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Evidence from the Fossil Record
Chapter 3 LESSON 1 Evidence from the Fossil Record Essential Question Pictures of the Past How are fossils used to learn about the history of To the untrained eye, fossils might look like ordinary rocks. But to a trained scientist, they are much more than that. They paint a picture life on Earth? of past organisms and environments that often look different from current organisms and environments. Warm Up When a Moroccan fossil collector showed scientist Nizar Ibrahim a box What clues about the of fossils, Ibrahim knew one of them was special. Years later he would past can you get from realize just how special it was. In 2014 the fossil collector led Ibrahim a fossil? and his team to the site where the fossil was found. It was in the middle of the Moroccan Sahara Desert. The team unearthed several more fossils. The fossils came from a dinosaur called Spinosaurus. They Vocabulary were about 100 million years old. biodiversity Spinosaurus was a large predatory dinosaur. The first Spinosaurus chordate fossils were discovered by Ernst Stromer in Egypt in 1912, but the fossils were destroyed during World War II. Since that time, Spinosaurus cyanobacteria had eluded scientists. microfossil Ibrahim and his team dug up many Spinosaurus bones. With the help paleontologist of Stromer’s original drawings, they used the bones to reconstruct the Spinosaurus skeleton. The skull was shaped like a crocodile’s, with sharp, cone-shaped teeth. Its back had a structure like a sail on top of it. Its hip bones were narrow. The bones in its feet were shaped like paddles. -
Saving the Survivors Transferring to Steam Passenger Ships When He Joined the White Star Line in 1880
www.BretwaldaBooks.com @Bretwaldabooks bretwaldabooks.blogspot.co.uk/ Bretwalda Books on Facebook First Published 2020 Text Copyright © Rupert Matthews 2020 Rupert Matthews asserts his moral rights to be regarded as the author of this book. All rights reserved. No reproduction of any part of this publication is permitted without the prior written permission of the publisher: Bretwalda Books Unit 8, Fir Tree Close, Epsom, Surrey KT17 3LD [email protected] www.BretwaldaBooks.com ISBN 978-1-909698-63-5 Historian Rupert Matthews is an established public speaker, school visitor, history consultant and author of non-fiction books, magazine articles and newspaper columns. His work has been translated into 28 languages (including Sioux). Looking for a speaker who will engage your audience with an amusing, interesting and informative talk? Whatever the size or make up of your audience, Rupert is an ideal speaker to make your event as memorable as possible. Rupert’s talks are lively, informative and fun. They are carefully tailored to suit audiences of all backgrounds, ages and tastes. Rupert has spoken successfully to WI, Probus, Round Table, Rotary, U3A and social groups of all kinds as well as to lecture groups, library talks and educational establishments.All talks come in standard 20 minute, 40 minute and 60 minute versions, plus questions afterwards, but most can be made to suit any time slot you have available. 3 History Talks The History of Apples : King Arthur – Myth or Reality? : The History of Buttons : The Escape of Charles II - an oak tree, a smuggling boat and more close escapes than you would believe. -
A Century of Spinosaurs - a Review and Revision of the Spinosauridae
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Queen Mary Research Online A century of spinosaurs - a review and revision of the Spinosauridae with comments on their ecology HONE David William Elliott1, * HOLTZ Thomas Richard Jnr2 1 School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK 2 Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA Abstract: The spinosaurids represent an enigmatic and highly unusual form of large tetanuran theropods that were first identified in 1915. A recent flurry of discoveries and taxonomic revisions of this important and interesting clade had added greatly to our knowledge, however, spinosaur body fossils are generally rare and most species are known from only limited skeletal remains. Their unusual anatomical adaptations to the skull, limbs and axial column all differ from other large