A peer-reviewed open-access journal MycoKeys 69: 53–69 (2020)Two new species of Perenniporia (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) 53 doi: 10.3897/mycokeys.69.51652 RESEARCH ARTICLE MycoKeys http://mycokeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Two new species of Perenniporia (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) Chao-Ge Wang1, Shi-Liang Liu2, Fang Wu1 1 School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China 2 State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China Corresponding author: Fang Wu ([email protected]) Academic editor: Bao-Kai Cui | Received 2 March 2020 | Accepted 27 May 2020 | Published 10 July 2020 Citation: Wang C-G, Liu S-L, Wu F (2020) Two new species of Perenniporia (Polyporales, Basidiomycota). MycoKeys 69: 53–69. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.69.51652 Abstract Two new species of Perenniporia, P. pseudotephropora sp. nov. and P. subcorticola sp. nov., are introduced respectively from Brazil and China based on morphological characteristics and molecular data. Perennipo- ria pseudotephropora is characterised by perennial, pileate basidiocarps with distinctly stratified tubes, grey pores, tissues becoming dark in KOH, a dimitic hyphal system with slightly dextrinoid arboriform skeletal hyphae and broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, truncate, weakly dextrinoid, cyanophilous basidiospores, measuring 4.9–5.2 × 4–4.8 μm. Perenniporia subcorticola is characterised by resupinate basidiocarps, yel- low pores with thick dissepiments, tissues becoming dark in KOH, flexuous skeletal hyphae, ellipsoid, truncate and slightly dextrinoid basidiospores, measuring 4.2–5 × 3.5–4.2 μm. The morphologically- similar species and phylogenetically closely-related species to the two new species are discussed. Keywords phylogeny, polypore, taxonomy, wood-decaying fungi Introduction Perenniporia Murrill (Polyporales, Basidiomycetes) is typified by Polyporus unitus Pers. (Decock and Stalpers 2006). Species in the genus are important, not only for the wood-decaying, but also for their potential application in both biomedical engineer- ing and biodegradation (Younes et al. 2007; Dai et al. 2009; Zhao et al. 2013; Si et al. 2016). Perenniporia is characterised by mostly perennial, resupinate to pileate ba- Copyright Chao-Ge Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 54 Chao-Ge Wang et al. / MycoKeys 69: 53–69 (2020) sidiocarps, a dimitic to trimitic hyphal system with generative hyphae bearing clamp connections, cyanophilous and variably dextrinoid skeletal hyphae or skeletal-binding hyphae in most species and ellipsoid, to subglobose, truncate or not, thick-walled, vari- ably dextrinoid and cyanophilous basidiospores. All Perenniporia species cause a white rot (Ryvarden and Gilbertson 1994; Decock and Ryvarden 1999; Cui et al. 2019). Extensive studies on the genus have been carried out during the last 20 years show- ing a high species diversity and nowadays, 120 taxa have been found (e.g. Hattori and Lee 1999; Decock 2001a, b; Decock et al. 2001; Dai et al. 2002; Decock and Stalpers 2006; Cui et al. 2007; Xiong et al. 2008; Cui and Zhao 2012; Zhao and Cui 2012; Zhao et al. 2013; Decock and Ryvarden 2015; Jang et al. 2015; Decock 2016; Viache- slav and Ryvarden 2016; Huang et al. 2017; Ji et al. 2017; Liu et al. 2017; Shen et al. 2018; Cui et al. 2019; Zhao and Ma 2019). According to the phylogenetic analysis, based on ITS and nuclear ribosomal partial LSU DNA sequences, Robledo et al. (2009) demonstrated the fundamental phylogeny of Perenniporia s.l., combined with such characteristics as a diversity of the vegetative hyphae and basidiospores morphology. In their study, Perenniporia s.s. and Perenni- poria s.l. were scattered into distinct clades, which is also supported by different mor- phological traits. Zhao et al. (2013) divided Perenniporia s.l. into seven clades, based on ITS and nLSU DNA phylogenetic inferences, each of these seven clades being dis- tinguished by a specific combination of morphological characteristics that supported recognition at the genus level. Some genera, having similar morphological characteris- tics to Perenniporia, such as Amylosporia B.K. Cui et al., Murinicarpus B.K. Cui & Y.C. Dai, Vanderbylia D.A. Reid, Truncospora Pilát and Hornodermoporus Teixeira, were also proved to form distinct lineages in DNA-based phylogenetic analyses (Cui et al. 2019). Besides, several new species were proved to belong to Perenniporia, based on morpho- logical characteristics and phylogenetic evidence, which improved the understanding of the phylogenetic structure of Perenniporia (Jang et al. 2015; Huang et al. 2017; Ji et al. 2017; Liu et al. 2017; Zhao