CENSUS 1951
WEST BENGAL
DISTRICT HANDBOOK
BURDWAN
A. MITRA of the Indian Civil Service. Superintendent of CenS'Us Operations and Joint Development Commissioner, West Bengal
Superintendent. GoverlL-nent Printing West Bengal Government Pr~. AUpore. West Bengal 1953 CENSUS OF INDIA BENGAL SERIES
H. BEVERLEY 1872
J. A. BOURDILLON 1881
C. J. O'DONNELL 1891
E. A. GAIT 1901 L. S. S. O'MALLEY..... 1911
w. H. THOMPSON 1921
A. E. PORTER 1931 . R. A. DUTCH 1941 CONTINTI
Introducing the district i-uxiii D. V. C. Map xxxiv Appendicea- l. Gazetteer uxv-xli II. An account of Land Managoment, 1870.1945 xlii-xlv III. The Coal mines of the District xlvi-lxiii IV. An account of the Burdwan Fever in the Nineteenth Century lxiv-lxix A list of rural and urban tracts in the district, of Burdwan • l.xx-lxxi
SERIES I-POPULATION
GENEBAL POPULA'l'ION T ABLE8 1 ·1 Area, Houses and Population 1-2 1 ·2 Variation in population during fifty years . 3 1 ·3 Townsl'l6118it1~d by population wit,h variationll since 1001 3-5 1 ·4 Townll and villages classified by population tl-8 1 ·u Persons per housc, sex and livelihood olass ratios 8 1 ·6 Approximate population of Uniollll 9-]3
LIVELIHOOD TABLES I ·7 Towns arranged territorially with population by livelihood c1_s . 14 1 ·8 Summary of livelihood clUll8es and v(\ri8tions in populat.ion 15-22 1 ·9 Eoonomic Tahlf> I-Livelihood Clasl:lCs and Subclasaca (District QJld Tracts) 23-25 1 ·10 Economic Tabb II-Secondary Means of Livelihood (Diet,rict and Tracts) 26-49 I .]] Eoconomic Tabltl lll-Selfsupporting perllonf'J cJlIoAAififld 81! Employers, Empioy<'f'f!I and Indf'pendl'nt Workers in Industries Md Services by Divisions and Subdivisions (District and Tra(lts) Jj0-75 1 ·12 Classifications by Livelihood DivisionA, SubdiviRions and Groups 76-81 1 ·13 Livelihood (:laaseR f'laRRified by age groups 82-83 I ·14 Livelihood Classes by Educational Standards 84-89
AGE TABLES I ·W Age and Civil Condition for Sample and Diflplaced Populat.ion in rural and urban tracts 90-95 1 ·16 Age lIntI LitE'I~(,y for Samplo and DiaplacNi Population ill rural and urhan tracts 96-100 I ·17 Single Year ago returns for Samplt' Popnlation in rural and urban trac·ts 101-102
SOOIAL AND CULTURAL TABLES 1 ']8 Mother tongue (Dist,riot and Tracts) 103-104 ] ·19 Bilingualism (District and TrlWts) 105-lll 1 ·20 Heligion (Di8trict and Traf'tR) 112-113 1 ·21 Schedult'd Cast{lR and Scheduled Tribes (DiBtrict and Tracts) 114 1.22 Backward and Non·Baokward ClasHes (District and Tracts) 114 1·23 Abstraot of Anglo·Indians (District and Tracts) 114 1·24 Migrants 115-118
DISPLAOED PERSONS AND NATIONALITY TABLES 1·25 Displaced persons by distriot of origin and date of arrival in India ]]1)-127 1·26 Non·IndiM Nationals (District, QJld Tract,,) 128
SERIES 2-VITAL STAT18TJOS 2 ·1 Birth and IJee.th Record, 1941.50 129 2·2 Deaihs from seleoted causes, 1941·(jO 129-131
SERIES 3-AQRlCULTURE Persons oultivating own land or employing bargadar with size of land oWII('d and lor given in bbag 132-134 Mean density (personll per sq. mile) cultivable and culth'st,ed arl'M, irrigat.ion. rainfall and dilltrihuti(J1I of orope, 1949·50 ..•...... 135 I 8·2B Agricultural StatistioB, 1949..:i0 135 8·3 Cultivated Area (exoluding orchards and gardens), 1949·1)0 . IS6' 3·4 Progress of oultivation during three decades IS' 8·1S Oomponents of cultiva.ted area during three decades . las S'6 Length of Government embankmentll 136 3·7 Statement of Land Utili_tion in the district in 1944·45 187 S·8 Abstraot of oulturable waste land blocks of 100 acres and aOO,'o III 1944·45 138 S·9 Reaults of orop cutting experiments durin, the year 1944·46 138 3·10 Besultll obtained by a detailed eoonomic enquiry mllode in aeleot.ed villages during the month of October 1945 • • • • • • • • • • • • 189-140 Page SERIES 3-AoJQOULTUBE--Contd. ~Ht Rainfall and Rainy day8, 1941-50 . 141 3 ·12 Mean Maximum and JIighcst; Mean Minimum and Lowellt temperaturf' in he6 SERIES 4-INDUSTRY Censul! of Small Scale Industries-- (a) CI8118ification of industries by locality 14r, (b) Textile e!ltablishmcnts 145 (e) Non-textiIa (1st.o.blishments . 146-147 '·2 Growth of Factorios. 1940-49 147 4,3 l<'aotorics clo.ssified hy industry with average daily number of workers in each, 1949 148 "4 Average daily number of workers employed in lIeasonru and perennial industrios. 1940-40 141J , .... Ramings of 00901 Bnd ('ok., in Raniganj coal fi(lld8, 1931.49 150 ,·6A Averago and qoltll'terl attcndance of labourer in Raniganj (101101 fieldS ) IH }·49 . IuO 4·6B Average numher of persons employed daily in Raniganj coal ficlds. 1931-411 luI 4·60 Average dally wo.ges of various categories of labour in Raniganj coo.l fit'lds, 1931.49 WI 4·7 Public Electric flupply undertakings . 1r,2-)(il SERIES 5-ADMINISTltATlON 5 ·1 Land Revenue. 1°11-:)0 162 5·2 Criminal .JlI!~tic(l-Numbor of Criminal ('Me!! trIed Hi2 0·3 Criminal Just.ice-Persons convioted or bound over 1U3 5'4 Civil Justice lli3 I) ·5 Strength of Polioe. 191)0 ]1)4 5·6 Jails 105 .5 ·7 Numbtlr and description of rE'gistered do('umentfl and valuE' of pl'opl'lrties tmnF!fnrr('d, 1949 Wr. 0·8 Co.operatiVfl Societies, 1949-uO Hiu 5·9 Receipts of Excise Revenm, WI] I'i ·10 Receiptl! of Sales 'fax )67 (j ·11 RO<.'eipts of Entertainment Tax Wi 5 ·12 RecOlpts of Motor Spirit Tax 1t17 [) ·13 Stampll HiH 5 ,14 Im'o'no Tax HiH SERIES 6-EDTTCATJON AND ENTERTAINMEN1' Pubtc Institutions and pupils in 1950-51 lllll Educat.ian (Number of InstitutioIlll and Pupils), 1941-110 III\! Dirootory I'll' HIgh English SC'hools. 1951 JiO-liE> Printing Presses and Newspapors ]77 Cmemas 177 SERIES 7-P1JBLIO HEALTH 7 ·1 (]Jassitled numbC'r of hospitals and dispensaries. 1900 177 7·2 Rural Health Centres 177 7 ·3 Hospitals and DispoIlBarios 178-179 SERIES 8-LocAl. BODIES 8·1 Receipts and expcnditUN' of Distriot Board. 1941.50 180 8·2 Reoeipt!! and expenditure af Municipalities, 1941-50 181 SERIES 9-CoMlfuNIOAT!ONS IH Village Roads 182-18101 9·2 Roads and Bungalows lim-195 9·3 Length of roads mamtained by publio authorities on 31st DeCt'mber 1949 195 .9·4 Railway 8tatiollll 196-107 9·5 Post Offices IU7-2oo 9·6 PolymetricaJ table of distances 201 SERIES 100ANoJENT MONUMENTS ~D F Arns )0·1 Glossary of the better known ancient monuments iJOI-,-209 10·2A List of important Melal! $l.O.-r213 _·2B List of Hats (Markets) 11.....,215 SERIES ll-Vn.L.40B D ~. Yillage Directory ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For the entire matter of the IntlOduotory Essay aoknowledgements are due to J. C. K. Peterson's Gazetteer of the Distriot of Burdwa.n (1910), to K. A. L. Hill's FinaJ Report on the Survey and Settlement Operatiollfl in the District of Burdwan (1940), to w. W. Hunter's StatistiC'al Aocount of Burdwan (1876), to W. B. Oldham'8 Some Historical and Ethnical Aspects of the Burdwan District (1894), Journals of the Asiatio Sooiety of Bengal, the Bengal Records, and the periodical reports of the various departments of the Government of Bengal, the essay itself being a revised a bstl'act of the Ga.zetteer ; for the Series 1 tables to the Census Office of West Bengal; for geries 2 to the Directorate of Health Services, West Bengal, and partioula.rly to Dr. P. G. Choudhury, Assh;tant Direotor of Hea.lth Servioes (Vital Sta.tistjos); fOJ' Series 3 to the Directorate of AgrioultUIe, 'Vest Bengal, and partioularly to Dr. L. A. Ramda..,;;, Director of Meteorology, Poona ; for Sories 4 to the Census Office of West Bengal and to the State Statistical Bureau; for SelieR 5 to the Commissioner of the Burdwan Division, the Deputy InspectOJ General of Police, Burdwan Range, the Distriot Magistrate and the Superintendent of Police of Rurdwan, and the State Sta.tistioal Burea.u ; for Series 6 to the Direetorate of Education, the District Inspector of Schools for Burdwan, the Census Office, and the Rtate Htatistioal BUleau ; for Series 7 to the Directorate of HeaJth Servioes; for Series 8 to the Commissioner of the Burdwan Division and to the public bodie8 conoerned; for Series 9 to the Posta] Department and the District Board of Burdwan ; and for Series 11 to the Census Office, \Vest Bem~al. I wish to express my obligations to Professor Ajit Kumar Saha of l>residency Conega, Caloutta, for having brought the Section on Geology up to date. I }l80ve aoknowledged other debts in the body of the volume. WEST BENGAL DISTRICT BURDWAN A B H u "I I I I l rJ r. I ~ I _,..