CURRENT STATUS OF TRADITIONAL AQUACULTURE AT TRISHAL IN DISTRICT

A THESIS BY MAHABUBA ZANNTH EXAMINATION ROLL NO. 10 Fish Aqua. JD-32M REGISTRATION NO. 32583 SESSION: 2005-2006 SEMESTER: JULY-DECEMBER, 2011

MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS) IN AQUACULTURE

DEPARTMENT OF AQUACULTURE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY MYMENSINGH

NOVEMBER, 2011 CURRENT STATUS OF TRADITIONAL AQUACULTURE AT IN

A THESIS BY MAHABUBA ZANNTH EXAMINATION ROLL NO. 10 Fish Aqua. JD-32M REGISTRATION NO. 32583 SESSION: 2005-2006 SEMESTER: JULY-DECEMBER, 2011

Submitted to the Department of Aquaculture Faculty of Fisheries Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS) IN AQUACULTURE

DEPARTMENT OF AQUACULTURE BANGLADESH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY MYMENSINGH

NOVEMBER, 2011 CURRENT STATUS OF TRADITIONAL AQUACULTURE AT TRISHAL UPAZILA IN MYMENSINGH DISTRICT

A THESIS BY MAHABUBA ZANNTH EXAMINATION ROLL NO. 10 Fish Aqua. JD-32M REGISTRATION NO. 32583 SESSION: 2005-2006 SEMESTER: JULY-DECEMBER, 2011

Approved as to style and contents by:

______Prof. Dr. M. A. Salam Prof. Dr. Md. Mohsin Ali Supervisor Co-supervisor

______Professor Dr. Md. Ali Reza Faruk

Chairman Examination Committee and Head

Department of Aquaculture Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh

NOVEMBER, 2011

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author wishes to acknowledge the immeasurable grace and profound kindness of Almighty the Creator, the supreme Ruler of the universe, Who empowered the author to complete the research work and the thesis for the degree of Master of Science (MS) in Aquaculture. The dissertation is prepared in accordance with the requirement of the Department of Aquaculture for Master of Science (MS) degree in Aquaculture.

The author expresses deep gratitude and indebtedness to her honorable teacher and research supervisor Prof. Dr. M.A. Salam, Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh for her scholastic guidance, constant supervision, worthy inspiration, criticism and valuable suggestions during the entire period of the study and writing up of ther thesis and improving its expression so as to make it more readable.

The author finds it great pleasure in expressing appreciation, deep, gratitude and immense indebtedness to her respectable research co-supervisor Prof. Dr. Md. Mohsin Ali, Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh for her illuminated suggestions, co-operation, guidance, direction, affectionate feelings in planning, conducting and completing the study.

The author would like to express her greatest pleasure, sincere appreciation to Prof. Dr. Md. Ali Reza Faruk, Head, Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh for her valuable advice and exclusive suggestions during the entire period of research work.

The author feels pleasure to extend her heartiest respect, deepest gratitude and cordial thanks to all respected teachers of the Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh for their valuable teaching, inspiration and encouragement during the whole course of study.

The author humbly desires to acknowledge her heartfelt appreciation and profound thanks to all her friends, specially Zahidul Islam, Jayanto, Rasel, Mahbuba, Monoara, Monir, Ruma and Zami for their help throughout the study period.

The author would like to acknowledge with great regards and pleasure, deepest sense of gratitude and thanks to her beloved parents, dear brothers and sisters especially Raihana Zannth and her relatives. They sacrificed a lot during her studies and were the constant source of inspiration. Their sacrifices, blessings and inspiration have made all these possible.

The Author

CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii LIST OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF PLATE viii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ix 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 12 3.1. Selection of the study area 14 3.2. Fisherman category 14 3.3 Design of questionnaire 15 3.4 Making final questionnaire 15 3.5 Collection of data 15 3.6 Key informant interview 17 3.7 Focus group discussion 17 3.8 Processing and analysis of data 17 3.9 Problems encountered during data 18 collection 4 RESULTS 19 4.1 General information of fish farming 19

4.1.1 Starting year of fish farming 19 4.1.2 Category of fish farmer on the basis of 20 size 4.1.3 Age structure 20

CONTENTS (Cont’d)

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

4.1.4 Level of education 21 4.1.5 Training status of fish farmers 21 4.2 Fish culture technologies 22 4.2.1 Pond size 22 4.2.2 Ownership of the ponds 22 4.2.3 Depth of the pond 23 4.2.4 Sources of pond water 23 4.2.5 Soil types of ponds 24 4.2.6 Culture season and methods 24 4.2.7 Pre-stocking pond management 25 4.2.8 Sources of fish fingerlings 25 4.2.9 Stoking frequency and density 26 4.2.10 Feeding and feed management for fish 26 farming 4.2.11. Disease occurrence in fish ponds 27 4.3 Fish productivity 28 4.3.1 Fish production 28 4.3.2 Harvesting and marketing of fish 28 4.4 Income level of pond fish farmers 28 4.5 Problems of fish farming 29 5 DISCUSSION 30 5.1 Age structure 30 5.2 Level of education 30 5.3 Training status of fish farmers 30 5.4 Pond production technology 31 5.4.1 Pond size 31 5.4.2 Ownership of the ponds 31 5.4.3 Soil types of ponds 31 5.4.4 Culture methods 32 5.4.5 Pre-stocking management 32

CONTENTS (Cont’d)

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

5.4.6 Stocking of fish 32 5.4.7 Feed 33 5.4.8 Food Conversion Ratio (FCR) 33 5.4.9 Harvesting and marketing fish 34 5.4.10 Fish production 34 5.5 Income level 34 5.6 Problems of fish farming 35 6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 36 6.1 Summary 36 6.2 Recommendation 37 6.3 Conclusion 38 REFERNCES 39 APPENDIX 45

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE NO.

4.1 Training status of fish farmers in Trishal upazila 21 4.2 Pond size of fish farms in Trishal upazila 22 4.3 Distribution of the sources of pond water 23 4.4 Sources of fish fries/fingerlings for stocking in this 26 study area 4.5 Major Ingredients used to prepare farm made feed 27 for fish 4.6 Disease occurrence of fish in Trishal upazila 27

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE NO. 3.l Methodology followed for the study 13 3.2 Showing the study area 16 4.1 Fish farming starting year in Trishal upazila 19 4.2 Category of fish farmer on the basis of pond size in 20 Trishal upazila 4.3 Age distribution of fish farmers in the study area 20 4.4 The educational level in the study area 21 4.5 Ownership of the pond in the study area 22 4.6 Distribution of ponds according to the depth of 23 water 4.7 Soil types of fish ponds in the study area 24 4.8 Fish culture techniques in terms of species 25 composition in Trishal upazila

LIST OF PLATES

PLATE TITLE PAGE NO. 4.1 Photographs showing feeding of fish by farm 27 operations in Trishal upazila

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

BAU : Bangladesh Agricultural University BFRI : Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute DoF : Department of Fisheries et al. : Et alia (L.) and others etc : Et cetera (and others and so forth) Fig : Figure FGD : Focus Group Discussion g : Gram HSC : Higher Secondary School Certificate ha : Hectare i.e. : That is MS : Microsoft Excel MS : Master of Science Kg : Kilogram T : (Metric) ton NGOs : Non-Government Organizations PRA : Participatory Rural Appraisal SSC : Secondary School Certificate BDT : Taka UFO : Upazila Fisheries Officer yr : Year

ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to assess the different fish culture practices and to determine the relative profitability of pond fish production in Trishal Upazila under Mymensingh district. The study was based on some participatory rural appraisal (PRA) technique tools such as personal interview, focus group discussion (FGD) and key informant interview with fish farmers in the areas. The study was conducted from September to October, 2011. Thirty fish farmers were selected randomly and data were collected through questionnaire interview at the farm house or pond sites. Data analysis revealed that the average pond size was 0.83 ha with a range from 2.5 ha to 15 ha. Overall, 80% of the fish farmers practiced polyculture while only 20% farmers practiced monoculture. The fish fingerlings were usually collected from , some of them collect from BFRI and other local hatcheries. Fingerlings varied from 1-2 inch in size with price of BDT 0.8-1/fingerling. Majority of the farmers stocked fingerlings in June to July and the average stocking density was found to be 55,000 fingerlings/ha. About 36% fish farmers had leased ponds and lease value is BDT 161,538/ha/yr. 100% of the fish farmers used supplementary feeds for fish culture. The best harvesting period was November to January and the average yield of pangasius was 30,985 kg/ha/yr and for carps 800 kg/ha/yr. Though the potential of fish farming in Mymensingh region is mentioned-worthy, it is currently facing a number of problems such as, lack of capital, proper technological knowledge, lack of regular supply of quality fingerlings, improper proportion of protein and supply of adulterate feed, high price of feed, inbreeding, marketing and management problems. If the suggested constraints could be solved, the fish production in Trishal would possibly be increased tremendously.

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

Aquaculture contributes more than 50% of the total inland fish production (capture and culture) indicating the importance of aquaculture in Bangladesh for food security of the fish eating nation (DoF, 2008). In total aquaculture production, regionally greater Mymensingh area has got significant advancement with traditional fish production.

Total fish production from pond culture was 483,416 tons in the year 1998 and now it was predicted to increase 811,954 tons in 2006-2007 (DoF, 2008). Aquaculture contributes increasingly to animal protein supply with creating employment opportunities for urban and rural people.

Fish and fisheries play a vital role in the socio-economic development, poverty alleviation of large number of population and earning foreign currency. It is generally estimated about 12 m people of the country are supported by fisheries and its related activities, in which more than 1.3 m people are directly engaged with fisheries sector (Ahmed, 2003).

Bangladesh is bestowed with vast and highly diverse aquatic resources which can be categorized as (a) inland capture fisheries, (b) freshwater and brackish water aquaculture, and (c) marine fisheries. The inland fisheries are constituted by rivers, estuaries, canals, flood plains, reservoirs and inundated paddy fields and ponds covering an area of 5.3 m ha. The culture fisheries include freshwater pond 0.26 m ha oxbow lakes, 0.0005 m ha and coastal shrimp farms about 0.141 m ha. The country has a coastline of 710 km covering 166,000 sq. km marine water body. Along with potential water resources the country is also rich in the diversity of various fish species. Bangladesh is ranked 3rd in aquatic bio-diversity in Asia behind China and , with approximately 300 of fresh and brackish water species (Hussain and Mazid, 2001).These vast and varied aquatic resources support artisanal and commercial fisheries as well as offer opportunities for aquaculture development.

Annual fish production for Bangladesh is about 2.0 m mt (Economic Report, 2004). This production can not cover with the rapidly increasing demand. Fish production form inland open water has been decreasing various reason such as changing aquatic ecosystem, soil erosion, indiscriminate use of agro-chemicals, destructive fishing practices, over fishing etc. Inland capture fishery contributed 51.5 percent of the total fish production in 1987-88., whereas in 2001-02 it contributes 36 percent of the total production by this time contribution from inland culture fishery has increased in two folds from 20.8 to 42 percent.

Fish plays vital role next to agriculture in food. It contributes about 63% of the animal protein to our daily diet, 4.92% to the gross domestic product (GDP), 6% to the gross national product (GNP) and 5.71 % to the export earnings. It supports an estimated 1.4 full-time and 12 million part-time fishermen (DoF, 2005). Thus, it plays a vital role in supplying food, supplementing protein requirements and providing employment opportunities. So, it would be wise to make maximum use to the available fisheries resources of the country on a sustainable basis.

Fish is the main source of animal protein and essential nutrients in the people diet throughout the country. The demand of fish has increased due to increase in population. Our per capita annual fish demand is 18.00 kg but we are getting only 15.04 kg (DoF, 2005). This quantity is even lower among the poor people who live in rural areas. This result shows tremendous negative impact on the health condition of the people. According to a recant nutrition survey approximately 30,000 children are becoming blind each year due to vitamin –A deficiency in this country Most of the small indigenous fish species have high nutritional value in terms of protein, micronutrients, vitamins and minerals. These micronutrients and minerals are not commonly available in other foods. Moreover, larger carp species are not eaten whole thus their nutritive value remains relatively low. On the other hand, small indigenous species are cooked and eaten whole with head and bones and thus provide a good source of nutrients.

Justification of the study The shortage of fish in the country increased day by day due to increase in population density. At the same time, due to land requirement of increased people for housing, marketing extension, road, offices etc. the water resources are declining every year. Therefore, to make animal protein available to the country people, it is essential to increase the pond fish production in Bangladesh. However, government and non government organizations (NGOs) have been exerting efforts and allocation resources for production oriented research and also initiation and encouraging the rural people to increase pond fish culture. In this circumstance, pond fish culture may play vital role in over fishing protein gap of the country. This study is expected to provide information about socio-economic aspects of pond fish farmers and fish culture, inputs used, their outputs, costs and return as by using different kinds of inputs and also socio-economic problems associated in fish culture under different culture systems. In order to achieve the said goal, the objectives of the study were as follows:  to know the socio-economic condition of fish farmer,  to identify the problem of fish culture faced by the pond owner and  to suggest some policy measures and recommendations.

CHAPTER-2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter is designed to review briefly the previous studies which are related to the present research. A good number of studies carried out in the fisheries sector but a few studies were concerned the topic of this research. Some related literatures on other allied species have also been reviewed.

Islam and Dewan (1987) conducted a research on “An economic analysis for pond fish production in some areas of Bangladesh”. The authors identified the production practices both fish pond and fish seed multiplication farms (FSMF) in Bangladesh. This study was mainly based on economic analysis of pond fish production process and method of distribution of fish seeds by the FMSF’s of both government and privately owned. They also discussed the different ways of increasing fish production, either by constructing new ponds or improving existing ponds or both.

Islam (1987) conducted a study on “Factors affecting pond fish production in North-West Bangladesh” to explain productivity of fish ponds. He estimated a Cobb- Douglas production function to explain productivity of ponds. The selected variables were stocking of fish seed, fertilizers and artificial feed, human labor, farm size, age of ponds, effective depth of water and number of owners. Considering the aggregate production for all locations it was found the except depth of pond water, all other factors were significant in explaining the variation of pond fish output.

Sharma and Thakur (1988) evaluated the performance of carp culture technology in India. For this experiment 25 ponds were selected randomly. Analysis of data showed that production from village ponds (0.05-0.07ha) touched an average of 1,816.72 kg ha-1 indicating six-fold increase from the initial biomass-mark production average of 306.09 kg h-1.

Nandeesha and Rao (1989) reported that in polyculture grass carp largely feeds on macro vegetation and does not compete for food with other carps, while silver carp, a voracious feeder of phytoplankton and common carp, which feed on detritus, compete to some extent for food with the Indian major carps.

Hephaer and Milstein (1989) studied the interaction between bottom feeder fish (common carp and hybrid tilapia) and filter feeder (silver carp) in polyculture in fertilized ponds with no supplementary feeding. The silver carps were stocked at two densities; 1,300 and 2,600ha-1. Combined yield of all species in the polyculture was the highest at the density of 1,300 silver carp ha-1 (2,116 kg ha -1 in 156 days). At 2,600 silver carp ha-1(1,690 kg ha-1 in 156 days) inhibition of growth rate of silver carp itself, reduced total yield as compared with the lower density.

