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A Conceptual Framework for Organization of River Basin Development and Management in Nigeria

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EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Vol. 4, No. 6, June 2019 A Conceptual Framework for Organization of River Basin Development and Management in Nigeria Bukar Abba Gana, Isah Funtua Abdulkadir, Hassan Musa, and Tijjani Garba irrigation farming, fishing, site attraction, as well as Abstract—River Basin Development Authorities (RBDAs) in diversion of water for augmentation action to areas of Nigeria were established since 1976 and they operate shortage, (Gana et al., 2018). River basin management is mechanized and capital intensive programmes. All the 12 one of the biggest challenges of the 21st century. River RBDAs operate as separate Authorities, each with separate basins sustain ecosystems. They are the paramount source of administrative and operational autonomy, but sharing the Basin Resources of the 8 Hydrological Areas. However, their water for households, agriculture and industry, and fulfil performance was generally described as disappointing. This many non-consumptive uses. Globally, many countries, study first reviewed the existing organization of the 12 RBDAs including Nigeria, have made efforts to harness the resource in Nigeria. Thereafter, one of the 8 Hydrological Areas – the potentials in river basins in their areas to facilitate the Komadugu-Yobe Basin (KYB) – which is the major inland development process. The first comprehensive attempt drainage system in Nigeria was purposely selected for detailed started in the Tennessee Valley of United States of America study. Information on its major streams, tributaries and the main river; the hydrological area as well as the RBDAs sharing in 1933. During the years of reconstruction, after the Second resources of the basin area, was gathered using ArcGIS version World War, the Tennessee experience gained widespread 10.0 and Erdas Imagine 9.2 software, as well as topographical acceptance among the developed and the developing and hydrological maps. This was processed and analyzed based countries. Different strategies were used to achieve desired on the principles of Stream Ordering and Logical Framework objectives. The degree of successes realized differed from Analysis. The findings revealed that in establishing the RBDAs, country to country, depending on the effectiveness of the basin-wide consideration of their sphere of operation was not taken into account. Dams were constructed before establishing strategies employed. the RBDAs. Runoff waters and spill ways were poorly In Nigeria, the River Basin Development Authorities, controlled leading to flooding during rainy season and reduced (RBDAs) were to principally accelerate agricultural and water supply downstream during dry season, with serious rural development, and also to boost food and industrial environmental and socio-economic problems in the basin area. crop production (Baba, 1985). But, the existing organization It was concluded that the RBDAs in Nigeria were poorly for river basin development and management is adjudged a organized and have consequently failed to accelerate agricultural and rural development, and have also failed to façade of river basin development, (Adams, 1985; Barrow, boost food and industrial crop production as expected. The 1998) due to major structural problems and resulting need was established for effective organization of River Basin disappointing performance. The development of some major Development and Management to improve their performance. dams or irrigation projects preceded the establishment of the To achieve this, a Conceptual framework for Integrated River RBDAs in a number of river basins, notably in Sokoto, Basin Development and Management was developed for Hadejia, Jama’are, Chad, Gongola, (Adams, 1985) and, adoption by river basin managers and other relevant stakeholders in Nigeria and around the globe to improve Ogun and Imo, (Amangabara, G T 2015; Elechi, E E., performance. 2006). Projects were designed without reference to the needs and potentials of the basin as a whole. Concern about lack of Index Terms—Conceptual Framework, Hydrological Areas, environmental appraisal and knowledge of the downstream Integrated River Basin Development and Management, ecological impacts of dam construction in Nigeria is Komadugu-Yobe Basin, River Basin Development Authorities adversely significant, (Shettima, 1997; Wallace, 1980). The (RBDAs). focus of the RBDAs had been on large scale capital intensive irrigation schemes, (Abba et al). Flood plains used for traditional shadoof farming had largely been taken over I. INTRODUCTION by the RBDAs, (Wallace, 1980). A former Vice chancellor A river basin offers important natural resource base for of the first Federal University of Agriculture in Nigeria, the provision of water for domestic, agricultural and Professor Francis Idachava who chaired the Newswatch industrial uses, and invariably facilitate the development of Colloquium on Agriculture and Food Crisis in Nigeria, hydro-electric power, inland water transport, large scale noted that the RBDAs have not been able to live up to the expectation for food security, and that, they have failed to Published on June 15, 2019. realise the government irrigation action plan, which B. A. Gana and T. Garba are with the Department of Environmental projected that a total of 454,021 hectares would be brought Management Technology, Faculty of Environmental Technology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria. under irrigation between 2008 and 2012. These are few I. F. Abdulkadir is with the Department of Surveying and Geo- examples of the problems associated with poor organization informatics, Faculty of Environmental Technology, Abubakar Tafawa for river basin development and management in Nigeria. Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria. H. Musa is with the Department of Building, General Hassan Usman The Federal Government of Nigeria has realized the Polytechnic, Katsina, Nigeria. problems involved and has renewed interest in River Basin (e-mail: [email protected]) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.6.1308 34 EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Vol. 4, No. 6, June 2019 Development and Management. It has rolled out new policy activities on the head streams will be coordinated with those initiatives such as the Central Bank’s Anchor Borrowers on the tributaries and the main river to avoid adverse impact. Scheme (which targets achieving self-sufficiency in rice Logical Framework Analysis in river basin development production), improving Hydro-Electric Power generation, and management calls for integration of physical, (such as the Kashimbila Dam Project), reviving of Lake ecological, social and economic aspects of river basins Chad Basin through diversion of river Ubangi from Central through active involvement of stakeholders for transparent Africa, signing of the water charter by the six riparian states and accessible processes of analysis and decision making. It of the Komadugu – Yobe Basin, (Plateau, Kano, Jigawa, also emphasizes basin wide consideration in all activities on Bauchi, Borno and Yobe States), the drafting of Water Bill the river system to ensure sustainability in river basin by the Federal Ministry of Water Resources, and other development activities, (Puranik and Dhadwad, 2013). efforts. The aim of this study is to support governments’ efforts at revitalizing the RBDAs for better performance. III. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is to be achieved by removing shortcomings in the The study focused on organization of River Basin existing concept of RBDM in Nigeria, by developing a Development and Management in Nigeria. The existing basin-wide framework for integrated river basin organization of the 12 River Basin Development Authorities development and management, for adoption by river basin (RBDAs) in Nigeria was reviewed with reference to managers and other relevant stakeholders in Nigeria, and the international best practices and standards such as the rest of the world. Principles of Stream Ordering and Logical Framework Analysis. II. LITERATURE REVIEW A. Site Selection/Study Area Two important tools for River Basin Development and Management are Horton’s/Strahler’s Stream Ordering and Figure 1 shows the existing 12 River Basin Development Puranik and Dhadwad’s Logical Framework Analysis. Authorities (RBDAs) in Nigeria. The figure shows that all These tools were used to guide the development of the the RBDAs share river basin areas in their operations, which framework for Nigeria. Stream Ordering in River Basin should not be the case. The sphere of operation of the Development and Management considers arrangement of a RBDAs should be based on basin-wide consideration in line river system into a nested hierarchy of sizes from source to with the principles of stream ordering and standards for mouth. For example, a first - order stream is a headwater Logical Framework Analysis. stream with no tributaries. A second - order is formed by the This study focused on the Komadugu – Yobe Basin junction of two first – order streams and can receive other (KYB) as microcosm of the organization for River Basin first – order tributaries. A third – order stream is formed by Development and Management in Nigeria. The KYB was two streams of like – order joining to form a stream of next purposely selected for detailed study of the organization, higher order, which can receive tributaries of any order operations and performance of the RBDAs in Nigeria. It is lower than its own. Peter Haggett and Richard Chorley, selected because the
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  • Effects of Human Activities on the Utilization of Some Dams in Kano State