\/ \ ...... ;..... r: \I I ...... ) ( MANTESWAR ... ) REFmNctS . Boundary' Sllte . _ . District. _I_I.. : Sub·dlvISIOll,,_. _._ : Police Stltlon ___ _ Heldquarters Diltrlct-· • Nlme Sub·dlv~lon .. kATWA 1 : Pollee SmiOil GALli R~d . Meliliad ... Un metalled ." == = =": Riliways with Sution ,,~ G a H a Scale I inch to 8 miles Reg. No. 1282 CCSl (W.e.D.O. ·fl )50 Printed It the West Aengal Drlwlng Office (Allpore) COPYRIGHT RESERvED A o ~ 0 '[ '~ Z :r , > -' '" ... - ::> 101 u...... 0. 0.. J 0 0 0 ::>n. 0 u ... 2 t;;; q Z l- I- in 0 0 a z:>:: - ... ':: 00 :llll , <{ ::> , ~ I 'I INTRODUCING THE DISTRICI' The district of Burdwan has four subdivisions The district of Burdwan lies in t Ite Burdwan -Sadar or Burdwun, Asansol, KaIna, and Katwa Division. There are a District and Sessious with their headquarters at Burdwan, Asansol, .Tudge, aided by au AddiHonal District and KaIna, and Katwa. 'fhe Sadar subdivision covert! Sessions Judge, and a Distrid Magistrate and Col. tli(' thallUS of BUI'dwan, Rhandaghosh, Raina, If,(!toZ', aided hy an Additional Distrid Magil:J .Tamulpur, IMemari, Onlsi, Dhatar and Ausgram j tratE' and Collector. l'he strength of the exe the Asanso] suhdivisiou, the thanus of Salanpur, ()uti va servie'e rel'o1UmeIlded by the Divisional Kulti, Hirapur, AHuuHoI, Darabani, .TamuriuJ Commissioner for g(·ntmtl admimstration is four Uunigunj. Undal, Faridpur and Kanksu; the Kalna officers of the West .Bengal Civil Service in the bubdivi!;ion, KahHI, }Jul'hasthali and Manteswar j SauaT subdivision, two in Ar,anaol 8ubdi vision, one und ihe Kutwa Huhdivision, Katwlt, Mangalknt in Kaina subdivision ana one in Katwa and Retugram. There are 2,649 villages Ilnd 14 suhdivision; and eight Offil'el'S of the West tOWlll'!. 'l'he town of Burdwan iH in the Burdwan Bengal .1 unior Civil Serviee (of whom thana j Menwl'i in Memari; Chittaranjan in Sulau lwo must he !j'irst CIai'll! Magistrates) pur; Kulti, Barakar, Dist'rgarh uIl!1 Neamatpur in in the Saual' 'iubdivisioll, five (of whom. one must Kulti; Humpur in Hil'apur; A,mnHol ill Asansol j be a Pirst Clo.l.lS Mag'lstrate) in the Asunl'lol Hub Hanig'anj in Ranigunj; Oudul in Ondal; RaIna in division, three (0£ whom one lllu~t hE' u Fil'Rt RuIna; and Katwa and Dainhat in Katwn poliee (,laRR Magistrate) in the Kalnu sub i on the west by Manbhum. 'rhe Ajny separates it unvarying !llOnotony to a horizon dotted with on the north from the Birhhulll and Murshidabad tJ:ees and vIllages. The villages are lIituatE'd oll diRtrietK forming' u natural boundarv line till lllgher _ground and are usually buried in tropieal shortly before its junet.ion with the bhagirathi; vegetatIOn. Large trees are scarce, but the while on the south the Damodar, running parallel dump.s of bamboos, the mango e-roves and the to the Ajay for a c'onsidt'rabl(, portion of its date and other palms which enclI'cle the houses ('ourse, fOl'UlIi the main hOUlld:u.Y. A. small ]Jor have a quiet beauty of their own. One ver.v tion of the Katwa subdiYi~ioll lit'S to the north of !lOtieeuble feature of this portion of the district the Ajay, und the Khandnghollh ana Raina thnna.,; IS the grt'ut number of tanks which cover its of the heatlquartt'rfl t'!ubdivision lie to the !loui h surface, Many of the more valuable lunus are of the DalllOdur. which here takes u sharp llCnu t(J irl'ig·at.·d from them ond in the villages there is tht> cast. On t hI:' we~t the Barakar PU8SCS along hardly a family of au)' potlition which hUI:! not jts the llorth-westel'l1 hUlllldul'Y for a few miles )It'foru OW11 private tunk for hathing and otliel' domesti(' itR junction with the Damodar uncI {lividps the pUrpOtleR. Unfol'tunatt'ly little 'care i.'! ta!H>1l to district from }fanbhum. On the enst the Rooghly, ('leanse these deprer;Hions, and in many cases they knowu in its tipper r('(lches HS the Bhagirathi. bl'('olllc lllere ('er;spooIR receiving- all thf' sullage for1l1s t.he main boundary with Nadia, but U water from tIle houses on their banks. The smull ~trip of land on thp l'ilo!'h1 bUll], of the river general drumnge is from west and Routh-wpst to ",hi{'!] {'outain!:! the town of Nuharlwip helongs to east, 'rIle courst' of the J)amodar alonv the fllJUth that dhltriet. The bout h-westN'Il hOllllc1ary western hO'lludury ill higher than the Rooghly to marchI's with the nunkllrn {1istrid atlll i'l toudll'd the eaRt lind Rf'vt'l'al channels run llown this at one point by the Dhalkisor river, and th~re Rlope. The fall, however, is very slight, 'the after with the distrjet of IIoogbly. l'hp lwtural Damodar itself dmlns but It bmall portion of the houudaries fOf1lll'd by the great rivers to the diRtrid, and itr; bed here is genel'ullv higher than nort.h, t'ast and Ronth are fairly ('OIl Htallt. antI the HU1'l'OUIHling country. there hUVt, bpl'n no illlportant changes within reeent tirol's. Thl' western 1)()rtion of tht' district l"t'spmblel:! a In Ilhullt' the Jistri{,t l'e5t'lllhles a ('lull or hummer, promontory jutting out from th,e hill ranges of of whi('h the hanJI!' {'onsisting of th(> ARllJl"ol Central India and {'ousistH of harren, I'oel~y alii I :;ubdiyisi',m 1r; SOIll!' 1;0 miles in length. 'rhe head 1'011inlo(' l'ountl'y wit.h a 1.11erite soil rising into is formed hy the dt'Ha to the east, lying betwet'n rocky hi1lo('ks on the right bank of the 'Ajay the grevt riveTII which fonll tile main bOllndar!e!!, riYer and flhllt in on the WpRt, north and south hy ana the greatt'f!t hl'l'adth here is ahout 70 mile~. the hills of ChoLa N agpul' and the Santal !>ar 'rIle total length of the district from tIll' Barakar gana8, Thl' aetna} he!ldlarHl of this peninsula is river to the Hooghly below RaIna iH l:m miles. form!'{l hy the par.gtJlla of Uopbhulll formerly by It fnIls naturally into two main divir;ions. The traditiun the Ileal, of a Nadgop dynasty, with the eastern portion, compri:-.ing the Bunlwan, Kaina dl:'lta not Ollly fencing it ill on the east but edging and Katwa 8uhdivisiollH with a totnl area of rouTlll it on tht' Houth nud north. '1'hil> tract is 2,081 square mileH, is a wiele alluvial plain encloRt'd pml'til'l111y tn'el('I'l'l though a portion is still ('over hy the Ajuy, the Bhagirathi, and the DlIlnodar on pd with /J(il forest and betore the dis('oYeries of the north, east, and 'louth, and hOllTlIll'd by t hI' {'olll ill the lust <'l:'ntuJ".v was u tremendous wilder . Alia IlHol subdiviHion Oil the west. To the WE'st the nehS dottt'd at long intervals by tiny clearings and distrid narrows to U IIll're Htrip of roeky, unclulnt. settlelllents and intersected by no great road. or ing land, some 1n mill:':-i wi(lo, lying bt'twt'Hn the route, 'flw surflH't, is generally covered WIth Aja'y und the Dalllotiar rivers. dHY, in somE' pUl'tH alluvial, but in others fOJ'tnE'd from the decompo~iti()n of the rocks, though .in 'r!wse two tract!! difter ('ompletely from each plaees the rocks are exposed owl great streteJles otlwY' in natural characteristic's, ~('enery an «1 of land are wholly unfit for cultivation. It is popUlation. That to thl:' east, which 00ntains chiefly in thE' deprt~i'1sions and along the edges mOJ'p than two-thir(1R of thp total urea of the diA of the numerous rlrainage channels that riee is trid. is a delta. thp southern pdRe of which ,'ultivated in terra(:es banked up on the fllopes. aPl'J"Oaches the spu-hoard and if! of the most Along the Damodar to the south, however, there rpl'f'nt fonnation. The ri"t'rs whi('h hnYt' worked are IHlrrow strip!I of land formed by allu:vion. which to form it are the Ajay. the Damodar, and the yield good harvests. ThE.' famous RamganJ coal Gnng-('s, of which river the Bhagil'athi is an field is situated in this strip of undulating country aneipnt ('hanne!. 