Rahman et al. (1992) reported highest production of 9.97 t/ha in a polyculture experiment on Pangasius pangasius when the stocking rate of Pangasius pangasius, Catla catla and Labeo rohita was 8,000 fry/ha, 1,000 fry/ha and 500 fry/ha respectively.

Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI, 1992) conducted a “Research on benchmark survey of aquaculture practices potentials and constraints in Bangladesh”. The study observed the number of species of fish in uncultured ponds. They also observed current practices and pond conditions. Constraints on adoption of improved practices by pond owners by zones were also explored in this study.

Ahmed et al. (1993) carried out household survey on socio-economic, resources use and marketing in two thanas of Bangladesh. They studied a sample of 333 households from the owners and operators of small waterbodies (ponds and ditches) in two thanas of the district of . It was revealed that these persons enjoyed higher socio-economic status than the rest of the community. Low-cost technologies for aquaculture would be developed in order to involve the poor and landless aquaculture activities.

Khan (1995) conducted a study on fish marketing in some selected areas of Bangladesh. He analyzed the existing system of fish marketing and estimated costs and profit margins at different stages of fish marketing. The fishes he studied were Rohu, Mrigal, Boal, Tengra, Pangasius, Shing, Magur and Koi as a whole, the paikers of Mymensingh earned more profit than all others traders. In the study areas, two marketing channels were identified. One was fishermen→ aratdar(commission agent)→paiker( wholesale) →retailer→ consumer and the other was fishermen→ paiker → consumer. He also identified the problems of fish marketing in the selected areas. Those were shorted of capital fluctuation and low price of fish.

Rahman (1995) carried out a study in Betrokona Sadar, Purbadhala and Kendua of and found that ownership of pond, number of species and human labor had negative impact on pond fish production, while depth of pond water, farm size, fish seed, fertilizer and artificial seed are statistically significant in explaining the variation in fish pond production in study area. He found the yield per hectare yearly was 943 kg and average gross and net return were Tk. 49,515 and Tk. 39,412 respectively. He also observed that medium and small farmers had the highest gross and net returns because of using higher amount of inputs compare to large farmers.

Shohag (1996) studied in Nandail Thana of Mymensingh and showed that pond fish production under supervised credit system was mainly based on stocking of fingerlings, use of fertilizers and artificial feed and human for different operation in the study area. The average annual fish production was 5,229.44 kg per hectare. Low product price, lack of water during dry season, and lack of desired fingerlings in proper time were identified as the dominant problems in pond fish production.

Kanak (1997) found the highest gross production of fish (2623.02 kg/ha) over the period of 6 months in polyculture of Indian major carps, Chinese carps and Pangasius sutchi jn the earthen ponds receiving supplementary feed (50% wheat bran, 45% mustard oilcak e and 5% fish meal) at the rate of 3% the total body weight daily.

Hossain et al. (1997) obtained the average production of carp 2,133.3 kg ha-1 in 105 days in a mixed culture system using supplementary feed (rice bran and mustard oil cake 1:1) at the rate of 5% of total body weight.

Haque and Razzaque (1998) conducted a polyculture experiment maintaining the stocking density and ratio of rohu, catla, silver carp, mrigal, common carp and Thai sarputi at the rate of 8,000-1,000 ha-1 in the ratio of 16:12:15:12:15:30 and reported the yield of 18-20 kg decimal-1 in 6 months ( 4,500-5,000 kg fish ha-1 in 6 months).

Rahman (1999) studied aspect of pond fish production of both BRAC contract and non-contract farmers and found that it was highly profitable. It was found that the average annual per hectare fish production of BRAC contract and non contract farmers were 6,323.0 kg and 5,411.0 kg, respectively while their per hectare per year gross returns were Tk 34,00,00 and 25,50,00 respectively. The findings of the study clearly indicated that BRAC farmers obtained higher profit than non contract farmers. It was indicated that scientific use of inputs, depth of pond, easy flow of capital, efficient extension services increased the fish production. Mazid and Hussain (1999) reported that present average yield (nationwide) of carp polyculture is nearly 1,800-2,000 kg ha-1 and by using BFRI’s mature carp polyculture technology this production rate could be increased four to five fold i.e. with this technology production rate to the range of 7,000 to 10,000 kg ha-1 is possible.

Borash et al. (1999) conducted a study on the feasibility of fish farming with application of fresh cow dung without supplemental feed and inorganic fertilizer. They reported the experiments showed the production was 12.5% lower, but the net return was 44.5% higher than the control. Input cost was 29.5% lower in the experimental units. The system was suitable for fish farming in homestead ponds in rural NE India.

Islam (2000) found that the growth rate of fish production is still low in Bangladesh. As far as the nutritional standard is concerned, Bangladesh should produce 4.5 million tons, which is much higher than the present level of 1.6 million tons. Lacks of public policies along with the weaknesses in implementing the existing ones are the main reasons for not getting desired production in fisheries sector.

Haque (2000) carried out a study which showed that per hectare gross cost of production of pond fish was Tk 65,917.52 while gross return and net return were Tk 91,705.61 and Tk 25,789.09 respectively. Per hectare gross cost of production of nursery fish was Tk 87,488.94 while gross return and net return were Tk 139,272.2 and Tk 51,783.26 respectively. He observed that variation in gross returns was largely influenced by the use of fry and fingerlings, human labor and inputs. Cobb- Douglas production function analysis proved that all the variables (Stock value of pond per farm, material cost per farm, area under pond, depth of pond water) had positive impact on return from pond fish production but stock value of pond, material cost and pond area had positive impact on return from, fish nursery operation. Akter (2000) revealed that the average per acre fish production for PROSHIKA and RAKUB were 988 kg and 754 kg, respectively while their per acre net return stood at Tk 52,769 and Tk 36,843. This findings of the study clearly indicated that the loaner farmers of PROSHIKA obtained higher profit than that of RAKUB and fishery credit borrowers were generally large and medium farmers. The findings also revealed that scientific use of inputs, normal depth of water, and easy flow of capital: efficient extension services increased the fish production.

Quddus et al. (2000) conducted a study on fish culture status in Demra, , and found that ponds were classified into 4 categories like wild stock (27%), extensive culture (24%) improved extensive culture (33%) and semi-intensive culture (16%). Percentages of small, medium and large ponds were 38, 44 and 18 respectively whereas single owners belonged to 54% of the ponds. Per hectare yields of extensive, improve extensive and semi-intensive categories of culture were 1.3, 2.12 and 4.0 metric tons respectively and their net returns were 46, 63 and 92 thousand taka respectively.

Sultana (2001) found that the farmers of Trisal upazilla, made profits from both polyculture and carp nursery technologies. The study however, revealed that the carp nursery was more profitable (Tk 10,444 ha-1) than the production of polyculture (Tk 50, 0 21 ha-1). The study has also identified some major problems associated with economic, technical and social aspects that have currently been facing by the producers in adopting polyculture and carp nursery technologies.

Alam and Thomson (2001) examined the current status of fisheries in Bangladesh, for each of the major sub sectors, namely inland open waters, inland close waters (aquaculture) and marine fisheries. They explained that production has been increased for all types of fisheries. There are many constraints on expansion, and it is difficult to identified significant achievement from government policy effort. A host of factors are responsible for the under utilization of fishing areas, including resources limitations, poor implementations of fisheries laws, the limited spread of fish farming technology, low financial capacities and ineffective production practices.

Robbani (2002) conducted a survey of fisheries resources in Mymensingh, and Laxmipur region. Fish production was found 1-2 tons per acre per year. Majority of farm owners showed their preference for culturing major carps. Inbreeding problems, lack of technical knowledge on scientific fish culture, incidence of fish disease, credit facilities, security, marketing, multiple ownership and lack of quality feed were identified as the constraints of fish culture.

