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Beauty, Well-Being and Prosperity Bonnie Greer Contents People and places: essay five Beauty, well-being and prosperity Bonnie Greer Contents Published in 2010 by the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment. Graphic design by CABE Introduction 5 Cover photo: Beaumont Leys and Stocking Farm Sure Start, Leicestershire by Groundworks A study of beauty 7 Architects © Joe D Miles The views expressed in this publication are the What does beauty mean to us? 12 author’s and do not neccessarily reflect those of CABE. About the author 16 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, copied or transmitted without the prior written consent of the publisher except that the material may be photocopied for non-commercial purposes without permission from the publisher. CABE is the government’s advisor on architecture, urban design and public space. As a public body, we encourage policy makers to create places that work for people. We help local planners apply national design policy and offer expert advice to developers and architects. We show public sector clients how to commission buildings that meet the needs of their users. And we seek to inspire the public to demand more from their buildings and spaces. Advising, influencing and inspiring, we work to create welldesigned, welcoming places. CABE 1 Kemble Street London WC2B 4AN T 020 7070 6700 F 020 7070 6777 E [email protected] www.cabe.org.uk Each year the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) provides approximately £112 million from the Government to support research and postgraduate study in the arts and humanities, from languages and law, archaeology and English literature to design and creative and performing arts. AHRC Polaris House North Star Avenue Swindon SN2 1FL T 01793 41 6000 E [email protected] www.ahrc.ac.uk This document is available in alternative formats on request from the publisher. 3 TheParthenon, Athens, Greece ©Flickr/ roblisameehan Introduction Beauty is a We have a notion of beauty as something frivolous: necessary a tool for the indolent; the domain of the rich, component the powerful; and of those lucky enough to see of our very it or have it. But beauty is more than that; it is a existence necessary component of our very existence. We are hardwired to respond to beauty. Our love of beauty has evolved, specifically its little sister ‘cute’. The big eyes, fat cheeks, and round body of the human infant encourage us to care for our young. If we did not consider babies beautiful, we would leave them to die. One of prehistoric human’s responses to the animal life around them was to etch and paint these animals on the walls of their caves. Making them into art and rendering them beautiful was a natural response – a way to help make sense of a hostile and confusing world. Certain clans in sub-Saharan Africa celebrate male beauty. The men prance and parade in front of the womenfolk, preening openly in a bid to attract and win them as wives. For them, male beauty is a sign of reproductive success. We do the same thing but call it sport…or war. In ancient Britain, tribes sang songs of praise to the beauty of their chief which signified the wellbeing of the gods and therefore blessings and success for the people. Before the Reformation, churches, monasteries, 4 5 A study of beauty Mathematicians cathedrals and other places of worship in England, Endangered native species of plants and insects use the word Scotland and Wales, were full of intense colour. have recently been given English names by the ‘beauty’ more Making these places transmitters of beauty aided public. The conservationists who created the than artists. and encouraged worship – colour and glorious contest to name these species believed that if statuary stimulated contemplation, prayer, silence, people could come up with names they thought peace, and pleasure. It could be argued that the were beautiful, then they would notice these consequences of the iconoclasm wreaked such species, conserve them and love them. havoc that the destruction of the statues and the whitewashing of the walls still echo through the These were ordinary people naming species of British psyche. plants and insects – not poets or lyricists – who, when challenged, created names with a level of Henry VIII and his daughter Elizabeth – Gloriana whimsical artifice worthy of the characters inA – used beauty as symbols not only of their special midsummer’s night dream. From now on, a species destiny and that of their upstart dynasty, the Tudors, found exclusively near Windsor Castle will be but also of England: Shakespeare’s ‘green and known not only by its Latin name, but also by its pleasant land’ and the island that held the world new name, The Queen’s Executioner, while another together. is to be called Witches Whiskers. Nature itself uses beauty. Bees are born in By asking the public to name plants and insects, Fibonacci numbers, a sequence that is incredibly conservationists tapped into a wellspring lying beautiful to scientists and beekeepers – it stretches dormant within those who chose to take part. It is into infinity and applies to everything from biology obvious that making up beautiful names to describe to economics and vulcanology. Fibonacci is well the beauty surrounding them had meaning for those known to lay people because it is beautiful, and involved. because it is the golden mean – the great equation embedded in every heroic structure in ancient Beauty means something to mathematicians as Greece. well. They often use the word more than artists. Beauty is an essential component of an equation and one of the factors that determines its success. And like the face that a baby responds to, beauty in a set of numbers implies its own kind of health – that the theory or equation is true. 6 7 Beauty is both concrete and abstract, nameable Universal and ‘For example, you’ll be out in the fresh air and you’ll and quantifiable, and impossible to name or to equal access to see the trees and birds and then you’ll hear singing quantify. Questions about beauty are difficult to beauty that is and it makes you stop and listen and as you’re set, and difficult to respond to, because it exists essential. doing that you’re feeling calmer and enjoying the at such a subliminal level for most people. Yet, as moment a bit more and…do I need to go on?’ the indigenous population ages newer populations increasingly define society; and as the generational The fact is that most of the people featured in the differences in notions of beauty become more research feel most comfortable with nature. The evident, investigations into the existence and natural environment rates highly in Sheffield as a qualities of beauty, as well as its necessity, become place where everyone can and should experience more urgent. beauty. Experience is the most popular method of accessing beauty – the ability to have an Questions asked in a study by the Commission environment in which they can receive the best of for Architecture and the Built Environment what that it has to give. (CABE) investigate the demand for a society that understands and provides beauty for everyone. And Memory comprises one of the most powerful this research is a revelation to me in that it provides components of beauty for the people of Sheffield. a way to roadmap a kind of aesthetic. The research tells the story of Paul, who takes us to an area which he believes most people would see The research was undertaken in Sheffield, a as ‘an absolute dump’, but is where he escapes to city undergoing immense change and a perfect find calm and peace. microcosm of the nation. Above all, beauty for the respondents is overwhelmingly bound up with the And it is full of memories. It is here – through nature natural environment; a surprising response from the and memory – that he experiences beauty. residents of a major city. Another participant talks about the importance The natural environment, its enjoyment and its of memory in his relationship with the estate accessibility, are seen as essential to wellbeing where his family lived before it was emptied for – and as a right. This ultimately has great redevelopment. The report reads, ‘Jack talked about consequences for central government as it cannot the community feeling that existed with everyone leave this right to volunteerism or localism alone saying “hello” to each other and the difference – these will not ensure the universal and equal it made to the area which now feels hauntingly access to beauty that is essential. empty’. 8 9 And it is not only nature which provides beauty Beauty is for participants. Without natural light, places were through memory. Some participants see bound up with seen as gloomy, depressing and unappealing – Hillsborough, Sheffield Wednesday’s stadium, as a the emotional pity was in fact expressed for anyone who cannot place of beauty because of their memories. and historical access natural light. characteristics The research also asks which areas of Sheffield of a place. ‘It’s about a whole feeling isn’t it? That moment were considered more or less beautiful. Most between everyday life and taking time out, when responses were based on the emotional and you can stop and sit somewhere nice for a bit. historical characteristics of a place: ‘People That’s why I like Peace Gardens or Winter Gardens would refer to the look and feel of a place and the and places like that. Places that are away from aesthetic appeal, or lack of. This was often tied up hustle and bustle, more peace and quiet.
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