Eucalypts of Northern : ecological & conservation values

A Summary

1. Recommendations 2. Importance

3. Communities and species 4. Species richness 5. Spatial groupings 6. Range 7. Threat ratings 8. Threats 9. Reservation status 10. Study area and methods

Summarised from: Franklin1 DC & Preece2 ND. 2014. The Eucalypts of Northern Australia: An Assessment of the Conservation Status of Taxa and Communities. A report to Kimberley to Cape, March 2014. Kimberley

1 Ecological Communications, 24 Broadway, to Cape Herberton Qld 4887, Australia 2 Biome5 Pty Ltd, PO Box 1200, Atherton, Qld 4883, Australia

All photographs by Don Franklin except those on p10.

Summary prepared by Clare Taylor, Kimberley to Cape Initiative www.kimberleytocape.net.au

Eucalypts of Northern Australia

1. Key recommendations Conservation efforts could include protection via crown, Indigenous and private reserves, as well as voluntary covenanting or managing country for A. Target conservation and management priorities biodiversity and related outcomes. We recommend focusing conservation efforts on the following priorities through improved management, covenanting and reservation: B. Improve listings of Threatened taxa and communities  Eucalypt taxa and communities that are threatened by past, present We recommend the preparation of submissions for listing relevant species, and impending land-clearing subspecies and communities under state, territory and Commonwealth  Eucalypt taxa and communities whose rarity in itself poses a threat legislation and in the IUCN Red List of threatened species, including those to their persistence, eg: newly identified by this study as threatened. o extremely restricted taxa, including those located in the central and north Kimberley and in the White Mountains area south- Comment: Up-to-date listing of threatened taxa and communities is a key west of Charters Towers in element to the appraisal of threatening processes, including development o restricted taxa, including those located in the central and north proposals. However it appears from this analysis that not all jurisdictions have Kimberley, the Top End centred on the , and in adequately evaluated threats and nominated taxa (this seems particularly the and around the Einasleigh Uplands of north Queensland. case for Queensland and the Commonwealth) and that eucalypt communities • Eucalypt taxa and communities listed (or that should be listed) as need better recognition as units to be assessed. Nevertheless, a substantial Threatened. body of relevant information and skill lies with jurisdictional agencies such as  Eucalypt taxa and communities that are not well represented in the state and territory herbaria and we recommend that relevant state and current conservation estate (crown and private reserves) regardless territory agencies assist in reviewing the data in more detail and/or making all of past or impending threats ie: pertinent information available for third party review. All relevant jurisdictions o the 11 species and three subspecies endemic to Northern and the IUCN also accept nominations from the public. Australia that are not represented in any conservation reserve, and the further 52 endemic species and 10 endemic subspecies that have reservation indices of less than 30% Figure 1. Left - Urn shaped o the 12 of 84 eucalypt communities (Map Units) that are not fruits of Twin-leaved Bloodwood (Corymbia represented in any conservation reserve, and the further 40 of cadophora subsp. these Map Units that that have reservation indices of less than cadophora), Kimberley; 10% (and often less than 1%). Right - Whitebark o the very low level of reservation in inland (mostly pastoral) ( apodophylla), Northern Territory. districts in all three jurisdictions, and of the species-rich Einasleigh Uplands in north Queensland. Comment: Our analysis shows that the reserve system in northern Australia is selective and often severely inadequate in its coverage.

