DOCSLIB.ORG

1894 Tonghak Rebellion

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1894 Tonghak Rebellion Jun Ray 1894 Tonghak Rebellion Context: ● Religious cult founded 1800s inspired by the Taiping Rebellion in China ○ Founded by Ch’oe Ch’u by incorporating traditional Korean Shamanism, Neo-Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism ● Gained popularity amongst peasants, over 100 peasant uprisings during 1860s ○ Movement was banned and Ch’oe was decapitated in 1864 but continued to gain adherents ● Religious movement moved into socio-political movement that advocated Tonghak, “Eastern ​ ​ learning” ○ Nationalist, anti-imperialist against Sohak, “Western learning”. ​ ​ ○ Pushed for democracy and equality against exploitation by Korean Yangban class Tonghak Rebellion ● Peasant uprisings emerged in spring of 1894 ● Movement which had moved underground Cause #1: Foreign encroachment bred anti-foreigner mindset (External) Western intrusion (LT) LT: Series of altercations with American and European ​ First American Mission 1866 powers bred distrust and animosity ● General Sherman attempted to open up Korea → Nationalistic response towards external pressures French Mission 1866 from powers China, Japan, USA and European ● France sent expedition of 7 ships colonial powers 1871 American Mission ● 5 ships, 85 guns, 1230 personnel ● Americans destroyed forts Choji, Tokchin, Kwangsong 1875 Japan gunboat expedition Hsu - Tonghak Rebellion was religious in nature with ​ ● Unyo Japanese ship entered Korean waters nationalistic overtones that morphed its political ● Korean coastal defence fired upon Unyo in nature Ganghwa Bay Intensification in mid-term: 1876 Japanese gunboat diplomacy Reaction towards Japan’s economic and political ● Sent 6 naval vessels imperialism ● Forced Korea to open up 3 ports and grant extraterritoriality LT cause: Hermit Kingdom, isolated from West. ​ ● No foreign vested interests to deter Japanese Catalysed a series of concessions encroachment. ​ Jun Ray ● 1882 Treaty of Amity and Commerce with America Accelerated crumbling of sovereignty following 1876 ​ ● 1883 treaty with Britain Ganghwa Treaty ● 1884 treaty with Russia → Led to a reactionary surge in anti-foreign ● 1885 Britain occupied Port Hamilton and sentiments amidst Korean population Geomun island Cause #2 : Economic distress due to class divisions and systemic exploitation (long-term, internal) Long-term exploitation of peasant class Seth: Primary cause of Tonghak rebellion was chronic ​ resentment of corrupt local officials Exorbitant tax rates extorted by corrupt officials ● 3 major taxes: military, farmland and grain Evaluation against Hsu: Internal more significant ​ ​ ● Aristocratic Yangban class did not pay taxes than external Long-term undercurrent of animosity of peasants due ​ ​ → Incited series of uprisings in 1860s to punitive taxation rates ● Over 100 peasant rebellions, predominantly ● Gave rise to ideological roots of Tonghak in South movement ● March 1862: tax-resistant peasant revolts in ● Founder Ch’oe Ch’u disillusioned with social Chinju (southern city) structure of Korea ○ Spread to 79 out of 330 districts ○ Advocated class equality and ○ Thousands of peasants murdered democracy local officials and merchants Wider scale of societal degeneration and decline ​ Trade resulting from 1876 Opening ● Korean political leaders inept, unable to 1. Influx of Japanese merchants in trading ports govern internal affairs ● Forced opening of ports to Japan ● 1864: Decapitation of Ch’oe and banning of ○ Busan, Wonsan, Incheon Tonghak movement, but it flourished ● Permitted Japanese merchants to unhindered underground trade, residence in open ports ○ 1892 - 100,000 members, strong political ambitions 2. Exploitation of Korean resources ○ Came up with 27 proposed reforms ● Korean rice and soybean exported to Japan ○ Shortages: substitutes like millet External: Exacerbated by foreign encroachment ​ ● Japanese zaibatsu and fishing companies ● 3-fold grievances: taxes, corruption and entered Korean seas foreign encroachment ○ Undercut Korean fishermen ○ Compounded long-term frustrations disillusioned peasantry 3. China ● 1882 China-Korea treaty → SETH accounts for long-term trends ​ ​ ○ Chinese merchants right to conduct overland and maritime business freely Cause #3: Government inciting nationwide revolts through bogus laws to extort taxes (TRIGGER, 1894) Jun Ray Cho Pyong Gap, ruling official in Kobu Evaluation: Construction