and Ma 2019). During a study of wood-inhabiting polypore from Brazil and China, two unknown species of Perenniporia were distinguished by both morphology and molecular data. In this study, the two species are described and illustrated. Materials and methods Morphological studies The studied specimens are deposited in the herbaria of the Institute of Microbiology, Beijing Forestry University (BJFC) and Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (URM). Morphological descriptions are based on field notes and herbarium specimens. Micro- scopic analyses follow Zhao and Cui (2013). In the description: KOH = 5% potassium hydroxide, IKI = Melzer’s reagent, IKI– = neither amyloid nor dextrinoid, CB = Cot- ton Blue, CB+ = cyanophilous in Cotton Blue, CB– = acyanophilous, L = arithmetic Two new species of Perenniporia (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) 55 average of all spore length, W = arithmetic average of all spore width, Q = L/W ratios, n = number of spores/measured from given number of specimens. Colour terms are cited from Anonymous (1969) and Petersen (1996). Molecular studies and phylogenetic analysis A CTAB rapid plant genome extraction kit-DN14 (Aidlab Biotechnologies Co., Ltd, Beijing) was used to obtain PCR products from dried specimens, according to the man- ufacturer’s instructions with some modifications (Shen et al. 2019; Sun et al. 2020). Two DNA gene fragments, ITS and nrLSU were amplified using the primer pairs ITS5/ ITS4 (White et al. 1990) and LR0R/LR7 (http://www.biology.duke.edu/fungi/myco- lab/primers.htm). The PCR procedures for ITS and nLSU followed Zhao et al. (2013) in the phylogenetic analyses. DNA sequencing was performed at Beijing Genomics Institute and the newly-generated sequences were deposited in the GenBank database. Sequences generated for this study were aligned with additional sequences downloaded from GenBank, using BioEdit (Hall 1999) and ClustalX (Thompson et al. 1997). In the study, nuclear ribosomal RNA genes were used to determine the phylo- genetic position of the new species. Sequence alignment was deposited at TreeBase (submission ID 26254). Sequences of Donkioporia expansa (Desm.) Kotl. and Pouzar and Pyrofomes demidoffii (Lév.) Kotl. and Pouzar, obtained from GenBank, were used as outgroups (Zhao et al. 2013). Phylogenetic analyses, used in this study, followed the approach of Han et al. (2016) and Zhu et al. (2019). Maximum parsimony (MP) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) analyses were conducted for the datasets of ITS and nLSU sequences. The best- fit evolutionary model was selected by hierarchical likelihood ratio tests (hLRT) and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) in MrModeltest 2.2 (Nylander 2004) after scor- ing 24 models of evolution by PAUP* version 4.0b10 (Swofford 2002). The MP topology and bootstrap values (MP-BS) obtained from 1000 replicates were performed using PAUP* version 4.0b10 (Swofford 2002). All characters were equally weighted and gaps were treated as missing. Trees were inferred using the heu- ristic search option with TBR branch swapping and 1000 random sequence additions. Max-trees were set to 5,000, branches of zero length were collapsed and all parsimo- nious trees were saved. Descriptive tree statistics tree length (TL), consistency index (CI), retention index (RI), rescaled consistency index (RC) and homoplasy index (HI) were calculated for each Maximum Parsimonious Tree (MPT) generated. Sequences were also analysed using Maximum Likelihood (ML) with RAxML-HPC2 through the CIPRES Science Gateway (www.phylo.org; Miller et al. 2009). Branch support (BT) for ML analysis was determined by 1000 bootstrap replicates. Bayesian phylogenetic inference and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) were performed with MrBayes 3.1.2 (Ronquist and Huelsenbeck 2003). Four Markov chains were run for 4,650,000 generations until the split deviation frequency value was less than 0.01 and trees were sampled every 100 generations. The first 25% of the 56 Chao-Ge Wang et al. / MycoKeys 69: 53–69 (2020) sampled trees were discarded as burn-in and the remaining ones were used to recon- struct a majority rule consensus and calculate Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) of the clades. Branches that received bootstrap support for maximum likelihood (ML), maxi- mum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BPP) ≥ 75% (ML-BS), 75% (MP-BT) and 0.95 (BPP) were considered as significantly supported, respectively. Results Phylogeny results The combined ITS and nLSU dataset contained 101 sequences from 101 specimens referring to 59 taxa in this study. They were downloaded from GenBank and the se- quences about Perenniporia corticola,