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C. Minimise clearing and establish offsets for unavoidable clearing there thresholds of habitat fragmentation beyond which pollination Land clearing (in the past, present and impending) is the single greatest declines; threat to the eucalypts of northern Australia and we recommend it is 3. aspects of the demography of eucalypts that remain poorly avoided in areas identified as having high ecological value. In other understood, including seedling establishment, the longevity of the areas, if clearing (eg for agricultural intensification) cannot be avoided seedling bank and of mature trees and how this varies with species, then it should be linked to land use planning and offsets. environments and disturbance across northern Australia; 4. the evolutionary relationships among species in order to better We recommend adoption of policies and landuse planning processes understand the historical factors which have shaped the current where eucalypts and eucalypt communities proposed for clearing are distribution of species; strongly matched by taxon and community (and to the extent possible, 5. potentially threatened taxa to determine their distribution and geographically) by substantial and secure reservation. abundance (ie field surveys); 6. remote areas, particularly in the Kimberley and any others with a We also recommend pricing the carbon emissions involved in clearing poor collection record (e.g. many inland areas), to locate new taxa and, in particular, providing incentives for landholders based on the and fill in our knowledge of the distribution of known taxa (ie field costs of emissions, as tools with huge potential to reduce rates of land surveys); clearing and to ensure that clearing of agriculturally marginal country 7. more accurate (i.e. locally applicable) estimates of the emission of does not occur. greenhouse gases resulting from land-clearing to properly cost the consequences of that clearing; D. Undertake further research 8. the consequences of climate change and shifts in fire regime for A much better understanding of the ecology of eucalypts and eucalypt eucalypts; communities in northern Australia is required for their ongoing 9. impacts of invasive flora and fauna on eucalypts; management and protection, and especially for land use planning 10. identification of Evolutionary Significant Units for the conservation where clearing for agricultural intensification is unavoidable. These of north Australian eucalypts with both general application and research topics are fundamental to assessment and management of particular relevance to the ability of species to cope with and risks. We particularly recommend research into: respond evolutionarily to climate change. ESUs may be identified on

1. the reproductive ecology of eucalypts. Key issues include identifi- the basis of geographic isolation, genetic distinctness or locally- cation of supra-annual patterns and drivers of flowering and how adaptive features. these might be influenced by climate change, and identification of

pollinators capable of providing this service at relevant spatial scales Figure 2. of Variable-barked 2. the landscape ecology of those pollinators capable of responding to Bloodwood (Corymbia infrequent mass-flowering of eucalypts, most notably the Little Red dichromophloia) in Flying-fox (Pteropus scapulatus) and Varied Lorikeet (Psitteuteles foreground against versicolor). For example, what level of connectivity is necessary for sandstone outcrops, NT full maintenance of the ecosystem services they provide, and are

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Eucalypts of Northern Australia

2. Importance of the eucalypts of Northern Australia The eucalypt woodlands of Northern Australia differ from the remaining The vast sweep of eucalypt-dominated savanna across Northern eucalypt woodlands in other parts of the country - in the north, rainfall Australia is one of the greatest natural areas of the world. It is by far the is strongly summer-dominated and temperatures are high throughout largest expanse of tropical savanna left in good condition; globally, 70% the year, the understory is mostly grassy, and fires are frequent and of of the area of original savanna has been lost (Woinarski et al 2007). relatively low-intensity. The eucalypts themselves also differ notably in several ways: the genus Corymbia is relatively prominent, and species As well as having very high conservation value at a global level, the are mostly pollinated by birds and bats, have lower levels of volatile oils of northern Australia are valuable at a national level. Their in the foliage, and perhaps also have larger seeds. Also some species intact nature directly serves the tourism, recreation, fishing, seafood, are seasonally deciduous, and some have discolourous leaves (ie the pastoral, biosecurity and bioprospecting industries, and contributes to leaf back and front are different colours) held horizontally. Indigenous health and livelihoods through provision of food, We know that the eucalypts of the Northern Australian savannas are maintenance of country, spiritual wellbeing and employment in land diverse, variable in range, and have high levels of endemism. However management and other services. The savannas also indirectly serve there is much less known about the geography of species richness, numerous other industries by attracting workers to the north, providing endemicity, rarity and other characteristics. This, combined with the lifestyle and health (physical and mental) opportunities, and through development pressures facing the North, means there is a clear need to many other ecosystem services. Intact savannas host an amazing investigate, assess and map their ecological and conservation values. abundance and diversity of plants and animals, and are part of the identity of the North. In other parts of Australia over 80% of eucalypt woodlands have been cleared or heavily modified by intensive grazing or other disturbances (Figure 3). Definition: The term “eucalypt” refers to members of three closely-related genera: Angophora, Eucalyptus and Corymbia. The distinctness of Angophora has long been recognised, these being the only eucalypts with obvious petals. In both Eucalyptus and Corymbia, the primordial petals fuse (along with the sepals in some species) to form a bud cap that is not obviously petaloid, the showy colour of flowers being provided by the stamens. Prior to 1995, all non-angophoroid eucalypts were placed in Eucalyptus, a situation that became untenable when independent genetic studies using different techniques demonstrated that bloodwoods and the ghost gum group (paper-fruited Figure 3: Residual, bloodwoods) were more closely related to Angophora than modified and replaced they were to other Eucalyptus species. This problem was Eucalypt woodland resolved with the re-assignation of the several hundred (from Woinarski et al species of bloodwoods and ghost gums to form the genus 2007) Corymbia). 4

