Bull. Mm. natn. Hist, nat., Paris, 4e ser., 1, 1979, section A, n° 3 : 775-820.
Fishes collected during " Hero " Cruise 72-2 in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica, with the description of two new genera and three new species 1
by H. H. DEWITT and J.-C. HUREAU *
Résumé. — Grâce à une campagne océanographique à bord du R/V « Hero », une riche collection de poissons a pu être récoltée au sud-ouest de la Péninsule antarctique par l'un des auteurs : 24 espèces appartenant à sept familles. Deux nouvelles espèces du genre Lycenchelys (Zoarcidae) sont décrites : L. nigripalatum et L. tristichodon. La rareté de certaines espèces récoltées a permis de faire une révision des genres de la famille des Bathydraconidae et deux nouveaux genres sont décrits : Vomeridens et Akarotaxis. La présence d'une nouvelle espèce de Chionodraco (Chan- nichthyidae) : Ch. rastrospinosus a conduit à faire une révision de ce genre. Le matériel étudié a été comparé aux très riches collections obtenues au cours des diverses campagnes de 1' « Eltanin » ainsi qu'aux types conservés au British Museum (Natural History), au Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet à Stockholm et au South Australian Museum à Adelaide. Abstract. — During an océanographie cruise on the R/V " Hero ", a rich collection of fishes was collected to the south-west of the Antarctic Peninsula by one of the authors : 24 species belong- ing to seven families. Two new species of the genus Lycenchelys (Zoarcidae) are described : L. nigri- palatum and L. tristichodon. The rarity of certain species has allowed a revision of the genera of the family Bathydraconidae and two new genera are described : Vomeridens and Akarotaxis. A new species, Chionodraco rastrospinosus (Channichthyidae), has lead to a revision of Chionodraco. The material studied has been compared with the rich collections obtained during several cruises of the " Eltanin " as well as types preserved in the collections of the British Museum (Natural History), the Naturhistoriska Biksmuseet in Stockholm and the South Australian Museum, Ade- laide.
INTRODUCTION
One of us had the opportunity to participate on one of the cruises of the R/V " Hero " to the region of the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, from 17 February (departure from Punta Arenas) to 6 April (return to Punta Arenas) 1972. During the cruise, the purpose of which was to study the ecology and physiology of echinoderms, molluscs and fishes (DEARBORN et al., 1972), 106 collecting stations were made from 50 of which 287 fishes were obtained belonging to 24 species and seven families. All of the stations are
* II. H. DEWITT : Ira C. Darling Center, University of Maine at Orono, Walpole, Maine 04573, USA. J.-C. HUREAU : Laboratoire d'Ichtyologie générale et appliquée, Muséum national d'Histoire Naturelle, 43, rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cédex 05, France. 1. Contribution n° 117 from the Ira C. Darling Center, Universitv of Maine at Orono, Walpole, Maine 04573, USA. — 776 — situated to the south of Anvers Island, from Palmer station (64°46.5'S, 64°04.1'W) to just south of Adelaide Island. The most southerly station was at 67°46.2'S, 70°17.7'W, but the majority of the collections were made in Arthur Harbor and the nearby islands. A list of stations at which fishes were obtained is given in an appendix. Although the fish fauna of this region is becoming rather wellknown, the richness of our collection has caused us to publish this note. In summary, we have discovered two new species of the genus Lycenchelys (Zoarcidae) and the rarity of certain species obtained has allowed us to review the genera of the family Bathydraconidae and to describe two new genera within it. An undescribed species of Chionodraco has led us to make a revision of the genus. We were able to compare our material with the very rich collections obtained during several cruises of the " Eltanin ", much of which are temporarily housed at the University of Maine at Orono (Darling Center). Although the R/V " Hero " is a typical trawler similar to those encountered on the coasts of Maine and it has a large fishing winch, we were never able to use it. All of our fishing gear was manipulated by means of an electric hydrographic winch which was very easy to operate. A tensiometer was especially valuable, allowing us to prevent, with great precision, any abnormal tension on the cable. With a hydrographic winch there is no possibility of making normal trawl hauls, that is to say, of using trawls of even modest size. On the contrary, we had at our disposal a very small otter-trawl (made by Marinovich Trawl Co.) with a mouth opening of 1.8 meters and a length of 2.5 meters, each otter board measuring about 40 x 60 centi- meters. In spite of its small size this " microtrawl " was entirely satisfactory and was established as a very good fishing device, at least for small specimens or species. We regret that it was not used more often. Also available were several dredges of various types and sizes, all constructed aboard ship and consisting of a rectangular metal frame with a bag net : " Blake trawl " (BT) with an opening of 56 X 25 centimeters ; " Liberty dredge " (LD, 60 X 28 cm) ; " Pipe trawl" (PT, 122 X 32cm). To complete this arsenal of fishing equipment we also very frequently used traps of various sizes (" minnow trap ", 42 X 19 cm ; " shrimp trap ", 77 X 31 X 38 cm " lobster trap ", 91 X 45 X 25 cm), fishing nets (45 X 2.5 m), long lines with 50 hooks and an Isaacs- Kidd midwater trawl of six feet (cf. ARNAUD and HUREAU, 1975).
The following abbreviations have been used in the text and tables : 1. Museum Collections : BMNH, British Museum (Natural History), London ; NRMS, Natur- historiska Riksmuseet, Stockholm ; MNHN, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris ; SAM, South Australian Museum, Adelaide ; UMOD, University of Maine at Orono, Darling Center. 2. Measurements, counts, etc. : A, Anal fin rays ; AGRArj, Anterior gill rakers of 1st gill arch ;
AO-C, Anal origin to base of caudal fin ; AO:D2R, Anal origin below ray of 2nd dorsal fin ; AO-V, Anal origin to base of pelvic fin ; ARL, 6, Length of 6th anal ray ; BD(AO), Body depth at anal fin origin ; Br, Branchiostegal rays ; C, Caudal fin rays ; CL, Length of caudal fin ; CPD, Caudal peduncle depth ; CPL, Caudal peduncle length ; D1( Rays in 1st dorsal fin ; D2, Rays in 2nd dor- sal fin ; D-C, Distance between last dorsal ray and base of caudal fin ; DNR, Does not reach ; DRL, 6, Length of 6th dorsal ray ; HD, Head depth ; HL, Head length ; HW, Head width ; 10, Interorbital space ; IOP, Pores in infraorbital canal; LDSp(No), Length of longest dorsal spine (spine number) ; LLL, Scales in lower lateral line ; LSc, Lateral scales ; MLL, Scales in middle lateral line ; N-N, Distance between nostrils ; N-0, Distance between nostril and orbit ; O, Orbital STATION LIST
Station Date Lat. S Long. W Depth (m) Gear Area
23.11.72 i 1 5-7.III.72 64046.5' 64°04.1' Jl Traps Dock at Palmer St. 29.111.72 > 6 23.11.72 64047.5' 64O07.2' 73 BT S. Janus Island s 25.11.72 67°45.7' 69O30.5' 280 Traps SW Adelaide I. 9 25.11.72 67046.2' 70O17.7' 0-375 IKMT SW Adelaide I. 11 26.11.72 67042.1' 70O15.0' 500-670 BT SW Adelaide I. 12 26.11.72 67O40.2' 70°16.2' 580-650 BT SW Adelaide I. 13 26.11.72 67015.6' 70O12.0' 630-650 Otter trawl W Adelaide I. 14 26.11.72 67O04.6' 69021.7' 460-500 Otter trawl W Adelaide I. 18 28.11.72 66000.25' 65O20.5' Intertidal Dip net Prospect Point 19 28.11.72 66O00.1' 65O20.5' 25 Traps Prospect Point 21 29.11.72 65O10.0' 64O08.2' 11-4 Trap Peterman L. 23 1.III.72 64O02.2' 64O07.3' 60-90 BT SW Janus I. 25 3.III.72 64046.55' 64O04.5' 5-33 Gill net off Bonaparte Pt. 26 3.III.73 64046.4' 64O04.2' 18 Trap Arthur Harbor 29 4.111.72 64046.6' 64O04.5' 6 Trap Arthur Harbor 30 4.III.72 64°46' 64O05.5' 5 Trap off Torgersen I. 31 4.III.72 64053.7' 64047.2' 460-500 Otter trawl SW Buff I. 40 7.III.72 64046.8' 64O05.3' 38-70 BT Arthur Harbor 41 7.III.72 64046.73' 64004.95' 20-40 Gill net off Bonaparte Pt. 43 8.III.72 64046.55' 64O04.2' 7 Gill net Arthur Harbor 49 10.111.72 64046.6' 64o05,l' 65-75 BT Arthur Harbor 50 10.111.72 64046.4' 64O04.6' 22-45 BT Arthur Harbor 52 10.111.72 64046.34' 64005.09' 7-15 Gill net off Torgersen 1. 56 13-20.111.72 65O03.8' 64O00.8' 3-20 Gill net Port Charcot, Booth I. 58 13.111.72 65O05.5' 64O01.2' 33 Trap W Booth I. 64 14.111.72 64051.9' 63049.6' 440-480 LD Bismarck Strait 65 15.111.72 64046.72' 64O03.8' 2-11 Traps SE Bonaparte I. 00 16.111.72 64°46.4' 64O05.0' 15-55 Long line off Torgersen I. 74 18.111.72 64046.55' 64004.23' 9 Trap Arthur Harbor 77 20.111.72 64O50.6' 63054.8' 292 Long line Bismarck strait 78 20.111.72 64O49.0' 64O03.4' 78 Traps SW Laggard I. 79 20.111.72 64046.6' 64O04.9' 53-65 PT Arthur Harbor 80 21.111.72 64046.68' 64004,75' 8 Trap N Bonaparte Pt. 81 21.111.72 64°46.35' 64005.05' 16 Trap NE Torgersen I. 83 21.111.72 64046.17' 64006.42' 3 Trap N Litchfield I. 84 21.111.72 64046.14' 64006.42' 9-15 Gill net N Litchfield I. 85 21.111.72 64°46.09' 64O06.3' 4-12 LD N Litchfield I. 80 21.111.72 64046.15' 64005.95' 8-15 LD NE Litchfield I. 87 22.111.72 64046.7' 64O03.8' 8 Trap SE Bonaparte Pt. 89 23.111.72 64047.3' 64O07.4' 105 Traps S Janus I. 90 23.111.72 64047.5' 64O07.2' 73-100 PT S Janus I. 91 23.111.72 64047.5' 64O08.2' 62-90 PT S Janus I. 92 24.111.72 64046.45' 64004.26' 13-16 Gill net Arthur Harbor 93 24.111.72 64046.15' 64005.05' 12 Trap Arthur Harbor 94 24.111.72 64046.18' 64°05.2' 6 Trap Arthur Harbor 96 25.111.72 65013.6' 64O11.0' 310-355 Otter trawl off Argentine I. 97 27.111.72 64°46.7' 64O05.1' 73 Traps off Bonaparte Pt. 98 27.111.72 64047.1' 64O06.0' 95 Gill net E Janus I. 99 27.111.72 64047.2' 64O06.6' 32-90 Otter trawl S Janus I. 102 28.111.72 64046.62' 64003.85' 10 Trap SE Bonaparte Pt. — 778 —
-diameter ; P, Pectoral fin rays ; P:AR, Anal ray to (or above) which pectoral fin extends ; PL, Length of pectoral fin ; POL, Length of postorbital part of head ; POMP, Pores in preoperculo- mandibular canal ; SL, Standard length ; Sn-AO, Snout to anal fin origin (anteanal distance) ;
"Sn-Dj, Snout to 1st dorsal fin origin (1st antedorsal distance) ; Sn-D2, Snout to 2nd dorsal fin origin (2nd antedorsal distance) ; SnL, Snout length ; Sn-N, Snout to nostril distance ; Sn-V, Snout to pelvic base ; SOP, Pores in supraorbital canal ; STP, Pores in supratemporal canal ; TP, Pores in temporal canal ; UJL, Length of upper jaw ; ULL, Scales in upper lateral line ; V:AR, Anal fin ray to which pelvic fin reaches ; VL, Length of pelvic fin.
LIST OF THE SPECIES COLLECTED
(Sizes of specimens are standard length except where noted as total lengths TL.)
RAJIDAE
Bathyraja griseocauda (Norman, 1937) : 1 specimen ($). MNHN 1974-81. Station 13 (W Adelaide'island, 630 to 650 m). Size : 490 mm TL (width of disc : 312 mm). Otter trawl.
NOTOTIIENIIDAE
Notolhenia coriiceps neglecta Nybelin, 1951 : 150 specimens (61 § + 87 £ 4 2 undetermined). MNHN 1977-539, 542, 543. Stations 1, 18, 21, 25, 26, 43, 52, 56, 65, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 87, 92, 93, "98, 102. Arthur Harbor, Prospect Point, Peterman Island, Booth Island. Depth : 0 to 33 m (95 m once). Size : 99 to 360 mm. Traps, gill nets, dredges. Notolhenia gibherifrons Lonnberg, 1905 : 36 specimens (5 $ 4 8 $ -f- 23 undetermined). MNHN 1977-528, 533, 534, 538, 540, 553 to 556. Stations 6, 23, 25, 40, 41, 49, 50, 66, 79, 89, 96, 98, 99. Arthur Harbor and neighbouring islands, Argentine Islands. 5 to 355 m. Size : 43 to 358 mm. Traps, gill nets, trawl, dredges, long lines. Notolhenia nudifrons Lonnberg, 1905 : 18 specimens (4 £ 4- 12 § +2 immatures). MNHN 1977-523, 524, 529, 530 to 532, 541, 544 to 552. Stations 6, 23, 40, 49, 50, 66, 79, 85, 90, 91, 99. Arthur Harbor, South of Janus Island, North of Litchfield Island. 4 to 128 m. Size : 88 to 142 mm. Dredges, trawl. Notolhenia kempi Norman, 1937 : 2 specimens (cj), MNHN 1977-525, 526. Station 96. Argentine Islands. 310 to 355 m. Size : 138 to 156 mm. Trawl. Trematomus bernachii Boulenger, 1902 : 16 specimens ($). MNHN 1977-506, 507, 511, 512, 515, 516, 518, 520, 535, 536, 537, 557, 558. Stations 1, 19, 21, 58, 66, 78, 94, 97. Arthur Harbor, Prospect Point, Petermann, Booth, Torgersen, SW Laggard Islands. 6 to 78 m. Size : 127 to "243 mm. Traps, long lines. Trematomus hansoni Boulenger, 1902 : 6 specimens ($). MNHN 1977-514, 519. Stations 8, 13, 25, 52. W and SW of Adelaide Island, Arthur Harbor, Torgersen Island. 5 to 650 m. Size : 284 to 296 mm. Traps, gill nets, trawl. Trematomus scotli (Boulenger, 1907) : 8 specimens (2 $ -f- 5 $ -f- 1 immature). MNHN 1977-508 to 510, 517, 521. Stations 14, 31, 96. W Adelaide Island, SW Buff Islands, Argentine Islands. 310 to 500 m. Size : 105 to 150 mm. Trawl. Trematomus newnesi Boulenger, 1902 : 5 specimens (3^ + 2 $). MNHN 1977-502 to 505, 513. Stations 26, 83, 91. S and SW of Janus Island, NE Litchfield Island. 8 to 90 m. Size: 77 to 131 mm. Dredge. Trematomus eulepidotus Regan, 1914 : 1 specimen ($). Station 77, Bismark Strait. 292 m. Size : 290 mm. Long line. IHeuragramma antareticum Boulenger, 1902 : 5 specimens (3 $ + 2 immatures). MNHN 1977-522, 527. Stations 9, 96. Adelaide and Argentine Islands. 317 and 310-355 m. Size : 85 to 162 mm. IKMT, otter trawl. — 779 —
HARPAGIFERIDAE Pogonophryne dolichobranchiala Andriashev, 1967 : 1 specimen UMOD 149-1. Station 31. SW Buff Island. 460 to 500 m. Size : 135 mm. Otter trawl. Dolloidraco longedorsalis Boule, 1913 : 1 specimen ((J). UMOD 147-1. Station 11. SW Adelaide Island. 500 to 670 m. Size : 87 mm. Dredge.