Rahman (2003) conducted a survey on socio-economic aspects of carp culture development in and observed that 90% farmers culture both Indian major carps and exotic carps. The average stocking density of carp fry was found to be 25, 250 ha-1. Rice bran, oil cake and wheat bran were mainly used for feeding. The average annual yield of carp was estimated about 2,925 kg ha-1.

Gopakumar (2003) reported that the production level of fish (5.8 million tons in 1999-2000) makes India the second largest aquaculture producing country in the world. India cultures many different species including Indian major carps( catla,Catla catla; rohu ,Labeo rohita; mrigala, Cirrhinus mrigala; and calbasu, Labeo calbasu) marine shrimp, freshwater shrimp, oysters, green and brown muscles, and pearl oysters for domestic and international markets.

Ahmed (2003) conducted a study mainly to asses the different culture practices and to determine the relative profitability of pond fish production in Mymensingh district. He observed the average stocking density of carp fingerlings to be 9,537-10,445 ha-1. The average fish production cost was estimated at Tk 23,210- Tk 24,790 ha-1. While the net return was found to be Tk 59,119- Tk 56,484 ha-1 yr-1. He stated the carp polyculture is a profitable business and 71% farmers have improved their socio-economic condition through the income of fish farming. Lack of money, lack of technical knowledge, non-availability of quality seed and poor institutional support were the major problems of sustainable development of carp polyculture.

Hossain (2006) in a study in Mymensingh area stated that the average production rate was 14,943 kg/ ha/ year. From the survey, it was found that all ponds were under polyculture system and farmers stocked mainly pangas along with Indian major carps and exotic carps.

CHAPTER-3 MATERIALS AND METHODS

Methodology is an indispensable and important part of scientific research. Appropriate methodology is a prime necessity that enables the researchers to collect valid and reliable information and to analyze the information properly in order to achieve a good conclusion. The methodology includes the selection of the research title and objectives, selection of research area; identify target groups, data collection and selection of analytical method.

There are several methods of collecting data and information. Selection of particular method depends on many considerations such as the nature of the research, time constrains, and availability of funds etc. The present study is based on field survey where primary data was collected both from the farm owners and the local people living near the farm. The survey method was chosen for the present study because it was thought to be more advantageous.

The word “survey” refers to a method of study in which an overall picture is obtained by a systematic collection of available data on the subject (Efferson, 1953). The major advantage of this method is that it is less expensive and its coverage is much wider. But one of the major defects of this method is that the investigation has to depend solely upon the memory of the farmers. This was however, overcome by repeated visit and asking question in such a manner that the farmer could answer from their memory. Figure 3.1 described the schematic diagram of data collection procedure followed in the present study.

Selection of the title and objectives

Selection of the study area

Identify target groups

Design and test of questionnaire

Preparing final questionnaire

Data collection through questionnaire interview

Cross check/ data velidation

Data processing and analysis

Thesis presentation

Fig.3.1 Methodology followed for the study

3.1. Selection of the study area Selection of the study area for the study of socioeconomic and environmental impact of aquaculture is an important step. The selection of an area depends on the objectives or purpose set for the study. The area in which a farm business survey is to be carried out depends on the particular purpose of the study and possible cooperation from the farmers. Thus, information was collected for fulfillment of the objectives of the study. Primary information about fish farm present in Trisal Upazila covering all the union and Upazila Fisheries Office of selected area (Fig.3.2).

Finally data were collected from 30 farm owners living near the farm randomly covering the selected study area. This area was selected considering the following factors: a. Large number of pond farms in this area. b. Fish culture is a rising trend in this area. c. There is an easy communication facility. d. The study area was not far away and thus it was less expensive as well as easier for data collection for the researcher. e. Social norms and common believes were well known by the researcher; and f. No research was conducted in this respect.

3.2. Fisherman category: In the study area of fisherman communities were divided into two distinct groups such as: • Professional farmers • Subsistence farmers Thirty fisherman were selected randomly from both professional and subsistence fish farmers groups and relevant data were collected once weekly through out the study period.

3.3 Design of questionnaire According to the objectives of the study a draft questionnaire (consisting of two parts, one is for farm owners and another is for local people living near the farm) was prepared to collect the relevant data. Some questionnaires that were used in such type of study by other researchers were also studied to have some idea to make a well- developed questionnaire.

3.4 Making final questionnaire Initially prepared draft questionnaire was tested with 5 farmers by the researcher himself. In this pilot survey, much attention was given to any new information, which was not designed to be asked but was important and information towards the objectives of the study. Thus some parts of draft questionnaire was improved, re-arranged and modified according to the experiences gained from the pilot survey.

3.5 Collection of data Data were collected by direct interviews. With a set of interview schedule designed for this study each respondent was given a brief introduction about the nature and purpose of the study during the interview. Besides, the researcher asked the questions systematically in a very simple manner with explanations wherever needed.

Fig. 3.2 Showing the Study Area.

3.6 Key informant interview Crosscheck interviews were conducted with key informants such as Upazila Fisheries Officer (UFO), school and college teachers, local leaders and NGO workers where information was contradictory. The interviews of respondents were conducted in their offices and / or houses.

3.7 Focus group discussion PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) is a group of methods to collect information form target group in a Participatory fashion (Chambers, 1992). The information collected through wider participation of the community is likely to be more accurate and it is advantage of PRA over other methods. The participation provides an opportunity for cross-checking individual opinions as well as allowing the community to discuss the issues that they full important, rather than responding to a questionnaire. In present study, FGD (Focus Group Discussion) was used to depict the overviews. A total of 10 FGD sessions were conducted during data collection where each group size of FGD was 6 to 12 people. FGD sessions were held in village shops, under the big trees and farmers house wherever there was spontaneous gathering. Focus group discussion (FGD) is very effective PRA tool to get real information from farmers. It was applied to address particular issues such as existing fish farming technology, problem associated with it and constraints of fish production etc.

3.8 Processing and analysis of data After the phase of data collection, the collected data were inserted in to the computer, summarized, tabulated and analyzed according to the objectives of the study. A tabular method of analysis was followed in analyzing the collected information.

3.9 Problems encountered during data collection Following problems encountered by the researcher during data collection. These are as follows: (i) Most of the people involved in fish farming activities in the study area had no idea about research work and therefore it was difficult to explain the purpose of this research to convince them. (ii) Usually most of the respondents do not keep records of their activities. Hence it was very difficult to collect actual data and the researcher had to rely on memory of the respondents. (iii) On some occasions farmers were not available at home and in such case the research had to give extra effort and time to collect information from them.

CHAPTER - 4 RESULTS

This chapter describes results concerning the existing fish culture practices in the pond system in the study area, including production technology such as pond size, pond type, culture method, cultivated species, using fish and fertilizer, learning of fish rearing, stocking density, productivity, market price and problem of fish culture and other relevant aspects of fish production.

4.1. General information of fish farming 4.1.1. Starting year of fish farming

During the PRA, it has been known that the culture of fish started at Trishal upazilla of Mymensingh region by some rich people in leased ponds. Observing first growth, high yield and net profit many local farmers and young educated people became motivated and started fish farming. In this way fish farming extended in the region within a few years. Presently fish are cultured in almost all of the Mymensingh district and relatively at higher level in Trishal upazila. Among the 30 sampled farmers, recently 7% farmers started fish farming in 2010-2011 traditional way, 33% farmers started in 2005-06, 44% farmers started in 2000-2001 and 16% farmers started in 1995-96. Moreover, the trend of fish farming is still increasing in the area with a little higher trend in Trishal upazila (Fig.4.1).