Eucalypts of Northern Australia

3. Eucalypt communities and species across Northern Australia

From a vegetation community perspective, 72 of 125 vegetation community ‘Map Units’ in Northern Australia are characterised as primarily dominated by eucalypts and a further 12 feature eucalypts as secondary dominants (Fox et al 2001). Combined, these units cover 69% of the tropical savanna portion of the Northern Australian study area.

Figure 4. Distribution of vegetation community types or ‘Map Units’ that feature eucalypts from Fox et al (2001). Dark green = dominated by eucalypts; light green = featuring eucalypts secondarily; Grey = vegetation types not featuring eucalypts as primary or key secondary species. Based on Fox et al, 2001. From a species perspective the eucalypt flora of northern Australia comprises 188 species and 38 subspecies (includes one variety). Of these, 105 species and 22 subspecies are strictly endemic to the study area and a further 24 species and 3 subspecies nearly so. Seven species are shared with New Guinea or the Islands of Wallacea to Australia’s north. All three eucalypt genera are present in the study area, with Eucalyptus being the most rich in species across the North and most predominant in eastern Queensland (Fig 5a). Corymbia dominates the northern Top End of the Northern Territory (Fig 5b), and Angophora occurs only marginally in the study area (Fig 5c).

Figure 5. Proportional species richness of eucalypt genera in degree cells in northern Australia. Only cells with more than 10 recorded northern Australian species have been 5 included. Cells that include land outside the study area may have additional species not included the analysis. Eucalypts of Northern Australia

4. Species richness across Northern Australia

Eucalyptus species richness is greatest in the central and , the Top End and eastern Queensland, with a peak richness of 46 species in the one degree cell covering the and adjacent western slopes of north Queensland. Species richness is markedly lower in inland areas but interpretation of the magnitude of this effect is somewhat confounded by reduced collection effort.

Figure 6. Stand of Pumpkin Gum (Eucalyptus pachycalyx subsp. pachycalyx ).

Figure 7. Richness of eucalypts in northern Australia: A. recorded; B. rarefacted. Cells with land area outside the study area have been excluded because they may contain additional species. Rarefacted richness is the mean richness of samples of 50 records and is thus constrained to those cells with 50 or more records.

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Eucalypts of Northern Australia

5. Spatial groupings of eucalypts across Northern Australia

Biogeographic analysis shows strong regional patterning with a shift in species composition between Queensland east of the and areas to the west that is consistent with biogeographic patterns identified among plants and animals in general. We identified 12 regional groups of taxa (Fig 8) with many groups exhibiting high levels of regional endemicity, an analysis that adds substantially to previous biogeographic interpretations of northern Australia.

Figure 9. Dendrogram of north Australian degree cells classified by the eucalypt species recorded within them.

Figure 8. Dendrogram of north Australian eucalypt species based on their presence in degree cells and collapsed post-hoc into 12 biogeographic groups. One extra group (Mt Isa area) was identified from species left over from this analysis.

