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Arqueologia E Apropriações Do Discurso Científico Na Construção Da Identidade Celta No Ocidente Peninsular E Nos Novos Cultos a Endovélico

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Arqueologia E Apropriações Do Discurso Científico Na Construção Da Identidade Celta No Ocidente Peninsular E Nos Novos Cultos a Endovélico UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS ARQUEOLOGIA E APROPRIAÇÕES DO DISCURSO CIENTÍFICO NA CONSTRUÇÃO DA IDENTIDADE CELTA NO OCIDENTE PENINSULAR E NOS NOVOS CULTOS A ENDOVÉLICO BRUNELLA LAGO VELLOSO Tese orientada pelo Prof. Doutor Amílcar Guerra, especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em História e Cultura das Religiões. 2020 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS ARQUEOLOGIA E APROPRIAÇÕES DO DISCURSO CIENTÍFICO NA CONSTRUÇÃO DA IDENTIDADE CELTA NO OCIDENTE PENINSULAR E NOS NOVOS CULTOS A ENDOVÉLICO BRUNELLA LAGO VELLOSO 2020 2 DEDICATÓRIA À minha mãe, Ana Lago, pelo amor e por ter me ensinado a viver com coragem. À minha esposa, Daniela Cordovil, pelo amor, por ter ofertado as condições necessárias para a realização do mestrado e pelas contribuições fundamentais a este trabalho. À minha step-daughter, Maria Clara, minha sobrinha Mikaella e minha irmã Suyanna, pelo amor e por terem compreendido minhas ausências causadas pelos estudos. “E ainda que tivesse o dom de profecia, e conhecesse todos os mistérios e toda a ciência, e ainda que tivesse toda a fé, de maneira tal que transportasse os montes, se não tivesse amor, nada seria” (1 Coríntios 13:2) 3 AGRADECIMENTOS Primeiramente agradeço ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. Amílcar Guerra, pela atenção e paciência que sempre teve comigo, por ter aceitado a orientação mesmo sabendo da complexidade do tema interdisciplinar e, principalmente, por provar que competência e gentileza podem (e devem) sempre andar juntas. Afirmo aqui minha admiração, meu máximo respeito e gratidão ao meu orientador. Agradeço também à Prof. Dra. Ana Maria Rodrigues, diretora do curso de mestrado e doutoramento em História e Cultura das Religiões, pela atenção e cordialidade que sempre prestou a mim e a todos os meus colegas de curso. Agradeço a todos os professores do curso com quem tive aulas, em especial ao Prof. Cardim Ribeiro, pelos valiosos ensinamentos sobre Religiões Ibéricas Pré-romanas e sobre Endovélico. Por fim, agradeço imensamente aos representantes dos grupos estudados, que foram entrevistados para esta tese: À Isobel Andrade, pela disponibilidade para a entrevista, e pelo carinho e atenção que sempre destina a mim e à minha família. Ao Joaquim Pinto (e sua esposa Teresa), pela longa entrevista, pela confiança e pela atenção destinada a mim e a minha família durante a visita ao Centro Druídico da Lusitânia. Ao Luís Ganhão, pela disposição em responder à entrevista e por ter gentilmente aceitado participar desta investigação. 4 - Que espécie de deus é Endovélico? Que poderes são os seus? A vossa tribo também o adora? (João Aguiar - A voz dos deuses) - Esta obra não é de combate: podem lê-la os crentes e os descrentes. Todo meu empenho consistiu em apurar a verdade, no serviço da Ciência. Para mim as religiões não passam de fenômenos sociológicos: e como tais as trato. (José Leite de Vasconcelos – Religiões da Lusitânia). 5 RESUMO Este estudo tem como objetivo compreender como acontecem as apropriações do discurso científico, por parte de grupos religiosos neopagãos, para a elaboração dos cultos a Endovélico e para a construção da identidade celta. O neopaganismo, categoria conceitual que se enquadra nas espiritualidades alternativas, baseia-se no cruzamento referencial entre discursos de imaginário social e discursos científicos para a construção de seus cultos politeístas. Inspirados na idealização de sociedades antigas, como a dos celtas, os neopagãos utilizam-se do conhecimento científico para legitimar suas crenças sobre povos ancestrais e sobre antigos deuses pagãos. Utilizou-se como metodologia a análise do discurso de três grupos neopagãos, a partir de entrevistas e de textos disponíveis em seus websites. No neopaganismo ibérico nota-se a busca pelo reavivamento de uma identidade celta ancestral de povos do Ocidente Peninsular, enquanto antigas divindades ibéricas pré-romanas são adoradas. Endovélico é considerado o deus mais importante do panteão lusitano ou celtibero, sendo atualmente cultuado no local onde antes existiu o santuário romano dedicado a este deus. Palavras-chave: Identidade celta; Endovélico; celtismo; neopaganismo; espiritualidades alternativas. ABSTRACT This study aims at understanding how the appropriations of scientific discourse take place, on the part of neo-pagan religious groups, for the elaboration of Endovellicus cults and for the construction of Celtic identity. Neopaganism is a conceptual category that fits into alternative spiritualities. Neopaganism is based on social imaginary and on the scientific discourses for the construction