'I'he latter in its efforts to eneloscd by the Ajay and Damtldar riYers and this break pastwurds ha'l left long loops of diilused eorner of the dist.rict is one of the busiest ehnnnelr-; un along its western banks ,mil the soil industrial tracts in Bengal. The country is hen' is water-logged and swampy. In Hie Kanksa dotted with coal pits and factories, and its coal thana aucl in parts of Ausg1"8m a large tract of ii toWDS iD the Asansol subdivision, are situated at into the Hooghly at lralta, The following an altitude above sea level of 300 and 257 feet extract from William Willcockl!l's "Anoient respectively. System of Irrigation in Bengal" (p. 12) will prove iJf interest:- The rlvar system. The Bhagirathi, which in its The Damodar is a very anoifmt river, and the original lower reaches below the town of Nabadwip and courae of the main stream must have been palt Burdwan. after its junction with the Jalangi, is known as Ranaghat, south of Krishnagllor and Jessore, with its delta the lIooghly, ultimately receives all the drainage spread out north and south of this line. All the small of the district as i8 shown by the following rIvers coming from the west, like -the Ajai, had also deltas of their own with the main slope from west to east. When table :- at a comparatively recent date after convulsions in the Kunur • north which gave birth to the Hima.layas, the Ganges came down from the west, it was confined on the north by the Banka • hard deposits we BOO at, Rampoor Boalia. the Baral head and the Hardinge Bridge. On the south it was oonfined Khari ': }~.y .} BhBgirathi or Hooghly by the Damodar delta. It had to go -9astwards and south eastwards, with Ganga following the ca.ll of Padmavs.ti'8 Nunia shell, right down to· the open water of the Bay. The ~ } Damodar • Ganges, as it flowed on, filled tiP, with its lighter silt, the Singaran valley between the hard north(:lrn deposits and the Damodar delta. This is the valley occupied by Murshidabad, Nadia Dhalkisor a.nd northern Faridpurl whose Boil in very grea.t pa.rt, is {'am posed of the light sIlt which is so easily eroded, 110 Boon Thf' Rhagirathi is navigable by large boats all dry, and so desperately in need of irrigation with the the year round, but the chaunel is gradually clayey water of the surface flow of the Ganges flood. This muddy wa.ter is not only needed to renew tho fertility of 'lilting up uucl, in :Februar~ and March lwlow the soil and to ('om bat malaria, but also to arrest the Katwa, is only with great Uiffieulty kt'pt open. increase of that dangerous Ka.ns graBS whioh, when left The Halllodar is only navigable during the rains alone, is capable of rendering the land quite sterile. unll in the dry weather dwindles to an insigni ficant stream, in many places not a foot deep. ChangeR in t,he two big rivers of the Rooghly Bpforp the ('onstruction of the East Indian Rail and the Damodar were more frequent in former way ull the coal from the Raniganj coalfield was tim os than in recent ones. The Dhagirathi has left Sf'nt down this riyer on barges, but the traffic on long' loops of disused ehannels all along its western it is now of little nnportanee. The larger bank, creating a string of marshes and jhils in the streams within {he district are the Kunur, a Katwa and RaIna subdivisions, and at the begin tributary of thp Ajay, the Nunin and Singaran ning of the 19th century, by a sudden change of whirh ,ham the Asansol ~uhdivi!jion, and th(~ course, SWUllg eustwards and left the town of Banka antI Khari which flow into the llhagirathi. N ahndwip and a ('onsiclerahle Rtrip of land north and south of that town on its right bank. The Rallka ana Khari w~rp originally offshootH of the DUTllodar, and the old bt·tlH up to their june The bank!! of 1he rivers are generally low and tion with the l)urent stream ran Htill be traced: their bt>ds sanely and t'ultivation is only ('arried on '1'hroughou1 thf'ir COUrRE'S thpHf' riverH reCBlve along 1he edge8 of t.he larger rivers where the nelds numerous smaller tributarif'H which are merely are protected by elllblmkmentA. Tht' Rhagirathi i8 drainage channels for the superfluous water fordable below Katwa in }'ebruary and March. collected in the rice fields during the rains. There The Damodar and Ajay ar£' dtlep streams in the are also a large numher of small creeks and water rains but at other seasons are passable on foot at ('ourses int('rlueing with the larger streams which any pari. of the district. are u Imos1 entirely dry during the greater part of the yeur. The Rhagirathi or Rooghly forms the whole castel'll boundary of the district with the exception Cases of alluvion and diluvion are frequent in of a short distanee where it enters the Nadia the largE'r rivers, but no extensive changes in th('i1' district near the town of Nabadwip. This river is course have recently taken place. Change!:! in oue of the many channels which the Ganges in its the rourse of thl~ Damodar river have been tleat pl'()~rl'f',A eastwards has a.bandoned, and, although ed ill some detail in Appendix III of the District !:!till regarded' as one of the mouths of the sacred Handbook of Rooghly, puhlished in May 1952, river, now receives but lit.tle water from it. For whi"h luay be seen in thi& conneetion. Briefly, Hindus the Bhagirathi just above Katwa possesses the ehanges are us follows: According to an t'special san('tity even rivalling the Ganges at Hunter's interpretation of Vanden BrouclH<'s map Bl'narel!l in this respect. The bed is gradually of Bengal, datt'd 1660, one branch of the Damodar silting up and in its upper reaches in the dry season continued an easterly course at Burdwan into the there is hardly any current. A large river-borne Rooghly near Kalna. ],at.er, the Damodar left trade if! carried on it, and there is a regular service this ('hannel and a lllain branch flowed in a north of river steamers from Oa.lcutta during the raius eSAteriy direction to enter thE' Hooghly at Nao hoth for goods and passenger traffie. The average serai, 12 miles south of lKalna. Sometime in the breadth is about a mile, but in the hot weather the middle of the 18th century, according to Rennel, main channel above KaIna is often 161!18 than !l who shows this e.hannel .as an old bed in 1776, tht'l hundred yards across, and the river is fordable in Damodar deserted tIm'! ('ourse and the rna in many places in the Katwa Bubllivision. The Bhagi. stream followed its present direction S011thward l'athi first touches Burdwan a little s014th of the iii battlefield of Plasssy, whi('h is on the Opposlte bank. after passing close to the town of Burdwan turns Thence it flows l!IOuthwanlR as far as Katwa where due south and eventually leaves the district near it is joined by the Ajay. After an exeeedingly the village of Mohanpur. The prineipul places on winding ('ourse in a south-ea8terly clirection it its banks are Kasha, Gohagram, O·opalpur, Jamal enters thp district of Nadia a littlE:' north of the l_)_!ll' and ,saHmahad, situated at its junction with the town of Nabadwip, but again forlDs the boundary Kana river whieh here flows out of the of Burdwan from Bamudragarh, wher!' it receives parent stream. The course of the river the Rhari, and contin"ues its Routilwal'd com'Sl' past is tolerably straight, but it 18 full of Ralna till it leaves tlw district opposite the town "land hanks. During the rains it is\ ltavi of Santipur and fornl!' the pastern boundary of the gahle by ('ountry boah; and hefore the l'ollt'ltruction adjoining distriet. of Hoogb ly. The principal places of the railway, whil'h runs parallel to it along' its on its banks are KaIna, Katwa ann Dainhat. A north hank, large lluantitit's of coal were sent down large trade in salt, jute and cloth was' formerly it from the ]{aniganj mines in boat.s of 20 tOllS carrh'd on at thl'i'H' pla('('H whi('h were regarded as burden all(I upwards to the clepot. at Mahishabha in the ports of the distrirt. With the advent of the Hooghly, and were then('e transhipped and for railway, howl'ver, their importanct' has grt'atly warded via the lTluberia canal and the Hooghly decreased. l'ivt'r to Calcutta. 