theropods and point to an unusual ecological niche and a lifestyle intimately linked to water. Keywords: Theropoda, Megalosauroidea, Baryonychinae, Spinosaurinae, palaeoecology E-mail: [email protected] 1 Introduction The Spinosauridae is an enigmatic clade of large and carnivorous theropods from the Jurassic and Cretaceous that are known from both Gondwana and Laurasia (Holtz et al., 2004). Despite their wide temporal and geographic distribution, the clade is known primarily from teeth and the body fossil record is extremely limited (Bertin, 2010). As such, relatively little is known about this group of animals, although their unusual morphology with regard to skull shape, dentition, dorsal neural spines and other features mark them out as divergent from the essential bauplan of other non-tetanuran theropods (Fig 1). -
Stromer 1915
Proceedings of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Science Mathematical-physical Division Volume XXVIII, Paper 3 __________________________________ Results of Prof. E. Stromer's Research Expedition in the Deserts of Egypt II. Vertebrate Remains from the Baharîje Beds (lowermost Cenomanian) 3. The Type of the Theropod Spinosaurus aegyptiacus nov. gen., nov. spec.* by Ernst Stromer with 2 double-page plates Presented on November 6, 1915 Munich 1915 A publication of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Science in commission of G. Franz's Press (J. Roth) ===================================================================================== Translation by R.T. Zanon, 1989. * Original citation: Stromer, E. 1915. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharîje-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 3. Das Original des Theropoden Spinosaurus aegyptiacus nov. gen., nov. spec. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse 28(3):1-32. 3. The Type of the Theropod Spinosaurus aegyptiacus nov. gen., nov. spec. Three km north of Gebel el Dist, thus in the plain at the base of the Baharîje Valley and in the deepest layer "7 p" (Stromer 1914, p. 28 and 29, fn. 1), out of a small hill, from a whitish-gray to yellowish, clayey, gypsum-free sandstone, below a cover of 30 cm ferruginous sandstone and 1 m of hard clay, in Spring 1912, the collector Markgraf excavated a number of remains, lying closely together, of a large theropod, namely the two mandibular rami without the posterior ends with a few teeth in situ, a ? left angular, a little piece of the left upper jaw, over a dozen individual teeth or tooth crowns, two cervical, seven dorsal, two and a half sacral, and one anterior caudal vertebrae, many incomplete ribs and lateral gastralia. -
Ernst Freiherr Stromer Von Reichenbach – Wikipedia
Ernst Freiherr Stromer von Reichenbach – Wikipedia https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Freiherr_Stromer_von_Reichenbach aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie Karl Heinrich Ernst Freiherr Stromer von Reichenbach (* 12. Juni 1871 in Nürnberg; † 18. Dezember 1952 in Erlangen) war ein deutscher Paläontologe und einer der bedeutendsten Dinosaurier- Forscher. 1 Herkunft 2 Werdegang 3 Wissenschaftliche Leistungen 4 Ehrungen 5 Dokumentarfilm 6 Schriften 7 Siehe auch 8Literatur Ernst Stromer (ca. 1914) 9 Weblinks 10 Einzelnachweise Ernst Stromer von Reichenbach gehört einem Adelsgeschlecht an, das im Mittelalter zu den wichtigsten Patrizierfamilien der Reichsstadt Nürnberg gehörte. Einige Mitglieder der Familie Stromer (vorher auch Stromair und Stromeyer) fungierten als Vorderster Losunger (Verwalter der städtischen Steuern[1]) und Bürgermeister von Nürnberg. Die Familie war seit ihrer Einwanderung nach Nürnberg mit Unterbrechungen im 16. und 17. Jh. im „Inneren Rat“ von Nürnberg vertreten. Ulman Stromer (1329–1407) schrieb das früheste Werk der Nürnberger Geschichtsschreibung und gründete und betrieb die erste Papiermühle Deutschlands. Sein Halbbruder Peter Stromer erfand 1368 die Nadelwaldsaat, durch die es zum ersten Mal in der Forstwirtschaft gelang, planmäßig und in großem Ausmaß Wald anzusäen. Ab 1754 gehörte der Familie Stromer das Schloss Grünsberg in Mittelfranken. Während seines Studiums wurde er Mitglied des AGV München.[2] Ernst Stromer von Reichenbach machte sich um die Erforschung fossiler Wirbeltiere verdient. Er wirkte in Leiden/Holland (1897 Konservator an der Geologisch-Mineralogischen Abteilung des Reichsmuseums (Rijskmuseum)) und in München (1901 Habilitation, 1908 außerordentlicher Professor, 1928 Hauptkonservator und Abteilungsleiter sowie 1930 Abteilungsdirektor an der „Bayerischen Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und historische Geologie“, 1921 Honorarprofessor). 1916 wurde er zum außerordentlichen Mitglied der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften gewählt, 1921 wurde er ordentliches Mitglied der Mathematisch-physikalischen Klasse. -