of Manseokbo Reservoir ● Built Manseokbo reservoir under existing Min greatest source of fury Reservoir ● Needless construction caused flooding, ○ Extorted water taxes from peasants creating widespread damage on agriculture ○ 2 sacks of rice for upper reservoir, 1 sack of rice for using lower Trigger: Rebellion originated in rural South ​ reservoir ● Scale rapidly broadened due to network of ​ ○ Collected 700 sacks of rice Tonghak ● Fined peasants for questionable crimes like ○ Many regional leaders “lack of harmony” and “infidelity” ● Spread to neighbouring Taein ○ Collected 20,000 nyang (US$1.4 ● Seized fort at Jeonju, signed Jeonju truce million) ● Taxed 1000 nyang to build monument to father ● Forced peasants to settle in unowned lands to collect taxes ● Corruption: sent sacks of spoiled rice to central government in Seoul → widespread unrest and demonstrations broke out in Kobu. Consequence #1: Intensified Sino-Japanese rivalry, catalysed outbreak of Sino-Japanese War Kyung: Long-term inexperience of Korean FP Escalation of Chinese and Japanese military presence ● Chronic over-reliance on foreign intervention ​ to prop up tenuous rule ● Gojong appealed to Qing government for assistance in quelling rebellion Cumings: Japan sought imperialistic privileges in ○ YSK led 1500 troops Korea akin to Western privileges in Japan and China ● Japan sent in reinforcements without warning nor permission, crushed peasant Opportunism of Japan: army ​ Created crucial opportunity for Japan to escalate ○ 8000 troops by June 1894 Sino-Japanese rivalry over Korea under the pretense → Japan accused China of violating 1885 Tianjin of aiding Joseon government in suppressing rebels Convention, inflaming tensions Outbreak of SJW 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki ● July 1894 Pungdo Incident 1. Shifted regional geopolitical balance of power ○ Japan fired on British steamer and Korea’s position within it Kowshing carrying Chinese ○ Tributary state of China gained reinforcements to Korea “independence” ● 1 August 1894 war declared ○ Under Japan’s sphere of influence Jun Ray 2. Long-term: Would culminate in annexation of ​ Korea in 1910 ○ Pro-Japanese government formed ○ Economic + political imperialism to territorial imperialism Consequence #2: Impetus for period of modernisation through Gabo Reforms Peasants of Tonghak rebellion proposed 27 reforms, Seth: Rebellion forced government to break away some of which were included in the Gabo reforms from historical tradition by making concessions to (1894-96) peasants Deliberate Council issued 208 reform bills :) Evaluation: Shifted traditional structure by allowing ​ ​ ● Korea became sovereign country, no longer most oppressed sector of society to gain political homage to China representation ● Abolishment of feudal system ○ Ending class discrimination :) Scale: Wide and sweeping set of reforms ​ ​ ● Abolishment of slave trade ● Korean politics, education, society ● Right for widows to remarry :( Depth of penetration - ​ ​ ● Superficiality of government concessions - ​ refused to grant land reform, most urgent demand from peasants ○ Instead Japanese owned 40% of Korean land :( Decentralised nature of Tonghak movement ​ ● Provinces pushed for reforms instead of streamlined nationwide movement ● Limited political bargaining power :( Carried out under Japanese coercion ​ ● Pro-Japanese cabinet created Deliberate Council as reform organ ● Reinforced underlying problem of growing Japanese political encroachment ● Modernisation historically under foreign aegis ○ EG 1881 Tongdo Sogi movement ​ ​ under Chinese → Korea unable to divorce from foreign influence Consequence #3: Ideological influences of Tonghak movement Tonghak religion modified Cumings: Donghak influenced Korean peasants for ● Son Byeong Hui renamed Tonghak decades thereafter as an early stimulant of Korean Jun Ray “Cheondoism” due to persecution of rebels nationalism ○ Legalised in 1905 ● Former rebels became nationalists and Sparked revolutionary spirit and notion of collective ​ independence activists political consciousness ● Awakened Korean nationalism amongst lower social classes that would persist even after being suppressed ● Long-term, post-1910 : peasant-organised ​ militias, raids and ambushes against Japanese colonisation Longevity of Tonghak ideology in the Heavenly Way ​ Movement ● Paved the way for modern reforms through the lifting of semi-feudal restrictions on Korea ● Commercial and industrial efforts less limited by class restrictions .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Resource62314 0.Pdf