'l'he river-bol'llp traffic is now, howt'vpr, of little iIllportam'(! and (·onHist.H Ol'(,U The Ajay takes its rise in the hills of the Santal sionally of rafts of timber whi(·h an' fioutt·d dow11 Parganas and dmins a large portion of their Houth ern and 'W('stern slupes. It -first tom·heEl the distriet the stream during the ruins. '1'he raftR f Iv due ea.st for some 50 miles past Ausgram and and finally joins the Khari a few miles above the Guskara till it falls into the Ajay, north of juucHou of that riv('l' with the Hhagirathi. The Mangalkot at Nutanhat. During the rains it is Rtream is practically dry during the hot season, and liable to sudden freshets and occasionally overflows even in the rains is only navigabltl for a few miles its banks, but the volume of water brought down above its conflueuee with the Khari. fl'here is little by it is not large enough to do any very great or no ('urrf'nt exnept aft·er heavy rain and in conse~ damage. In its lower reaches it presents all the qUen(Je the river exereiseH but little at,tion on its usual charaderistics of a deltaic river, and its banks. ]'loods do occur but gem'ra.lly do little ('ourS8 through t he silt is a constant sU('cession of damage. sharp curveli caused by the mlC'illation of the cur The Nuuia enters the diAtrid from the north-west rent. The riVl'l' is fordable everywhere and is flowing likt, a hill stream in a !leep ravine and after practically dry in the hot season. It is not passing to the north of Sitarampur and Asansol navigable. eventually ellh'rk the Damodar at ltaniglmj. In tIll;) 'fhe Khari river takes its rise in an excavated hot AeMon the l'iv('l' dwindles to a series of pools hollow beside tht' Graud Trunk Road near the with little or no ('urrent. police station of Galsi in thE' west of the distrid. The Singaran, alt'O a tri.hutary of thtl Do.modar, lis bl:'!l is It WIde and rll'ep valll:'Y which bears all the llppearanec of haviug' once been the ('hannel of rises a little to the north of lkda. junction on the 1\ g'J'eat river, and there is little doubt that tht' Ondal Loop line of the EMtern Railway and, foltrE'am was formerly nne of the many offithootR of after a ('uurl;e of some :.!O Illi IeI'! l1l u. l'Iouth-tHtlitel'iy the Damorlar. 'I'll(' old hed to its junction with the dire(·tion, fullR into the DanH)(]tn below Andal at parl:'nt F1trpam ('an F1till be traced. After flowing tllt" village of ~ril'ampur. pUHtwards for Rome 30 miles in a circuitous ('ourst' The Tamla rises a little to the Wt'At of the large through i hI:' ODll'li aml Bhatar tlumas the river village of Ukhm and thence flows south-east till it bpndR sharply to the north and enters the Kalna entE'l'S thp Damodar near the houndary of Shergarh subdivision a little Rout,h of thp Manteswar poliC'e purglllla. 'l'hese three rivers, whinh drain the Htation. ROlli£, 7 miles north of Manteswar after s()utheI'll Hlopes of the Raniganj watershed, all un t')Ltraol'dlllul'ily wintimg ('OUrHe through that present the HOlme (:haraett'ristics. 'l'here are few thana it ag'ain turns southwardA, and forms tilt' springs and for the greater part of thl' year they boundary lwtwt"<'n the Muntt'l'Iwar and ]>urbasthali ore mort> nullahs or f'hunne]s consisting' of a series thuJJa~,tjll, after itH ('onflu(>llee with the Banka neal' 01 rocky pools ull!'onneeted by allY fillw of wl:I.teJ·. the villag c' of N ada Ilg'hat, it ralls into the Bhag-i ]n the raiuli, howl'ver, there ill a conFliderahle fiow ruthi u1 Namwlragarh. The rivt'r ill navigll!bh, for of water whieh iii used for tht· irrig'lttion of thl:' rice ('()ulltry hoatH :iFl fur as Gopalpur in the rainFl, but fields 011 thf'ir banks. at 01 her time... of t li(· yellr navigation above N adan 'l'he prin('ipal offHhoot of the DaJllodar is th£' Kana ghat iH 111(w},('(1 by the numerouFi dUlDll or weirs whirh bmnclwR oft' from tIlt' parent strt'um ll.t whj(·11 a1't' ('onstl'ueted ael'OSS it for irrigation pur .Tnmalpur. Tbenrp it flows for a f('w miles south~ pmws. 'rIll' ball ks art' \\ ell defined and there has eastwurdl:! through th(' J amalpur thana before it been no J'Pc'pnt (·hang·e oi ('ourAe of any importalu·e. leaves the t1istl'ict . .FI.oodFi aI'£' not frequent except after very heavy rU11I. Thp Rrulllhain, a tributary of the Bhagirathi, ri~es in the riel:' fih·dH to the I:!outh of Mangalkot The Bunka, tle~H'ribf'd by O'Malley aR the princi poliet! kLltt iUll. 1'1IeJ1('(' it flows eastward.s III a pal tributary of the Khari, but perhaps an allC'iellt eircllitOll"l r'OtH'HI:' and eVt'ntuully enters the Bhagi 1l'1'igation cannl, rises in a ri('e swamp near Silla in rathi at Dainhat. Its hed i~ of day and th(· btmkFl the Ualsi thana. The rivl:'r was forml:'rly in itA being' low it is lill.ble to Hood after heavy rain. It origiu 11 spill ('hannt'l of the Damodar and its is fordablB everywhere. prl:'t'H'llt source lieH within a few miles of that rivc>r. 'fhe ('onnf'ding ('hannel i!' now l'omplt,tely silte(l 'I'he Rabla enterA the distriet north-east of thl' up, but the bed whieh was formerly F100ured out by K,·tllgram police station and flowing soutll-east the action of the main river now serves aFi a drainag!:, f al1,., lIlto tht' HhagiratLl neal' Kat Wit. dlannel for the I:!outh of the district where the land Embankments. Tlw Irrigation Department is generally low!:'r than tLl' beel of the Damodar. main tains a long serie.!! of em huukm811 ts on both A. ('onnedion still PXiAhl between the Banka and the the left and the right banks of till;) ])amudar river parent river at .Tujuti. Unfortunately the main and parts of the Ajay rivt'r. Dt:'tail"l of the history channel of the Damodllr has shifted to the southern of these emhankments will be found in the bank and a lligh Rand buuk or char has been thrown fj ve volumeI'! of selected paper!> relating up in front of the sIuin!:', with the result that the to the Damodar river puhlit;}wd by the Ilupply of water frOlD the Damodar is oeeaHionally Uovernlnent of Bengal from time to time, entirely (Jut off. The river flows in an easterly the last being puhlished j URt after the great course parallel to the Damodar and at a short flood of Hl43, whic:h occasioned the tuking up of the rlil'!tunre from it, and after passing through the Damodar Valley I'rojed. 