BATHYDRACONIDAE Parachaenichthys charcoti (Vaillant, 1906) : 2 specimens (1 $ -f- 1 immature). UMOD 143-1 and MNHN 1977-459. Stations 25, 40. Arthur Harbor. 30 to 70 m. Size : 141 and 425 mm. Gill net and dredge. Akarotaxis (n. g.) nudiceps (Waite, 1916) : 1 specimen (<2). UMOD 148-1. Station 13. W Adelaide Island. 630 to 650 m. Size : 134 mm. Otter trawl. Vomeridens (n. g.) infuscipinnis (DeWitt, 1964) : 1 specimen ( CHANNICHTHYIDAE Chaenocephalus aceratus (Lönnberg, 1906) : 19 specimens (6 $ + 13 TRICHIURIDAE Paradiplospinus gracilis (Brauer, 1906) : 1 specimen (sex undetermined). MNHN 1974-85.. Station 64. Bismark Strait. 440 to 480 m. Size : 403 mm. Otter trawl. ZOARCIDAE Lycenchelys nigripalatutn n. sp. : 1 specimen ( DESCRIPTION OF THE COLLECTION RA.IIDAE Bathyraja griseocauda (Norman, 1937) Raja griseocauda Norman, 1937 a : 26 (original description and figure ; type locality : Patago- nian shelf, 52°23'S, 64°19'W ; type in British Museum). — 780 — Our specimen, MNHN n° 1974-84 is a mature female with a total length of 490 mm and a disc width of 312 mm. The locality where it was obtained is the most southerly (67°15.6'S) and deepest (630-650) known for the species, in addition to the Patagonian Shelf, the species is also known from near the South Shetland, South Orkney and Brabant islands (BIGEI.OW and SCHROEDEK, 1965 ; PERMITIN, 1969 ; SPRINGER, 1971). SPRINGER (1971) reviews the taxonomic history of this species. The specimen agrees well with NORMAN'S description of the type : internasal distance 63 %, eye plus spiracle distance 41 %, both of the preoral snout length which is 17 % of the disc width. The anus is closer to the tip of the snout than to the tip of the tail, which distinguishes the species from Raja brachyurops Fowler, 1910. The upper jaw has only 23 rows of teeth whereas NORMAN (1937 a) gives 30 to 36 and SPRINGER (1971) 27. The entire dorsal surface of the body, except the anterior edge of the disc, is covered with very numerous small spines. The absence of all large spines on the disc distinguishes this species from all other antarctic species except Bathyraja eatonii (Günther, 1876). Bathyraja griseocauda differs from B. eatonii in the number of large spines in the median dorsal series of the tail, B. griseocauda having 19 to 27 (21 in our specimen (SPRINGER, 1971), B. eatonii having 8 to 12 (HUREAU, 1966). The dorsal surface is uniformly grey without spots. The ventral surface is white except for wide blackish spots on the posterior and lateral parts. There are 138 vertebrae as follows : abdominal 30, predorsal caudal 79, between origins of 1st and 2nd dorsal 11, posterior to origin of 2nd dorsal 18. The spiral valve has 9 turns. NOTOTHENIIDAE The ten species of Nototheniidae collected do not require any supplementary descrip- tions. In addition to the review of the antarctic species of the family by NORMAN (1938), to which the reader is referred, the following more recent papers are pertinent here : DEWITT (1966) has described the species of the genus Notothenia ; HUREAU (1970) has described Notothenia coriiceps neglecla, Trematomus bernachii and T. hansoni ; and PERMITIN and SAZONOV (1974) have described Notothenia kempi. BALUSHKIN (1976) has revised the genus Notothenia, breaking it up into seven genera. With regard to the geographical distribution of the Nototheniidae, we refer the reader to recent works on the subject by DEWITT (1971) and HUREAU (1974). HARPAGIFERIDAE Pogonophryne dolichobranchiata Andriashev, 1967 This species is very close to P. scotti Regan, 1914 a, but differs from it in a certain num- ber of characters such as the less deep and narrower head, the structure of the mental barbel which has a characteristic terminal expansion (fig. 1), the double row of teeth in the upper jaw and the great length of the gill filaments. — 781 — FIG. 1-2. — Mental barbels of : 1, Pogonophryne dolichobranchlata ; 2, Dolloidraco longedursalis. Our specimen, a male of 135 mm SL, has counts as follows : D 11-25 ; A 17 ; P 19 ; gill rakers in anterior and posterior series of first arch 1 -j- 7 and 1 -|- 10, respectively ; vertebrae 16 + 19 = 35. Table I presents measurements and counts of our specimen and compares them with those from the holotype and from P. scotti according to ANDRIASHEV (1967). The skin of the upper hind part of the head is covered with very small tubercles visible only by means of light striking the skin at a low angle and strong magnification, which further unites our specimen with P. dolichobranchiata and removes it from P. scotti. Pogonophryne dolichobranchiata was known until now only from the holotype captured in the vicinity of the South Orkney fslands (60°37'S 44°39'W). Our specimen therefore constitutes the first capture made along the Antarctic Peninsula, at 64°53.7'S and 64°47.2'W. Pogonophryne scotti has been found to the present time only in east Antarctica (Ross Sea, Wilkes Coast, and between Heard and Enderby coasts (DEWITT, 1971). — 782 — TABLE I. — Measurements and counts in Pogonophryne dolichobranchiata and P. scotti. (% HL on the left, % SL on'the right.) " Hero " specimen. P. dolichobranchiata P. scotti n° UMOD 149-1 holotype (after ANDRIASHEV) (after ANDRIASHEV) Standard length (SL mm) ;245.4) (246.3) (197.0) Head length (HL mm) (99.8) 40.7 (99.9) 40.6 (84.1) 42.7 Head depth 54.5 22.2 20.9 62.4 24.4 Head width 63.6 25.9 75.5 28.8 79.3 31.0 Orbital diameter 20.0 8.1 22.0 8.2 22.1 8.6 Interorbital space 21.8 8.8 20.3 7.li 22.1 8.6 Barbel length 21.8 8.8 20.3 7.li 14.3 5.6 Snout length 23.6 9.6 25.4 9.5 27.3 10.7 Upper Jaw length 41.8 17.0 44.1 16.5 46.8 18.3 Height of body (at anal origin) 32.7 13.3 13.3 13.7 1st antedorsal distance 87.2 35.5 34.4 37.3 2nd antedorsal distance 114.5 46.6 44.0 46.9 Anteanal distance 152.7 62.2 61.4 64.5 Anteventral distance 85.4 34.8 34.5 33.5 Length of longest Dx ray 12.7 5.1 8.2 5.1 Length of longest D2 ray 34.5 14.0 20.9 27.4 Length of pectoral fin 58.1 23,7 68.6 25.6 65.0 25.4 Length of pelvic fin 50.9 20.7 52.5 19.6 52.0 20.3 Fin ravs D 11-25 11-25 111-25 A 17 17 17 P 19 20-21 20 Gill rakers : 1st arch : ant. 1 + 7 2- -8 1 + 8 post. 1 + 10 1 -h8 1 + 9 Vertebrae 16 + 19 = 35 14 H- 22 = 36 15 + 20 = 35 Dolloidraco longedorsalis Roul e, 1913 This species was described for the first time from Marguerite Bay (68°00'S, 70°20'W), in a locality situated scarcely 20 miles south of the station where our specimen was cap- tured. The latter agrees perfectly with the descriptions of ROULE and NORMAN (1938). The figures published by ROULE et al. (1913) are excellent. Our specimen has the same colo- ration : a black band at the base and the extremity of the caudal fin, black dorsal fins and the anal fin black on its basal parts. The barbel (fig. 2) is very long, a little longer than the orbit (33 % of the HL) but, contrary to the drawing of ROULE et al., it ends in an expan- sion provided with cordiform folds. According to NORMAN (1938), the expansion should be a secondary sexual character present only in males. Our specimen is a male 87 mm — 783 — in standar d length . I t agrees , therefore , wit h th e descriptio n o f N ORMAN, bu t no t wit h the observation s mad e b y D EWITT an d T YLER (1960 ) wh o describe d tw o females , eac h with a barbe l havin g a termina l expansion , an d tw o males , eac h wit h a simpl e barbel . Counts ar e a s follow s : D 1 1123, A 15, P 1718 , gil l rakers 1 f 6 (smal l an d nodular) , vertebrae 1 3 + 2 1 = 34 . Tabl e I I present s measurement s an d count s o f ou r specime n and compare s the m wit h thos e fro m th e fou r syntype s i n th e collectio n o f th e Museu m national d'Histoir e naturelle . R OULE (1913 ) describe d th e specie s fro m si x specimens , but onl y fou r ar e now at th e MNHN . A fifth specime n i s a t th e Britis h Museu m (Natura l 1 lis lory). TABLE II. — Body proportions (% SL) and meristic counts of Dolloidraco longedorsalis. (•' Her o " specime n an d type s o f th e species. ) Hero" specime n MNHN 1318 7 13189 UMOD 1471 13188 13190 Standard length (SL ) mm 87 93 84.3 85 75.5 Head lengt h 41.3 38.3 38.8 41.2 40.4 Head dept h 18.9 18.0 18.1 17.7 19.7 Head width 25.8 24.0 21.1 22 20.3 Orbital diamete r 13.2 11.8 13.3 12.7 13.2 Interorbital spac e 4.0 3.2 2.8 3.3 3.3 Body depth 19.5 15.8 15.6 16.7 13.0 Barbel lengt h 13.7 14.4 15.6 16 14.4 1st antedorsal distanc e 33.3 29.7 32.5 34.1 31.9 2nd antedorsal distanc e 44.8 44.2 43.1 15 44.4 Anteanal distanc e 55.7 63.5 56.6 57 57.2 Length o f P 27.0 20.8 24.4 29.8 25.7 Length o f V 21.8 33.4 20 21.5 32.8 1 iOiigest ray o f l)l 27.5 26.5 30.8 27.7 24.4 Longest ray o f l)2 29.8 21.5 31.5 23.9 24.9 bin rav s : A 15 15 15 15 15 1) 11123 11123 11123 11123 11122 P 1718 16 16 17 17 Gill raker s 1 + 0 3 + 7 1 + 8 0 + 7 2+8 Vertebrae 34 (1 3 + 21 ) 36(14 + 22 ) 34 (1 2 + 22 ) 35 (13 + 22 ) 35 (13 + 22 ) BATIIYDRACONID AE Parachaenichthys charcoti (Vaillant , 1906) Chaenichthys charcoti Vaillant , 190 6 h (origina l descriptio n ; tvp e localit y Boot h Wande l Island , 30 m depth) . Parachaenichthys charcoti Norman , 193 8 (description , figure, synonymy) . — 784 — MATERIAL : On e specime n (immatur e mal e ?) , 141 mm SL , fro m Statio n 4 0 (UMO D 1431 ) ; one specime n (matur e female , runnin g ripe) , 42 5 mm SL , fro m Statio n 25 , (MNH N 1977459) . The origina l descriptio n o f thi s specie s b y V AILLANT (1906 ) i s incomplet e becaus e th e holotype (MNH N 06144 ) i s onl y a hea d i n ba d condition . Th e descriptio n o f N ORMAN (1938) i s muc h bette r an d th e followin g character s ar e sufficien t t o accuratel y defin e th e species : th e gil l raker s ar e ver y shor t spin y nodule s ; th e teet h o f th e uppe r ja w ar e al l small, conica l an d slightl y curved , multiseria l laterall y an d i n a large r ban d i n fron t ; th e teeth o f the lowe r jaw ar e almos t entirel y i n a uniseria l row , except anteriorl y ; the vome r and palatine s ar e edentulous , bu t lowe r an d uppe r pharyngea l teet h ar e present . Th e anteriormost por e o f th e infraorbita l cana l i s place d clearl y behin d th e nostril . Measure ments an d count s fro m ou r two specimen s ar e presente d i n tabl e III . The genera l colou r o f th e bod y i s ver y light , th e hea d darker , tendin g toward s brow nish red . Som e irregula r dar k re d bar s an d spot s li e verticall y acros s th e bac k an d sides . A narro w dar k lin e crosse s the base s o f the lowe r pectoral rays . Smal l spot s ar e scattere d over th e bac k an d anterio r par t o f th e body . Th e cauda l an d twothird s o f th e pelvi c membranes ar e blackish . This specie s i s no t ver y commo n i n the , Antarcti c an d i s know n fro m alon g th e coast s of th e Antarcti c Peninsul a i n shallo w depth s ( 5 to 7 0 m). Parachaenichthys charcoti i s ver y clos e t o P. georgianus (Fischer , 1885) , bu t differ s from th e latte r i n tw o importan t character s : the absenc e (rarel y one ) o f tubular scale s i n the middl e latera l lin e (a s oppose d to 8 o r 9 i n P. georgianus) an d th e muc h greate r lengt h of th e uppe r ja w (8 6 to 89 % o f th e snou t lengt h a s oppose d t o 7 7 % i n P. georgianus). AKAROTAXIS n . g . DIAGNOSIS : Scales present , mos t ctenoi d ; two latera l lines , th e uppe r o f les s tha n 1 0 tubular scale s an d numerou s simpl e perforate d scales , th e middl e o f perforate d scale s only, extendin g fro m cauda l peduncl e anteriorl y t o ti p o f pectora l fin ; cephali c canal s enlarged, wit h larg e membranecovere d space s whic h ma y o r ma y no t connec t t o exterio r through pore s ; supratempora l cana l complet e acros s hea d ; supraorbita l canal s joine d through larg e corona l spac e withou t a corona l pore . Gil l rakers i n anterio r serie s o f first arch elongat e an d no n dentigerou s ; gill rakers in othe r serie s shor t an d dentigerous . Bran chiostegal ray s si x ; vertebrae (fro m on e specimen ) 1 7 -f- 33 = 50 . TYPE SPECIES : Bathydraco nudiceps Waite , 1916 , th e onl y know n species . ETYMOLOGY : From th e Gree k axapr)< ; (short , small ) an d TxyiQ (row , line ) i n allusio n to th e shor t uppe r latera l lin e canal . Th e compoun d i s a feminin e noun . Th e specifi c name nudiceps i s a neute r nou n an d ca n b e considere d i n appositio n wit h