    Daesoon Jinrihoe A New Religion Emerging from Traditional East Asian Philosophy Copyright ⓒ The Daesoon Academy of Sciences 2016 All Rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of The Daesoon Academy of Sciences. First Paperback printing June 30, 2016 Daesoonjinrihoe Press 875, Gangcheon-ro, Gangcheon-myeon Yeoju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea, 12616 A CIP catalogue record of the National Library of Korea for this book is available at the homepage of CIP(http://seoji.nl.go.kr) and Korean Library Information System Network(http://www.nl.go.kr/kolisnet). CIP Control No. : CIP2016015603 Find The Daesoon Academy of Sciences here : Homepage : http://www.daos.or.kr E-mail : [email protected] ISBN 978-89-954862-7-6 Contents Preface 1 Daesoon Sasang: A quintessential Korean philosophy 1 Don Baker 2 Kang Jeungsan: Trials and Triumphs of a Visionary Pacifist/Nationalist, 1894-1909 17 Key Ray Chong 3 The Correlative Cosmology of Daesoon and Ecology 59 Young Woon Ko 4 Daesoonjinrihoe’s Religious Thought: From a Confucian and Comparative Perspective 85 Edward Chung 5 Truth and Spatial Imagination: Buddhist Thought and Daesoonjinrihoe 113 Jin Y. Park 6 Hoo‐cheon‐gae‐byeok as a Korean Idea of Eschaton: 135 A Comparative Study of Eschatology between Christianity and Daesoon Thought Hiheon Kim 7 Investigating Daesoon Thought: A Korean New Reiligion’s Approach to 157 Identifying and Creatively Sublimating the Values of Korea’s Traditional Religions Gyungwon Lee 8 Kang Jeungsan’s Taoistic Tendency and the Taoism Elements of Mugeukdo 187 Namsik Ko 9 The History and Theology of Daesoonjinrihoe 199 Daesoon Institute of Religion and Culture Preface ⅰ Preface Daesoon thought is a comprehensive system of truth representing the Great Dao of ‘resolution of grievances into mutual beneficence’.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Torrey.Dissertation.Pdf
    The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Department of Comparative Literature SET APART BY MIND AND SOUL: SUBJECTIVITY IN THE WRITINGS OF EARLY KOREAN CATHOLICS A Dissertation in Comparative Literature by Deberniere J. Torrey 2010 Deberniere J. Torrey Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2010 The dissertation of Deberniere J. Torrey was reviewed and approved* by the following: Thomas O. Beebee Distinguished Professor of Comparative Literature and German Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee Ronnie Hsia Edwin Earle Sparks Professor of History Alexander C.Y. Huang Assistant Professor of Comparative Literature, Chinese, and Asian Studies Richard Nichols Professor Emeritus of Theater Arts Donald Baker Director, Centre for Korean Research Associate Professor, Department of Asian Studies, University of British Columbia Special Member Cho Sung-Won Professor of English Language and Literature, Seoul Women’s University Special Signatory Caroline D. Eckhardt Head, Department of Comparative Literature Director, School of Languages and Literatures *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School. iii ABSTRACT In Korean intellectual historiography, engagement with Western Catholic thought is cited as one of several influences contributing to the epistemic change that marked the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. However, studies of this influence have thus far been limited to intellectual and social historiography. This project helps to complete the general picture and to
    [Show full text]
  • Values in the Global Age and the Life Spiritualism of Donghak
    Korea Journal, vol. 55, no. 3 (autumn 2015): 103-134. © Korean National Commission for UNESCO, 2015 Values in the Global Age and the Life Spiritualism of Donghak HONG Yong-hee Abstract This article examines the life spiritualism of Donghak, one of the representative Korean national religions, to establish the relevance of Donghak in the search for metaphysical references for a new value system in the global age. The current reign of multinational corporations and recent leaps in information technology have turned the whole world into a single mega society that defies the traditional world order characterized by blocks of nation states. This change—in the way the different parts of the world are connected—presents a new challenge for humanity: the need to establish a global com- munity governed by the idea of