'l'hf'~W PlII banktuents on town of Burdwan, whil·h is situated on the north the Damodar river art> reiufon'f'mants of a very bank, crosses the railway and flows north of it as ftlleie.ut system of embankment.s and slui(~e$. Their far as Saktigarh station, where it turns north-east main purpose in the middle of the 19th century ·,1 waR the protection of thEl newly built East Indian The "ove-rHow oanals" of Bengal fall behind thf' great irrigation works of other countries in no particular what Railway which for a g-reat }t·ngth in the Burdwan ever. l"irst of all stands the magnitude of the work. Take distriet runs close tu the big river. In this connec the country traversed by these canals on the Ganges and tion the following iR quoted in e:rtenso from the DaolOdar, and we have an irrigated area which could William WillcockR' "Ancient Rystl'ffi of Irriga not have beeu under 7,000,000 acres. And theu we have ('anaIR aligued and designed on the BoundeBt priuoiples, tion in Bengal" whi('h will tlxplam how the ancient which worked for Ulany hundreds of years and were only embankmf'nts of the Damodar eaIlll' into being and diRlo{:ated by a generation of civil war and discord. how later they were put to illlpropt'l' use. Rpt'aking of these oanals, or "dead rivers" as they arE' ('aIled today, we may say: When the Bengalis began the physical conquest of the (1) The spacing apart of the oanals is just where canalll delta, the valley occupied by Murshidabad, Nadia and would be plaf'ed today if there werl~ none already northern Faridpur had bepn lilk>d up, and the Ganges 011 the ground. could be led southwards if skilfully handled. One of the firat great pUblic works Appeal'lI to have boon the taking (~ 'I'hey are fairly parallel and continuous in tbll of the perennial waters of the Slwred Ganges to a very sacred direction in which th('y start, whif'h is ahsolutely shrine on t,he main stream of the old Damodar, by the artificial. Bhagirathi, CYl" the Ilhagirathi and the .1elengi. If ant" reads caretully thE' account in the Ramayana one 8('('11 that (3) Tht'y are wide and shallow to carry tho heneficial the reference is to the diversion of a portion of the _Qeren muddy slIria('(J wut()r~ or the rivPJ's nIld avoid tht· nial waters of the Ganges} which 50,000 of the King'.e hamdul Randy watl.'rs of the bedH. subjeots ('ould not accomplish, but which Bhagirath?, the King's grandson, accomplished by his ingenuity. rh!'se (4) Tlw viJlag~s arE' (·onstru(·ted 011 their banks al< spiritual interp.l'l'tatiollB of physl('ul facts in the old dassi(!Il villages would naturally be conBtrueted, uuder the are delightful studieS. 'ro allow the perennial supply from conditions in 1lengal, on raised banks. the Ganges to lll~ maintained in the Hooghly (aA the joint stream of the Bhagirathi and the Jeleugi was called htllow (5) All the canals wt're originally dug ;;traight as It th!'ir junrtion), the DamudaI' itself had to he ('ontrolled. matt!'r of l'ourse, but tht'lr winding eourSPR today The muin stream of thll Damodar was closed at the right are a true. gauge of the friability of the Hoil they angular bend, and the whole supply of the river turned traverse. Their winding ('oursc'> along t.ht'il' origi down south past Jamalpur, with heavy embankmont on its nal alignments are nat.ure's masterf'jl haudiwork. lett bank to pJ'Oteet the rieh lands of southern Burdwan, No fresh levelling and surveying is requiroo a~ a Hoo!l:hly and Howra}). To irrigate those rH'h lands, sevt'u rule. The canall< need dearing out and embanking canals were dug and the whole seven canals constitut!'d a with the ('xl'avatcd material. Water ran duwn new delta. Thps(' ('anals or "Kanas" relieved till' new them in the pust. It will run down them in the Damodar, and between th(·m they disposed of tht" wholf' jut';lrf'. 'I'lwy arp Rpa('ed ready for ov('rflow irrI exceSH suppl~1 whi('h paMsed BUl'dwun. gation. All they wllnt aTE' "t1IJl'rfilloIlR lind' r('dul1- dant lwnds cut ofl'. Let anyone follow the long-continued, well-spn(,f'd alijl;u ment.1! of th~)se ~t'ven ('Qnals, of the maiu ('anals in ('entral WE' know flomE'thinp: nbout the hiRtory of these works. BI'Ugal, and in the Taniore delta, and he will not bp Historians tell liS that North ... rn India WIUl conquered Ilud IOurprisoo to Illarn that history t.Plls us that the Chola l .The Eogllelunan (and not 1Ilna1l8hmen) WIf,I Henry 'l'homll8 Oolebrooke and the !I.II(1\.11tl.on II ~m his "B.emarlrAl 00 UlII HUllbaQdry aod InterDal ~ree of Bengal", publlshed .. an Appendix In CeIlft8 B.epcm of W"~ BenQd, tiltH, P611" Ie. -A.M. n wnti'll'-('OUr&e only {,!lpn.bl •• of dlschnrP',ing one-seventh 01 whitp-ants. rrhere are no large uncultiva.ted it", o"g1un1 Nupplv, while thl' .Jnmnlput" nl!:ulntor waR only pasturt's in the deltaic portion of the clistriet, all t"lm lor 2 days in' 19\t7 n ... the head dlnnnei was full 01 silt the avuilahle ground being taken up for tillage. alld dOloled all sOlin I1S th(, Unmodnt" rose above n ('crtain height. Bengal irrigation had t01l('hc(j bottom, In the uuduluting t'ountry to the west there aTe vllRt stretches of waste land the h£>rbnge on which dries up in the hot Henson. Lakes and Marshes. Tlwre are no lakes In the dilltriet, but in the e:lslern portion, more parti(~ubr}y in tIll:' Kalwa and Kalna suh Canals. rrhp fi rsi, artifirio.l waterway iR tht' divisions, ElIllan jhecls or swamps in whir·h water Eden eannJ eallp(l after Sir ABhley Eden, an remuins tllrollghout tIlt' year aboullll. The mort' irrigation ehannp] 22 miles in length reaching p:xteul'livt' of tlwst' marhlwH lie on the rig-ht bl1nk from Knll('hannugar, the western suburb of of the Bhngiruthi fllHl have plainly been ('uUSE'd Jhmlwnn, to ,Jamalpur where thf' Kana river and hy the ovprflow (If that rlvt'r, while n few the Kana Dalllodur join it. The canal takes its t>imilurly ('aust'd border the Ajay and Damodar. supply from the Dumodar at ,T ujuti where there 'I'he smallpr jutpl'nal rivers and strE'ams are very are two ht'lld sluil't'H ('onneetiTlg' with the Banko. often pm hu n](pd for purposes of irrigation; these riypr. The maximum dis('hal'g'e of the canal in pmhallkllll'lltH form It e(HlRideruhlp ohstruction 10 tIlt' rainy l'I('n~on is 700 ('uhi(' fpet. 1)('1' sec:oncl, but thl' natural drainage of the clistriet, and arf' in the willt('r th(· ~mpply falls very low and some Hupposecl to huve largely ('ontrihnted 10wards the timl'H in April and May dwindles to flO cubic fpet outhrPllks of malaria which have heen Ru(·h a 1)('1' ~f'f'oTld. Tilt' wat!'r (tchnittpd through tll", H('ourgp in recent timt'H. I Tl some of thE' smaller slui('(,s flows along' the Banku for about 7 rlYt'1'8 It thiek Yarif'ty of re('J ('alh,a .wr Wows mil PH to Kunf'hallllagar, whl're it is hpld up by a \Vilcl which is largt'ly used in roofing hOUHPS. wpir fu:rOSH t11t' ('hanne} and admittetl into the Loug--8telllIllPd 1'1('1' iR not grown in the distriet ranal proppr hy an anicut. After paBsing and there are 110 man;}H'H or RwampH Ruitable fur thl'Ougll Kau('hallnagar, t.he ea.nal runs parallt'l itt> ('ultivution. 'rh(' alluvial plain to the east iF! to tlH' ]pft embankmt'nt of the Damodar for ahout ('ovf're(l with nn ('UOl'mous llumllt'r of tanks 20 miles; the 8upply is th('n divi(1ed, about onp which have bpeIl l'X(' viii A total of Re. 7 '258 tnillion by way of water-rate. rocks are exposed. Most of the alluvial depDurgapur Barrage Rehellle of the Damodar parts of the district partly a laterite clay more Valley Corporation whieh will conRist of the re is or less 1'he beds of the Damodar and the modelling of the Eden and Damodar eanals, the a1teJ'(~d. Ajay are often covered with reddish and yellowish building of a barrage at Durgapur and the coarse-grained sand. re-modelling of the Kaua Damodar river and the Kana N adi. A vast network of new channels induding the imprOVelllf'nt uf the Gftngur l'iveI' The Gondwana roekH iu Asansol Subdivision and taking out distributaries from thitl river and forms a part of the WE'll-known Raniganj coal field, whirh covers tmme [)()(I square miles, most the ('onlltructioIl of it navigable eanal for bargell right down from tlll' Asansol suhdivision to of whieh lie in this subdivision j small parts of Calc'utta are the main jielllfl of the Durgapur th£' ('oalfit'ld lie in the t\djoining districts of Barragl' Sf'hf'mc. When this scheme iR completed llankura, Manbhum, lind the San tal !>arganas. it is expec~ted that it will very thoroughly change the face of the district. 