An alternative perspective is provided by classifying degree cells by the species recorded within them (Fig 9 & 10) (note this classification is not simply an inversion of the previous analysis since all records from cells outside the study area and poorly represented cells have been excluded). Here the primary division is between Queensland [eastern + northern] and the area to the north-west including the Gulf lowlands of Figure 10. Degree cells classified according to the eucalypt species present in Queensland. Further subdivision into five sub-groups (1a to 2b) is them. Groups and sub-groups are derived from the classification in Fig. above i.e: 1 = north-west Australia; 2 = eastern and northern Queensland. 1a = SW strongly supported statistically. Kimberley; 1b = Kimberley & Top End; 1c = semi-arid zone; 2a = central [eastern] Queensland; 2b = & Wet Tropics.

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Eucalypts of Northern Australia

6. Eucalypt species with restricted ranges

Sixteen species and seven subspecies are rated as extremely restricted (priority 1), while 125 species and 21 subspecies were rated as not at all restricted (priority 5). The greatest concentrations of extremely restricted taxa are in the central and north Kimberley and in the White Mountains area south-west of Charters Towers in Queensland. Restricted taxa (i.e. priorities 1-4) are common in the central and north Kimberley, the Top End centred on the Arnhem Plateau, and in and around the Einasleigh Uplands of north Queensland.

Figure 11. Richness of restricted range north Australian eucalypt taxa in degree cells in four cumulative ranked priorities. Priority 1 cells contain extremely restricted taxa Priority 2 cells contain extremely restricted and very restricted taxa Priority 3 cells contain extremely restricted, very restricted and restricted taxa Priority 4 cells contain extremely restricted, very restricted, restricted and somewhat restricted taxa.

Please see Table 1 (p13) for information on Priority 1 species.

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Eucalypts of Northern Australia

7. Threat ratings of Northern Australian eucalypts

Applying IUCN criteria, we assessed 19 north Australian eucalypt taxa as Threatened (three as Endangered, 16 as Vulnerable (Table 2 p15)), and an additional nine as Near Threatened and two as Data Deficient. Seventeen of these assessments were based solely on decline due to clearing (criterion A2b), four were rated on the basis of a combination of rarity and decline due to clearing (criteria B1a,b(ii,v) and B2a,b(ii,v)), and nine taxa were rated on the basis of extreme rarity alone (criteria D1 and/or D2). Taxa we rated as Threatened are strongly concentrated in eastern Queensland. These ratings differ markedly from official listings of Threatened taxa, with the latter seriously under-representing the level of threat but also rating a number of taxa as Threatened which clearly are not. Nine north Australian eucalypt taxa are currently listed as Threatened under State and Commonwealth legislation.

Figure 12. Number of north Australian eucalypt taxa in degree cells: A. listed as threatened; B. listed as of concern; C. rated by us as threatened; and D. rated by us as Near Threatened or Data Deficient.

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Eucalypts of Northern Australia

8. Threats to eucalypts in Northern Australia

The major threat to the persistence of eucalypts in northern Australia is land clearing. Climate change may pose a substantial threat to some populations in the future. Local reduction in populations may occur because of frequent intense fires driven by invasive Gamba Grass and because of rainforest expansion.

Land-clearing is strongly concentrated in the south-east of the study area and also along the Queensland coast north to the Wet Tropics. Targeted assessment of taxa demonstrated indices of clearing of >30% – sufficient to qualify as threatened under IUCN criteria independent of rarity – for eight taxa. A further nine taxa have indices of between 20 and 30%, sufficient to qualify as Near Threatened under IUCN criteria. Five eucalypt Map Units (communities) have been more than 50% cleared and a further three have been 30–50% cleared. Map Units subjected to extensive clearing have not been adequately reserved by way of compensation.

