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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses The Interpretation of Ecclesiastes with Specic Reference to Qoheleth's Claims to Knowledge WILSON, NORMAN,SAMUEL How to cite: WILSON, NORMAN,SAMUEL (2017) The Interpretation of Ecclesiastes with Specic Reference to Qoheleth's Claims to Knowledge, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12196/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 THE INTERPRETATION OF ECCLESIASTES WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO QOHELETH’S CLAIMS TO KNOWLEDGE By Norman Samuel Wilson Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy At DURHAM UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF THEOLOGY AND RELIGION 2017 Abstract ____________________________________________________________________ This dissertation explores the interpretation of Ecclesiastes with a specific focus on the epistemology of its author. Chapters 1 and 2 lay the groundwork for this thesis by examining Qoheleth’s ideas about the world and humans’ place in it. The use of three key terms – lbh, lm[, and !wrty - reveal a man with a very strong, negative, and pessimistic outlook that sets the tone for the whole book. Qoheleth’s observations and reflections have suggested to some that he was an empiricist. These claims are described in chapter 3, where we also present a working definition of empiricism, and a short survey of epistemological theory. Chapters 4 and 5 explore the epistemic claims Qoheleth makes about God. We found that Qoheleth’s very substantial theological claims could not have been derived from an empirical grounding; rather, we concluded that his theology was not only non- experiential, but also counter-experiential. Qoheleth’s use of three crucial experiential verbs har, [dy, and acm are examined in chapters 6 -10. Despite the prima facie experiential potential of these verbs, our interpretation of the evidence did not, in the main, endorse the claim that Qoheleth was an empiricist. However, it was acknowledged that the description ‘empiricist’ was only partly justified with reference to Qoheleth’s personal experiments recounted in chapter 2. Chapter 11 briefly surveyed some facets of Qoheleth’s argumentation that I submit strengthen my thesis that Qoheleth does not warrant the appellation ‘empiricist’. I argued that the early material in the book revealed a man with a very large ego whose dogmatic assertions on many issues lacked the necessary supporting evidence. Finally, in the conclusion, I succinctly drew all the strands of my arguments together, and on this basis I advanced the case that in epistemological terms, Qoheleth is better understood as a foundationalist, rather than an empiricist. 2 Table of Contents _____________________________________________________________________ Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………2 Contents ……………………………………………………………………………………..3 Abbreviations………………………………………………………………………………..6 Declaration …………………………………………………………………………………10 Statement of Copyright……………………………………………………………………..11 Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………………12 INTRODUCTION: 13 PART 1. QOHELETH’S UNDERSTANDING OF THE WORLD CHAPTER 1. QOHELETH’S WORLD AND HIS QUESTS 1.1 Introduction to Qoheleth’s World ………………………………………………. 19 1.2 Ecclesiastes 1:1-3………………………………………………………………… 19 1.3 Ecclesiastes 1:4-7………………………………………………………………… 21 1.4 Ecclesiastes 1:9-11………………………………………………………………. 25 1.5 Qoheleth’s Quests: Introduction………………………………………………… 26 1.6 Ecclesiastes 1:12-2:3……………………………………………………………. 26 1.7 Ecclesiastes 2:4-11……………………………………………………………… 31 1.8 Ecclesiastes 2:12-23…………………………………………………………….. 33 1.9 Ecclesiastes 2:24-26 ……………………………………………………………. 35 1:10 Summary and Conclusion……………………………………………………… 38 CHAPTER 2. lbh IN QOHELETH’S THOUGHT 2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………….41 2.2 The Term lbh …………………………………………………………………….41 2.3 General Usage of lbh…………………………………………………………….. 43 2.4 lbh in Ecclesiastes .…………………………………………………………….. .44 2.5 lbh, lm[ and !wrty in Ecclesiastes ………………………………………………...45 2.6 The Meaning of lbh in the Monologue…………………………………………...51 2.7 lbh as a Metaphor………………………………………………………………..52 2.8 Summary and Conclusion……………………………………………………......57 3 CHAPTER 3. CLAIMS THAT QOHELETH WAS AN EMPIRICIST 3.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………. 60 3.2 Michael V Fox ………………………………………………………………… 61 3.3 Further Claims Concerning Qoheleth’s Empiricism ……………………………66 3.4 Epistemology…………………………………………………………………… 73 3.5 What is Knowledge? ……………………………………………………………74 3.6 How can we gain Knowledge? ………………………………………………….80 3.7 Summary and Conclusion …………………………………………………….... 