13!,Rides irrigation and '1'he system of rocks is also represented in the navigation ('hannels the Damodar Valley Corpora Ha.imahal hillR, in several of the Chota Nagpur tion will he ah1e to lIupnly t'ledrieity at Hurdwun, districts, in Orissa, in Madhya 1)rade81 and also Pandaveswar, SaHigarh and Memari in Burdwan in Hyderabad. The system is divisible into an distl'i('t in urldHion to the t'utire area of the llpper and lower series, eharacterised by marked AHanHol l'luhdiviAion. 'j'he fleheme will irrig-ate a stratigraphical diHCOrdltlH'e and marked rhange iolal llt'pa of 1,21~ Hqual'e miles on the left bank in the type of the fOHl'lil flora, cycads and conifers of' the Damadar and 2:J2 Hquare miles on its right prevailing in the uppt'r, Ilnd equisetaceous plants, hallk. 'l'h~> iotaJ irrigoabh· area on both hanb g-lossopteris aud l~ordaHean stemR in the lower will be G74,397 am'es, 5(iG,03() acres being on tbe ~mhdiviHiou, ff'l'lls being found more commonly in left hank and lOH,:l(i 1 (l('l'HH heing on the right, tilt' uJlper. The following table shows the prob able correlation of jjHl Gondwana groups as Ceology. 'rIll' di~,.trid is ('oven"c\ hy alluvium rlevelopcd in the Runigauj conlfit!ld and adja.cent (lXI'l'pt in thl' AHanRol tmhdivisioll wht"re Uondwana areas ;- G Umio. and .TabaJpnr Rajmahal Rajnmhal Ma.hadeva. Sllprt4·PlIonohet (of PanChtlt hill) Pa.m' he t (Trias) Pancbllt. Drunodar (Permian and Pormo Ba.rllokar Haniglmj H.anigan j (1) oarboniforous) Raniglmj Barren lroOlitono 9haloa MeMuroll Barakar Bara.kar Talchera (U. Carboniferous) Talchor Karharbari 'l'alchor Talohol' 'ralchor '1'he 'l'alcht'r group, whil'h forms tht' base of The 'l'alcher-Karluil'bori groups are superposed the Gondwana system, consists of silty shales, hy a great t!eries of beds known as the Damuda usually of a greenish g'ft'y and olive colour HPl'ips whi('h consists of three subdivisiouH known weathering into minute, thin, angular fragments in Supl'a-Panchc-tsJ while otherE. consider them to be altered, and partly a red-coloured coarse-grained of the Miocene ag~. sand, characteristic of the eastern ranges of the Vindhya formation, large surfaces composed of Uoal is being mined in the Raniganj coalfielcl whiph are to be found in the beds of the since the year 1800. Reserves of coking coal in Dwarakeswar, Damodar, and Ajay rivers. this coalfield h •.we l)een conservatively estimated Paddy and sugarcane, the two characteristic at 82 million tons up to 1,000 ft. and 250 million crops of the Burdwan district grow both in the tons up to a depth of 2,O(}O ft. In addition, there laterite clay and the red sand though a soil are vast reserves of superior non-coking and formed of a mixture of the two is considered best inferior quality coals. for sugarcane. The clay is very difficult to work, turning into a lllaSEI of most tenacious mud in the rainy season, and being as hard as stone in the The Raniganj coalfield also cont.ains large summer. This red clay contains rich stores of reserves of iron ore, occurring chiefly as nodules phosphorus :mJ hydrateu sesquioxide of Iron. in the ironstone shales, Fe20 a per rent. in the ores ranges 43-65 per cent. Formerly these ores used to be smelted at the Kulti Iron Works. Greatly the larger part of the cultivated land consists of the low-lying tracts separating the village sites from one another. This land is Good quality fireclay occurs in the Barakar mostly clay. The diara lands are formed by the stage of the Raniganj coalfield. The clay occurs deposition of river silt in the beds and on the in the fOfm of seams very much like coal. Such bunks of rivers, and are most sought after by the clavs are found both above and below the coal cultivators. They are renovated every year seains, as baJlds in coalseams and also separately during the rains by a deposition of silt, and in the sandstone sequence. In 1948 over requires no manures. They are the most suitable 36,000 tons of fireclay were produced in the for winter and spring crops, pulses, wheat, barley, Bengal part of the Raniganj coalfield. oilBeeds and vegetables. I The following are the results of analysis of (results on ()velJ, dry basis) kiD.dl~ r0vided b~ the surface soil from dUferent parts of West Bengal Microbiologist of West Bengal 4t A.pril 1 62). Na,me oft>laoe Bara. Ram· Rani. Burd· Amre.r. Ukhm Da,mG- Mamk· &1. SaJa,pur Ne.na,- 'M.tI.nt.e- bainan nllgger gunge ,WMl gar da.r lM"1 ~ \anplIon, awe.r dangllo danga fllorln .. 1>. S_ Katwa Nitrogen (per cent.) 0-062 0-0505 0·083 0·0383 0-0399 0·0340 0-037 0-0582 0·0812 0·0602 0·1100 0·053 p. 0, (per cent.) 0·063 0·0245 0·0210 0·0546 0·0100 0·0520 0-0320 0'0180 0·0448 0'0509 0'0500 0·0480 Ks (per cent.) 0·502 0·3770 0·320 0·4087 0·3780 0·6600 0·8700 0·2805 0,'80 0·6882 0·66 0·4110 PH 7·2 7 ·2 6·8 6·' 7·2 6·2 6·8 6·00 Common Flora. The eastern portion forms doubts if there are any at all now in the district. part of the great Gangetic delta and here, in "Wild pig are numerous throughout the distriot land under rice cultivation, are found the usual and do considerable damage to the crops; marllh weeds of the Gangetic plain and many monkeys also abound. Poisonous snakes are sedges. On ponds and in ditehes and still streams very common and include several kinds of cobra, float aquatic plants and many submerged water the krait and the deadly Russell's viper_ Snipe wt'ecis. 'l'he villages and towns are surrounded ure very numerous in the rice fields during the by the usual shrubherif'FI of semi-spontaneous and months of September, October and November and suh-economic shrubs and small trees whieh often afford exceUent sport, while among other game cover It ('onl'liderablf' area. The more character birds are grey and black partrid~es, pea-fowl, and istie shrubhy species are Glgcosmis, Polyalthia jungle-fowl which are plentiful 1Il the Gal jungles subro.,a, Clerodendron injortu.natu'm, SOWtnwln of the Asansol subdivision. Ukhra is a good tornum. ::lnd various other Hpecies of the Bame spot for partridges. The civet cat, mongoose, genus, besides l'errlW, Sflreblu,s and FiC'Us hi,ypida. and grey hares, the fox and the long-tailed' Otht'r species of figs, notably the pipal and hanuman (langur) are also found. On the lnmyan with the red cotton tree (Brrmba:x Damodar Hnd in the marshes and jheels east of lIUl lrtlJII 1"1("11 /fI ), mango (AI (111 .lJifera in(lien) , and the IIooghly, goose, duck, water-fowl nnd teal are .iiyal (Odina Wodter) make up the arborescent found in fair numbers but are not. so plentiful as part of these thickets in which PhoenUv in other partR of liengal. Green pigeon are also da.ctylijero and Borassui. flabellvllfM' are often (lc{'osionally to be found. Other common birds present. Hedgt'A and waste placeI'! are covered are those usually met with in Bengal. with climhing creepers and various milk weeds and also harbour quantities of Jatropha (JO'sayvilolia, Urena, Heliotropiwm, Sida and Fish. Fiah is eonsulned in large quantities by similar plunts. Roadsides are often ('lothed with almost all elasses of the lleople excepting the a sward of short grasses and open glades with tall widows of 'high-ca.ste llrahmans, Baidya!! and coarse grasses. The distriet contains no forest, Kayasthas to whom it is forbidden by religious but the laterite country and the uplands of the eustom. The supply is mainly drawn from the Asansol subdivision are in plaees clothed with Rhagirathi, the Damodar and the internal rivers coppices of sal (Shoroo 7'obusta). and ehannels in which a large variety of fresh water fish are found. A. considerable portion oi the supply iR also derived from 1,he numerous t.anks in Fauna. The carnivora of the district comprise the eastern portion of the district, but in many leopard, wolf, hyaena, jackal and other smaller tanks the water has become poisonous in species. Leopards are not common, but are consequence of the decomposition of rank vegeta oceasionally found ·in the villages near Dainhat in t.ion and the fish as a result are diseased. The the Katwa Bubdivision. They destroy cattle and praytice