Figure 13. Threats to the persistence of eucalypts across Northern Australia such 10 as broad scale land clearing and changed fire regimes (Gamba grass photos: S Setterfield) (photoes Eucalypts of Northern Australia

9. Reservation status of eucalypt species and communities

Conservation reserves in Northern Australia are concentrated in the higher rainfall regions of the north-west, and along sections of the Queensland coast especially on Cape York Peninsula and in the Wet Tropics. There is considerable complementarity between crown and private reserves in their coverage of taxa and communities.

Eleven species and three subspecies endemic to the study area do not occur in either a crown or private nature reserve, and a further 28 endemic species and ten endemic subspecies have reservation indices of less than 10% (Table 3, p15). 52 have indices <30%.

Twelve of 84 eucalypt community Map Units are not represented in any crown or private conservation reserve, while a further 40 of these community Map Units are poorly represented with less than 10% of their area (and often less than 1%) in conservation reserves.

Figure 14. a) Conservation estate of Northern Australia and extent of land clearing; b) reservation status of eucalypt community Map Units ; c) land clearing status of eucalypt community Map Units

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Eucalypts of Northern Australia

10. Study area and methods

In this study northern Australia is defined as the tropical savanna region plus the embedded Wet Tropics and Central Queensland Coast bioregions.

The investigation used almost 52,000 records from Australia’s Virtual Herbarium, shapefiles of vegetation community Map Units from The Vegetation of the Australian Tropical Savannas (Fox et al, 2001) and the National Vegetation Information System, shapefiles of land clearing and of crown and private conservation reserves, the literature and a miscellany of other sources.

Records from Australia’s Virtual Herbarium were vetted heavily to remove errors. The taxonomic standard employed is that of the Australian Plant Census of 2011. Restrictedness categories are based on Red List criteria relating to Extent of Occurrence and extrapolation to Area of Occurrence and the number of records. Clearing and reservation indices were developed using the location of herbarium records. The threat status of species and subspecies was assessed for their entire range and in strict conformity with Red List criteria from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature.

For more information on any aspects of this summary please see the full report: Franklin DC & Preece ND. 2014. The Eucalypts of Northern Australia: An Assessment of the Conservation Status of Taxa and Communities. A report to the Kimberley to Cape Initiative, March 2014.

Acknowledgements : The Eucalypts of Northern Australia project was kindly funded by the Bjarne K Dahl Trust as part of ‘Kimberley to Cape’, an initiative committed to safeguarding the natural and cultural values of Northern Australia through sustainable development and Figure 15. Study area A. yellow-shading with major towns; B. showing the 21 conservation . The report authors thank Jess Abrahams, Stuart Blanch, Peter Bostock, Barry savanna bioregions (various shades of grey) and two rainforest IBRA bioregions Conn Ian Cowie, Darren Crayn, Gay Crowley, Nick Dosremedios, Kym Dungey, and Rod Fensham, Stephen Garnett, David Gillieson, Paul Gioia, Niels Klazenga, Rob Law, David Martin, (green). Map based on the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia. Andree Slee, Frank Udovicic and Alison Vaughan. Clare Taylor (Kimberley to Cape) takes responsi bility for any errors or omissions from the main text.