Akarolaxis. DISCUSSION : Akarolaxis seem s mos t simila r t o th e gener a Bathydraco, Vomeridens and Bacovitzia i n genera l physiognomy , including th e broa d an d spatulat e snouth . Bothy — 78 5 — TABLE III . — Bod y proportion s ( % SL ) an d meristi c count s o f Parachaenichthys charcotl, Aka- rotaxis nudiceps an d Vomeridens infuscipinnis. Fo r latera l line s : p mean s pore d scale s an d t means tubula r scales . Vomeridens Parachaenichthys charcoli Akarotaxis nudiceps infuscipinnis " Her o " Holotype " Her o " specimen specimen UMOD MNHN UMOD SAM UMOD 1431 1977459 1481 F 369 1482 Standard length, m m (SL) 14 1 420 129 119 193 Head lengt h (HL ) 35,9 37,9 32,0 35,8 30,7 Head widt h (HW ) 11,5 15,0 13,6 18,1 11,8 Head dept h (HD ) 10,5 12,5 11,0 14,0 9,9 Orbital diamete r (0) 5,8 5,3 8,5 10.3 6,1 Snout length (SnL) 16,0 16,7 9,9 11,2 11,5 Interorbital space (10) 1,8 2,9 2,3 2,8 2,8 Jaw lengt h (UJL ) 13,5 15,4 10,5 13,1 10,5 Caudal peduncl e length (CPL) 6.7 6,0 7,6 6,4 6,8 Caudal peduncl e depth (CPD) 3,5 3,4 3,3 3,4 3,2 Body depth [BD(A0) 1 7,7 9,0 10,2 10,7 11,9 Antedorsal distanc e (SnD) 44,5 46,9 42,0 46,4 44,4 Anteanal dist . (SnAO ) 58,4 62,6 51,0 55,8 51,1 Hist, betwee n A origin and C base (AOC ) 40,5 37,9 42,7 45,0 50,1 Dist. betwee n V bas e and A origin (AOV ) 29,2 31,9 24,5 24,9 24,6 Pectoral length (PL) 17,4 13,9 22,6 24,9 28,0 Pelvic length (VL) 17,7 15,7 20,6 21,3 15,2 Caudal length (CL) 13,0 9,5 17,6 18,2 14.2 Anterior gil l raker s (Ant GR ) 2 + 0 + 1 1 2 + 0+1 1 9 + 0 + 19 9 + 0 + 2 0 3 + 0 +13 Posterior gil l raker s (Post GR ) 0 + 0 + 8 0 + 0+1 0 4 + 1 4- 18 4 + 0 -4 1 7 2 + 0+1 2 Fin rays : Dorsal (D) 43 44 33 31 34 Anal (A) 29 30 28 27 32 Caudal (C) 12 13 13 12 12 Pectoral (P) 22 22/21 23/23 22/23 30/30 Lateral scales (LSc) 0 0 88/86 Ca 8 6 Ca 16 6 Upper lateral line scales (ULL) 109t 112t/108t 4t + 28 p/3,26p 5t+ ? p/5t+ ? p 50t/50. Middle/lat. line scales (MLL) 40 — <>r. lt/lt p 15t/14t Branchiostegal rays (Br) 6 6/6 6/6 6/6 6/6 Pores in preoperculo mandibular cana l (PMP) 10/10 10/10 8/8 8/8 10/10 1, 1 5 — 78 6 — Tableau II I (continued) . Parachaenichthys charcoti Akarotaxis nudiceps Vomeri ns a ' infuscipinius " Her o " Holotyp e " Her o " specimen specime n UMOD MNH N UMO D SA M UMO D 1431 197745 9 148 1 F 36 9 148 2 Pores i n infraorbita l canal (IOP ) 8/9 8/8 7/7 7/7 7/7 Supraorbital pore s (SOP) 616 414 404 303 414 Temporal pores (TP) 5/5 5/5 5/4 3/3 6/6 Pores in supratempo ral cana l (STP) 3 3 0 1/1 draco differ s i n havin g a singl e latera l lin e extendin g fro m th e supracleithru m posteriorl y to th e midsid e o f the cauda l peduncle , a corona l pore , an d seve n o r eigh t (rarel y six ) bran chiostegals. On e species , B. scotiae, approache s Akarotaxis i n havin g a slightl y reduce d lateral line, extendin g t o belo w th e posterio r par t o f the dorsa l fin , an d somewha t enlarge d cephalic canals . Vomeridens differ s i n havin g 475 0 tubula r scale s i n th e uppe r latera l line whic h end s posterio r t o th e en d o f th e dorsa l fin , tubula r scale s i n th e middl e latera l line, th e supratempora l cana l incomplet e acros s th e head , an d teet h o n th e vome r i n speci mens large r tha n abou t 10 0 mm SL . Racovitzia differ s i n havin g thre e latera l lines , al l with tubula r scales , a corona l por e an d seve n branchiostega l rays . Akarotaxis nudicep s (Waite , 1916) Bathydraco nudiceps Waite , 191 6 (original descriptio n an d illustration s ; type localit y of f Shackle ton Iceshel f i n 45 0 m) ; N ORMAN, 193 8 (description ) ; ANDRIYASHEV, 195 8 (listed ) ; D EWITT, 1971 (identit y wit h B. wohlschlagi). Bathydraco wohlschlagi DeWit t an d Tyler , 196 0 (original descriptio n an d illustration s ; type loca lity southwester n Ros s se a i n 55 0 an d 91 5 metres ; D EWITT, 196 2 (descriptio n o f cephali c canals) : D EWITT, 197 1 (place d i n synonym y o f B. nudiceps). WAITE'S origina l descriptio n contain s a numbe r o f importan t errors . Thes e includ e his descriptio n o f the scale s a s cycloid , th e presenc e o f seven branchiostega l ray s an d dorsa l and ana l count s o f 2 7 an d 2 2 respectivel y (W AITE'S figur e o n plat e III , however , show s the ana l fi n wit h 2 7 rays) . Thes e error s cause d D EWITT an d T YLER (1960 ) t o describ e Bathydraco wohlschlagi a s new . W e hav e bee n abl e t o examin e th e holotyp e o f B. nudiceps, however, an d ther e i s n o doub t tha t th e tw o name s represen t th e sam e species . D EWITT and T YLER (1960 ) togethe r wit h th e addition s o f D EWITT (1962 ) giv e a ver y detaile d des cription o f th e specie s whic h doe s no t nee d repeating . W e ca n ad d tha t th e scale s o f the holotyp e o f B. nudiceps, althoug h mostl y damaged , ar e distinctl y ctenoid . Th e ante — 78 7 — riormost por e o f the infraorbita l cana l i s anterio r t o th e nostri l (clearl y show n i n figure s 2 and 3 o f D EWITT an d T YLER, 1960) . Th e anteriormos t por e o f th e infraorbita l cana l in Parachaenichthys i s posterio r t o th e nostril . Th e presen t specime n i s a femal e wit h ov a about 1, 5 m m i n diameter . For reference , w e presen t dat a fro m I be " Hero " specime n an d th e holotyp e o f B. nudiceps (tabl e III) . VOMERIDENS n . g . DIAGNOSIS : Bathydraeoni d fishe s wit h scales , mostl y ctenoi d ; two latera l lines , bot h with tubula r scales , th e uppe r extendin g fro m th e supracleithru m i n th e uppe r hal f o f th e body posteriorl y t o th e regio n o f the cauda l peduncle , th e middl e extendin g fro m th e regio n of th e cauda l peduncl e posteriorl y ont o th e cauda l fi n ; a lower lateral lin e i s absent ; cepha lic canal s relativel y large , wit h larg e pores , includin g a corona l por e ; supratemporal cana l incomplete, consistin g o f a shor t tub e o n eac h side , extendin g dorsomcdiall y fro m eac h temporal cana l an d endin g i n a por e ; vome r wit h teet h i n specime n longe r tha n abou t 100 mm ; branchiostegal ray s 6 ; gill rakers i n anterio r serie s o f first arc h o f variable lengt h depending upo n thei r position , wit h a fe w to o man y spine s a t thei r extremitie s ; other gil l rakers shor t an d denticulat e ; vertebrae (fro m tw o specimens ) 1 8 f 3 6 = 54 . TYPES SPECIES : Bacovitzia infuscipinnis DeWitt , 1964 , th e onl y know n species . ETYMOLOGY : Vomeridens i s forme d fro m th e lati n word s vomer (ploughshar e ; th e vomer itself ) an d dens (tooth ) to emphazize th e presenc e o f vomerine teeth in larger specimen s of th e typ e species . Vomeridens i s a masculin e noun . DISCUSSION : Vomeridens seem s ver y clos e t o th e gener a Bathydraco, Bacovitzia an d Akarotaxis fro m whic h i t differ s i n th e presenc e o f vomerin e teel h i n large r individuals . In thi s characte r i t als o differ s fro m al l othe r Nototheniiforme s excep t th e gener a Psea daphritis an d Cottoperca o f th e famil y Bovichtidae . I n othe r respects , Bathijdraco differ s in havin g onl y a singl e latera l lin e an d seve n branchiostega l ray s ; Akarotaxis differ s i n having th e middl e latera l lin e withou t tubula r scales , th e uppe r latera l lin e cana l ver y reduced, a ver y develope d cephali c cana l syste m wit h larg e membranecovere d space s often withou t pores , n o corona l pore , an d a complet e supratempora l cana l ; Bacovitzia, probably th e closes t genu s t o Vomeridens, differ s onl y i n havin g a third , lowe r latera l lin e and seve n branchiostega l rays . Vomeridens infuscipinnis (DeWitt , 1964 ) Racovitzia infuscipinnis DeWitt , 196 4 (original descriptio n an d figure s ; typ e localit y souther n VVeddell Se a a t a dept h o f 79 6 m); PERMITIN , 196 6 (brie f description ; fro m Sout h Orkne y Islands). The origina l descriptio n o f thi s specie s i s base d upo n a smal l specime n (87, 4 mm SL , which lack s th e mos t importan t generi c character s mentione d above . Reexaminatio n — 78 8 — Fio. 4 . — Vcmeridens in/wtcipinnis : detai l o f th e bod y scales . — 78 9 — of th e holotyp e shows that i t ha s n o vomerin e teeth . Th e absenc e o f a lowe r lateral lin e was explained by the smal l siz e of the specimen , for similar size d examples of Bacovitzia har rissoni als o lac k a lowe r latera l line . Th e presen t specime n demonstrate s tha t a thir d lateral line is never developed after reachin g a certain size . Wit h regard t o other character s the origina l descriptio n doe s no t nee d an y corrections . Proportion s an d count s mad e from th e " Her o " specime n ar e give n i n tabl e III. KEY TO THE GENERA OF B ATHYDRACONIDAE la Bod y scale d o r wit h serrate d bon y plate s 2 lh Bod y nake d excep t fo r laterallin e scale s 7 2a Bod y withou t serrate d bon y plate s ; uppe r latera l lin e usuall y complete , rarely wit h ro w of tubular scale s endin g anterio r t o origi n o f dorsa l fi n 3 2h Bod y quadrangular , wit h a serie s o f Vshape d serrate d bon y plate s a t eac h angle , eac h plat e with a backwardl y directe d spin e ; a singl e shor t latera l line , endin g belo w anterio r par t o f dorsal fi n Prionodraco 3a A single lateral lin e present , runnin g t o o r toward s th e middl e o f the bas e o f the cauda l fin . . Bathydraco 3b Tw o o r thre e latera l lines , th e uppe r originatin g a t uppe r angl e operculu m an d extendin g posteriorly i n dorsa l hal f o f body ; the latera l line s may consis t of rows of tubular scale s and/o r simple perforate d scale s 4 4a Uppe r latera l lin e wit h les s tha n 1 0 tubula r scale s ; middl e latera l lin e o f perforate d scale s only, extending from bas e of caudal fi n anteriorly t o tip o f pectoral fin ; cephalic canals enlarge d on to p o f head , wit h larg e membranecovere d spaces ; n o corona l por e Akarotaxis n . gen . 4b Uppe r latera l lin e wit h mor e tha n 2 0 tubula r scale s ; middl e latera l lin e presen t o r absent , when presen t wit h tubula r scale s ; cephalic canals no t greatl y enlarge d o n top o f head ; coronal pore present 5 5a Dorsa l fin wit h 454 7 rays, th e anterio r par t no t elevate d ; cauda l fi n emarginat e ; upper an d lower latera l line s presen t ; middle latera l lin e (o n cauda l peduncle ) absent Gerlachea 5b Dorsa l fin wit h 303 7 rays, th e anterio r par t formin g a fairl y distinc t elevate d lob e ; cauda l fin rounded o r truncate , no t clearl y emarginat e ; lower lateral lin e presen t o r absen t ; middle lateral lin e o n cauda l peduncl e alway s presen t 6 6a Pectora l fins wit h 313 2 rays ; lower lateral lin e absen t ; vomerine teet h presen t o n specimens larger tha n abou t 10 0 mm standar d lengt h Vomeridens n . gen . 