of its polytheistic cults. Inspired by the idealization of ancient societies, such as the Celts, Neopagans use scientific knowledge to legitimize their beliefs about ancestral peoples and about ancient pagan gods. The methodology consists of discourse analysis based on interviews and texts available on websites of three neo-pagan groups. In the Iberian neo-paganism, there is a revival of an ancestral Celtic identity of the peoples from the Western Peninsular. Ancient pre-Roman Iberian deities are worshiped in Iberian neo-paganism. Endovellicus is considered the most important god in ancient Iberian pantheon, and is currently worshiped in the place where the Roman sanctuary dedicated to this god existed before. Keywords: Celtic identity; Endovellicus; celticism; neopaganism; alternative spiritualities. 7 Sumário RESUMO ..................................................................................................................................... 6 INTRODUÇÃO ......................................................................................................................... 10 1 Metodologia e distribuição dos capítulos ......................................................................... 13 CAPÍTULO I – NACIONALISMO E CONSTRUÇÃO DA IDENTIDADE CELTA ........ 16 1 O nacionalismo: da política e da cultura .......................................................................... 16 2 Inglaterra ............................................................................................................................ 18 3 Escócia ................................................................................................................................. 20 4 Irlanda ................................................................................................................................. 22 5 País De Gales....................................................................................................................... 23 6 França.................................................................................................................................. 24 6.1 A CELTICIDADE DA ANTIGA GÁLIA .................................................................... 25 6.2 A CELTICIDADE DA BRETANHA ........................................................................... 27 7 Espanha ............................................................................................................................... 27 7.1 A CELTICIDADE DAS ASTÚRIAS ........................................................................... 28 7.2 A CELTICIDADE DA GALIZA .................................................................................. 28 8 Portugal ............................................................................................................................... 33 CAPÍTULO II – CONTEXTO RELIGIOSO DA MODERNIDADE E PERCURSO HISTÓRICO DO NEOPAGANISMO .................................................................................... 39 1 Contexto religioso na modernidade: entre ciência e senso comum ................................ 39 1.1 O ENCANTAMENTO DA CIÊNCIA: DISCURSO CIENTÍFICO NAS ESPIRITUALIDADES ALTERNATIVAS ........................................................................ 42 1.2 A ARQUEOLOGIA, O PASSADO E A CONSTRUÇÃO DAS IDENTIDADES RELIGIOSAS ..................................................................................................................... 45 2 Neopaganismos: Wicca, neodruidismo e o celtismo contemporâneo ............................. 50 2.1 AS IDEIS DO NEODRUIDISMO: ENTRE O SÍMBOLO DRUIDA E A FILOSOFIA CELTA ................................................................................................................................ 51 2.2 AS IDEIAS DA WICCA: ENTRE OS ESTUDOS DE FOLCLORE E O IMAGINÁRIO DA BRUXARIA ........................................................................................ 54 3 Neopaganismo celtista: as distinções entre nacionalistas e progressistas ...................... 63 CAPÍTULO III - IDENTIDADE CELTA NO NEOPAGANISMO IBÉRICO ................... 66 1 Neopaganismo no cenário religioso da Espanha e em Portugal ..................................... 66 1.1 APRESENTAÇÃO DOS GRUPOS ANALISADOS ................................................... 67 2 A construção da identidade celta: os casos da ATDL e da Wicca Celtíbera ................. 73 2.1 O DISCURSO DA ATDL ............................................................................................. 73 2.2 O DISCURSO DA WICCA CELTÍBERA ................................................................... 80 8 2.2.2 Ideais e idealizações do que é celta ........................................................................... 86 2.3 UMA COMPARAÇÃO ENTRE OS DISCURSOS DA ATDL E DA WICCA CELTÍBERA ....................................................................................................................... 91 CAPÍTULO IV – CULTO A ENDOVÉLICO: PASSADO
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