of salting fish is very little resorted to, goats and have been known to attack men. Tigers but in some parts the Muhammadans are in the were formerly common in the district, especially habit of drying fish for home consumption, and in the jungles of the Asan801 Bubdivision adjoin the lower classes eat it with avidity even in a ing the Santal Parganas, but haY'e now entirely putrid, state. Hunter enumerated six difterent disappeared. Wolves are Bcarce and are mostly methods of ca'tohing fish which are practi~d in met with in the jungles north of IKanksi:t; they the district-netting, there are twelve distinct have been known to carry oft children. Hyaenas varieties of nets; fishing by traps which are do not commit much mischief as they content usually small cages of split bamboo placed ill a themselves with OSITion but they occuionally current; fishing by Poltu8, a conioal baeket; ('arry off goats and sheep. The Divitlional Forest ~shiug by rod and line i spear fishing, and fUahing Officer reports that they are very uncommon and uy h'U,'1'i tuld sikti. The hUM is a bunch of twigs and thorns tied together and thrown into the Looa.l name Latin name river where there is little or no eurrent. Small fish and prawns take shelter among the twigs and Punti Barbus Stigma are captured by means of a net called' 8ikti. Rita Rita rita Fishing with rod and line is the favourite sport of the Bengalee. Breeding fish are largely taken Rui Lalxlo rohita in the district for consumption, but are not Saral or SWarna Punti BarbuR sarrana wastefully destroyed and young fry are also eaptured in large quantities principally for the Singi Heteropneul!tes fossilis purpose of stocking tanks, as it is generally believed that large fish cannot spawn in tanks. Sole O. Striatus Tang-ra Mystus vittatuB The most common fish are the rui, katla and mrigel which an' found eVE:'rywhere in the riverfo! Climate. In Burdwan, like some of the more and tanks and the magur which are found in the western difltrids of south-west Bengal where the tanks only, but there are a great number of other AUl·face soil is of the red laterite character and the varieties which form an important part of the hot westerly winrls from Central India penetrat,e people's daily food. IIilsa are also taken in the at times, exceptionally high day temperatures are Damouar. The followin~ is a list of common a feature of the hot weather months. The mean fishes found in the district, kindly prepared by maximum temperature-, which is on an average the Director of Fishtlries of the State. below 80°.6 in Deeember and J unuary, rises to H40 ·3 in Fehrl1ury, 920 ·7 in Mareh and J~ocal name La tin name 102°'5 in April. Thereafter there is a steady full until the IllOIlllOOU ill establishNI whl'lI the Air MystUR aor mpun maximum day temperature rt'maint'l steady 0 ut. about. 88° to 90 ' up till September. The mean Bacha Elltropiichthys vaeha night temperature, whieh jnt'reaaes from 54°:4 in Bhang-an bata Labeo bata January to 79°:3 in .Tullt" re~lItinR . almost. unehanged until Srptember when It hegms to Baal Wallagonia .aHu fall, and i!l 7:1°'R in Odoher, (j:!o'9 ill Novemlwr and 55°'8 in J)ec('mber. Rainfall for the month Chanda AlllhassiH nama iH less than one inch between November and l?ebruary and between one ineh and two inchf's Chela Chela haeaib in Mareh and April. after which there is a rapid inerease owing to the oecRsional incursion of Chital N otoptel'us Chitala cyclonic storms in ~ay. . During the monsoon Dento Punti or Tit Punti B. Ticto Reason weather eonditlOns 111 Burdwan are very similar to those in uther parts of south-west Gajal OphiocephalllB marulius Bengal. 1'he rainfall is maintained chiefly hy eyeionic stormR which fonn in the north-west Ilish Hilso. ilish angle of the Bay and influence the weather over the whole of the south-west of the province, and Katla Cutla Catlo. hy inland depressions which form over the ('entral districts of Bengal and move slowly west Kalhaus L. Calbasu ward. As the diflt,rict of Burdwan iB more in the Khalse • Colisa fascinta line of advance of these latter disturbances, minfall is not apprel'ial)ly lighter, a11 might be Koj Anahas testudiIleufl expect.ed from its inland PQsition. The average faUt in June is 8", 14" in July, in August Lata O. Punetatus l~" ''2, in September 7" '8 and in October 4"'4 inches. The total average fall between Magllr Clarias batrach us May and November is 52" '28 inches. Mourala Amblyph.a.ryngodon mola The district for many years suffered from a Mrigel fever of a very fatal type to which it gave its Cirrhina rurigala name. 1'he real "Burdwan fever", which often Pabda Callichrous ptllbda proved fatal within one or two days, a:p'pears to have died out, though the district is stIll subject Pankal M. Pancalus to fevers especially those of a remittent type, the water-logged tract along the Bhagirathi being Pholui Notopteru8 Notopterus particularly unhealthy. ------~------·Tlw figure. a.re aU for the year 1960. . tThe average is for the ten years 19U·50. sii TIae ' .... A oompa.rison of. hiB figures with those obt.a.ined at tha census of 1812 sh BURDWAN DISTRICT 2,191,667 +,300,985 1,890,732 +315,033 1,575,699 +aO.928 1,484,771 -99,103 Sadar Subdt1li8'icn 802,05'1 + 64,406 '131,651 +112,866 625,295 + 86.446 589,849 -'18,390 Burdwa.n 163,198 + 12,247 140,951 + 40,161 100,790 + 6,509 94,281 - 9,418 Khandaghosh 00,095 + 3,246 56,849 + 4,396 52,453 + 1,768 60,685 - 9,677 Ra.ina 111,169 + 14.898 96,276 + 9,008 86,668 + 1.483 85,185 -16,616 J-.ualpur 80,106 + 4,842 75,264 + 12,096 63,168 + 343 62,825 799 Memari 115,223 + 9,992 105.231 + 18,102 87,129 + 5,628 81,501 - 8,143 Galsi 107,001 + 9,286 97,715 + 8,981 88,734 + ll,587 77,147 -13,124 Bhatar 84,638 + 7,484 77,149 + 10,535 66,614 + 4,803 62,311 - 6,226 AUilgram 90,632 + 2,416 88,216 + 8.477 79,739 + 38,250 75,914 - 9,387 AaanBol SubdiviaWn '169,265 +163,616 606,6&9 +142,609 463,080 + 69,1]6 403,964 +16,382 Salunpur 47,354 + 20,758 26,596 + 2.602 23,994 + 1,127 22,867 + 1,229 Kulti 122,212 + 25,663 96,549 + 33,742 62,807 + 8,363 54.444 + 2,925 Hirapllr 59,934 + 16,379 43,555 + 15,945 27.610 + 3,677 23,933 + 1,284 ASa.nl!ol 115,485 + 31,661 83,924 + 30,725 53,199 + 7,084 46,115 + 2,478 Barabani 50,530 + 8,094 42,436 + 2,320 40,116 + 95 40,021 + 2,150 Jamllria. 111.550 + 23,875 87.675 + 13,235 74,440 + 14,060 60,380 + 3,203 RIllUj&nj 71,496 + 14,772 66,723 + 12,433 44,290 + 3,992 40,29R + 2,138 Ond 86,008 + 10,577 75,431 + 19,207 56,224 + 14,271 41,!l1)3 + 2,226 Faridpur 54,506 + 420 54,086 + 8,489 46,597 + 2,597 43,000 + 2,281 Kanksa. 50,191 + 11,477 38,714 + 3,911 34,803 + 3,850 80,953 4,534 • K alna Subdiviaion. 305,751 + 68,0'19 247,6'12 + 28,935 218,7.3'1 + 12,783 205,954 -19,211 Kalna. 