peace and a respect for life. The road map to this new community begins with a step, and this step consolidates a value system that helps to supersede the refuse of the old world order such as war, materialism, alienation, racial, and sexual discrimination, and environmental destruction. Donghak ideals can be of great help in this venture towards a new global community, and thus, this study on Donghak’s life spiritualism suggests a way of utilizing one of the most traditional Kore- an value systems in trailblazing a path towards a new value system—much needed in the emerging global order. Keywords: globalization, global community, Donghak, life and peace, cosmic com- munity, world view, neo-humanism, value systems HONG Yong-hee is Professor in the Department of Creative Arts and Media at Kyung Hee Cyber University.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Universal to the National the Question of Language and Writing in Twentieth-Century Korea*
    Journal of World Literature 1 (2016) 245–258 brill.com/jwl From the Universal to the National The Question of Language and Writing in Twentieth-Century Korea* Lim HyungTaek Sungkyunkwan University [email protected] Abstract With the advent of western modernity towards the end of the nineteenth century, the Chinese scriptworld deconstructed. This was the greatest transformation to take place in this region in all of its recorded history, for that history began in Chinese script. China, Japan, Vietnam, and Korea all used the Chinese script but used it in different ways. The universal system was developed uniquely in each case in interaction with the vernacular. This paper will examine the ways in which Korea adopted and negotiated with the Universal script and how Chinese writing developed with respect to Korean speech. It will conclude with some observations on the tensions brought to bear on the Chinese scriptworld by nationalization and westernization. Keywords Chinese Scriptworld – nationalization – Westernization – Korean National Language * Translated by Sowon S. Park. Translator’s note: This translation is a slightly shortened version of the Korean original, which is a revised and expanded version of the paper presented by the author at the 2015 East Asian Critical Journal Conference held at Lingnan University in Hong Kong on 30–31 May on the theme of “Colonialism in Asia (殖民亞洲)”. While the essay refers to texts most of which have not been translated into English, readers need not be familiar with the literature cited in the essay for them to follow the argument. In undertaking the translation of this essay, every attempt was made to preserve the author’s tone and style wherever possible.
    [Show full text]
  • The Written Voice of Korea — Suomi
    15.10.2018 The written voice of Korea — Suomi (https://www.kieliverkosto.fi/fi) The written voice of Korea The theme of language and nationalism may be approached via various routes. Among these, I choose Hangul, the invented alphabet of Korea, which, I believe, Koreans can by no means separate from the language. To the Korean people, Hangul is the very Korean language and vice versa. They tend to identify the Korean language and its alphabet as a unity, like the body and the soul. It is not rare for Korean-language teachers abroad to be misaddressed as Hangul teachers. I presume that the unity in the Korean mind has been concretely formed through the turmoil of late modern history, although Hangul has been influencing Korean society since the 1440s. To look at ‘language and nationalism’ in Korea, this article begins with the birth of Hangul. Julkaistu: 11. lokakuuta 2018 | Kirjoittanut: Jeong-Young Kim Picture 1. The Korean alphabet: taken from the Korean Grammar, G. J. Ramstedt (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf_John_Ramstedt) (1939: 1, 45) The laborious birth in 1443 For a long time from the foundation of the first Korean kingdom, learned people used borrowed Chinese characters to read and write, even though both spoken and written Chinese was fundamentally different from Korean. They were the only tools for recording speech and thought https://www.kieliverkosto.fi/fi/journals/kieli-koulutus-ja-yhteiskunta-lokakuu-2018/the-written-voice-of-korea 1/7 15.10.2018 The written voice of Korea — Suomi in Korean. Writing in Chinese characters adapted to Korean, the writing systems called Idu, Gugyeol, Hyangchal and Gakpil appeared; yet, none of them was efficient enough for the native language.