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 Percent of farmers 5 0 Recently 5 years 10 years 15 years ( 2011) before( before ( before 2006) 2001) (1996)

Fig.4.1.1. Starting year of fish farming in Trishal upazila. 4.1.2. Category of fish farmer on the basis of size

Among the fish farmers in the studied areas, 50% pond size was found to be 0.5-1 ha, 40% was 2.4 ha and 10% was 5-7 ha. The bigger size was found in 50% farmers in Trishal area (Fig. 4.2).

50

40

30

20

Percent of Farmers Percent of 10

0 0.5-1 ha 2-4 ha 05-Jul

Fig.4.2. Category of fish farmer on the basis of pond size in Trishal upazila.

4.1.3. Age structure

Knowledge of the age structure of fish farmers is important in estimating potential productive human resources. In the study area, 20% were less than 30 years old, 24% between 31-40, 43% between 41-50 years old and 13% more than 50 years old. The highest percentage farmer was found in this area was in 41-50 age group (Fig. 4.3).

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Percent of Farmers Percent 0 > 30 31-40 41-50 <50

Fig.4.3. Age distribution of fish farmers in the study area.

4.1.4. Level of education The interviewed fish farmers were found with seven levels of educational background; (i) Cannot sign (ii) Can sign (iii) Primary (iv) SSC (v) HSC (vi) BSc and (vii) MSc. Result of the present investigation indicated that, 10% cannot sign, 3% capable of sign only, 57% had primary level of education, 17% had SSC, 13% had HSC and above educational level was absent. The highest number of fish farmers who have primary level of education was found in Trishal upazila (Fig. 4.4).

60 50 40 30 20

Pecent of Farmers 10 0 Can not Can Sign Primary SSC HSC Sign

Fig. 4.4. The educational level in the study area.

4.1.5. Training status of fish farming In the study area, most of the farmers have years of fish farming experiences. It was found that 90% farmers learn the fish culture technology themselves through learning by doing, that is culture in successive years and sharing of knowledge among the fellow farmers. About 10% gained experience from friend and neighbors. The higher percentage (90%) of farmers learnt by themselves. Of the total (30) interviewed nobody received formal training on fish culture. Table.4.1. Training status of fish farmers in Trishal upazila. Self study Through DoF Through NGOs Neighbors/ Friends 90% (27) 0% (0) 0% (0) 10% (3)

4.2. Fish culture technologies 4.2.1. Pond size Size of ponds is an important factor influencing the use of inputs in the fish pond. A suitable pond size is required to minimize the production cost and maximize the profit. Small ponds are uneconomical in the sense that its operating costs are high, on the other hand, very large ponds often become unmanageable. An optimum pond size is, therefore, required to obtain the maximum yield. Optimum pond size may vary in different locations on the basis of physical and socio-economic conditions of a particular region. In the study area the average pond size was found 0.83 ha, with a range from 2.50 ha to 15 ha. Table. 4.2. Pond size of fish farms in Trishal upazila. Area Average pond Largest pond size Smallest pond size size Trishal 0.83 ha 15 ha 2.50 ha

4.2.2. Ownership of the ponds In the study area, 64% of the farmers have their own pond without partnership and, 36% have leased ponds. Lease value of land BDT 161,538 /ha/yr which varied with the location, productivity and pond size (Fig. 4.5).

20

15

10

5 Percent of Farmers

0 Own Land Leased Land

Fig.4.5. Ownership of the pond in the study area.

4.2.3. Depth of the pond In the study area, the distributions of ponds according to the minimum and maximum pond water depth are shown in Fig 4.6. It was observed that the minimum water depths of 17% ponds were 2-4 ft and maximum water depths of 83% ponds were 5-7 ft.

100

80

60

40

Percent of Farmers of Percent 20

0 2-4 ft 5-7 ft

Fig.4.6. Distribution of ponds according to the depth of water.

4.2.4. Sources of pond water Success of traditional aquaculture depends on the supply of sufficient amount of good quality water. Supply of water in the pond can be from two main sources- rain water and ground water. Distribution of the sources of pond water is shown in Table 4.7. It was found that 33% ponds depend on rain water and 67% pond depends on ground water supply in the study area. They usually add water when needed. Temperature created various problems such as oxygen depletion; water quality deterioration etc. and excess rainfall flooded the ponds in summer months. Table.4.3. Distribution of the sources of pond water. Only rain water Rain water and ground Only ground water water 33% 0% 67%

4.2.5. Soil types of ponds Loamy soil is suitable for aquaculture farming and silty clay soil is less suitable for aquaculture. From the study area, it was found that 90% of pond had loamy soil and 10% had clay soil (Fig. 4.7)

Clay (10%)

Loamy ( (90%)

Fig.4.7. Soil types of fish ponds in the study area. 4.2.6. Culture season and methods In the study area, the best season of fish farming was reported to be started in May and end in January. The fish fingerlings are stocked in May to June and harvested from November to January. It was also found that 80% farmers cultured pangasius with other fish (polyculture), whereas 20% farmers cultured only pangasius (monoculture). The highest percentage of polyculture farmers was found in this area. Maximum polyculture farmers used carps including Rohu (Labeo rohita), Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), Catla (Catla catla), Mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus), Tilapia (Tilapia mossambica) and Nilotica (Tilapia nilotica) with Pangasius (Pangasius hypophthalmus).

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20

Percentage of Farmers of Percentage 10 0 Monoculture Polyculture

Fig.4.8 Fish culture techniques in terms of species composition in Trishal upazila.

4.2.7. Pre-stocking pond management Pond preparation before stocking of fish fingerlings is an important part of pond management. About 90% of the surveyed farmers made necessary preparation before stocking of fingerlings. The unwanted fish, mainly small indigenous fish species were removed from most of the surveyed ponds. About 99% farmers were found to use lime in their ponds at the rate of 58 kg/ha during the pond preparation, 1-2 weeks prior to the release of fish fingerlings. Only a few farmers (15%) reported to remove organic deposits from the pond bottom during pond preparation in every alternative year. However, farmers did not fertilize the pond before releasing the fish fingerlings.

4.2.8. Sources of fish fingerlings Traders were the main sources of supplying fish fries/fingerlings to the farmers. About 83% of the farmers collected fries/fingerlings from the fry traders, 10% from the government farms and 7% from the local private farms or nurseries. The traders brought fish fries and fingerlings in the study areas from private nurseries in Bogra, some of them collect from BFRI and other local hatcheries (Table4.4). Fingerlings size varies from 1-2 inch with price of BDT 0.8- 1/fingerling. The traders transported fish fingerlings in PVC drums on pickup vans. The quality fish fingerlings have a major impact on production and profitability in fish farming. Therefore, the farmers were reported to be always eager to select good quality fingerlings to ensure profitable harvest. Farmers complained about the low quality fingerlings for inbreeding problem that supplied by the traders. Table.4.4. Sources of fish fries/ fingerlings for stocking in this study area. Fry trader Government farm Local private farm 83% (25) 10% (3) 7% (2)

4.2.9. Stoking frequency and density In the study areas 90% of the fish farmers whether large, medium or small stocked fish fingerlings in twice a year, for the first crop during February to March and for the second crop during June to July. In both cases culture period range from 120-150 days. Only a few farmers (10%) stocked fingerlings once a year during May to June. The farmers were found to stock their ponds with varied number of fish fingerlings from 50,000 to 60,000/ha/crop and average stocking density 55,000/ha/crop. The stocking density of fish was much higher than the density normally being used in carp polyculture in Bangladesh.

