government official website (http://wyoming.gov/) Official Wyoming State Travel Website – Forever West (http://www.wyomingtourism.org/) Wyoming State Facts from USDA (http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=56&StateName=Wyoming#.U85_hvld Vu0) ‹See Tfd›Wyoming (https://dmoztools.net/Regional/North_America/United_States/Wyoming) at DMOZ Geographic data related to Wyoming (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/161991) at OpenStreetMap

Preceded by List of U.S. states by date of statehood Succeeded by Idaho Admitted on July 10, 1890 (44th) Utah

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wyoming&oldid=786544656"

Categories: Wyoming States and territories established in 1890 States of the United States Western United States 1890 establishments in the United States

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