    [Show full text]
  • Dress and Ideology During the Late 19
    International Journal of Costume and Fashion Vol. 11 No. 1, Jun 2011, pp. 15-33 th Dress and Ideology during the late 19 and Dress and Ideology during th 1) the late 19th and early 20 centuries Korea, 1876~1945 early 20th centuries Korea, Min-Jung Lee+ ․ Min-Ja Kim* 1876~1945 Costume Designer, KBS Arts Vision, Seoul, Korea+ Professor, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea* (Received December 14, 2010; Revised January 21, 2011; Accepted February 23, 2011) Abstract The late 19th and early 20th centuries of Korea were the times when the Confucianism (性理 學) ideology was shaken heavily under the influences of modernism and capitalism by Western and Japanese military and political-economic forces. Under such circumstances, alteration of clothing was much influenced by ideologies than changes in social structure or technological advance. In this study, an ideology was defined as "the force which drives people into a particular social order". Ideologies were postulated as an ongoing process of socialization with dialectic features rather than being a static state. Comparative analyses on conflict structures and different clothing patterns symbolizing the ideolo- gies of the Ruling (支配) and the Opposition (對抗) were conducted. Investigating dresses as representa- tions of ideologies is to reconsider the notion of dichotomous confrontation between the conservatives (守 舊派) and the progressives (開化派) and a recognition of Koreans’ passively accepting modernity during the Japanese occupation. This may also have contributed to enlightening Koreans about modernization. Here are the results. First, the theoretical review found that ideologies were represented by not only symbols of discourse, but also dresses, and that dresses embodied both physical and conceptual systems presenting differences between ideologies and their natures, Second, during the late 19th century Korea, conflict between conservatives' Hanbok (韓服) and progressives' Western suits (洋服) was found.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mystic Universality and Ethicality of Donghak (東東東學學學, Eastern Learning)
    religions Article The Basis for Coexistence Found from within: The Mystic Universality and Ethicality of Donghak (qqqxxx, Eastern Learning) Haeyoung Seong College of Humanities, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; [email protected] Received: 31 March 2020; Accepted: 21 May 2020; Published: 23 May 2020 Abstract: The rush of Western civilization, headed by Christianity, caused a considerable identity crisis in the 19th century Joseon dynasty. The founder of Donghak qx, Suun Choe Je-u 4雲 崔濟愚, sought a way out of the crisis through religion. Suun contended that the religions of both east and west are grounded in the same Way of Heaven, and that it can be ascertained through an experience of mystical union induced by chanting a 21-character incantation. He also emphasized the importance of practicing this Way of Heaven in real life. According to him, the Western invasion is an act of selfishness, and goes against the Heavenly Way. The Heavenly Way is considered a foundation that enables communication and coexistence in a religiously diverse society. Despite the fact that his belief in the universality of the Heavenly Way is based on a personal experience—which is problematic to all mysticisms—Donghak provided a powerful discourse to deal with a variety of challenges of his time. In this age of religious pluralism, Suun’s universalism is significant in exploring the intellectual and spiritual foundation of the modern pluralistic thoughts of Korea. Keywords: Suun Choe Je-u; Joseon dynasty; Donghak; religious pluralism; mysticism; universalism; ethics; perennial philosophy 1. Suun Choe Je-u 444雲雲雲 崔崔崔濟濟濟愚愚愚 and Donghak qqqxxx or Eastern Learning During the 19th century, the Joseon dynasty was going through a number of problems both domestic and foreign.1 From within, it was suffering from political chaos; from without, stronger nations such as Russia, China and Japan were out to exploit it.