4.2.10. Feeding and feed management for fish farming Supply of supplementary feeds, which can complement nutritional deficiency, is important to increase fish production. It does vary according to intensity of cultivation. In the study area, it was observed that the pond fish farmers used wheat bran, rice bran, bone meal, fish meal, soybean meal, mustard oilcake and molasses in their fish ponds. The 90% farmers had their own mills for producing feeds. In the study areas fish were fed at high rates. Some farmers were found to adjust the feed quality based on visual observation of fish growth and some others by measuring the weight of a small number of stocked fishes. Most of the farmers fed their fishes normally two times a day and the others three times a day. In the study area, food conversion ratio (FCR) was 2. The average quantity feed used by the farmers in the study area was found to be 55,000/kg/ha/yr (Table 4.5).

Plate.4.1. Photographs showing feeding of fish by farm operations in Trishal upazila.

Table.4.5 Major Ingredients used to prepare farm made feed for fish. Major feed ingredients Percentage of feed ingredients Rice bran 20-25 Wheat bran 15-20 Bone meal 5-10 Soybean meal 5-10 Fish meal 15-20 Mustard oilcake 15-20 Molasses 0.5-1.5

4.2.11. Disease occurrence in fish ponds It was found from the study area that 23% fish farms were was affected by disease and 77% farmers did not found any disease in their farm throughout the production cycle. Major diseases or clinical signs include rectal protrusion, tail and fin rot, cotton wool type lesion and black spot in the skin. (Table 4.6). Table.4.6. Disease occurrence of fish in Trishal upazila.

Yes No 23% ( 7) 77% ( 23)

4.3. Fish productivity 4.3.1. Fish production In the study area, it was found that 80% ponds were under polyculture system and farmers stocked mainly pangasius along with Indian major carps. According to the 30 fish farmers, average production of pangasius was 30,985 kg/ha/yr and for carps 800 kg/ha/yr.

4.3.2. Harvesting and marketing of fish In the study area, the best harvesting season were found to be June to July and November to January. It also found that 94% farmers harvested their fish completely and only 6% of farmers harvested partially. The farmers were reported to harvest their farmed fish when it reached around 500 g to 1 kg in size. Normally all the fishes of a crop in a pond were harvested at a time and then the ponds were made ready for the second crop of the year. Those who do only one crop in a year harvested fish when it reached about 1 to 1.5 kg in size in 10-11 months. Some large farmers reported to have their own fishing net and fisher group formed by the farm labors. In the community there are separate fishers group with nets formed by rural poor who do fishing farmers pond on contract basis. In the study area, 94% of the farmers reported to sell their fishes mostly to small traders and occasionally to larger traders. The small traders sell the fishes to retailers in local markets and in neighboring districts, sometimes to larges traders. The medium and large farmers (90%) sell their fishes to large traders who transport the fish in live condition to Dhaka, the capital city and the northern districts of the country. The fish are transported in PVC drums with freshwater. The selling price of fish varied according to the size and qualities; however the average selling price of pangasius was BDT 65-75 per kg and carps was BDT 100-110 per kg.

4.4. Income level of pond fish farmers The selected pond fish farmers were interviewed and their annual income was calculated. The average annual income of the farmer was 115,000 BDT. 4.5. Problems of fish farming From the study it was found that the fish farmers in Mymensingh area are facing a number of technical and social problems in fish farming. The major problems are lack of capital, high price of quality feed and fingerlings of fish, inbreeding in hatcheries, adulterated feed, less protein in feed, marketing problem, poor technical knowledge and transportation etc. Moreover, the farmers reported some other problems, which are water exchange problem, water quality deterioration with massive micro algal blooms, off-flavor in fish flesh, reduced fish growth comparing to previous year for inbreeding problem and less demand of fish in local market. Fish farming within pond system was expensive due to increased cost for good quality fish fingerlings and high quality feed.

CHAPTER - 5 DISCUSSION

Considering the objectives, Trishal upazila of Mymensingh district was purposively selected for the study. From the study area 30 fish farmers were randomly sampled. Using pre-tested interview questionnaire data were collected through face to face interview. Other PRA tools were also used to reinforce the findings along with the fish farming. The results obtained from the study are discussed as follows:

5.1 Age structure In the present study it was found that most of the farmers (43%) belong to the age group 41-50. Kaiya et al. (1987) stated that fish culture efficiency varied with the age and number of owners of pond which shows the similarity with the age group only. Rana (1996) found in his study in Sirajgonj district that 70% ponds farmers were in 18-45 age groups.

5.2 Level of education Literacy level of pond fish farmers can play a vital role in efficient management and operation as well as in successful production. From the study, it was found that 10% farmers cannot sign, 3% can sign only, 57% had primary, and 17% SSC and 13% had HSC level of education. The reported literacy rate was found higher than the national adult literacy level of 65% (BBS, 2002).

5.3 Training status of fish farmers In the present study, only 10% farmers acquired their fish farming experience from friends and neighbours and the majority of the (90%) farmers learnt by themselves. Rahman (2003) found in his study in Gazipur district that about 49% farmers gained fish farming experience from friends and neighbours. Saha (2006) observed in his study that about 45.6% pangasius farmers gained experience from friends and neighbours. In the study, nobody received formal training. Rahman (2003) reported that about 49% farmers received formal training.

5.4 Pond production technology 5.4.1. Pond size Size of pond is an important variable for the production of fish as analyzed by Islam and Dewan (1987). Returns on per pond basis under different pond size had a direct and positive relationship with input used, but on the basis of per unit area, pond efficiency was greater in medium size (Mollah et al., 1986). It was found in the present study, the average pond size was 0.83 ha. Rahman (2003) found that the average pond size was 0.12 ha.The pond size differed in the study with a range from 2.50 to 15 ha. Hossain et al. (1992-94) have reported in their report in Chandpur districts that 82% pond were up to 0.20 ha. According to BBS (1984) 80% ponds in rural areas are less than 0.13 ha. Khan (1986) stated that fish culture efficiency varied with the size of ponds.

5.4.2. Ownership of the ponds Ownership of pond is an essential factor making smooth decision regarding fish farming. A pond having single ownership is very easy to monitor but very tough in the case of multiple ownership. In the present study, 64% of farmers have own pond without partnership and 36% had leased pond. Quddus et al. (2000) observed that 34% of the ponds were under lease and the rest 12% ponds were public or organizational property in Derma, Dhaka. In the present study found that lease value of land was BDT 161,538/ha/yr which varies with the location, productivity and size of the pond.

5.4.3. Soil types of ponds In the present study it was observed that 90% pond had loamy soil and 10% had clay soil. In loamy soil area, ponds have high capacity of water holding with less turbidity problem and high productivity that is potential for other land based aquaculture systems. On the contrary, Ali and Rahman (1986) stated that sandy soil of the ponds was a major problem with 19% of the fish pond owners in .

5.4.4. Culture methods In the study area, the best season of fish farming was reported to be from May to January. The fish fingerlings were stocked in May to June and harvested from November to January. Ahmed (2003) observed the best period of polyculture was from April to December. Hossain (2001) reported only 26% of the ponds were used for culture of monoculture and 74% of the ponds were used for pangasius with Indian major carps. From the survey it was found that 92% farmers carried out polyculture system. Rahman (2006) showed that around 90% of the farmers cultured pagasius with carps.

5.4.5. Pre-stocking management In the study area, pond repairing was the main activity as pre-stocking management. Except pond repairing a little work such dyke, removing mud, liming etc were done as pre-stocking management. From the survey it was found that 99% farmers followed liming of their ponds. Dyke is the most important part of fish farm. It provides the physical structure of the ponds and obstructs the fish to escape from the ponds. The dyke should be wide enough to allow the worker to walk around the ponds in carrying feeds, monitoring and harvesting (New and Singholka, 1985). In the present study, it was found that 15% farmers repaired pond dykes.