Dinosaur (DK Eyewitness Books)
Eyewitness DINOSAUR www.ketabha.org Eyewitness DINOSAUR www.ketabha.org Magnolia flower Armored Polacanthus skin Rock fragment with iridium deposit Corythosaurus Tyrannosaurus coprolite (fossil dropping) Megalosaurus jaw www.ketabha.org Eyewitness Troodon embryo DINOSAUR Megalosaurus tooth Written by DAVID LAMBERT Kentrosaurus www.ketabha.org LONDON, NEW YORK, Ammonite mold MELBOURNE, MUNICH, AND DELHI Ammonite cast Consultant Dr. David Norman Senior editor Rob Houston Editorial assistant Jessamy Wood Managing editors Julie Ferris, Jane Yorke Managing art editor Owen Peyton Jones Art director Martin Wilson Gila monster Associate publisher Andrew Macintyre Picture researcher Louise Thomas Production editor Melissa Latorre Production controller Charlotte Oliver Jacket designers Martin Wilson, Johanna Woolhead Jacket editor Adam Powley DK DELHI Editor Kingshuk Ghoshal Designer Govind Mittal DTP designers Dheeraj Arora, Preetam Singh Project editor Suchismita Banerjee Design manager Romi Chakraborty Troodon Iguanodon hand Production manager Pankaj Sharma Head of publishing Aparna Sharma First published in the United States in 2010 by DK Publishing 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 Copyright © 2010 Dorling Kindersley Limited, London 10 11 12 13 14 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 175403—12/09 All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-0-7566-5810-6 (Hardcover) ISBN 978-0-7566-5811-3 (Library Binding) Color reproduction by MDP, UK, and Colourscan, Singapore Printed and bound by Toppan Printing Co. -
THE BIBLIOGRAPHY of HADROSAURIAN DINOSAURS the First 150 Years: 1856 - 2006
THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HADROSAURIAN DINOSAURS The First 150 Years: 1856 - 2006. complied by M.K. Brett-Surman © Smithsonian Institution 1985-2008 The Department of Paleobiology of the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, currently houses approximately 44 million fossil plant, invertebrate, and vertebrate fossils in more than 480 separate collections. In addition, Paleobiology also maintains a reference collection of over 120,000 stratigraphic and sediment samples. This listing represents a service provided to the public as part of our Outreach Program and as part of the Smithsonian Institution’s mission "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge...". Papers are listed by author and year. Author's names are capitalized. The viewer should be aware of any searches that are case sensitive. The papers listed here, in a majority of instances, do NOT contain abstracts, papers on ichnites, or popular articles or books, unless they present new information or cover an aspect of the history of dinosaur paleontology. At present, some of the legacy software that was used to maintain this list only allowed basic ASCII characters, therefore foreign accents (such as in French and Spanish) did not translate. This will be fixed at a later date. The Bibliography of Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs was written, compiled, and maintained by M.K. Brett-Surman, (Museum Specialist), P.O. Box 37012, Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, MRC-121, Washington, DC 20013-7012. He can be reached electronically at: [email protected]., and by FAX at 202-786-2832. Please send all corrections and additions to the e-mail address. This file will be no longer be updated, except for entries prior to 2007. -