    [Show full text]
  • Eui-Am Is the Pseudonym of Son Byong-Hi, Leader of the Korean Independence Movement on March 1, 1919
    © ITFNZ Inc 2016 EUI – AM By James Simpson (II Dan) Eui-Am is the pseudonym of Son Byong-Hi, leader of the Korean Independence movement on March 1, 1919. The 45 movements refer to his age when he changed the name of Dong Hak (Oriental culture) to Chondo Kyo (Heavenly Way religion) in 1905. The diagram represents his Indomitable Spirit, displayed while dedicating himself to the prosperity of his nation. One of the requirements of the disciplinary martial art of Taekwon Do is a ‘pattern’. A pattern is a series of movements performed in combinations and sequences. These movements represent offensive and defensive techniques which, when displayed, show a student’s mental and physical ability. It is also part of an assessment and evaluation process used for competition and grading purposes. The founder of Taekwon Do, General Choi Hong Hi, states that there are a total of 24 ‘patterns’. The reasons for the 24 patterns are – The life of a human being, perhaps 100 years, can be considered as a day when compared with eternity. Therefore, we mortals are no more than simple travellers who pass by the eternal years of an eon in a day. It is evident that no one can live more than a limited amount of time. Nevertheless, most people foolishly enslave themselves to materialism as if they could live for thousands of years. And some people strive to bequeath a good spiritual legacy for coming generations, in this way gaining immortality. Obviously, the spirit is perpetual while material is not. Therefore, what we can do to leave behind something for the welfare of mankind is, perhaps, the most important thing in our lives.
    [Show full text]
  • The Korean Understanding of God*
    Sangtai Shim / The Korean Understanding of God 133 ❚Special Issue❚ Understanding God in the Asian Context □ Catholic Theology and Thought, Vol. 77, Summer 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.21731/ctat.2016.77.133 ISSN(print) 1225-4924; ISSN(online) 1225-2564 The Korean Understanding of God* 1 Emeritus Prof. Msgr. Sangtai Shim 〔Suwon Catholic University, Korea; Director of the Korean Christian Thought Institute〕 Ⅰ. Opening Remarks Ⅱ. Pre-Modern Korean Concepts of God Ⅲ. Donghak ― The Korean Understanding of God in Cheondoism Ⅳ. The Theological Significance of the Korean Understanding of God Ⅴ. Concluding Remarks I. Opening Remarks I am grateful to the College of Theology, Catholic University of Korea, and the organisers of this symposium on the Asian Understanding of God for the invitation to prepare and present this paper. As I begin I wish to take a brief moment to express some personal observations and the basic directions of my presentation. *1This research paper is commissioned, supported, and originally published by the Founda- tion of Theology and Thought, 2016. This paper was translated from the original Korean by Patrick McMullan, SSC. 134 Understanding God in the Asian Context 1. In early 1976, forty years ago, I began my professional career as a public theologian and professor. In those days, unlike today, there were few qualified scholars which meant from the beginning of my appoint- ment I had to lecture in, amongst other theological disciplines, Concep- tions of God and the Trinity, Soteriology, Mariology and Eschatology. However, and despite moving in 1990 to the newly established Catholic University in Suwon, I have consistently taught the Conceptions of God and the Trinity tract.
    [Show full text]
  • Problems in Researching Korean New Religions: a Case Study of Daesoon Jinrihoe
    $ The Journal of CESNUR $ Problems in Researching Korean New Religions: A Case Study of Daesoon Jinrihoe Yoon Yongbok The Asian Institute for Religions, Seoul [email protected] Massimo Introvigne CESNUR (Center for Studies on New Religions) [email protected] ABSTRACT: From the birth of Donghak in 1860, some 500 new religions have been established in Korea. More than 100 of them were, or are, part of the “Jeungsanist” family, which recognizes Kang Jeungsan (1871–1909) as the incarnated Supreme God. Korean scholars have tried to identify common features of both Korean new religions and “Jeungsanism.” Kang Don-Ku and others have criticized this approach, claiming that generalizations should be based on a sufficient number of ethnographic studies of single new religions, which are still lacking. Worse still, some studies of Korean new religions are based on hostile accounts published by rival religionists rather than on primary sources. The article discusses problems on studying Korean new religions, and criticizes the article by John Jorgensen on Daesoon Jinrihoe, the largest Jeungsanist religion, published in the 2018 Brill’s Handbook of East Asian New Religious Movements, as a somewhat typical example of these problems. KEYWORDS: Korean New Religions, Kang Jeungsan, Jeungsanism, Daesoon Jinrihoe, John Jorgensen. Introduction Half of the Korean population professes a faith, whereas the other half does not. Those who claim a faith can be divided into two groups: devotees of Western religions and devotees of Eastern religions. A unique feature of Korea’s religious demographics is that religious Koreans and non-religious Koreans, as well as adherents of Western religions and adherents of Eastern religions are all The Journal of CESNUR, Volume 2, Issue 5, September—October 2018, pages 84—107.