82 PART 2. QOHELETH’S EPISTEMIC CLAIMS ABOUT GOD CHAPTER 4. QOHELETH’S THEOLOGY (Part A) 4.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………. 84 4.2 God Who Gives……………………………………………………………….... 86 4.3 God as Creator Doer/Maker……………………………………………………. 96 4.4 Summary……………………………………………………………………….101 CHAPTER 5. QOHELETH’S THEOLOGY (Part B) 5.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………103 5.2 God in the Context of Worship………………………………………………. 103 5.3 God is to be Feared……………………………………………………………106 5.4 God as Judge of the Just and the Wicked……………………………………..110 5.5 General References to God …………………………………………………...114 5.6 Summary and Assessment…………………………………………………….115 PART 3. QOHELETH’S USE OF THE VERBS [dy AND acm CHAPTER 6. THE VERB [dy = “to know” (Part A) 6.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………121 6.2 The verb [dy: Qoheleth’s General Knowledge Claims………………………...122 6.3 The Living and the Dead …………………………………………………….. 123 6.4 Qoheleth’s Dogmatic Claims to Knowledge …………………………………128 6:5 Summary and Conclusion……………………………………………………. 139 CHAPTER 7. THE VERB [dy = “to know” (Part B) 7.1 Introduction: The Rhetorical Question………………………………………. 142 7.2 Qoheleth’s Use of the Rhetorical Question: [dwy ym = Who Knows? ………...143 4 7.3 Man Cannot Know the Future………………………………………………..146 7.4 Man Cannot Know What God is Doing in the World………………………..154 7.5 Qoheleth and Scepticism……………………………………………………..155 7.6 Summary and Conclusion …………………………………………………...157 CHAPTER 8. THE VERB acm = “to find” 8.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………..161 8.2 The Verb acm: 3:11…………………………………………………………..161 8.3 Introduction to 7:23-29………………………………………………………165 8.4 7:23-24……………………………………………………………………… 167 8.5 7:25-29 ……………………………………………………………………... 170 8.6 8:16-17……………………………………………………………………… 176 8.7 Summary and Conclusion …………………………………………………. 180 PART 4. QOHELETH’S USE OF THE VERB har CHAPTER 9. THE VERB har = “to see” (Part A) 9.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………..184 9.2 Some Remarks on “Seeing” …………………………………………………186 9.3 Common Forms of har ………………………………………………………189 9.4 “Seeing” Everything that is Done Under the Sun …………………………….190 9.5 har in the Context of The Joy Passages ……………………………………..193 CHAPTER 10. THE VERB har = “to see” (Part B) 10.1 Evil Observed………………………………………………………………197 10.2 Wisdom Observed …………………………………………………………205 10.3 Socio-Political Realities Observed…………………………………………207 10.4 Summary and Conclusion ………………………………………………….219 CHAPTER 11. QOHELETH’S ARGUMENTATION………………………………222 CHAPTER 12. CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………...227 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………….233 5 Abbreviations __________________________________________________________ AAR American Academy of Religion AB Analecta Biblica ABR American Biblical Repository ABR Australia Biblical Review AEL Ancient Egyptian Literature. M. Lichtheim. 3 vols. Berkeley, 1971-1980 ANES Ancient Near Eastern Studies ANET Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Edited by J. B. Pritchard, 3rd ed. Princeton, 1969 AOTC Apollos Old Testament Commentary ARAB Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia. D. D. Luckenbill. 2 vols. Chicago, 1926-27 ATD Das Alte Testament Deutsch AUSS Andrews University Seminary Studies BCOTWP Baker Commentary on the Old Testament Wisdom and Psalms BDB A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, 2 vols. eds. F. Brown, S. R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs, Oxford: Clarendon, 1907 BETL Bibliotheca ephemeridum theologicarum lovaniensium BI Biblical Interpretation Bib Biblica BKAT Biblischer Kommentar, Altes Testament BN Biblische Notizen BR Biblical Reception BT The Bible Translator BTB Biblical Theology Bulletin BZAW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft CBR Currents in Biblical Research CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CSR Christian Scholars Review 6 CSR Christian Scholar’s Review CTM Concordia Theological Monthly CTR Criswell Theological Review DBSJ Detroit Baptist Seminary Journal DL Davar Logos EC Ephemerides Carmeliticae ED Euntes docete EvQ Evangelical Quarterly ET English translation ETL Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses Exp Tim Expository Times GKC Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar. Edited by E. Kautzsch. Translated by A. E. Cowley. 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1910. HAR Harvard Annual Review HAT Handbuch zum Alten Testament HB Hebrew Studies Hen Henoch HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual Int Interpretation ITC International Theological
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