Material INDEX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT No matter how much hard work and countless of hours are put into creating a book such as this, its ultimate success depends on more than the work a single individual. In particular, I would like to thank George Behe and Bill Wormstedt for their unflinching encouragement and support from the very start of this project. Not only did they both take many hours of their own time to painstakingly proofread this work, but they also provided me with many constructive ideas and creative suggestions along the way. I would also like to thank Dr. Paul Lee for sharing a scan of the original handwritten wireless log of the SS Birma with me, and for discussing the various entries that were written on it. His own book, The Titanic and the Indifferent Stranger, is extremely well researched and is highly recommended reading for any serious student of the Californian affair. Another resource of information worth mentioning was Dave Bilnitzer’s former website, “The Titanic and the Mystery Ship,” which examined various arguments put forth by various authors of the Californian affair, and allowed the reader to compare those arguments with verbatim extracts from the 1912 inquiries and other contemporary sources. In addition to the above, I would also like to thank Tim Maltin for providing me with copies of Almerian’s Greenwich Mean Noon Observations and Daily Journal forms for her April 1912 eastbound voyage that he uncovered, and for letting me include them in my articles and books. I would also like to thank Bruce Beveridge for allowing me to use his general arrangement plans of Titanic on more than one occasion in many of my publications, and to thank those in charge of the Dundee City Archives for providing me with a copy of the original design plans of the SS Californian for use in my research and published work. -
Early Evolution of Whales
Early Evolution of Whales A Century of Research in Egypt Philip D. Gingerich Introduction Living whales are fully aquatic and belong to two suborders of Cetacea: Mysticeti (baleen whales) and Odontoceti (toothed whales). Both of these modern suborders appeared when Earth changed from a ‘greenhouse’ earth to an ‘icehouse’ earth at in about the beginning of the Oligocene epoch (Zachos et al., 2001). Early whales, from the ‘greenhouse’ Eocene, all belong to a distinct paraphyletic suborder Archaeoceti. Archaeocetes differ from later modern whales in retaining many characteristics of land mammals, including complexly occluding cheek teeth, ear bones well integrated with the rest of the cranium, longer necks, less specialized forelimb flippers, and hind limbs with feet and toes. Archaeocetes are, in essence, the transitional forms documenting the origin of whales from an earlier land-mammal ancestry (Gingerich, 2005). The first archaeocete fossil to be studied scientifically was a very large vertebral centrum collected in 1832 near the Ouachita River in Caldwell Parish, Louisiana. This measured some 35 cm in length and was but one of a series of 28 vertebrae found together there. The animal represented was named Basilosaurus or ‘king lizard’ because of its size and presumed reptilian heritage (Harlan, 1834). At the time the British anatomist Richard Owen was busy studying the large reptiles he eventually called dinosaurs. To solve the mystery of Basilosaurus, Owen secured additional remains and showed that it was a mammal because its cheek teeth are double-rooted. Owen (1839) deemed the name Basilosaurus to be inappropriate and proposed Zeuglodon or ‘yoked teeth’ as a replacement name. -
The Enigmatic Excursion of the SS Birma
The Enigmatic Excursion of the SS Birma By Samuel Halpern Introduction There were a number of ships that received Titanic’s desperate calls for assistance the night of April 14, 1912. Including in the list, and the time at which they first heard from or about Titanic, are: SHIP [call letters] TIME (EST) Frankfurt [DFT] 10:25pm April 14 La Provence [MLP] 10:25pm April 14 Mount Temple [MLQ] 10:25pm April 14 Ypiranga [DYA] 10:28pm April 14 Caronia [MRA] 10:31pm April 14 Asian [MKL] 10:34pm April 14 Carpathia [MPA] 10:35pm April 14 Baltic [MBC] (via Caronia) 10:35pm April 14 Olympic [MKC] 10:50pm April 14 Celtic [MLC] 11:00pm April 14 Cincinnati [DDC] 11:05pm April 14 Virginian [MGN] 11:10pm April 14 In addition to these there was the Russian-American Line steamer Birma en route for Rotterdam and Libau from New York under the command of Captain Ludwick Stulping. Birma was a relatively small vessel, 415 feet in length, 46 feet in beam, and registered at 4595 gross tons. She had one yellow colored funnel, four masts, a single screw, and a rated speed of 13 knots. She also had accommodation for several first class, 200 second class, and 1,150 third class passengers. She was built by Fairfield Co. Ltd., Glasgow, and launched on October 2, 1894 as Arundel Castle for the Castle Mail Packet Company. In 1905 she was sold to the East Asiatic Company and renamed Birma for the far east service. In 1908 she was transferred to their subsidiary company, the Russian East Asiatic Steamship Company which became known as the Russian-American Line. -
