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Istanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi Ocak 2014 Dünyada Gemi Bakim-Onarim

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Istanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi Ocak 2014 Dünyada Gemi Bakim-Onarim İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ DÜNYADA GEMİ BAKIM-ONARIM SEKTÖRÜ ve GEMİ BAKIM-ONARIMININ EKONOMİK MALİYETİNİN MODELLENMESİ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ İbrahim TARİ Gemi İnşaatı ve Gemi Makinaları Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Gemi İnşaatı ve Gemi Makinaları Mühendisliği Programı Anabilim Dalı : Herhangi Mühendislik, Bilim Programı : Herhangi Program OCAK 2014 İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ DÜNYADA GEMİ BAKIM-ONARIM SEKTÖRÜ ve GEMİ BAKIM-ONARIMININ EKONOMİK MALİYETİNİN MODELLENMESİ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ İbrahim TARİ (508101032) Gemi İnşaatı ve Gemi Makinaları Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Gemi İnşaatı ve Gemi Makinaları Mühendisliği Programı Gemi İnşaatı ve Gemi Makinaları Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Tez Danışmanı: Doç.Dr. Barış BARLAS Gemi İnşaatıTez Eşve Danışmanı:Gemi Makinaları Prof.Dr. Mühendisliği Elif ÇEPNİ Programı Anabilim Dalı : Herhangi Mühendislik, Bilim OCAK 2014 Programı : Herhangi Program İTÜ, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü’nün 508101032 numaralı Yüksek Lisans Öğrencisi İbrahim TARİ, ilgili yönetmeliklerin belirlediği gerekli tüm şartları yerine getirdikten sonra hazırladığı “DÜNYADA GEMİ BAKIM-ONARIM SEKTÖRÜ VE GEMİ BAKIM-ONARIMININ EKONOMİK MALİYETİNİN MODELLENMESİ” başlıklı tezini aşağıda imzaları olan jüri önünde başarı ile sunmuştur. Tez Danışmanı : Doç. Dr. Barış BARLAS .............................. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Eş Danışman : Prof.Dr. Elif ÇEPNİ .............................. Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Jüri Üyeleri : Prof. Dr. Ali Can TAKİNACI ............................. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Hüseyin YILMAZ .............................. Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Teslim Tarihi : 16 Aralık 2013 Savunma Tarihi : 29 Ocak 2014 iii iv ÖNSÖZ Tez çalışmamda yardımlarını esirgemeyen ve yüksek enerjisiyle moral veren danışman Hocam Doç.Dr. Barış Barlas’a, eş danışman Hocam Prof. Dr. Elif Çepni’ye, M. Yekta Öksüz’e, meslektaşım Burçin Denkçi’ye ve beni daima destekleyen aileme teşekkürlerimi borç bilirim. Ocak 2014 İbrahim TARİ (Gemi İnşaat ve Gemi Makinaları Mühendisi) v vi İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................ v İÇİNDEKİLER ........................................................................................................ vii KISALTMALAR ...................................................................................................... xi ÇİZELGE LİSTESİ ................................................................................................ xiii ŞEKİL LİSTESİ ....................................................................................................... xv ÖZET ...................................................................................................................... xvii SUMMARY ............................................................................................................. xix 1. GİRİŞ ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Tezin Amacı ...................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Literatür Taraması ............................................................................................. 3 2. GEMİ BAKIM ONARIM İŞLEMLERİ .............................................................. 5 2.1 Bakım Onarım Kavramı .................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Kaza sonrası bakım onarım ihtiyacı............................................................5 2.1.2 Modernizasyon (refit) ve dönüştürme (conversion)....................................6 2.1.3 Yıllık sörvey………………………………………………………………6 2.1.4 Ara ve özel sörvey........................................................................………...6 2.1.5 Tekne ve güverte donanımları sörveyi …………………………………...7 2.1.6 Makine donanımları sörveyi………………………………………………7 2.1.7 Elektrik donanımlarını sörveyi……………………………………………8 2.1.8 Otomasyon sistemi sörveyi……………………………………………….8 2.2 Bakım Onarım İşleminin Gerçeklemesi İçin Gerekli Hususlar…………….….8 2.2.1 Tamir tersanelerinde atölye ve kullanılan ekipmanlar…………………....9 2.2.2 Gemi bakım-onarımda kullanılabilecek imal usulleri…...…....…………10 2.3 Türkiye’de ve Dünyada Gemi İnşa Sektörü ………………………………….10 2.3.1 Bahreyn gemi inşa sektörü …………………..........................................11 2.3.1.1 Arab shipbuilding and repair yard CO. (ASRY)…………….11 2.3.2 Dubai gemi inşa sektörü …………………..............................................12 2.3.2.1 Dubai tersanesi ……………………………………………...13 2.3.3 Singapor gemi inşa sektörü ……………….............................................14 2.3.3.1 Sembawang tersanesi ……………………………………….15 2.3.3.2 Keppel tersanesi …………………………………………….15 2.3.4 Hongkong gemi inşa sektörü ….