5.4.6. Stocking of fish Fish production depends on the rates of proper stocking of fingerlings.The average stocking density in the study area was observed to be 55,000 fingerlings/ha. Hossain (2006) found that average stocking density was 24,206 fry/ha. Hasanuzzaman (1997) observed the average stocking density of 16,196 fry/ha in the district of . Hossain et al.(1992) found the range of stoking density from 10,000 to 31,000 fry/ha. Akter (2001) found that the average stocking density was 26,309 fry/ha. Kausari (2001) found average stocking density 30,875 fry/ha in a village of Mymensingh district. However in the present study, farmers followed higher level of stocking compared to available literature suggesting fish farming getting intensified gradually.

5.4.7. Feed Supply of feeds which can compliment the nutritional deficiency, is important to increase fish production. It was observed that fish farmers used high protein pelleted as supplementary feed. Akter (2001) observed that the total rate of feed used was 6,751 kg/ha which were separately given as rice polish (1,598 kg), wheat bran (870 kg), oilcake (2,540 kg), vitamin (41 kg) and fish meal (1,702 kg). Kausari (2001) found that the rate of feeding was 38,916 kg/ha. Rahman (2003) found the rate of rice bran and oilcakes were 2731 and 584 kg/ha. Saha et al. (1997) found the rate of rice bran and oilcakes were 2,731 and 584 kg/ha respectively. In the present study, fish farmers feed at high rate to get high production of fish.

5.4.8. Food Conversion Ratio (FCR) As feed is the most expensive item in rural aquaculture all concerned people should think about commonly practiced two or three times feeding a day (DoF, 2004). Food conversion ratio is defined as the amount of dry feed per fed to get live weight gain. In this experiment the pellected feed was given for pangasius with Indian major carps that had an FCR of 2. Azimuddin et al. (1999) found FCR of P. hypophthalmus from 1.73 to 2.04 in case of 40.50 and 60 fish 1 m3 stocking density. Pathmasothy and Jin (1987) found FCR was 2.27 to 3.66 when fish fed with 32% of protein feed. According to the above study, the FCR of fish in the present experiment was not so satisfactory for increasing price of feed. This was possibly due to availability of adulterate feed ingredients to prepare fish feeds in the existing feed companies which necessarily needs further attention from researchers and policy makers.

5.4.9. Harvesting and marketing fish In the study, the best harvesting season June to July and November to January. Rahman (2003) observed the best period of harvesting was from October to January. Ahmed (2003) stated the best harvesting season was April to July and found that 65% of farmers harvested their fish completely and only 35% of farmers harvested partially. The fish harvest strategies as observed in the present study comparable with those reported by Ahmed (2003). According to the survey, 94% of farmers sold their fish to the small traders and 90% of medium and large farmers sold their fish to the large traders. The selling price of Pangasius was BDT 65-75 per kg and carps was BDT 100-110 per kg. Saha (2006) reported that the average price was BDT 50 per kg. This difference may due to increasing price of feed as well as demand of fish.

5.4.10. Fish production In the study the average fish production was 30,985 kg/ha/yr. It was found that all ponds were order polyculture system and farmers stocked mainly pangasius along with Indian major carps. Rahman et al (1992) obtained 41.36 kg/decimal (9.97 t/ha) fish in a polyculture experiment with pangasius and carps. Akter (2001) conducted a survey in Trishal upazila under Mymensingh district and found that average production of was 20,112 kg/ha.

5.5. Income level In the study area, it was found that the average annual income of the fish farmer was from 80,000-150,000 BDT. Khan (1986) stated that level of family income is important economic factor affecting utilization of pond fish farming. The annual income of fish farmers in the area seemed to be better than the national average income of BDT 22,500 (BBS, 2002).

5.6. Problems of fish farming The fish farmers in the present study reported a number of problems. The major problems mentioned by the farmers are lack of money, lack of scientific knowledge, inbreeding, adulterate feed, improper proportion of protein in feed, poor water quality and lower market price. Rahman (2003) stated farming constrains were lack of money and higher production cost. Ali and Rahman (1986) stated that the non-availability of good quality fingerlings: both indigenous and exotic species was the major problem in Rangpur district. Akter (2001) stated that the major problems were also lack of credit, lack of scientific knowledge, high price of input and low price of fish etc. Hossain (2006) stated that the major problems were lack of proper knowledge, low market price of fish, lack of knowledge on water quality maintenance. This suggests that fish farming is being practiced in Mymensingh region with almost a consistent feature where it is important to mitigate the current problems to make this enterprise sustainable.

CHAPTER- 6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

6.1 Summary The study was conducted to determine the pond feature, fish culture system and socio-economic condition of pond owners. The research work was carried out in Trishal upazila under Mymensingh district. The study was conducted from September to October, 2008 with 30 farmers. Although fish farming is a profitable enterprise, concerns arise about sustainability in terms of technical aspects of its farming. The present study was conducted to address different technical issues of fish farming. The study was conducted based on personal interview, participatory rural appraisal (PRA) technique and focus group discussion (FGD) with fish farmers of the surveyed areas.

From the survey area, it was observed that the average pond size was 0.83 ha with the range from 2.5 ha to 15 ha. In the study area, 80% farmer’s cultured pangasius with carps (polyculture) and 20% farmers cultured only pangasius (monoculture). The traders brought fish fries and fingerlings in the study areas from private nurseries in Bogra whereas some of them collect from BFRI and other local hatcheries. Fingerling size varies from 1-2 inch with price of BDT 0.8-1/fingerling. The fish fingerlings were usually stocked in May to June and average stocking density was found to be 55,000 fingerlings/ha. In the area, about 36% fish farmers had leased ponds and lease value was BDT 161,538/ha/yr. 100% of the fish farmers used supplementary feeds for fish culture. From the survey, it was found that the fish are harvested throughout the year but the best harvesting period was November to January and most of the farmers harvested their fish by using seine net which locally known as Ber jal. The average yield of pangasius was 30,985 kg/ha/yr and for carps 800 kg/ha/yr. The fish farmers in the study area reported a number of problems. Though the potential of fish farming in Mymensingh region is high but they mentioned the farmers have lack of money, lack of scientific knowledge, inbreeding, supply of adulterate feed, improper proportion of protein in feed, poor water quality and low market price etc.

The findings of the study conform that the pond fish culture is a profitable business.

6.2. Recommendation

On the basis of major findings of the study, the following recommendations were made to improve the fish production: 1) Training program should be updated for the hatchery and nursery owners and, grow-out farmers with the help of DoF and NGOs. 2) For overcoming the problem of inbreeding, the hatchery owners should exchange brood fish among themselves; it may be advisable to set up “Brood Bank” in the hatcheries. 3) Reasonable price of feed, spawn, fingerling and other inputs should be ensured. 4) Bank loan and other institutional credit should be made available on easy terms and conditions to the farm owners. 5) Marketing facilities should be improved, so that stakeholders could get the fair price of their product round the year. 6) Fisheries extension service should be strengthened to estimate the prospective growers and circulate booklets and pamphlets about update technologies of fish farming 7) Adulterated feed ingredients used by the feed companies which necessarily need further attention from the researchers and policy makers. 8) Efforts should be taken to develop suitable market infrastructure in the study area with respect to quick transportation, proper storage and other physical facilities, provision of such facilities would diminish the high cost of marketing.

6.3. Conclusion

Apart from some adverse socio-economic condition and constraints of fish farming, farmers in this region contribute a remarkable part of inland fish production in Bangladesh. As the fishery sector plays a vital role in the socio- economic development, opportunity for employment, poverty alleviation and earning foreign currency for Bangladesh, it may be concluded that we have to reduce all the constraints of aquaculture to achieve sustainable growth in future.