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Table 1: Eucalypt species and subspecies of northern Australia rated as “extremely restricted” in this study (ie priority 1 in Fig 11) “Degree cells” are cells of 1° of latitude and longitude and are notated by the whole numbers of latitude and longitude. Thus, for example, “12/130” means the degree cell centred at 12.5° South by 130.5° East (this cell contains the city of Darwin). Common name Scientific name Degree cells Brief description of location Yellow Bloodwood Corymbia aureola 21/148, 22/147, 22/148, 23/148 sub-coastal central Queensland Twin-leaved Bloodwood Corymbia cadophora subsp. pliantha 15/126, 16/126, 16/127 central and west Kimberley, WA - Corymbia cadophora subsp. polychroma 16/128 east Kimberley, WA - Corymbia clavigera 13/126, 14/124, 14/125, coast and islands of north-west Kimberley, WA 14/126, 15/125 Cable Beach Ghost Gum Corymbia paractia 17/122, 18/122 coast near Broome, WA - Corymbia sp. Pentland Hills 20/145 Pentland Hills, SW of Charters Towers, Qld - Corymbia sp. Springsure 24/148 near Springsure, Qld - Corymbia torta subsp. allanii 14/125, 14/126 north-west Kimberley, WA - Corymbia torta subsp. mixtifolia 14/126, 14/127 north Kimberley, WA - Corymbia torta subsp. torta 15/125, 16/125, 16/126, 17/127 , WA Seppelt Range Yellowjacket Eucalyptus ceracea 14/127 Seppelt Range, north Kimberley, WA Kimberley Box Eucalyptus costuligera 15/127, 16/126, 16/127 between El Questro & Gibb River, Kimberley, WA Lolworth Range Ironbark Eucalyptus farinosa 20/145 north of Pentland, Qld Broad-leaved Box Eucalyptus fitzgeraldii 14/126, 15/124, 16/125, 16/126 central & north-west Kimberley, WA Kakadu Woollybutt Eucalyptus gigantangion 12/132, 12/133, 13/132 Kakadu National Park & vicinity, NT Gregory Gum Eucalyptus gregoriensis 16/130 Gregory National Park, NT Kenneally’s White Gum Eucalyptus kenneallyi 15/124, 16/123 coastal north-west Kimberley, WA Koolpin Box Eucalyptus koolpinensis 13/132, 13/133 southern Kakadu National Park & vicinity, NT Northern Peppermint Eucalyptus lockyeri subsp. lockyeri 17/145 western Atherton Tableland, Qld Mt Isa Mallee Eucalyptus nudicaulis 20/139, 20/140 vicinity of Mt Isa, Qld Broad-leaved Box Eucalyptus oligantha subsp. modica 14/127, 15/127, 16/126 central to north-east Kimberley, WA Springsure Ironbark Eucalyptus sicilifolia 23/148, 24/148 near Springsure, Qld - Eucalyptus sp. Mt Hope Homestead 19/145, 19/146, 20/145, sub-coastal central Queensland 20/146, 21/146

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Eucalypts of Northern Australia

Table 2: Eucalypt species and subspecies of northern Australia assessed by us as threatened (Endangered or Vulnerable). Assessed Common name Scientific name status Basis for assessment IUCN Criterion Dawson River Blackbutt Eucalyptus cambageana Endangered Extensive land clearing A2b Black Ironbox Eucalyptus raveretiana Endangered Extensive land clearing A2b Springsure Ironbark Eucalyptus sicilifolia Endangered Rarity, clearing, and threat of clearing B1a,b(ii,v)B2a,b(ii,v) - Corymbia cadophora subsp. polychroma Vulnerable Extreme rarity D1, D2 Dallachy’s Ghost Gum Corymbia dallachiana Vulnerable Extensive land clearing A2b Red Bloodwood Corymbia erythrophloia Vulnerable Extensive land clearing A2b Paluma Range Yellowjacket Corymbia leptoloma Vulnerable Extreme rarity D2 Cable Beach Ghost Gum Corymbia paractia Vulnerable Rarity and threat of clearing B1ab(ii,v) - Corymbia sp. Pentland Hills Vulnerable Extreme rarity D2 - Corymbia sp. Springsure Vulnerable Extreme rarity D2 Cadaghi Corymbia torelliana Vulnerable Extensive land clearing A2b Queensland Peppermint Eucalyptus exserta Vulnerable Extensive land clearing A2b Lolworth Range Ironbark Eucalyptus farinosa Vulnerable Extreme rarity D2 Kenneally’s White Gum Eucalyptus kenneallyi Vulnerable Extreme rarity D2 Koolpin Box Eucalyptus koolpinensis Vulnerable Extreme rarity D2 Mt Isa Mallee Eucalyptus nudicaulis Vulnerable Rarity and threat of clearing B1a,b(ii,v) Mt Stuart Ironbark Eucalyptus paedoglauca Vulnerable Rarity and threat of clearing B1a,b(ii,v) Poplar Gum Eucalyptus platyphylla Vulnerable Extensive land clearing A2b Narrow-leaved White Mahogany Eucalyptus tenuipes Vulnerable Extensive land clearing A2b