……...…...............................................17 2.3.4.1 Honkong united dockyards ltd …………………...………...17 2.3.5 Çin gemi inşa sektörü ……………..........................................................18 2.3.5.1 Chengexi tersanesi……………………….………...………...19 2.3.5.2 Huarun dadong tersanesi…………..…….………...………...19 2.3.5.3 Cosco zhoushan tersanesi…………………..……...………...19 2.3.5.4 Cssc guangzhou tersanesi…………..…....………...………...20 2.3.6 Malezya gemi inşa sektörü ………..........................................................20 2.3.6.1 Malaysia marine and heavy engineering sdn bhd…….…......21 2.3.7 Yunanistan gemi inşa sektörü ……….....................................................22 vii 2.3.7.1 Hellenic tersanesi……………………………………..…......22 2.3.7.2 Syros tersanesi……………………………………..…...........22 2.3.8 Türkiyede gemi inşa sektörü ……….......................................................23 2.3.8.1 Desan tersanesi……………………………………..…..........25 2.3.9 Bahama gemi inşa sektörü ………..........................................................25 2.3.9.1 Grand Bahama tersanesi…………………………..…............26 3. GEMİ HAVUZLAMA ......................................................................................... 27 3.1 Risklerin Belirlenmesi……………………………………………………..27 3.2 Alınması Gereken Önlemler……………………………………………….28 3.3 Havuzlamada Yapılan Başlıca İşlemler……………………………………28 3.3.1 Gemi kum raspası (Grit)………………………………………………29 3.3.2 Gemi su raspası………………………...……………………………29 3.3.3 Gemi boya ve standartları……….……………………………………30 3.3.3.1 Uygulama öncesi yapılacak kontroller………………….……32 3.4 Gemi Bakım-Onarımın Ekonomisi…………..………………………...…...33 3.4.1 Çelik fiyatı…………………….…………………………….………..33 3.4.2 Dünya genelinde gemi bakım-onarım Maliyetleri…………..………..33 4. BAKIM ONARIM BÖLGELERİ ....................................................................... 35 4.1 Coğrafi Konum…………………………………………………………….35 4.2 Bakım-Onarım Kapasitesi………………………………………………….38 4.3 Dünya Deniz Ticaret Filosu ……………………………………………….39 4.4 Bakım Onarım Maliyetleri…………………………………………………40 5. GEMİ BAKIM ONARIM MALİYET ANALİZİ……………………………..43 5.1 Maliyet Tahmini……………………………………….…………………..43 5.2 Gemi Bakım-Onarım Fatura Maliyet Kalemleri ………...……………..44 5.2.1 Havuzlama…………...………………………………………………..46 5.2.2 Tersane tarafından sağlanan imkanlar………………………………...46 5.2.3 Yüzey temizleme,raspa ve boya ………...…………………………....47 5.2.4 Pervane bakımı……………………………...………………………...48 5.2.5 Dümen bakımı…………………….…………...……………………...48 5.2.6 Sac işçiliği………………….……...…………………...……………...49 5.2.7 Ana makine… ………………………………………...……….…....49 5.2.8 Pompa ve boru işlemleri….……………………………...…………....49 5.2.9 Baş itici (bow thruster) işlemleri……….………………..…………....50 5.2.10 Tank, kargo ve yaşam mahalli işlemleri….………….……………....50 5.3 Regresyon Analizi…...….……………………………………………….…51 5.4 Gemi Bakım-Onarım Maliyetinin Modelenmesi...….……………………..52 5.4.1 Gemi yaşı………………………………..…………………………...53 5.4.2 Petrol fiyatı……………………………..……………………………53 5.4.3 Baltık kuruyük endeksi (BDI)…………..…………………………...53 5.4.4 Kişi başına düşen milli gelir……………..…………………………..53 5.4.5 Tersane verimliliği………….…………….………………………….54 5.4.6 Liner taşımacılık hattına yakınlık (Lineer shipping connectivity)......54 5.4.7 Maliyet denklemleri………….………………….……………...........54 5.4.7.1 Model 1……………………………..………………….……54 5.4.7.2 Model 2……………………………..………………….……57 6. SONUÇ ve ÖNERİLER………………………………………………………...63 KAYNAKLAR……….…………………………………………………………….65 EKLER……………………………………………………………………………..69 ÖZGECMİŞ………………………………………………………………………109 viii ix x KISALTMALAR ABD : Amerika Birleşik Devleti ADNATCO : Abu Dabi Ulusal Petrol Şirketi (Abu Dhabi National Tracker Co.) B : Gemi genişlik BAE : Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri BDI : Baltik Kuruyük Endeksi (Baltic Dry Index) BMC : Dökme Kalıp kompozitler (Bulk Moulding Composites) CE : Avrupa Normlarına Uygunluk (European Conformity) COLREG : Çalışma Regülasyonu D : Gemi yükseklik DWT : Gemi Tonajı (Deadweight Tonnage) ETA : Emirates Ticaret Ajansı (Emirates Trading Agency) Hp : Beygir gücü (Horse power) GDP : Kişi Başı Milli Gelir GEM : Körfez Enerji Denizcilik (Gulf Energy Maritime) ICOMIA : Denizcilik Endüstrisi Dernekleri Uluslararası Konseyi (International Council of Marine Industry Associations) IMO : Uluslararası Denizcilik Örgütü (International Maritime Organisation) ISO : Uluslararası Standardizasyon Örgütü (International Organization for Standardization) KG : Kilogram Kgf : Kilogram-kuvvet (Kilogram-force) L : Gemi Tam Boy MARPOL : Deniz Kirliliği (Marine pollution) MCA : Denizcilik ve Sahil Güvenlik Ajansı (Maritime and Coastguard Agency) NMMA : Ulusal Deniz Üreticileri Derneği (National Marine Manufacturers Association) OP : Petrol Fiyatı (Oil Price) OEL : Doğu Ekspres Hattı A.Ş. (Orient Express Lines Inc.) SOLAS :
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