6b Pectora l fins wit h 242 5 ray s ; lowe r latera l lin e presen t o n specimen s o f 13 0 mm standar d length o r larger, sometime s present o n smaller specimen s ; vomerine teeth absent. . Racovitzia 7a Teet h o f jaws i n vilhfor m bands , withou t canine s ; snout produce d an d spatulat e ; operculum with divergen t ridge s endin g i n spinou s point s 8 7b Canin e teet h presen t i n on e o r bot h o f th e jaw s ; snou t pointed , no t spatulat e ; operculu m with a stron g spin e endin g i n a hooke d proces s 9 8a Dorsa l fin wit h 616 6 rays; uppe r latera l lin e endin g belo w posterio r par t o f dorsa l fin.... Cygnodraco 8b Dorsa l fi n wit h 424 6 rays: uppe r latera l lin e extendin g beyon d posterio r en d o f dorsa l fin.. Parachaenichthys 9a Canin e teet h presen t onl y o n anterio r part s o f premaxillarie s ; 3 latera l line s o n bod y (upper , middle an d lower) , non e wit h a cana l o r tubular scales , their presenc e indicate d b y smal l scale s with a centra l por e ; infraorbital cana l an d suborbital s absen t beneat h eye , the cana l divided into posterio r an d preorbita l section s ; subopercula r wit h 3 spine s a t anteroventra l edg e ; preopercular wit h blun t spine s (serrations ) nea r angl e Psilodraco — 790 — 9b Canin e teeth presen t o n anterior part s o f both jaw s ; 2 lateral line s o n body (uppe r an d middle), the uppe r wit h a cana l an d tubula r scale s ; infraorbital cana l an d suborbita l serie s complet e ; subopercular with on e spine at anteroventra l corne r ; preopercular without spine s or serrations . Gymnodraco CHANNICHTIIYIDAE Chaenocephalus aceratus (Lonnberg , 1906 ) This specie s i s no w ver y wel l know n an d w e refe r th e reade r t o th e descriptio n o f NORMAN (1938 ) an d R EGAN (1913 ) an d t o th e excellen t plat e o f th e specie s i n th e latte r work. Dacodraco hunteri Waite , 191 6 Dacodraco hunteri Waite , 191 6 (origina l descriptio n an d illustration ) ; N ORMAN, 193 8 (descrip tion an d illustration , bot h afte r W AITE). B ARSUKOV an d P ERMITIN, 195 9 (listed ) ; B AR- SUKOV an d P ERMITIN, 196 0 (listed). Pagetodes antarcticus (part ) Pappenheim , 191 2 (misidentificatio n o f 6 9 mm specimen). This specie s ha s bee n caugh t onl y rarel y an d althoug h i t i s easil y distinguishe d fro m other member s o f th e famil y i t ha s severa l significan t character s whic h hav e neve r bee n described. Tabl e I V present s measurement s an d count s fro m ou r specime n an d th e typ e in th e Sout h Australia n Museum . Th e followin g note s (fro m th e " ffer o " specimen ) augment th e descriptio n o f WAITE (1916) . The uppe r an d lowe r jaws ar e curve d toward s eac h othe r suc h tha t th e mout h canno t be completel y closed, a distinc t openin g remaining i n th e middl e o f the lengt h o f the jaws . Correlated wit h thi s ar e unusuall y larg e ora l valve s whic h hav e a breadt h a t thei r wides t point o f more tha n hal f th e snou t lengt h an d whic h exten d laterall y nearl y t o th e poste rior end s o f th e jaws . Thes e valve s probabl y allo w th e respirator y pum p t o wor k wit h incompletely close d jaws . Th e tongu e lie s posterio r t o th e border s o f th e valve s an d i s relatively short , it s ti p fa r fro m th e en d o f the lowe r jaw. Teet h i n bot h jaw s i n 2 distinc t rows, th e oute r teet h small , conical , distinctl y curve d posteriorl y an d place d o n th e latera l edge o f th e premaxillar y o r dentary . Th e inne r teet h ar e larger , widel y spaced , an d les s curved. Lowe r ja w wit h a flat , fleshy margine d lob e extendin g anterio r t o symphysi s and ti p o f uppe r jaw . Rostra l spin e present , rathe r blun t an d poorl y ossified , wit h a posteriorly directe d point . Gill membranes joine d to isthmus a t ventra l midlin e an d no t formin g a fre e fol d acros s isthmus. Gil l raker s presen t a s ver y smal l an d smoot h knobs , i n onl y a singl e serie s o n first arc h correspondin g t o anterio r serie s o f othe r Nototheniiformes . Uppe r pharyngea l teeth i n 2 group s o n eac h side , th e anterio r smaller , th e posterio r large r ; th e teet h rather widel y space d an d formin g a rin g abou t th e toot h plat e wit h non e (anterior ) o r on e (posterior) toot h insid e th e ring . Suborbital bone s smal l an d tubular , extendin g wel l away fro m ventra l margi n o f orbi t such that th e orbita l margi n i s define d b y th e chee k musculatur e rathe r tha n th e suborbi — 79 1 — tal bone s Cephali c laterallin e canal s an d pore s o f norma l patter n an d size . Nostril s slightly furthe r fro m orbi t tha n i n othe r gener a (compar e Cryodraco an d Chionodracd) suc h that al l pore s o f infraorbita l laterallin e cana l ar e posterio r t o th e nostrils . Prominen t horizontal ridg e o f opercular endin g posteriorly in flattene d blad e with on e or 2 posteriorly directed point s an d a dorsa l antrors e hoo k o r point . The larg e interdorsa l spac e i s probabl y du e primaril y t o th e los s o f the anterio r ray s of th e secon d dorsa l fin a s evidence d by th e greate r snou t t o secon d dorsa l distance , th e equal number s o f dorsa l an d ana l ray s an d th e origi n of the ana l fin belo w th e secon d ra y of th e secon d dorsa l fin (compar e wit h Cryodraco an d Chionodraco). Th e unusually shor t first dorsa l may hav e als o contribute d t o th e interspac e throug h th e los s o f some posterio r spines. Free movemen t of the pelvi c fins seem s slightl y restricted b y a short membran e joinin g the fifth ra y t o th e body . Th e pelvi c ray s i n orde r fro m longes t t o shortes t ar e 2 , 3 , 1 , 4 and 5 , th e longes t reachin g posteriorl y t o th e bas e o f th e 6t h ana l ray. Th e pectora l fin reaches t o abov e the 7t h ana l ray. Th e first dorsa l spin e i s the longest . Contrary t o W AITE'S (1916 ) statement , th e bod y latera l line s pas s throug h numerou s small tubula r scales . Th e middl e latera l lin e i s absent , an d th e uppe r an d lowe r latera l lines curv e towar d th e midlin e a t th e bas e o f the cauda l fin. The mos t significan t change s t o th e descriptio n o f WAITE (1916 ) ar e th e presenc e o f a blun t rostra l spine , rudimentar y gil l raker s o n th e first gil l arch , th e shap e o f th e oper cular spin e (fig . 54), the fla t extensio n o f the lowe r jaw, an d th e presenc e o f scale s i n th e lateral lines . I n addition , th e numbe r o f pore s i n th e cephali c laterallin e canal s i s no t accurately show n i n W AITE'S figure 7 (p . 36), and w e giv e correcte d count s fo r th e dorsa l and ana l fins (tabl e IV). There seem s n o questio n tha t th e 6 9 mm specime n reporte d b y P APPENHEIM (191 2 : 176) belong s here . N o othe r channichthyi d ha s th e combinatio n o f 4 spine s i n th e first dorsal fin togethe r wit h 3 0 t o 3 3 ray s i n th e secon d dorsa l an d ana l fins (P APPENHEIM'S specimen i s th e onl y on e know n wit h 4 spines , bu t al l othe r specie s wit h low numbers o f dorsal spine s hav e significantl y mor e dorsa l an d ana l rays) . Cryodraco antarcticus Dollo , 190 0 This species , though neve r foun d i n abundance , ha s bee n capture d b y severa l expedi tions (se e N ORMAN, 193 8 : 77 , fo r a lis t o f references ) an d ha s bee n adequatel y described . Records sinc e N ORMAN includ e BARSUKOV an d P ERMITIN (1959 , 1960 ) who list it. Tabl e I V presents measurement s an d count s fro m ou r specimen , an d th e followin g descriptiv e note s are intende d t o contras t Cryodraco wit h Dacodraco. The jaw s fit togethe r well , th e lowe r include d i n th e uppe r excep t a t th e ti p wher e the lowe r extend s slightl y beyon d th e uppe r an d end s i n a smal l bon y knob . Teet h i n both jaw s mostl y i n 2 distinc t rows , mergin g int o a uniseria l serie s posteriorl y i n lowe r jaw, th e inne r ro w continue d posteriorl y beyon d oute r ro w i n uppe r ja w ; additional teet h present betwee n th e row s nea r symphysi s o f uppe r jaw . Oute r teet h strongl y curve d inwards ; inne r teet h straighter , bu t stil l curved , an d somewha t larger , bu t no t muc h enlarged an d widel y space d a s i n Dacodraco. Teet h o f uppe r ja w clearl y visibl e outsid e — 792 — TABLE IV . — Measurements (a s % SL ) and count s for Dacodraco hunteri an d Cryodraco antarcticus. Dacodraco hunteri Cryodraco antarcticus SAM F 37 4 (Holotype) UMOD 146 2 UMOD 146 ' Standard lengt h (mm ) ( % SL) 177 183 168 Head lengt h 38.1 36.2 32.8 Orbital diamete r 8.9 6.9 6.6 Snout lengt h 18.7 19.4 17.0 Snout to nostri l lengt h 13.4 12.9 Nostril t o orbi t lengt h 4.6 4.9 2.9 Interorbital width (΅.4 5.1 4.8 Postorbital hea d lengt h 11.2 10.3 9.5 Caudal peduncl e lengt h 7.1 7.6 6.0 Anal fi n bas e lengt h 39.3 39.7 43.9 Caudal peduncl e dept h 5.0 4.4 3.5 Dorsal t o cauda l lengt h 11.2 9.1 7.6 2nd dorsa l bas e lengt h 41.5 40.9 47.0 Body dept h (ana l origin ) 12.2 15.8 9.4 Snout t o 1s t dorsa l origi n 38.0 36.8 32.5 Snout t o 2n d dorsa l origi n 50.0 53.2 47.3 Dorsal interspac e 14.2 10.5 Snout t o ana l origi n 56.5 54.2 50.7 Anal origi n t o cauda l 45.4 47.5 49.2 Pelvic bas e t o ana l origi n 19.7 19.5 21.4 Caudal lengt h 15.8 14.2 14.6 Pectoral lengt h 23.2 22.7 23.1 Pelvic lengt h 20.2 25.5 56.3 Longest dorsa l spin e 6.7 7.1 6th dorsa l ra y lengt h 8.0 6th ana l ra y lengt h 8.5 Upper ora l valv e widt h 1 13.0 3.8 Lower ora l valv e widt h 1 11.6 3.3 Gill rakers , 1s t arc h 0 + 0 + 9 1 + 0 + 4 »i 3 2 4 33 32 45 D8 A 30 32 42 C 12 13 13 1' 26 & 26 24 & 23 ULL 102 & 99 130 & 128 MLL absent 9 & 9 LLL 59 & 56 77 & 90 Br. 6 & 6 6 & 6 Vert. 20 & 33 25 & 42 Preoperculomandibular pore s 11 & 11 12 & 12 Infraorbital pore s 8 & 7 8 & 8 Supraorbital pore s 617 10111 Temporal pore s 6 & 6 6 & 6 Supratemporal pore s 4 \ 1. Measure d fro m ti p o f snout o r lower jaw. FIG. 5 . — Opercula r spine s o f th e differen t specie s o f Bathydraconid s : 1 , Chionodraco rastrospinosus (holotype) ; 2 , Chionodraco hamatus ; 3 , Chaenocephalus aceratus ; 4 , Dacodraco hunteri ; 5 , Parachae nichthys charcoti ; 6 , Cryodraco antarcticus. — 79 4 — of lowe r jaw fro m ventra l view , the oute r ro w laterally an d posteriorly , al l teeth nea r sym physis of upper jaw. Ora l valves present in both jaws, but no t nearly a s large a s in Dacodraco. A rathe r blun t rostra l spin e present . Nostril s rathe r close r t o eye s tha n i n Daco- draco ; anteriormost (2nd ) por e o f infraorbital cana l belo w posterio r hal f o f nostril . First tw o ray s o f pelvi c fins o f nearl y equa l lengt h (th e secon d longest) , an d curve d slightly posteriorl y (medially ) a t thei r tips , th e secon d mor e strongl y tha n th e first causin g them t o diverge . Th e 5t h ray s ar e attache d t o th e bod y b y membran e onl y a t th e ver y base o f th e fin ; no movemen t restrictio n seem s eviden t a s eac h membran e form s a larg e fold whe n th e fins ar e appressed . Th e secon d ray reache s t o th e 33r d ana l ray . Th e pec toral fin extend s posteriorl y t o abov e th e 6t h ana l ray . Th e first dorsa l spin e i s th e lon gest. Th e ana l fin originate s belo w th e 6t h ra y o f the 2n d dorsa l fin. Revision o f th e genu s CHIONODRACO The genu s Chionodraco wa s introduce d b y L ONNBEKG (1906 ) fo r hi s specie s Chaenich thys rhinoceratus subsp . hamatus (Lonnberg , 1905) , obtaine d fro m th e regio n o f the Antarcti c Peninsula. Th e specie s ha s bee n reporte d onl y twic e sinc e then , bot h time s fro m Wes t Antarctica (N ORMAN, 193 7 b ; P ERMITIN, 1973) . A secon d species , Ch. kathleenae, wa s described fro m th e Ros s Se a (R EGAN, 191 4 a) an d ha s subsequentl y bee n recorde d fro m various localitie s i n Eas t Antarctic a (D EWITT, 1971 ) an d onc e fro m th e Antarcti c Penin sula (L OPEZ an d B ELLISIO, 196 7 ; reference overlooke d by D EWITT, 1971) . Tw o additiona l species hav e bee n mor e recentl y describe d : Ch. myersi (D EWITT an d T YLER, 1960 ) an d Ch. markhami (M ILLER an d R ESECK, .1961) , both fro m th e Bos s Sea . The " Her o " collectio n contain s nin e specimen s referabl e t o th e genu s Chionodraco which wer e first identifie d a s Ch. kathleenae. Th e know n distribution s o f the fou r nomina l species woul d indicat e tha t specimen s fro m th e Antarcti c Peninsul a woul d probabl y b e Ch. hamatus rathe r tha n Ch. kathleenae. Fo r thi s reaso n w e reexamine d ou r materia l more closel y and discovere d that i t represente d wha t w e believe to b e two species . Earlie r one o f u s ha d examine d materia l i n th e antarcti c collection s i n Londo n an d Stockholm , including th e type s o f Ch. hamatus an d Ch. kathleenae, an d ha d foun d a specime n whic h he though t migh t represen t a n undescribe d species . Thi s cause d u s t o stud y al l o f th e material availabl e t o u s representin g eithe r o f th e tw o species . I n presentin g som e ne w data fo r Ch. myersi, reassesin g th e statu s o f Ch. markhami an d constructin g a ke y t o th e species w e provid e a revisio n o f th e genus . Chionodraco Lonnberg , 190 6 : 9 9 ; R EGAN, 191 3 : 28 8 ; R EGAN, 191 4 b : 12 ; N ORMAN, 193 8 : 7 8 ; DEWITT an d T YLER, 196 0 : 191 . Typ e specie s Chaenichthys rhinoceratus hamatus Lonnberg . Body elongate , nake d excep t fo r latera l lin e scales . Thre e latera l lines , wit h tubula r scales bu t withou t bon y plates , th e uppe r an d middl e occasionall y united. A rostral spin e — 795 — present o r reduced t o a smal l media n knob . Ey e somewhat behin d middl e o f head ; supra orbital region s o f frontal s wit h radiatin g crenulation s o r smooth . Teet h hi o r triserial . Vomer & palatine s edentulous . Gil l raker s reduce d t o lo w o r smal l knobs , toothe d o r smooth. Branchiostega l ray s six , rarel y five o r seve n ; branchiostega l membrane s joi ned t o isthmu s an d formin g a narro w fol d acros s isthmus . Opercula r wit h a dorsa l group o f two t o five spines , th e uppermos t wit h tw o t o fou r point s ; a posterolaterall y directed spin e presen t i n smal l specimen s nea r bas e o f spinos e arm , th e spin e becomin g obsolescent o r disappearing i n larger specimen s ; subopercular an d interopercula r bea r a pai r of spine s a t angl e wher e the y meet . Firs t dorsa l fin wel l developed , o f five t o seve n slender flexibl e spines ; pelvics of a spin e an d five branche d o r bifi d rays , extendin g beyond ends o f pectoral s o r not , th e tw o oute r ray s longes t an d (i n th e adult ) envelope d in thic k skin. Vertebra e 586 4 l. KEY TO SPECIES la Rostra l spin e presen t ; supraorbita l region s o f frontal s wit h radiatin g ridge s extendin g t o lateral margin s whic h appea r crenulat e ; preoperculomandibular laterallin e cana l no t joine d to tempora l cana l ; pectora l fins 222 4 (rarel y 21 ) 2 lb Rostra l spin e reduce d t o a smal l kno b ; supraorbita l region s o f frontal s smoot h an d withou t crenulate margin s ; preoperculomandibula r laterallin e cana l joine d t o tempora l cana l ; pec toral fins 212 2 Ch. myersi 2a Gil l raker s o n lowe r limb o f first arc h smal l knobs , nondentigerous , 2 t o 7 i n numbe r Ch. hamatus 2b Gil l raker s o n lowe r limb o f first arc h lo w knobs, eac h bearin g on e t o severa l teeth , 81 4 i n number Ch. rastrospinosus n . sp . Chionodraco myers i DeWit t an d Tyler , 19(1 0 Chionodraco myersi DeWit t an d Tyler , 196 0 : 18 5 (original description an d figures ; type localit y : Southwestern Ros s Sea ) ; D EWITT, 196 2 : 83 3 (correctio n o f erro r i n origina l description ) ; DEWITT, 197 1 : 9 , pi . 