    [Show full text]
  • "Christianity and the Non-Christian Religion," in Christianity and Other Religions, Ed
    The Religious Synthesis of Choe Je-U as a Nineteenth Centurp Theological paradigm for Korean Minjung Theology. by Sang Sin Ahn A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Theology Rmmanuel College, Toronto School of Theology, Toronto. March, 1997. National Library Biblioth&que nationale I*I ofCanada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Senrikes services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington OttawaON K1AON4 OttawaON KIA ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde me licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliotheque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prZter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format Bectronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriete du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protege cette these. thesis nor substantial extracts &om it Ni la these ni des extraits substantiek may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent Stre imprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. CONTENTS Preface INTRODUCTION 1 1. The Issues and the Problems 1 2. Methodology 8 I. TEEN: THE NINETEENTH CENTURY BPIRITUAL WORLD OF CHOE JE-U WmJN) 12 1. The Methodological Past of Suun: Religious Context 12 1) Confucianism 12 The Ideas of Tae Guk (Supreme Ultimate; Ttai Chi, in Chinese) and Li-Ki (Chli) 14 T1ai Chi in I Ching 15 Chou Tun-i (Chou Lien-hsi, 1017-1073) and T'ai Chi T1u 18 Chu Hsi 23 Some Buddhist Influence on Chu ~si and Li-Ch i Philosophy 28 2) Li-Ki Debates in Korea a.
    [Show full text]
  • Memory of the Donghak Peasant Uprising and the Sino-Japanese War: a Focus on the July 7, 1894 Incident Japanese Military Possession of the Joseon Palace
    Japan’s “Distorted” Memory of the Donghak Peasant Uprising and the Sino-Japanese War: A Focus on the July 7, 1894 Incident Japanese Military Possession of the Joseon Palace Park Maeng-soo The purpose of this article is to elucidate the Japanese people’s memory of Japanese plundering in Asia at the end of the nineteenth century that started the Donghak Peasant Uprising and Sino-Japanese War. Below, each of the total six sections of this essay will be summarized. The first section presents the backdrop of the currently existing Japanese right-wing phenomenon that helped elect Ishihara Shintaro into office, and highlights how histori- cal understanding becomes beautified and “distorted” with an in-depth analysis of the nineteenth century, when Japanese plunder in Asia sparked the Donghak Peasant and Sino-Japanese Wars. The second section covers the distortions of Japanese historical textbooks as repre- sented in the Saeroun yeoksa gyogwaseo (The New History Textbook), issued in 2001, and analyzes the related accounts between the rise of the Donghak Peasant and Sino- Japanese Wars and points out how this historical “distorted” memory actually gets reproduced in contemporary Japanese society. The third section analyzes the deeply rooted history of Japanese distorted facts concerning the Donghak Peasant and Sino-Japanese Wars, starting with the “royal edict propaganda” of 1894, the government’s first history textbook, official military histories, and clears up the facts of where the formation of Japanese “distorted” memo- ry originated by looking at similar past textbooks, war history books, researchers, etc. The fourth section clears up nothing less than the origin of the Japanese “distort- ed” memory of the Donghak Peasant and Sino-Japanese Wars - the facts about the first use of armed forces to “seize the Joseon Royal Palace incident” that started the Donghak War and related historical materials that were, from the outset, fabricated by the Japanese government administrators and militarists.
    [Show full text]