Dinosaur Hunting in Western Canada Digitized by the Internet Archive
\. LIBRARY ItYAI QNTARIO MUSEUM f FE SCIENCES CONTRIBUTION 70 ROYAi- V3ST L. S. RUSSELL i^^ Dinosaur Hunting in Western Canada OYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM LIBRARIES Dinosaur hunting in western Canada Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/dinosaurhuntingiOOruss Contribution No. 70 LIFE SCIENCES ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM UNIVERSITYOF TORONTO LORis s. RUSSELL Dinosaw hunting in western Canada LORis s. RUSSELL is Chief Biologist of the Royal Ontario Museum and Professor of Geology, University of Toronto. price: $1.00 © The Governors of the University of Toronto, 1966 PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS Contents Introduction, 1 Geological History of the Canadian Prairies Since Mid-Cretaceous Time, 3 Early Explorations, 1873 to 1901, 4 The Golden Age, 1910 to 1917, 13 The Search Continues, 1917 to 1965, 21 The Future, 35 References, 35 '^^^, '^v -^.. Introduction The fossil fields of Alberta and Saskatchewan are justly famous for the wealth of excellent specimens that they have yielded, particularly the relics of those extraordinary reptiles collectively known as dinosaurs. Mounted skeletons of dinosaurs from the Red Deer River badlands are outstanding exhibits in some of the world's great museums. Much has been written about these ancient monsters, their anatomical peculiarities and their probable appearance and life habits. But how their bones came to be preserved and discovered in the rocks of western Canada, and who it was who found and collected them, are subjects about which little has been written. The book by C. H. Sternberg, Hunting Dinosaurs in the Badlands of the Red Deer River, Alberta, Canada (1917), and a few popular articles by Barnum Brown (1919) and C. -
Příběh Potopených Dinosaurů První Světovou Válku Neprovázely Jen Lidské Oběti
VěDa a uMěNÍ potopení lodi SS Mount Temple s paleontologickým nákladem Příběh potopených dinosaurů První světovou válku neprovázely jen lidské oběti. Brzy uplyne rovných sto let od události, která znamenala poměrně velkou ztrátu také pro dějiny paleontologie. 6. prosince 1916 německý křižník SMS Möwe potopil kanadskou obchodní loď SS Mount Temple, převážející mimo jiné 22 beden s výjimečně zachovalými fosiliemi kachnozobých dinosaurů Mgr. Vladimír Socha potopení došlo asi 2 000 kilo- ných i se zkamenělou kůží) odpreparo- jednu kapitolu metrů severně od portugalské- vat a umístit v rámci trvalé výstavy. Tvo- výmluvně nazval ho souostroví Azory. A jak se řily by zřejmě dodnes jeden ze zlatých „Můj nejkrás- ostatky suchozemských obyva- hřebů celé paleontologické expozice. nější dinosaurus se Ktel severoamerické svrchní křídy dosta- potopil v Atlanti- Kachnozobý ly do této části Atlantiku? Jejich dinosaurus rodu historie je stejně zajímavá jako Corythosaurus a jeho osud nákladní lodi, která s nimi zkamenělina. Asi devět klesla ke dnu. Sám metrů dlouzí býložravci Sternberg o těchto žili před 76–74 miliony Unikáty pro Londýn devět metrů dlouhých exem- let na území kanadské Ostatky býložravých dinosaurů objevili plářích později psal ve svých provincie Alberta, poto- a v roce 1912 vykopali slavný paleonto- pamětech a velmi jejich ztráty pené exempláře patřily log Charles H. Sternberg (1850–1943) litoval. Ve své knize Hunting k nejlépe zachovaným a jeho syn Levi (1894–1976) ve zhruba Dinosaurs dokonce celou 75 milionů let starých vrstvách dnešní- vůbec ho Dinosaur National Park v kanadské provincii Alberta. Náklad směřo- val do Londýna, neboť oba pale- ontologové pracovali pro Britské ku“. Proslulý lovec přírodovědecké muzeum.