5 (distributio n an d probabl e synonym y with Ch. markhami). Chionodraco markhami Mille r and Reseck , 1961 : 50 (original description an d figur e ; type locaht v : Ross Sea , Antarctica, a t 75°38'S , 168°32'E ) ; RESECK, 196 1 : 112, 114 (listed) ; DEWITT, 197 1 • 9 (probabl e synonym y wit h Ch. myersi). DIAGNOSIS : Rostra l spin e reduce d t o a lo w knob ; withou t ridge s o r crenulation s o f the frontal s i n th e interorbita l regio n ; wit h th e preoperculomandibula r cana l joine d t o the tempora l cana l ; gil l raker s nondentigerou s lo w knobs , 3 7 i n numbe r o n th e first arch ; 2122 pectoral ray s ; 84102 scales i n uppe r latera l lin e ; 5859 vertebrae . DISCUSSION We hav e littl e t o ad d t o th e description s o f D EWITT an d T YLER (1960) , an d M ILLER and R ESECK (1961 ) beside s som e correction s an d clarifications . Tabl e V presents measu 1. M ILLER an d R ESECK (196 1 : 53 ) slat e tha t th e holotyp e o f Ch. markhami " .. . appear s t o hav e 5 6 (at mos t 58 ) vertebrae... " W e hav e use d th e highe r figur e a s th e mos t probabl e one. — 79 6 — rements an d count s fro m a " Discovery " specime n i n th e Britis h Museu m identifie d a s Ch. kathleenae. Examination o f the " Discover y " specime n an d reexaminatio n o f the holotyp e of Ch. myersi show s tha t th e preoperculomandibula r cana l i s connecte d t o th e tempora l canal, th e juncture bein g a t the position o f the normal secon d por e o f the temporal canal . The secon d por e i s therefore absen t an d the temporal cana l por e coun t i s reduced t o five. Pore count s fo r the holotyp e ar e : Preoperculomandibula r 1 1 ; Infraorbita l 8 ; Supraor bital 91 9 ; Tempora l 5 ; Supratempora l 4 . Th e difference s i n number s betwee n th e " Discover y " specime n an d th e holotyp e ar e withi n th e range s o f variatio n show n fo r Ch. hamatus (tabl e VI ) and are not considered significant . DEWITT (1971 ) had indicated tha t Ch. markhami wa s a synonym o f Ch. myersi althoug h he ha d no t criticall y examine d th e type s o f the former . Dr . Stanle y H . Weitzma n o f the Smithsonia n Institutio n kindl y examine d th e paratyp e o f Ch. markhami fo r us and determined tha t i t ha s th e preoperculomandibula r cana l joine d t o the tempora l canal . In additio n ther e are no spines o n the preopercular a s stated by MILLER an d RESECK (196 1 : 51 ; the sentence i s not clear, probabl y du e to a los s i n settin g proof) . Instead , th e inter opercular end s posteroventrall y i n a spinous point , directe d posteriorl y an d a little dorsally , adjacent t o a ventra l posteriorl y directe d spin e o f the subopercular , whic h i s the typica l condition fo r the genus . Thi s i s sufficien t evidenc e t o plac e Ch. markhami i n the syno nymy o f Ch. myersi. There i s also a n error regardin g th e lateral line s i n the original descriptio n o f Ch. mar- khami. Th e lateral lin e i s sai d t o consis t o f 7273 scale s extendin g fro m abov e the oper culum to the end of the soft dorsa l an d originating abov e the 5th anal ray. Her e als o som e information mus t hav e bee n inadvertentl y lef t ou t in proof, fo r 7273 scale s i s within th e range o f the lower latera l lin e whic h woul d originat e abov e th e anterio r par t o f the ana l fin, but i s far too low for the upper latera l lin e withou t i t bein g a diagnosti c characte r fo r the species . Th e original description , therefore , lack s a n uppe r latera l lin e count . Chionodraco hamatu s (Lonnberg , 1905) Chaenichthys rhinoceratus subsp . hamatus, Lonnberg , 190 5 : 47 (original descriptio n ; type localit y : south'of Sno w Hil l Island , 64°36'S , 57°42'W , 12 5 m depth) . Chionodraco hamatus, Lonnberg , 190 6 : 99 (description ) ; R EGAN, 191 3 : 288 (descriptive notes ) ; NORMAN, 193 7 b : 11 (description an d illustrations ) ; N ORMAN, 193 8 : 79 (brie f description , literature) ; D EWITT, 197 1 : 9, pi. 5 (distribution ) ; PERMITIN, 197 3 : 213 (reproduction). Chionodraco kathleenae, R EGAN, 191 4 a : 13 (original descriptio n ; type localit y : Ross Sea , 74°25'S, 179°3'E, 29 6 m depth) ; R EGAN, 191 4 b : 12 (description an d illustration) ; WAITE, 191 6 : 41 (description ; tabl e o f count s an d measurements ) ; N ORMAN, 193 7 b : 11 (descriptio n an d illustrations) ; N ORMAN, 193 8 : 7 8 (literature , descriptio n an d illustration ) ; B ARSUKOV & PERMITIN, 195 9 : 380 , 381 (listed ) ; B ARSUKOV & P ERMITIN, 196 0 : 10 1 (listed ) ; B ESECK, 1961 : 112, 114 (listed ) ; GOSSE, 196 8 : 2 (listed) , 8 (brie f description , counts ) ; DEWITT, 197 1 : 9, pi . 5 (distribution) . MATERIAL EXAMINED : 30 specimens a s follows : NBMS 3160 : Swedish S . Polar Exped . St . 6, S. o f Snow Hil l Islan d (1 , holotype o f Ch. hamatus). BMN H 1913.12.4.19 1 : Bos s Se a (1, syn type o f Ch. kathleenae). BMN H 1913.12.4.19219 4 : McMurdo Sound (3 , syntypes o f Ch. kathlee- nae). BMN H 1937.9.21.15015 2 : 66°45'S, 62°03' E (3) . USC " Eltanin " St . 187 3 : Ros s Se a (1). TABLE V . — Measurement s (mm) and count s fro m type s o f Chionodraco hamatus, Ch. kathleenae an d Ch. rastroapinosus and a specime n o f Ch. myersi. Unles s otherwis e indicate d parenthese s impl y a n uncertai n count . NRMS BMNH BMNH BMNH USNM 3160 1913.12.4.191 1913. 1937.7.12. 217422 Ch. hamatus 792 : Ch. Ch. rastro (Holotype) Syntypes o f Ch. kathleenae myersi spinosus (Holotype) SI, 327 4 1 ( i 263 255 _ 243 210 HI. 116 153 103 95.1 100 84.3 76.6 0 27.2 25.6 23.2 20.8 21.1 20.8 14.2 SnL 51.7 67.4 46.2 43.7 46.2 40.1 37.6 SnN 41.0 51.8 35.3 33.4 34.1 29.5 27.7 NO 9.0 13.0 7.7 8.0 8.6 8.4 8.5 NN 25.0 29.9 18.5 17.1 16.4 13.7 15.0 l() 35.7 40.9 27.3 27.2 25.7 19.6 22.0 POI. 37.0 61.1 37.4 — — 24.8 24.4 UJL 67.2 75.0 57.5 54.8 56.7 — 43.0 CPL 21.2 26.8 17.9 17.3 20.4 17.7 14.5 CPD 17.4 17.4 12.6 11.1 11.4 10.4 9.4 DC 24.6 31.7 22.8 21.5 23.2 21.2 17.4 BD (AO ) 45.4 61.0 39.2 32.6 — 29.7 28.2 SnDi 111 141 96.8 89.0 — 83.2 72.9 SnD2 155 204 120 — 109 99.6 — -J SnAO 192 238 — 145 — 134 117 VC AOC 140 183 — 117 — 117 95.9 -J AO V 71.7 85.7 54.5 56.2 — 41.8 45.7 CI. 38.7 42.8 — — — — 32.8 PI. 72.8 85.3 67.7 63.2 — 54.8 51.9 VL 65.3 83.2 64.5 — — 73.2 62.9 LDSp (No) 72.5 (4 ) 65.4 (3 ) 48.3 (3 ) — — 39.2 24.8 (2 ) 6DRL 29.1 — — — — — 19.0 6ARL 22.4 29.5 — — — 18.8 — AGRAr; 1+1+5=7 1+0+6=7 1+0+3=4 — — 2+0+5=7 1 + 0 + 1 1 = 1 2 Ux 7 V 6 6 6 6 5 D2 38 42 38 39 40 38 39 A 34 38 34 .45 35 35 34 C. — 13 13 13 13 13 13 P 23 & 2 3 23 & 2 3 22 & 2 2 24 & 2 3 23 & 2 3 21 & 2 1 23 & 2 2 U LI j 97 & 10 2 110 & 11 3 95 & 81 + 1 7 89 & 9 5 112 & 11 2 74 + 1 0 & 90 94 & 9 4 ML1. (7 & 9 ) 10 & 1 0 13 & 1 3 14 & 1 0 13 & 1 3 12 & 12 13 & 1 2 LLL (69 & 65) (84 & 76) 59 + (12 ) &73 1 + 6 1 & 52 (85) & 8 5 62 & 6 5 59 & 6 4 Br 6 & 6 7 & 6 6 & 6 6 & 6 6 & С 5 & 6 6 & 6 POMP 12 & 1 2 12 & 1 3 (11) & 1 3 — — 13 & 1 4 13 & 1 3 IOP 10 & 1 0 8 & 7 9 & 8 — .— 8 & 9 9 к 9 SOP 1118 12110 13111 — — 13112 12112 TP 6 & 6 ? & 6 6 & 6 — — 5 & 5 6 & 6 STP 5 3 5 — — 3 3 9 6 7 AO : I)2R 9 — — 7 P : AR 1 1 6 — .— 6 6 V : AR DNR — 5 — — 12 9 — 79 8 — USC" Eltani n " St . 189 2 : Ross Se a (3) . USC " Eltanin " St . 189 6 : Ros s Se a (4) . USC " Elta nin " St . 199 5 : Ross Sea (2). USC " Eltanin " St . 2029 : Ross Sea (1). USC " Eltanin " St . 2036 : Ross Se a (2) . USC " Eltanin " St . 204 1 : Ross Sea (1) . USC " Eltanin " St . 210 4 : Ross Sea (1). USC" Eltanin " St . 212 5 : Ros s Se a (1) . UMO D 8 7 : Ros s Se a (2) . UMO D 146 4 : " Hero " t'.r. 722 , St. 9 6 : Argentin e Island s (4). DIAGNOSIS : Rostra l spin e present , retrorsl y curve d ; ridges an d crenulation s o f fron tals presen t i n interorbita l regio n (ma y b e indistinct , mor e rarel y absent , i n smal l speci mens) ; preoperculomandibula r cana l separat e fro m tempora l cana l ; gil l raker s non dentigerous lo w knobs, those o n lower limb o f firs t arc h 2 7 i n numbe r ; third spin e o f first dorsal usuall y longes t ; 2124 pectoral ray s ; 89115 scales i n uppe r latera l lin e ; vertebra e 2226 + 363 9 = 5863 . DESCRIPTION The followin g descriptio n i s base d primaril y upo n th e type s o f Ch. hamatus an d Ch. kathleenae. Tabi c V present s measurement s an d count s fo r th e type s ; tabl e V I present s data fro m th e " Her o " an d othe r specimen s examined. Body compressed , deepes t anteriorl y an d taperin g t o cauda l peduncle . Snou t long , flattened anteriorly ; rostra l spin e place d betwee n anterio r end s o f maxillaries . Nostril s short tube s wit h th e hin d borde r slightl y raised , place d much neare r eye s than ti p o f snout . Frontals formin g a pai r o f prominen t ridge s o n snou t throug h whic h ru n th e supraorbita l canals. A low flat median regio n separates th e ridges, which broaden laterally i n the interor bital regio n t o becom e th e prominen t supraorbita l flanges wit h crenulat e o r bluntl y spinos e edges. Th e projection s ar e th e latera l end s o f ridges extendin g fanlik e fro m point s nea r where th e supraorbita l commissur e join s eac h supraorbita l canal . Th e supraorbita l com missure i s visibl e a s a low , slightly curve d ridg e crossin g th e posterio r par t o f th e interor bital space . Th e tw o ridge s o n th e snou t merg e posteriorl y wit h th e media n depresse d region i n th e interorbi t t o for m a fairly smoot h concave crosssection. The concavit y of th e interorbita l spac e i s continue d ont o th e media l par t o f th e hea d behind th e eyes , this are a bounde d laterall y b y prominen t rounde d frontoparieta l ridge s which curv e mediall y fro m nea r th e posterodorsa l edge s o f th e eyes . Furthe r laterall y on eac h sid e i s a sphenoticpteroti c ridge . Th e sphenoti c form s a prominen t kno b jus t behind th e ey e abov e th e posteriormos t suborbital . Posteroventra l corne r o f intero percle produce d into a ventrally curve d spine. Ventra l angl e of subopercular produce d int o a posteroventrall y directe d spin e place d immediatel y posterio r t o interopercula r spine . Opercular wit h a stron g posterodorsall y directe d ridg e an d proces s bearin g a serie s o f posteriorly directe d spine s alon g it s posteroventra l edg e an d endin g i n a flat expansio n which ma y bea r spine s o n its posterio r edge . Mouth large , lowe r jaw narrowe r tha n uppe r an d extendin g slightl y beyon d it . Al l teeth small, conical and curved , in two or three rows, the thir d row appearing o n the anterio