    Effects of Human Activities on the Utilization of Some Dams in Kano State

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta: FUNAAB Journal ISSN: Journal of Print - 2277 - 0755 Agricultural Online - 2315 - 7453 Science © FUNAAB 2018 and Environment EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON THE UTILIZATION OF SOME DAMS IN KANO STATE *1S.A. MUHAMMAD, 2A. ADNAN, 3A. AMIR, 4I.A. ALI, 5D.T. SALISU 1Department of Science, School Continuing Education, Bayero University, Kano 2,4,5Department of Geography, Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bayero University Kano. Nigeria. 3Department of Geography and Regional Planning, Faculty of Social Science, Federal University, Dutsen Ma. *Corresponding Author:[email protected] ABSTRACT Rapid population growth coupled with climate variability especially inconsistent rainfall necessitates the construction of dams/reservoirs to augment the inadequacy of rainfall for food production, water supply and sustainable development. This study identified and assessed the effects of human activities on the function and utilization of some dams in Kano State, through field observations, interview and analysis of relevant data. The results indicated that various human activities such sand excavation along the spillway, clearing of vegetation for irrigation and farming within the perimeters of the dams have led to serious gulley erosion and consequently large quantities of sediment transported and deposited (siltation) in the bed of the dams, while the use of agrochemical for irrigation led to rapid emergence and growth of aquatic grasses due to eutrophication, thus leading to increase in turbidity and channel blockage which impedes smooth water supply in the downstream areas. The result also shows that the reservoirs installation capacities are declining with age at different alarming rates due to sedimentation.