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Questionnaire for: Factors Affecting Traditional Aquaculture in Mymensingh Region

Sl. No. ……………. Date……………

1. Personal Information 1.1 Name of Farmer………………………...... Sex ..…....Age…………. Address: Village………………..Upazilla……………….District………. Mobile No. :

1.2. Level of education Cannot sign Can sign Primary SSC HSC BSc MSc Others

1.3. What is your main occupation? Agricultur Fish Hatchery Govt. Private Business Others e culture owners Service service

1.4.What is your secondary occupation? Agricultur Fish Hatchery Govt. Private Business Others e culture owners Service service

2. Fish Farming Information 2.1. When did you start fish farming? Recently 5 years before 10 years before 15 years before >15 years 2.2. How big your farm is? 0.5-1 ha 2-4 ha 5-7 ha 8-10 ha >10 ha 2.3.How did you learn fish farming? Self study through through Neighbors/Friends other DOF NGOs sources 2.4. Have you receive any formal training? Yes No If yes, where...... and how long ? 2.5. Who own the land of fish farm? Own land Leased land Share cropping other sources

If leased, how much you have to pay for per ha/year in?...... Tk If share cropping what is your share? ......

2.6. What is your present production system? Nursing Nursing and grow Only grow Rearing brood stock all of out out above 2.7. How did your allocate land in various system? Nursing Nursing and grow out Only grow out Rearing brood stock all of above Dec. Dec Dec. Dec. Dec. 2.8. What is the average depth of your ponds? 2-4 ft 5-7 ft 7-9 ft >9 ft

2.9. What are the sources of water supply for your farm? only Rain water Rain water and only Ground water others Ground water 2.10. How often you add water in your ponds? Not at all during dry season when is needed every month others

2.11. Is temperature creating problem to your fish farming? 2.12. Is rain hampering your fish farming? 2.13. What are the soil types of your ponds? Clay Silty clay Loamy silt or sand others

3) Pre-Stocking Pond Management 3.1. Do you prepare pond before start culture? Yes No If yes, what did you do?

Dry pond Remove mud Repair dykes Remove Aquatic others weeds

3.2. Do you remove undesirable species before start culture? Yes No If yes, which method do you follow? Drying Netting Apply Mechanical Poison others Rotenone removal

What is the dose of rotenone and poison per decimal? gm/ decimal...... 3.3. Do you apply lime during pond preparation? Yes No If lime is used, what is the dose per decimal? kg /decimal...... 3.4. Do you apply fertilizer during pond preparation? Yes No If yes, mention the dose per decimal. Fertilizer Dose( kg/decimal) Cow manure Poultry manure Urea TSP Others( Specify)

4) Culture strategies:

4.1. Which type of culture usually you follow? Monoculture Polyculture others

If polyculture followed, why do you consider polyculture? Improve Higher Higher Less Improve others water production economic return disease environmental quality probability condition

4.2. What are the species you use in polyculture system? Indian major Pangus with Tilapia with SIS with Indian others carps tilapia cat fish major carps

4.3. For polyculture, please give the information in details:

Name of Source Size of Month Duration of Fish Price/ Total Species of fry fry release culture release/dec fingerlings cost

Total 4.4.Please give details about stocking density of fish in polyculture pond? Carps Pangasius Tilapia Cat fish Koi others Fish/dec.

4.5. Do you disinfect fish before release in ponds? Yes No

If yes, what do you use for disinfect the fish? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. If yes, how do you disinfect the fish prior to release in polyculture ponds? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5) Water quality management and environmental issues: 5.1. Do you measure water quality in pond? Yes No If yes, what do you measure? Temperature Dissolve pH Ammonia Alkalinity transparency Ammonia oxygen If yes, how often do you measure? Temperature Dissolve pH Ammonia Alkalinity Transparency Ammonia oxygen

5.2. What was the range of these parameters in your pond? Temperature Dissolve pH Ammonia Alkalinity Transparency Ammo- oxygen nia Daily weekly Monthly Bi- weekly Monthly

If not, give region...... 5.3. Do you have any problem with the water quality during culture period? Yes No

If yes, what are the problems you had during culture? Oxygen pH Algal Fish Low Others depletion fluctuation bloom mortality production

5.4.How did you overcome the problems?

Name of Chemicals Dose(g/ decimal) Lime Salt Disinfectants Potash Others if any:

Through application of chemicals as following doses 5.5. .Do you use fertilizer during culture period? Yes No If yes, give details of fertilizer used Fertilizer Frequency/how often apply Dose(kg/decimal) Cow manure Poultry manure Urea TSP Others 6) Feeding and Feed Management: 6.1. Do you feed the fish? Yes No

If yes, give details of feed you used Items Frequency/ how often % body weight apply 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.Ohers

6.2. Do you prepare fish feed at home? Yes No

If yes, mention the ingredient-

7) Disease and Health Management Issues: 7.1. Do you regularly check health of fish? Yes No

If yes, how Items Frequency/ how often apply Method/How do you check

7.2. Do you take preventive measures? Yes No

If yes, what are the measures you usually take?

Pond Apply Weed Remove Add water Others drying lime control undesirable fish If no, why ......

7.3. Did you encounter any disease problem? Yes No If yes, which type of disease you had earlier? Name of Age/size of Disease with % of % of death Season fish affected fish clinical signs affected fish of occurren ce

7.4. What do you do with diseased fish? Eat Sale in market Through away Give to the Others poor

7.5. Did you report to Upazilla Fisheries Office of disease outbreak in you pond? Yes No If yes, did UFO/other officials come to visit your ponds? Yes No

If yes, what measures did they give to you?

7.6. Is your pond open to natural water sources? Yes No

If yes, why you keep it open? ...... 7.7. Did you treat the diseased fish? Yes No

If yes, mentioned the treatment and cost? Name of Drugs used Always use Once used Doses Price in Disease (BDT)

7.8. Did you have any success with treatment? Yes No

If yes, on which diseases and mention the doses of medicine?

7.9. Do you get any help from GO/ NGOs for control and treatment of disease? Yes No

If yes, what support did you get from GO/NGOs?

(If the answer is yes) Types of assistance......

8) Harvesting and Productivity: 8.1. How do you harvest your fish? regularly once a year twice a year whenever others needed

8.2. When is the best season of your harvesting?

8.3. Do you practice partial harvesting of fish to sort out marketable size?

Yes No

If yes, how do you sort out fishes? by weight by size by appearance others

Who harvest fish for you? yourself contact fishermen your neighbor others

How much you pay to harvest fish?

Tk /unit pond percent of harvest others

Do you sell fish? Yes No

If yes, how much you sell, donate and consume?

own consumption donate to sell (kg) others (kg) (kg) relatives(kg)

8.4. Do you sell the fish to the fishermen who harvest the fish? Yes No

If no, how do you transport the fish to the market? rickshaw van motor van others

8.5. Fish production and sell:

Species Average size Fish Fish production Price/kg of harvested fish production per per year(kg/kg) fish(BDT) cycle (kg/ha)

Total 8.6. Where do you sell fish?

At pond Local To foriya Arat Distance market Others site market

9) How much you spend for fish culture in per bigha/acre/hectare water body?

Items Unit Tk/ unit Amount(Tk) Seed/fry Feed Fertilizer Salary of management stuff Labors Harvesting and marketing Interest of loan Depreciation cost Others Total

10) Income from fish culture: How much you earn from fish culture?

Tk/unit pond/year

11) Problems/ constraints of farmers:

Do you have any other problem to culture fish?

Yes No

If yes, please mention the problems.

Do you have any comments to mention regarding fish culture problem or prospect?

...... (Signature of interviewer)