r parts o f the jaw s i n large r specimens . Teet h o f inner ro w largest : i n lowe r jaw inne r ro w usually, les s ofte n th e oute r row , extend s farthes t posteriorl y ; i n uppe r ja w oute r ro w extends farthes t posteriorly . Middl e ro w o f teet h become s longe r i n large r specimens , sometimes extendin g tw o third s lengt h o f jaw . Uppe r pharyngea l teet h presen t i n tw o — 79 9 — patches o n eac h side , th e firs t smalle r an d ovalshaped , th e secon d large r an d somewha t shieldshaped ; fifth ceratobranchia l toothed . Ora l valve s wel l developed , extendin g late rally nearl y entir e lengt h o f jaws . Gil l raker s al l ver y smal l rounde d nondentigerou s knobs. Onl y a singl e serie s develope d o n an y arch , correspondin g t o th e anterio r serie s in othe r group s (e.g . Nototheniidae). First dorsa l fin o f slender flexibl e spines , th e thir d usuall y longes t i n large r specimens , less ofte n th e secon d o r fourt h ; small " Her o " specimen s hav e first o r secon d spine s lon gest. Secon d dorsa l an d ana l fins lower , highes t nea r anterio r end . Cauda l fin rounde d posteriorly. Pectora l fins broa d bu t no t especiall y lon g ; uppe r hal f o f posterio r margi n nearly truncate , lowe r hal f rounded . Pelvi c fins narro w an d elongate , th e spin e an d first tw o ray s encase d i n thick skin . Three bod y latera l line s : upper extendin g fro m uppe r en d o f opercula r openin g near base o f dorsal fin nearl y t o bas e o f caudal fin ; middle extending fro m cauda l peduncl e onto base o f caudal fin ; lower place d near bas e o f anal fin an d extendin g onto cauda l peduncle . Cephalic latera l line s norma l i n patter n ; preoperculomandibular cana l no t joine d t o tem poral canal . Th e number s o f pore s i n th e canal s var y considerably , eve n betwee n side s of th e sam e specimen . The norma l colo r patter n ca n bes t b e describe d a s a serie s o f fou r larg e pal e circle s on a dar k background , eac h circl e wit h a dar k cente r an d displace d ventrall y suc h tha t their lowe r part s ar e incomplete . Dar k cros s bars remai n betwee n th e circle s and a t eac h end o f the serie s a s follow s : first a t bas e o f first dorsa l fin extendin g dow n t o bas e o f pec toral fi n an d continue d a s marks o n lateral an d media l (anterio r an d posterior ) side s o f base of fin ; second lie s below anterio r onethir d o f second dorsa l fin, i s broad abov e an d narro w ventrally (followin g curve s of pale circle s on each sid e of it) ; third an d fourt h belo w middl e and posterio r third s o f secon d dorsa l an d simila r i n shap e t o secon d cros s bar . Ther e is ofte n a pal e are a i n th e uppe r broa d regio n o f th e cros s bars . A posterio r cros s bar , behind las t pal e circle , presen t a s dar k pigmen t a t bas e o f caudal fin. O n some specimens the dar k center s o f th e pal e circle s extend dorsall y t o for m mor e o r les s distinc t an d les s complete cros s bars . Large r specimen s acquir e dar k pigmen t o n th e lowe r part s o f th e body, fro m abou t midsid e t o lowe r latera l line , whic h obscure s o r obliterate s th e lowe r portions o f the abov e pattern . A dorsomedia l dark are a presen t anterio r t o first dorsa l fin, usuall y crosse d (i n smal l specimens) b y a narro w pal e line . To p o f hea d an d al l o f snou t variousl y mottle d an d blotched, generall y darke r an d wit h les s distinc t marking s i n large r specimens . Chee k normally wit h tw o dar k region s ; a broa d are a belo w ey e extendin g fro m orbi t t o inne r edge o f preopercula r an d articuloquadrat e joint , sometime s wit h a n indistinc t pal e are a in i t ; th e othe r a fanshape d are a extendin g fro m posteroventra l edg e o f orbi t t o jus t above angl e o f preopercular . Premaxillar y ofte n wit h thre e dar k spot s ; maxillar y wit h two dar k areas , th e large r posterior . Linin g o f mout h pale . Firs t dorsa l fin uniforml y blackish. DISCUSSION We hav e bee n unabl e t o find an y significan t difference s betwee n th e tw o nomina l species Ch. hamatus an d Ch. kathleenae (i. e. specimen s fro m th e peninsula r regio n versu s TABLE VI . — Selecte d measurement s (mm ) an d count s fro m specimen s o f Chionodraco hamatus othe r tha n types . Unless otherwis e indicate d parenthese s impl y a n uncertai n count . USCElt. BMNH 1937.9.21.15015 2 USCElt. 1892 1873 SL 258 348 239 242 264 HL 95.5 111 156 133 90.9 92.7 103 0 21.7 29.9 32.5 27.7 17.8 18.1 18.8 SnL 45.3 49.9 72.7 60.5 44.4 44.8 50.8 SnN 34.7 37.1 56.7 45.4 33.0 34.3 39.4 NN 17.1 18.7 30.3 27.5 15.3 15.4 18.5 10 25.1 28.5 39.4 40.6 — 25.0 — POL 30.2 38.5 55.1 46.2 30.1 30.8 33.7 BD (AO) — — — 56.1 27.6 29.2 31.7 AOV 61.6 78.6 106 80.9 51.9 57.2 64.1 CL — — — 42.1 32.4 28.8 36.3 VL — 68.6 85.7 80.1 76.5 69.4 76.3 LDSp (No) 36.3 43.3 (3) 84.6 (3 ) 76.2 (3 ) 36.7 (3 ) 35.3(3) 38.2 (3 ) AGRArj 1 + 1 + 3 = = 5 2 + 1 + 3 = 6 1 + 1 + 7 = 9 1+0+3=4 2+1+6=9 2+0+5=7 1+1+3= Di 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 D2 40 40 42 38 41 41 41 A 35 36 36 34 37 36 36 P 24 & 24 22 & 23 23 & 23 24 22 & 23 23 & 23 23 & 24 ULL 111 & 105 95 & 82 + 1 7 — 97 101 — — MLL 10 & 9 7 & 9 — 16 9 — — LLL 77 & 79 44 + 1 3 & 70 — 69 63 — — Br 6 & 6 6 & 6 — 6 & 6 6 & 6 6 & 6 6 & 6 Sex — — — cv (? ? POMP 13 & 14 13 & 13 — 15 13 & 13 ~ - IOP 9 & 8 8 & 8 — 9 7 & 8 — SOP 12 & 12 11112 — 121 111 — TP 6 & 6 ? & 6 — 6 6 — STP 3 3 — 3 3 — — AO : 1)2B — — — 8 9 — — V : AR — DNR — DNR 12 6 7 * Supraorbita l commissur e an d corona l por e absent . — 80 1 — TABLE VI . — Chionodraco hamatus (continued) . USCElt. 1896 USCElt. 1995 SL 2 e, 5 289 306 308 328 357 HL 105 115 126 116 123 136 0 21.5 20.7 23.0 24.8 25.4 26.6 SnL 49.5 55.9 60.7 55.1 59.0 62.4 SnN 37.8 44.0 45.8 42.4 44.6 48.0 NN 18.1 21.9 23.3 22.4 24.0 28.4 IO 30.0 29.6 33.0 29.8 36.8 40.5 POL 35.1 38.8 44.2 37.5 40.2 46.4 BD (AO ) 34.7 40.4 54.6 42.8 52.2 64.1 AOV 56.5 62.8 68.7 73.9 69.5 96.5 CL 35.4 38.6 41.2 36.3 41.5 43.8 VL 74.3 81.3 86.7 74.8 75.3 75.0 LDSp (No ) 43.3 (3 ) 49.2 (3 ) 65.4 (2 ) 59.5 (2 ) 60.9 (2 ) 65.4 AGRArx 1 H 1+6 = 8 2 (1+5 = 8 1 +0+4=5 1+0+5=6 1 + 1 + 2 = 4 1 +1 + Di 5 6 5 5 5 5 ',• > D2 42 42 42 40 39 A 38 37 38 38 36 34 P 23 23 & 2 3 24 & 2 3 23 & 2 4 24 & 2 3 22 & ULL 112 — — 103 & 10 5 97 & 9 8 — MLL 12 — — 11 & 1 3 13 & 1 2 — LLL 73 — — 77 & 6 2 72 & 7 7 — Br 6 & 6 6 & 6 — 6 & 6 6 & 6 6 & Sex 3 s 3 3 3 ? POMP 13 — — (13) & 1 2 13 & 1 3 — IOP 8 — — 8 & 8 8 & 8 — SOP 101 — — 11110 11111 — TP 6 — — 6 & 6 6 & 6 — STP 3 — — 3 3 _— AO : D2R 8 — — 8 11 11 V : AR 8 7 9 1 1 DNB 1, 16 — 80 2 — TABLE VI . — Chionodraco hamatus (continued) . USCElt. USCElt. 203 6 2029 USCElt. 204 1 SL 117 265 279 221 236 HL 44.7 102 106 81.5 86.5 0 10.4 20.2 21.4 17.3 19.0 SnL 22.8 51.4 50.5 42.2 42.3 SnN 17.2 39.1 38.9 32.9 31.7 NN 6.7 18.3 20.3 14.1 14.8 10 9.8 27.9 29.5 22.3 21.0 POL 12.2 30.5 35.4 23.5 27.1 BD (AO) 9.9 — 38.8 23.9 30.6 AOV 27.8 — 59.2 48.3 51.7 CL — 36.7 36.4 34.8 36.6 VI. 46.1 76.6 73.2 73.4 67.3 LDSp (No ) 12.2 (2) 48.2 (2) 47.8 (3) 33.9 (2) 38.6 (2) AGRAi! 2+1+6=9 1+1+6=8 2+0+7=9 1+1+4 = 6 2 + 1 + 4 = I>i 6 6 5 6 5 41 D2 42 41 42 39 A 36 38 36 37 35 1» 23 24 & (21 ) * * 22 & 2 3 22 & 2 2 23 & 2 3 ULL 114 — 113 108 & 115 106 & 10 5 MLL (6) — 11 14 & 16 11 & 1 3 LLL (80) — 75 69 & 76 83 & 82 Br 6 6 & 6 6 & 6 6 & 6 6 & 6 Sex ? AO : D2R 8 — 9 9 10 V : AR 15 — 6 11 10 * Supraorbita l commissur e an d carona l por e absent . ** Ther e appear s t o b e fusio n i n regio n o f ray s 101 3 whic h ma y accoun t fo r lo w number . TABLE VI . — Chionodraco hamatus (continued) . i USCElt. UMOD 87 UMOU 1464 2125 SL 340 328 282 132 124 132 125 HL 128 121 113 51.1 48.1 49.9 47.9 0 24.9 24.1 22.6 9.4 9.7 10.1 9.9 SnL 62.9 58.5 55.1 25.4 23.3 25.2 23.9 SnN 47.9 44.6 42.3 19.3 17.1 18.6 17.9 NN 27.1 22.8 18.6 8.7 8.1 8.6 8.4 10 39.3 35.2 29.9 11.5 11.2 11.4 11.7 POL 43.2 42.7 36.6 15.7 15.2 14.7 14.0 BD (AO ) 60.5 35.5 32.3 14.5 14.2 14,5 13.8 AOV 91.5 76.0 54.2 30.4 27.3 30.9 26.8 CL 42.4 43.0 39.8 20.9 20.3 19.7 19.8 VL 74.6 80.0 79.1 43.3 42.7 40.1 39.2 LDSp (No ) 45.6 (3) 47.9 (2) 54.4 (3) 13.8 (2) 13.7 ( 1 + 2 ) 13.8(1) 14.0 (2) AGBArj 1+0+4=5 1+1+4=6 1 +1+7=9 1 + 0 + 4 = 5 2+0+7=9 2+1+6=9 2 1 0 + 5 = Di 6 5 6 5 4 5 6 39 40 38 39 D2 38 41 40 A 33 36 36 33 35 34 34 P 23 & 2 3 23 & 2 3 23 22 & 22 23 & 2 3 22 & 22 22 & 2 3 ULL — (105) 90 & 9 4 97 & 9 9 96 & 10 0 103 & 10 3 MLL — 17 9 & 6 8 & 8 16 & 2 + 1 1 1 + 3 + 14 & 1 + 4 LLL _ — 78 56 & 50 73 & (68) 73 & 6 8 (74) & (71) Br 6 & 6 6 6 6 & 6 6 & 6 6 & 6 6 & 6 0 Sex ? cS S — FIG. 6 . — Chionodraco hamatus : comparisons o f numbers of total vertebra e (A ) and rays i n second dor sal (B ) an d anal (C ) fins betwee n materia l fro m Wes t an d East Antarctica . Uppe r grap h of each pai r represents Wes t Antarctic a (peninsula r region ) ; lower grap h Eas t Antarctic a (Ros s Sea) . Vertica l axes equa l numbers of individuals ; horizontal axe s count s fo r characters. — 80 5 — longest first dorsa l spine . Thes e measurement s wer e mad e upo n al l o f the materia l a t ou r disposal, plotte d a s percen t o f th e standar d lengt h (head ) o r hea d lengt h (al l th e others ) and plotte d a s origina l measurement s agains t standar d lengt h o r hea d length . There appeare d t o b e n o obviou s difference s betwee n th e tw o sample s : range s o f percents overlappe d broadl y o r completel y an d inspectio n o f th e graph s showe d simila r overlaps. Regression s o f th e typ e Y = ax D wer e fitted t o logtransforme d dat a b y th e method o f Bartlett's Bes t Fi t an d regressio n coefficient s were compare d b y mean s o f ttests (SIMPSON, R OE an d L EWONTIN, 1961) . I n al l comparison s " b " value s wer e no t statis tically differen t ( p alway s greate r tha n 0. 6 ; in al l bu t tw o case s greate r tha n 0.9 ) wherea s values o f log a showe d highl y significan t difference s ( p alway s les s tha n 0.001) . W e inter pret thes e result s a s indicatin g populationa l difference s betwee n th e tw o regions , bu t no t of a structural nature sinc e the biologica l meaning o f the statisti c " a " i s not clea r (G OULD, 1966). Observe d range s o f percent s ca n b e attribute d t o allometri c change s wit h siz e added t o individua l variation . Tabl e VI I present s th e statistica l dat a use d i n th e com parisons. The difference s i n number s o f vertebra e (du e almos t entirel y t o abdomina l verte brae : 2223 i n specimen s fro m th e peninsula r region , 242 6 i n specimen s fro m Eas t Antarc tica) an d dorsa l an d ana l ray s ar e significant . W e believe , however , tha t the y ca n b e interpreted a s th e resul t o f developmen t i n water s o f differen t temperature s (L INDSEY and H ARRINGTON, 197 2 ; T ANING, 1952) . Botto m temperature s i n th e Ros s Se a wher e Ch. kathleenae ha s bee n capture d ar e distinctl y lowe r than botto m temperatures abou t th e Antarctic Peninsul a i n th e region s wher e Ch. hamatus ha s bee n taken , a t leas t i n summe r (reviewed b y D EWITT, 197 1 ; see als o G ORDON an d G OLDBERG, 197 0 ; GORDON an d T CHER- NIA, 1971) . NORMAN (193 7 b : 7 8 ; 193 8 : 79 ) identifie s tw o pelagi c juvenil e channichthyid s a s Ch. hamatus (BMN H 1937.4.23.23 ) an d compare s the m wit h juvenile s identifie d a s Ch. kathleenae. On e o f u s examine d th e suppose d Ch. hamatus youn g an d obtaine d pelvi c fin count s o f 1,4 . The y must , therefore , b e Chaenodraco wilsoni, th e onl y channichthyi d with fou r pelvi c rays . Th e identificatio n o f mos t pelagi c juvenile s o f thi s famil y ha s no t been worke d out . Chionodraco rastrospinosus n. sp . Chionodraco kathleenae (non Regan , 191 4 a), L OPEZ an d B F.LLISIO, 196 7 : 33 (descriptio n an d illus tration ; tables o f measurement s an d counts ) ; BELLISIO, L OPEZ an d T OMO, 197 2 : 1 5 (listed) . MATERIAL EXAMINED : 2 6 specimen s a s follows . (Holotyp e + paratypes ) : BMNH 1939.6 . 20.35 : S . Shetlan d Island s (1) . BMN H 1939.6.21.2 3 : 62°03'S , 56°46'W (2) . USC " Eltanin " St. 41 8 : 62°39'S , 56°10' W (1) . USC " Eltanin " St . 42 2 : 62°18'S , 57°59' W (6) . USC " Eltani n " St . 42 6 : 62°27'S, 57°58'W (3) . USC " Eltanin " St . 42 8 : 62°41'S, 57°51'W (4) . USC " Eltanin " St . 