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Table 3: Poorly-reserved (<10%) eucalypt species and subspecies endemic to northern Australia. Reservation percentages are an index: the % of unique herbarium records that are from reserves. Crown reserves include national parks and other crown-run land committed primarily to conservation. Private reserves are Indigenous Protected Areas and properties managed by the Australian Wildlife Conservancy and Bush Heritage Australia. Common name Scientific name Reservation % Common name Scientific name Reservation % crown private total crown private total Twin-leaved Corymbia cadophora subsp. pliantha 0.0 0.0 0.0 Queensland Woollybutt Eucalyptus chartaboma 2.7 0.0 2.7 Bloodwood - Corymbia cadophora subsp. 0.0 0.0 0.0 Reid River Box Eucalyptus brownii 3.0 0.0 3.0 polychroma Drummond Range Corymbia clandestina 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rustyjacket Corymbia peltata 3.2 0.0 3.2 Bloodwood Greenvale Bloodwood Corymbia ligans 0.0 0.0 0.0 Queensland Yellowjacket Eucalyptus similis 3.5 0.0 3.5 Cable Beach Ghost Corymbia paractia 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gilbert River Box Eucalyptus microneura 3.7 0.0 3.7 Gum - Corymbia sp. Pentland Hills 0.0 0.0 0.0 Broad-leaved Box Eucalyptus oligantha subsp. 3.8 0.0 3.8 oligantha - Corymbia sp. Springsure 0.0 0.0 0.0 Pindan Ghost Gum Corymbia dendromerinx 0.0 4.1 4.1 - Corymbia torta subsp. mixtifolia 0.0 0.0 0.0 Glen Geddes Bloodwood Corymbia xanthope 5.4 0.0 5.4 Lolworth Range Eucalyptus farinosa 0.0 0.0 0.0 Red Bloodwood Corymbia ellipsoidea 5.7 0.0 5.7 Ironbark Kenneally’s White Gum Eucalyptus kenneallyi 0.0 0.0 0.0 Newcastle Range Box Eucalyptus provecta 5.9 0.0 5.9 Mt Isa Mallee Eucalyptus nudicaulis 0.0 0.0 0.0 Seppelt Range Eucalyptus ceracea 0.0 6.1 6.1 Yellowjacket Kununurra Gum Eucalyptus ordiana 0.0 0.0 0.0 Redthroated Bloodwood Corymbia rhodops 6.3 0.0 6.3 Mt Stuart Ironbark Eucalyptus paedoglauca 0.0 0.0 0.0 Knotted Box Eucalyptus persistens 6.6 0.9 7.5 - Eucalyptus sp. Mt Hope Homestead 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rusty Bloodwood Corymbia umbonata 7.5 0.0 7.5 White’s Ironbark Eucalyptus whitei 0.6 0.0 0.6 Yellow Bloodwood Corymbia aureola 8.3 0.0 8.3 Georgetown Corymbia pocillum 2.0 0.0 2.0 Lemon-scented Ironbark Eucalyptus staigeriana 8.5 0.0 8.5 Bloodwood Pumpkin Gum Eucalyptus pachycalyx subsp. 1.1 1.1 2.1 Northern Peppermint Eucalyptus lockyeri subsp. 8.8 0.0 8.8 pachycalyx lockyeri Blotchy Bloodwood Corymbia stockeri subsp. stockeri 0.0 2.2 2.2 Cabbage Gum Corymbia grandifolia subsp. 5.8 3.3 9.1 grandifolia Cloncurry Box Eucalyptus leucophylla 2.6 0.0 2.6 Chillagoe Ghost Gum Corymbia x chillagoensis 0.0 9.4 9.4

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