43 7 : 62°50'S , 60°40' W (1) . USC " Eltanin " St . 100 3 : 62°41'S , 54°43' W (1) . " Eltani n " St . 108 4 : 62°22'S , 46°50' W (1) . Norman a Strai t : 60°40'S , 45°38'W , collecte d by E . L . T WELVES (1) . USN M 21742 2 : " Her o " Cruis e 722 , St . 9 6 (1 , Holotype) . MNH N 1977460 : " Her o " Cruis e 722 , St. 9 6 (1, paratype). UMO D 146 3 : " Her o " Cruis e 722 , St . 9 6 (3, paratypes) . — 80 6 — DIAGNOSIS : Rostral spin e present , retrorsl y curve d ; ridges an d crenulation s o f frontal s present i n interorbital regio n (sometime s indistinc t o r absen t i n smal l specimens ) ; preoper culomandibular canal s separat e fro m tempora l canal s ; gil l raker s lo w an d blunt , wit h one t o severa l toothlik e spines , thos e o n lowe r lim b o f first arc h 81 4 i n numbe r ; second spine o f first dorsa l usuall y longes t ; pectora l ray s 212 3 ; 9411 8 scale s i n uppe r latera l line ; vertebrae 222 5 + 353 9 = 5962 . DISCUSSION We hav e bee n unabl e t o find an y significan t difference s betwee n Ch. rastrosplnosus and Ch. hamatus excep t fo r th e morpholog y an d number s o f gil l raker s correlate d wit h a stron g differenc e i n distributiona l pattern . Nearl y al l specimen s o f Chionodraco fro m West Antarctic a belon g wit h Ch. rastrosplnosus, th e onl y exception s know n t o u s bein g the holotyp e of Ch. hamatus an d fou r o f the " Her o " specimens . Al l Chionodraco fro m Eas t Antarctica belon g wit h Ch. hamatus (a s presentl y recognized ) an d th e ver y distinc t Ch. myersi. Measurement s an d count s fo r Ch. rastrosplnosus ar e give n i n tabl e Vlff . Regres sions a s describe d fo r Ch. hamatus wer e fitte d t o dat a fo r the sam e character s in Ch. rastros- plnosus an d th e resultin g equations compare d wit h thos e fo r Ch. hamatus, usin g al l materia l (table IX) . Fo r al l character s " b " value s ar e no t significantl y differen t betwee n th e two group s ( p alway s greate r tha n 0.5 ) wherea s al l lo g a value s ar e highl y significantl y different. W e agai n interpre t thes e result s a s indicatin g n o discernibl e difference s betwee n the groups . If th e onl y distinctio n betwee n thes e tw o group s wa s th e numbe r o f gil l raker s w e would probabl y conside r the m differen t a t onl y som e subspecifi c level . However , sinc e in additio n t o th e numerica l difference s ther e ar e distinc t morphologica l difference s (i n one th e gil l raker s hav e severa l larg e toothlik e spine s wherea s th e othe r ha s ver y lo w smooth knobs ) w e fee l justifie d i n considerin g th e group s specificall y distinct . FIG. 7 . — • Chionodraco rastrosplnosus, Holotype , USN M 217422 , 21 0 m m SL , lateral view . TABLE VII . — Regressio n parameter s an d associate d dat a fo r morphomelri c comparison s betwee n th e nomina l specie s Chio- nodraco hamatus (Wes t Anta r tica ) an d Ch. kathleenae (Eas t Antarctica) . Log transformed dat a fitted t o equation s o f the typ e Log Y = lo g a + b (lo g x) b y mean s o f Bartlett's Bes t Fi t wher e X1 an d X 3 ar e sum s o f X value s i n first an d third group s ; S| p, S*,, , an d S vyp ar e poole d withingrou p variance s o f X , Y an d th e estimate , respectivel y ; S £ i s th e variance o f the slop e ; n1)3 an d N are th e number s o f paired observation s i n th e first an d thir d groups , an d th e total sample , respectively ; tj, i s Student's t fo r comparin g slopes , wit h N t 4 N 2 — 6 degree s o f freedom. Uppe r figure s fo r eac h cha racter pai r ar e fo r Ch. hamatus ; the lowe r fo r Ch. kathleenae. 2 2 Characters log a h SX3 S xp S yp Sxyp Sh "l. 3 N HL o n S L — 0.24607 7 0.919283 4.190 4.636 0.038813 0.031684 0.035066 0.000013 2 5 0.169885 — 0.36827 6 0.978571 16.366 17.766 0.005385 0.005032 0.005114 0.000180 7 22 0 o n H L — 0.58188 0 0.939024 3.362 3.772 0.031684 0.056882 0.042453 0.005091 2 5 0.004219 — 0.34692 9 0.831787 15.366 16.983 0.004549 0.005124 0.004376 0.000992 8 25 * + * SnL o n H L — 0.15206 6 0.907317 0.025362 0.028302 0.000087 2 5 0.009939 — 0.20830 3 0.945578 * * 0.004549 0.003772 0.004070 0.000142 8 25 + * * NN o n H L — 1.33019 4 1.331707 0.049284 0.039516 0.000226 2 5 0.004062 — 1.46834 9 1.360544 * * 0.004549 0.006161 0.005079 0.000762 8 25 * * * TO o n H L — 1.05982 2 1.256098 0.057243 0.042453 0.000583 2 5 0.002896 — 0.91554 4 1.174064 13.458 14.900 0.005291 0.008260 0.006297 0.000768 7 22 * * * POL o n H L — 0.68495 1 1.097561 0.033349 0.032396 0.000404 2 5 0.058901 — 0.99660 0 1.255903 15.416 16.983 0.005191 0.009314 0.006653 0.000791 8 23 * * * BD o n H L — 1.05441 5 1.309756 0.056882 0.042453 0.000029 2 5 0.059573 1.67892 4 1.607731 13.393 14.790 0.005223 0.016538 0.008571 0.002479 7 20 * + * AOV o n H L — 0.49634 4 1.151220 0.036100 0.033820 0.000223 2 5 0.006095 — 0.44443 0 1.111318 15.375 * 0.004929 0.006674 0.004909 0.001851 8 2:! * * * CL o n H L 0.023169 0.758537 0.018090 0.023941 2.699 X 1 0 . 2 5 0.448443 0.324425 0.613938 11.803 12.707 0.000869 0.001021 0.000349 0.000920 6 !8 * * * VL o n H L 0.697851 0.541463 0.008541 0.016020 0.000482 2 0.027740 1.114350 0.371760 13.434 14.900 0.005271 0.002324 0.002919 0.000882 7 22 * * LDSp o n H L — 1.79999 6 1.748780 * 0.128522 0.063813 0.002229 2 5 0.063386 — 1.11405 3 1.370134 15.416 16.983 0.005191 0.016925 0.008649 0.002969 S 23 * Sam e value s a s fo r O o n HL . TABLE VIII . — Selecte d measurement s an d count s fro m paratype s o f Chionodraco rastrospinosus. Unless otherwis e indicate d parenthese s impl y a n uncertai n valu e o r observation . 1 BMNII BMNH USCKlt. 1939.6. USCElt. 422 1933.6.21.23 418 20.35 SL 248 121 141 344 (97.7) (91) (99) (92) ,93. ,91; HL 92.3 44.3 51.2 133 — — — 0 18.6 8.7 10.3 23.7 8.5 — — — — — SnL 43.8 21.5 25.4 66.4 — — — — — — SnN 30.4 15.0 17.9 48.8 — — — — — — NN 17.0 7.1 8.8 30.1 — — — — — — 10 24.2 10.3 12.7 43.9 — — — — — — POL 33.8 13.8 15.8 47.7 — — — — — BD (AO ) 33.0 12.4 16.6 52.1 — — — — — — AOV 55.4 27.7 34.6 81.7 — — — — — CL — — 51.0 — — — — VL 67.1 36.8 45.6 71.7 — — — — — — LDSp (No) 28.4 ( 2 &3) 11.4 (2) 12.4 (2) 41.1(2) — — — — — AGRAii 1+0 + 1 1 1+0 + 1 0 3 + 0 + 1 1 2 + 0 + 9 2 +1 + 11 2 + 0 + 12 1+ 1 + 8 + + 9 & 1 + 0 f 11 2 + 0 + + + 1 0 D, 5 6 5 5 — — — — — — J)2 39 40 39 39 — — — — — — A .'΅5 36 35 35 — — — — — — - 1' 23 23 & 2 3 23 & 2 3 22 & 2 3 — — _ ULL 114 & 11 3 .— — 108 & 10 6 — — .— — .— — MLL 11 & 1 3 — — (11 & 13 ) — — — _ — LLL 1 + 6 3 & 72 — — 73 & 7 4 — — — .— — Br 6 6 6 & 7 6 & 6 — — — — — Sex — — — $ — — POMP 15 & 1 4 — — 15 & 1 3 — — — _ IOP 10 & 1 0 — — 12 & 9 — — — — — — SOP 10112 — — 12111 — — — — TP 6 & 6 — — 6 & 7 — — — — — TABLE VIII . — Chionodraco rastrosplnosus (continued) . USCElt. USCElt. 42 6 USCElt. 42 8 437 SL 241 231 219 230 214 256 254 330 HL 87.2 88.8 83.0 87.5 — 98.3 94.0 123 0 16.5 16.8 17.1 17.0 16.0 19.7 17.3 26.7 SnL 42.1 43.5 40.0 40.5 — 46.1 45.0 56.4 SnN 30.3 31.9 28.9 29.6 — 33.8 33.5 41.6 NN 14.9 15.9 14.9 16.6 — 17.3 17.6 26.5 10 24.5 24.3 23.9 22.2 24.7 26.2 26.0 39.4 POL 27.1 30.2 26.4 (30) — 30.4 31.1 42.7 BD (AO) 24.3 25.8 26.9 25.3 — 27.5 29.2 47.5 AOV 58.1 50.3 55.9 54.7 — 65.0 59.7 74.6 CL (33.7) 34.6 33.9 — — 39.0 39.1 44.2 VL 70.9 70.4 64.4 72.9 — 71.2 67.8 64.4 LDSp (No) 28.2 (2) 34.3 (2) 24.4(2) — — 34.8 (2) 30.8 (2 & 3) 53.8 (2) AGRAIJ 1 + 1 + 1 1 2 + 0 + 8 2 + 0 + 1 1 1 + 0 + 9 1+0 + 8 2 + 0+1 2 2 + 0 + 1 2 2 + 0+1 3 Di 6 5 4 5 5 5 6 6 42 40 40 39 40 40 40 41 D2 A 36 35 35 35 35 35 35 36 P 22 & 2 2 23 & 22 23 & 21 22 & 22 23 & 23 23 & 23 23 & 23 22 & 2 2 ULL 104 & 110 115 & 11 4 113 & 114 115 & (106 ) 100 107 & 108 110 & 107 — MLL (7 & 6 ) 11 & 18 11 & 12 (11) 10 11 & 12 7 & 6 — LLL 68 & 68 82 & 79 80 & 79 (78 & 84) 70 73 & 72 (70) & 77 — Br 6 & 6 6 & 6 6 & 6 6 & 6 6 6 & 6 6 & 6 6 & 6 Sex AO : D2R 10 10 8 8 — 8 9 9 V; AR 6 u 7 9 — (5) 4 DNR TABLE VIII . Chionodraco rastrosplnosus (continued) . BMNH USCElt. USCElt. MNHN 1003 1084 " Norman a UMOD 146 3 Straits " 1977460 SL 270 253 323 146 152 143 156 HL 103 97.1 123 56.7 50.0 52.1 55.9 0 19.4 16.9 23.3 11.7 10.4 10.7 10.3 SnL 50.0 47.7 57.2 27.3 24.8 25.3 27.5 SnN 36.4 34.5 42.6 19.5 17.1 17.5 19.9 NN 20.1 17.7 22.6 9.5 9.4 8.9 10.4 10 29.6 30.6 33.5 13.2 13.4 11.9 14.3 POL 34.6 33.5 43.8 18.4 15.6 16.3 18.0 BD (AO) 40.7 33.6 48.3 19.4 15.6 16.5 19.0 AOV 49.9 42.6 80.3 29.5 28.1 29.1 36.3 CL 42.4 36.4 45.1 25.0 23.8 22.5 23.5 VL 73.9 76.6 67.8 47.3 46.9 46.3 49.0 LDSp (No) 43.5 (3) 39.5 (2) 61.8 (3) 14.8 (2) 14.3 (2) 15.5 (2) 15.9(1) AGRAr x 1 + 1 + 1 0 0 + 1 + 1 1 2 + 0 + 1 3 2 + 0 + 14 1 + 0+1 0 2 + 0 + 1 0 1 + 0 + 1 4 Di 6 5 5 5 5 6 5 D2 36 42 40 41 41 40 39 A 35 35 37 36 36 34 35 P 23 22 23 & 2 3 23 & 2 3 22 & 22 23 & 2 3 22 & 22 ULL 104 112 107 & 10 8 115 & 11 4 107 & 10 5 106 & 10 7 118 & 11 3 MLL 14 !) 11 & 1 0 11 & 1 1 15 & 1 3 12 & 1 7 11 & 1 3 LLL 82 78 70 & 7 0 83 & 92 65 & 6 8 (64 & 65) 75 & 7 9 Br 6 & 6 6 (i 7 & 7 6 & 6 6 & 6 6 & 6 Sex — ? ( C2 2 Characters 3 Log a I) sx3 ~ xp VP Sxyp S t »1. 3 N tb HL o n S L — 0.35830 6 0.973816 19.979 22.767 0.007507 0.007072 0.007159 0.000248 9 27 0.242500 — 0.64248 6 1.090435 13.084 14.809 0.003468 0.003724 0.003516 0.000179 6 18 0 o n H L — 0.65017 8 0.980952 18.171 21.111 0.007488 0.008384 0.007344 0.001182 10 30 0.008532 0.65940 8 0.972032 10.400 12.295 0.003540 0.003398 0.003029 0.000854 6 18 SnL o n H L — 0.19873 4 0.939796 + * 0.007087 0.007206 0.000157 10 30 0.031553 — 0.22365 8 0.951979 * * * 0.003498 0.003459 0.000119 6 18 NN o n H L — 1.22458 7 1.244898 * * * 0.008446 0.007687 0.000911 10 30 0.105471 — 1.01212 2 1.146702 * * 0.007504 0.004999 0.000693 o 18 10 o n H L — 0.98845 5 1.210884 16.254 19.047 0.007936 0.012259 0.009554 0.000757 9 27 0.008060 — 1.02534 6 1.241689 * * * 0.006800 0.004605 0.000821 6 18 POL o n H L — 0.85022 7 1.184951 16.203 19.047 0.006981 0.010058 0.008033 0.000823 9 28 0.000622 — 0.70388 6 1.116623 * * * 0.004809 0.003925 0.000456 6 18 BD o n H L 1.37070 8 1.461245 14.235 16.854 0.006358 0.012853 0.008053 0.002893 8 25 0.095872 0.78750 6 1.100950 * * * 0.009224 0.005273 0.001751 6 18 AOV o n II L 0.39472 6 1.087904 16.203 19.047 0.007098 0.008834 0.007212 0.001543 9 28 0.000865 — 0.04157 8 0.906596 * * 0.007146 0.004095 0.002631 6 18 CL o n H L 0.087486 0.728299 14.550 16.854 0.006969 0.005119 0.005481 0.000832 8 23 0.057405 0.031308 0.780597 8.968 10.308 0.005051 0.003370 0.003932 0.000310 5 14 VL o n H L 0.783407 0.527778 16.203 19.047 0.007180 0.005876 0.005931 0.001616 9 27 0.000142 0.732423 0.552507 * * 0.002221 0.001660 0.001467 6 18 LDSp o n H L — 1.91217 7 1.774904 7.334 8.378 0.007150 0.017997 0.011153 0.000930 4 13 0.793176 (Males) — 1.39809 5 1.498721 1.699 2.090 0.028561 0.079202 0.047561 0.000792 ! 4 LDSp o n H L — 0.21541 0 0.914729 3.854 4.241 0.001051 0.006050 0.002113 0.003063 2 IS 0.185702 (Females) — 1.02781 3 1.282528 3.868 4.137 0.003305 0.005925 0.000300 0.010592 2 5 * Value s ar e th e sam e a s thos e fo r O o n HL . — 812 — It i s possibl e that th e lirs t dorsa l fin i s sexuall y dimorphi c i n bot h specie s a s indicate d by th e differenc e i n " b " value s fo r th e regression s o f longest dorsa l spin e o n hea d lengt h (table IX) . Whe n male s wer e compare d wit h females , however , th e difference s prove d not significant . Sinc e ou r dat a ar e fe w an d som e se x identification s ar e questionabl e we d o no t conside r th e questio n settled . ETYMOLOGY : Th e nam e rastrosplnosus i s take n fro m th e Lati n rastrurn (hoe , rake ) and spinosus (thorny ) i n referenc e t o th e spin y gil l rakers , a n unusua l characte r i n ice fishes, i t shoul d b e treate d a s a n adjectiv e i n agreemen t wit h Chionodraco, a masculin e noun. TRICHIURIDAE Paradiplospinus gracilis (Brauer , 1906 ] Lepidopus gracilis Brauer , 190 6 : 291, pi. 1 2 (origina l descriptio n an d figure ; type localit y : wes t coast o f South Afric a ; type i n Berli n Museu m ? ) ; T UCKER, 195 6 : 79. Paradiplospinus antárcticas Andriashev , 196 0 : 244, fig. 12 . Paradiplospinus gracilis Bussing , 196 5 : 215, fig . 1112 . The exampl e capture d durin g " Her o " Cruis e 72 2 i s ver y larg e (40 3 mm SL ) an d i t may b e th e larges t specime n eve r caught . Unfortunatel y i t i s i n ver y ba d condition , it s sex i s no t determinabl e an d it s teet h ar e damaged . B USSING (1965 ) ha s show n that, thi s species i s synonymou s wit h Paradiplospinus antarcticus Andriashev , 1960 , bu t differ s fro m Diplospinus multistriatus Maul , 1948 , i n spit e o f th e presenc e o f pelvi c fins i n youn g indi viduals o f P. gracilis. We hav e bee n abl e t o compar e ou r specime n wit h som e specimens i n th e U.S . Nationa l Museum an d tabl e 1 0 give s a summar y o f ou r observations . Th e measurement s an d dat a of fin ray s ar e i n goo d agreemen t wit h th e descriptio n o f P. gracilis a s give n b y B USSING. The fe w proportion s whic h diffe r slightl y ar e du e t o th e larg e siz e o f ou r specimen . The specimen s examine d a t th e U.S . Nationa l Museu m al l hav e th e sam e toot h arran gement whateve r th e ag e o f the individual s : the uppe r ja w ha s thre e lon g fixed fang s (tw o on th e left , on e o n th e right) , arrange d o n th e premaxillar y an d th e dentary , an d 1 0 small , irregularly spaced , pointe d teeth . ZOARCIDAE Lycenchelys nigripalatum n . sp . HOLOTYPE : tota l lengt h 28 7 mm, matur e male , statio n 12 , 2 6 Feb . 1972 , MNH N 197486 . D 9 6 ; A 7 7 ; P 1 5 ; gill rakers 3 + 1 2 ; vertebrae 2 7 + 77 . The variou s measurement s an d count s ar e groupe d i n tabl e X I wher e the y ma y b e compared wit h simila r dat a fro m th e othe r antarcti c specie s o f Lycenchelys. Th e note TABLE X — Bod y proportion s ( % SL ) an d meristi c count s o f Paradiplospinus gracilis ( " fler o specimen MNH N 197485 , " Eltanin " specimens , USN M 208114 , " Walthe r Herwig " spe cimens). ' Eltani n " specimen s " Waithe r Herwi g " MNHN USNM (after B USSING, 1965 ) specimens 197485 208114 (10 specimens ) St 348/7 1 S t 358/7 1 Standard lengt h (SL ) mm 403 37 to 384 69,3 198,7 325 0/ (¿1 . % » L : Head lengt h 17,5 28,1-18,3 21,9 18,0 18,5 Snout lengt h 7,7 10,5- 7,3 8,1 7,5 8,0 Orbital diamete r 2.8 6,5- 2,8 4,6 3,3 3,4 Upper Ja w 8,5 10,5- 7,1 7.5 7,3 8,7 Interorbital spac e 2,8 2,9- 1,3 1,3 1,8 2,4 Antedorsal distanc e 14,9 25,5-15,7 19,2 16,0 15,4 Body dept h 7,2 3,5- 5,9 4,2 4,0 4,2 Antepectoral distanc e 16,9 29,5-17,7 22,6 18,5 18,2 Anteanal distanc e 72,9 77,0-71,4 73,4 72,3 72,8 Snout to anus lengt h (15.7 71,6-62.6 65,9 63,6 65,4 Length o f D1 55,3 51,4-58,0 52,8 55,3 58,9 Length o f D2 24.8 17,5-27,0 24,0 24,8 18,5 Length o f A 23,0 17,7-24,7 20,9 24,9 23,1 Fin rav s : A II, 27 11, 25-28 II, 26 II, 28 H, 27 D 36 + 32 36-37 + 28-32 36 + 32 36 + 31 37 + 29 P 14 13-14 13 13 13 V 0 0-1 1 1 I c 16 17 17 16 17 Vertebrae 65 (32 + 33) 63-66 65 (33 + 32) 65 (33 + 32) 67 (33 + 34) worthy proportion s ar e th e heigh t o f th e bod y whic h slightl y exceed s 1 0 % o f th e tota l length, th e grea t dept h o f th e hea d whic h i s 58, 7 % o f th e hea d length , th e dorsa l profil e of th e hea d whic h i s slightly incline d anteriorly , an d th e widt h o f the hea d whic h i s 54, 4 % of th e hea d length . Th e ana l fin i s strongl y move d posteriorl y (th e ana l origi n i s muc h further posterior ) (anteana l distanc e 42, 4 % TL) . Th e pectora l fin i s lon g an d exceed s 10 % o f the TL . Th e interorbita l spac e i s wid e (17, 1 % HL) . Th e gil l opening s descen d further (lower ) tha n th e lowe r en d o f th e peduncl e o f th e pectora l fins. Th e pelvi c fins are presen t bu t reduced . Th e first ra y o f th e ana l fin i s foun d belo w th e 21s t ra y o f th e dorsal fin. Th e latera l lin e i s continuou s t o th e leve l o f the anu s an d discontinuou s poste rior t o th e anu s ; i t i s situate d i n th e lowe r thir d o f th e body . Th e bod y i s covere d b y small rounde d scale s embedde d i n th e ski n (fig . 9). The mucos a o f th e mout h i s blac k whic h i s characteristi c fo r th e species . Th e pala tines eac h bea r a ro w o f teet h ; teeth presen t o n vomer . Conica l teet h presen t i n uppe r jaw, pluriseria l anteriorly , uniseria l o n th e sides . Th e lowe r ja w bear s teet h i n severa l rows. — 81 4 — FIG. 8 . — Latera l vie w o f th e hea d o f Lycenchelys nigripalatum. FIG. 9 . — Lycenchelys nigripalatum : bodyscale fro m th e righ t sid e a t th e anu s level . FIG. 10 . — Latera l vie w o f the hea d o f Lycenchelys tristichodon. The pore s o f th e cephali c laterallin e syste m ar e smal l and , i n som e canals , fe w i n number. Th e supraorbita l canal s ope n t o th e exterio r throug h onl y a singl e pore o n eac h side, placed in front o f the tubula r nostril s ; there ar e n o preorbital, interorbita l o r postorbi tal pores . O n th e othe r han d ther e ar e 6 infraorbita l pores , 8 preoperculomandibula r pores an d on e occipita l pore (fig . 8). TABLE XI . — Measurement s an d count s i n th e five Antarcti c Lycenchelys. L. antarcticus L. bellingshauseni L. aratrirostris L. nigripalalum ],. trislichodim Total lengt h (mm ) 12 8 25 2 22 3 28 7 31 0 uody, ? eptlL % T £\ 6 2 5 >2 6 8 10 >9 io, o Head lengt h ( % TL) 16, 7 16, 7 16, 6 16, 8 1 3 4 o6^ d6 5t!1 17? IV, 33, 3 38 '° 44 >6 58 7 55^ 0 Head widt h ( % HL ) 33, 3 45, 0 42, 8 54, 4 5 0 4 Orbital diamete r ( % HL ) 16, 7 18. 0 22, 2 1 8 7 20' 5 Eye diamete r ( % HL ) 16, 7 18, 0 16, 9 1 8 9 Interorbital widt h ( % HL ) 6, 2 1 7 1 J^' Q Snout lengt h (t o eye ) ( % HL ) 35, 4 28, 7 3o' 9 3l' 3 Snout lengt h (t o orbit ) ( % HL ) 33, 4 26, 2 25, 7 2 9 0 29' l Upper Ja w lengt h ( % HL ) 45, 7 43, 2 4 2 0 3 5 8 CO Snout t o dorsa l fin ( % TL) 25, 7 19, 6 17, 5 2 1 2 16' 4 Snout t o ana l fin ( % TL) 33, 4 32, 5 33, 0 42' 4 38 V, Pectoral fin lengt h ( % TL) 8, 3 6, 7 7, 9 10' 3 8' 7 Ventral fin lengt h ( % TL) — 1 ;2 1, 3 _ 1 J _ Fin rays : Dorsa l fin 10 5 102 ' 10 4 9 6 10 9 Anal fin 9 9 8 6 8 5 7 7 9 1 Pectoral fin — 1 6 1 6 1 5 1 7 1st ra y o f A belo w ra v o f D 8 1 7 1 9 2 1 1 8 Vertebrae : 2 4 + 9 8 = 12 2 2 3 + 8 5 = 10 8 2 3 + 8 4 = 10 7 2 7 + 7 7 = 10 4 2 8 + 9 9 = 11 7 Gill rakers _ 2 + 1 1 = 1 3 2 + 1 2 = 1 4 3 1 12 = 1 5 3 + 1 1 = 14 Pores : Supraorbita l pore s — 4 + 4 4 + 4 1 + 1 2 + 2 Infraorbital pore s — 8 + 8 7 + 6 6 + 6 5 + 6 Preoperculomandibular pore s — 8 + 8 8 + 8 8 + 8 7 + 7 Postorbital pore s — 4 + 4 3 + 3 0 + 0 1 + 1 Occipital pore s 0 + 0 0 + 0 1 + 1 1 + 1 — 81 6 — Lycenchelys tristichodo n n . sp . HOLOTYPE : 310 mm tota l length , matur e femal e read y t o spaw n ; Station 1 3 (26 Feb. 1972 ) ; MNHN No . 197487. D . 109, A 91, P 17 , gill raker s 3 + 11 , vertebrae 2 8 + 89 . Table X I present s th e principa l meristi c character s o f thi s species . Th e noteworth y proportions are a s for L. nigripalatum : the dee p body (1 0 % TL), the short hea d (13. 7 % TL) which i s a littl e deepe r tha n wid e (5 5 % an d 50. 4 % TL , respectively) , the shor t uppe r jaw (35. 8 % HL ) an d th e smal l antedorsa l distanc e (16. 4 % TL) . A s i n L. nigripalatum the ana l fin i s move d posteriorl y (anteana l distanc e 38. 5 % TL). Th e interorbita l spac e is barel y 1 2 % o f the hea d length . The gil l opening s exten d ventrall y t o th e leve l o f th e lowe r edg e o f th e bas e o f th e pectoral fins. Th e pelvi c fins ar e presen t bu t reduced . Th e first ra y o f th e ana l fin i s placed belo w th e 18t h ra y o f the dorsa l fin. Th e latera l lin e i s very shor t an d no t clearl y visible. Th e bod y i s covere d wit h ver y smal l rounde d scale s embedded in th e skin . The insid e o f th e mout h i s ligh t i n color . Thre e row s o f teet h ar e presen t o n eac h palatine, th e media n ro w bein g o f muc h longe r teeth . Teet h presen t o n vomer . Th e teeth o f the jaw s ar e arrange d a s i n L. nigripalatum. The cephali c lateralline pore s ar e smal l a s i n th e preceedin g species but thei r arran gement i s different . Th e supraorbita l canal s eac h hav e typica l pore s o f th e genus , on e anterior an d on e posterior to the tubular nostrils . Ther e ar e n o preorbital pore s or unpaire d interorbital pore , but ther e i s a very smal l postorbita l por e o n eac h side. Otherwis e ther e are 5 or 6 infraorbital pores , 7 preoperculomandibular pores and on e occipital pore (fig. 10). COMPARATIVE NOTES : L. nigripalatum an d L. tristichodon ar e fairl y close , bu t diffe r in some particularly importan t characters . Th e head, uppe r jaw, predorsal distance , inter orbital spac e an d pectora l fins ar e smalle r i n L. tristichodon tha n i n L. nigripalatum. Th e numbers o f vertebra e an d dorsa l an d ana l ray s ar e muc h greate r i n L. tristichodon. Th e positions o f the supraorbita l pore s ar e clearl y differen t betwee n th e tw o species . Postor bital pore s ar e presen t i n L. tristichodon, bu t absen t i n L. nigripalatum. Finally , th e diffe rence i n colo r o f th e bucca l mucosa allow s th e tw o specie s to b e easil y distinguished . Lycenchelys tristichodon i s rathe r clos e t o L. antarcticus Regan , 1913 , but th e arrange ment o f th e cephali c pores , th e distanc e betwee n th e origin s o f th e ana l an d dorsa l fins (much smalle r i n L. antarcticus), an d certai n bod y proportion s (hea d length , predorsa l distance, interorbita l space ) allo w on e to distinguis h the m easily . Lycenchelys nigripalatum i s clearl y distinguishe d fro m othe r specie s b y it s lo w num bers o f dorsal and ana l rays , the absenc e of postorbital pores , the grea t lengt h o f its pectora l fins an d th e grea t heigh t o f it s head . ^ All o f th e abov e distinctiv e character s hav e permitte d u s t o prepar e th e followin g key t o th e antarti c specie s of the genu s Lycenchelys : KEY TO ANTARCTIC Lycenchelys la Ana l fin wit h abou t 10 0 rays ; first ra y o f ana l fin belo w eight h ra y o f dorsa l fin mor e tha n 120 vertebra e L. antarcticus Regan , 191 3 — 81 7 — lb Ana l fin with les s than 9 5 rays ; first ra y o f anal fin belo w a t leas t fifteenth ra y o f dorsal fi n ; less tha n 12 0 vertebra e 2 2a (lb ) Palatine s wit h onl y on e o r tw o teet h ; preana l distanc e les s tha n 3 5 % o f total lengt h : pectoral lengt h 405 0 % o f hea d lengt h 3 2b Palatine s wit h 1 3 row s of teeth ; preanal distanc e greate r tha n 3 5 % o f total lengt h ; pectoral length greate r tha n 6 0 % o f hea d lengt h 4 3a (2a ) Lengt h o f mandibula r symphysi s abou t 1 8 % o f head lengt h ; 6 o r 7 infraorbital pore s ; dorsal edg e o f opercula r fla p nearl y horizonta l ; eye abou t 2 2 % o f hea d lengt h L. arairirostris Andriashe v an d Permitin , 196 8 3b Lengt h o f mandibula r symphysi s abou t 1 2 % o f hea d lengt h ; 8 infraorbita l pore s ; dorsa l edge o f opercula r flap nearl y horizontal ; ey e abou t 18 % o f hea d lengt h L. bellingshauseni Andriashe v an d Permitin , 196 8 4a (2b ) Palatine s wit h on e row of teeth ; lining of mouth blackis h ; dorsal fin with abou t 9 6 rays ; anal fin wit h abou t 7 7 rays ; predorsal distanc e abou t 2 1 % o f standard lengt h ; ventral latera l line distinc t t o anus , discontinuou s posteriorl y ; vertebrae 2 7 + 7 7 = 10 4 L. nigripalatum n . sp . 4b Palatine s wit h thre e row s o f teet h ; linin g o f mout h pal e ; dorsa l fin wit h abou t 10 9 ray s ; anal fin wit h abou t 9 1 rays ; predorsal distanc e abou t 1 6 % o f standard lengt h ; ventral latera l line ver y short , indistinc t eve n anterio r t o anu s ; vertebra e 2 8 + 8 9 = 11 7 L. tristichodon n . sp . Acknowledgements The field wor k resultin g i n thi s pape r wa s mad e possibl e through suppor t o f U.S . Nationa l Science Foundatio n (N.S.F. ) gran t NV2415 7 t o Joh n H . D EARBORN (Universit y o f Maine ) an d through th e ai d furnishe d t o J . C . HUREAU an d P . M . ARNAUD b y the Terre s Australe s e t Antarc tiques Françaises . A portion o f the laborator y work was done with th e ai d o f NSF gran t OPP76 23043 to H . H . D EWITT, J . D . M CCLEAVE an d J . H . D EARBORN (Universit y o f Maine). D E WITT was als o invite d b y th e Muséu m nationa l d'Histoir e naturell e t o b e presen t a t th e " Colloqu e sur le s recherche s océanographique s dan s l'Océa n Indie n Austra l ". Thi s invitatio n permitte d the completio n o f thi s paper . W e ar e particularl y gratefu l t o J . H . D EARBORN, R . H . G IBBS, the Smithsonia n Institution , T.A.A.F . an d the Comit é National Françai s pou r la Recherche Antarc tique wh o mad e i t possibl e fo r J.C . 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