122,634 + 21,486 101,048 -1- 12,353 88,695 + 4,270 84,425 - 4,986 Purbastl.uui 104,628 + 31,674 72,954 + 6,696 66,258 + 1,209 66,049 - 8,201 Manteswar 78,589 + 4,919 73,670 + 9,886 63,784- -I- 7,304 56,480 - 6,01:14 KaWM SubdiviaiQn 314,594 + 14,874 299,720 + 31,133 268,087 + 33,583 230,004 -21,8:M Katwa 128,193 + 12,7011 115,484- + 13,604 101,880 + 10,91:16 90,894 - 4,061 Mango.lkot 88,871 + 6,920 81,951 + 3,738 78,213 + 11,715 66,498 - 5,702 Ketugram 97,530 - 4,755 102,285 + 13,791 88,494 + 10,882 77,612 -12,061 Popula. Variation Popula.. Variation PopulI" Variation Popula. Variation Popula. tion tion tion tion tion 1911 ]901·11 1901 1801·11101 181H 1881·181H 1881 1872·81 1872 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 JS BUROWAN DISTRICT 1,533,874 + 5,684 1,528,290 + 136,410 1,391,880 + 57 1,394,823 -92,027 1,483,850 k"lada'l' Sub xi~ The undermentioned table shows the a.bove variations as pementa.ges of the popu1ation of the previous decade or group of decades. Pereentap variations itt population from deoadI to deoadI, 1872-1951 Percentage V lIJ.'iation ------~------~1ool·ln 11121·51 1872·U121 1941'01 1931·41 1921·81 1911.21 1901-11 1891·1901 1881·91 1872·81 WEST BENGAL + 56·7 + 61·3 + 20'0 +18·6 +23-6 + 7·7 - 2'3 +6'1 + 8'1 + fHI + 1·7 BURDWAN DIVISION + 34·7 + 37·9 + 5·9 + 7·9 +19'0 + 7·4 - 4·9 +2·8 + 7'2 + 4·0 - 2·8 BURDWAN DISTRICT + 43·4 + 62·8 - 3 ·3 + 15 ·9 + 20 ·0 + 9·8 - 6·5 +0'4 . + 9,8 + 0-0 - 6·2 Sadar Subdivi8wn + 17·5 + 36·0 - 18·6 + 8·7 +18·0 + 6·0 -11'1 -2,8 +10'1 - 3'1 -11·7 Burdwan + 44·8 + 62'0 - 11'0 + 8·7 +89·8 + 6·9 - 9·1 -2,3 +12'8 - 0·7 -10·5 Khandaghosh - 2·7 + 18·6 - 25·1 + 5'7 + 8·4 + 3·5 -16·0 -2·2 +10·4 + 1'7 -18·7 Rains + 5·5 + 30'0 - 16'0 +15'5 +1l·1 + 1'7 -16'8 -3·4 +10'5 - 1·9 - 4·7 Jamalpur + 20·8 + 27'5 - 25·8 + 6·4 +19'1 + 0·5 - 1·3 -4'0 - 7·6 + 0'1 -16·3 Memari + 25·6 + '1·4 - 11·0 + 9·5 + 20·8 + 6,9 - 9·1 -2,3 +12'8 - 0·7 -10'5 GaJsi + 14·8 + 38·7 - 15·5 + 9·5. +10·1 +U'O -14·5 -3·2 +14'8 +2·7 -13'4 Bhatsr + 20·7 + 35·8 ;- 11·0 + 9·7 +15·8 + 6·9 - 9·1 -2·3 +12·8 - 0·7 -10'5' Ausgram + 3·3 + ]9·4 - 31·6 + 2·7 +10·6 + 5'0 -B'O -2·7 +12·5 -19·0 -12'3 ABanllol 8ubdimBicm +107·4 + 90·4 + 69·7 +27·0 +30·8 +14·6 + 4·0 +'·1 +19·6 + 9·1 +19·4 Salanpur +131'1 +107·1 +17]·3 +78·0 +10·8 + 4·9 + /5·7 +5·6 +31·8 +28·8 +43·1 Kulti I +150·5 +124'0 +171·3 +26·6 +53'7 +11)-,. + 5·7 +5·6 +31·8 +28·8 +43·1 Hirapur +179·5 +150·4 +171·3 +37·6 +57·8 +15'4 + 5·7 +5·6 +31·8 +28·8 +43'1 Asansol +179'5 +]50'4 +171·3 +37·6 +57'8 +15'4 + 5·7 +5·6 +31·8 +28·8 +43·1 Barabani ,. 40·9 + 26·3 +171·3 +11).1 + 0·8 + 0·2 + 5·7 +0·6 +31·8 +28·8 +43'1 Jamuria +106·7 + 84·7 + 43·3 +27·2 +17·8 +23'3 + 5·6 +6·0 +12·1 + 0·9 +18'2 Raniganj + 98·5 + 77·4 + 43·3 +26·0 +28·1 + 9·9 + 5·6 +5·9 +12·1 + 0·9 +13·2 Ondsl +129·4 +105·0 + 43·3 +14·0 +34·2 +34·0 + 5·6 +5·9 +12·1 + 0·9 +13·2 Faridpur + 41·8 + 26·8 + 43·3 + 0·8 +18'6 + 6·0 + 0·6 +6·0 +12'1 + 0·9 +13·2 Kanksa + 30·0 + 62·2 - 21·6 +29·6 +11'2 +12·4 -12·8 -4·6 + 6·3 -10·3 r 1'3 Kalna 8ubdivillion + 36·0 + 48·6 - 39·3 +23·4 +13'2 + 6'2 - 8·6 -0'6 - 1/·2 - 2·6 -1'1.1/ Kalna. + 35·8 + 45·1 - 30·8 +21·3 +13·9 + 0·1 - 5·'1 -0·1} + 0,2 - 2·6 -24,2 Purbasthali + 38'4 + 60·8 - 20·4 +43'4 +10·1 + 1·9 -11·2 -3,1 - H~ - 6·1 + 0'5 ManteswlU' + 29·8 + 39·1 - 32·1 + 6·7 +15'5 +12·9 - 9·7 +3·3 - 5·8 + 2·0 -24·2 Kalwa Subdivi8wn + 26·6 + 33·9 + 0·1 + 6·0 +11·6 +14·J - 8·5 +3'8 + 1·9 + 0·0 - 1'9 Katwa + 38·3 + 41·0 + 12·8 +1l·0 +13'4 +12·1 - 4·3 ,2'4 +13 ·5 - Hi + 2·9 Mangalkot + 26'0 + 33·6 + 11·2 + 8·4 +" ·8 + 17 ·6 - 7·9 +2·4 - 1·5 - 2·6 - 1'~ Ketugl'lUll • + 14·4 + 25'7 2·2 - 4·6 +15·6 +14·0 -13·4 +iH +10·9 + 4·4 - 7·1 The two statements bring out 'Very forcefully the lives up to 1878 and seriously interrupted the birth very different patterns of growth Drst between 1872 rate. '1'he calHtes most generally aSlligned were and 1921 and then between 1921 and 1951. over-population, obstruction of drainage caused hy Between 1872 a.nd 1921 every police .station in th'l the ~ilt.lllg up of rivers and railway embankments Sadar and Kalna Bub divisions and Ketugram of the East IndilL1'1 Railway whieh was inaugurated police station in Katwa subdivisions 8ulIerBd up to Raniganj in 1854-55, waterlogging of the heavily, and the population in 1921 was anything ('ountry east of the railways, and the ('oll8equent, between a third and a tenth less than in 1872. Aaturation of the country ·with retained moisture. Kat..{B and M:angalkot police stations in KatwB 'l'he fever, from all reports, appears to have been subdivision managE'd to show small net increases both malignant and benign types of malaria., And during 1872-1921, but Buifered nevertheless from from the great work carried out by C.A. Bentley the same type of malady. All the three police on the correlation of malaria with lllek of irriga stations of IKalna subdivision auftered heavily, but tion Ilnd drainage, and the spleen indes, it may Khand~hoBh, J amal'pur and AUBgram in Sadar be 8.. fely conduded that malaritt (~olltinued to tlloke subdivis10n suifered llttle less. The decimation of ' heavy and constant tolls in the whole arefll, up to population started in 1863 with the advent of t_e 1921. In 1891-1901 crops were good as a rule, Burdwan Fever which took heavy tolls of human having been short only in 1896-96, and. oultivarore benefited by the rise in prices. There were few Bihar, a few colonies of Dihari Muslims were ]Il.wllesfl lll.bourers eX('ept such as obtaine Percent.. of age groupe and of married women (11t-40) to tot.. populatiOft Ind Of ohit .... (0-5) to marriect WOIMI'I (15-40) in lurdwan, 1801-'111 Percentage of persons, male8 and females to total populaticm PeI'OeDtap of Percen. married women of ohiI.dren Age group 0-15 Age group 15-60 (16-40) to (0-6) to Years I" toW married women l' M F P M F population (13--40) 1 2 3 4 I) 6 7 8 9 1901 35·0 35·9 34·0 59·5 59·6 59'3 15'7 75" 1911 35·4 36'4 34·5 59·4 59·1 5(}ofi 16·6 67·8 1921 33·4 34·2 32·5 62·3 62·0 62'6 17·1 54:·6 1931 34·8 35·0 34'8 61·7 61·9 61,2 17·3 75·6 HI41 34·9 34'1 35·6 61·6 62·8 60·4 16'8 69·1 1951 34·9 34·4 alSo!) 00·6 OO·S 6{)·4 17·2 7&·2 The effect of the influenza epidemic on the figures for 1931 rather Buggel'lt the effects younger population aged 0-15 in 1921 is remark of the influenza epidemic in lowering the population ablp, as also on the percentage of children aged o of mothers in 19~H and thus raiMing the proportion f, to mothers aged 15-40. An explanation iR not of young children aged 0-5 correspondingly. 'fhe readily availablp for the pronounced depression in only plausible presumption that might be offered the figures in column 9 for 1941: this feature ill that the census record in 194] was recklessly in seoms to bE' ('ommon to all ag'I'icultural districts of flated hy Apurious entries for thiA puxtienlar type the State. If the influenza epidemic of 1918-19 of population, which being, accor(ling to the ('ustom had tuken, as illdf'ed it did, a heavy toll of young of the land mostly in p1(1·dah, RU('('PAsfully eluded girls aged 0-:3, the age group 22-25 among' the scrutiny of the checking offi('ers especially in WOlHf'n in 1941 would at .least be smaller than ag'l'ieultural difltriets, where purdah is more inviol 1lorlllally, Ilnd this factor would be able tllan in indu8trial ones. 'fhe law was that. no likPly to inerease the ratio in column H rather ('t'llSUS offi('er should Itsk to see Itny woman who was than decrease it, as it actually has. rfhe not voluntarily produced before him. Immigration and Emigration in lurdwan from and outside the ltaw, 1891·1851 1951 1941 1931 1921 1911 1901 1891 Actual population 2,191.667 1,890.732 1,575,699 1,434,771 1,533,874 1,528,290 1,391,880 lnunigratlOn 346,087 182,500 115,886 94,698 82,486 77,233 22,207 Emigration .. 81,093 18,564 15,569 17,000 29.003 81398 7,625 Natural population 1,876,673 1,726.796 1,476,382 1,357,073 1,480,391 1,459,455 1,877,298 Percentage variation +8·7 +17·0 +8·7 -8·3 +1·4 +6'0 In this statement immigrants refer to persons tion hom in West Bengal hut eo Unted in who were horn outside We!>t Bengal and not to Burdwan. persons born outside the district. The figure of I lnllnigrants for BUl'dwan for 1951 inrludefl 96,105 That there is a great deal of casual, temporary, Dis~laced . Persons from Pakistan. Emigrants periodic, or semi-permanent migration hetween simIlarly refer to persons who have migrated out Burdwan and adjaoent district.s and (Itber distri('ts side the State and not outside the diRtrict. The of the State is borne out by the following statement natural population refers therefore to the popula- of unadjlUsted figures taken from census reports. Migration between BurdwMind other districts of 1811181 in 1881·1.1 Ind Wilt ....gal in 1851 Inunigration Emigration ,.-.----"--- From oontiguous From other To contiguous To other diemctl! diatriots distriotl! di.8trlotll r--__" . r----A-----.. ..----'----"I . I M F M F M F M P' 1891 38,813 4:2,830 2,315 2,227 32,376 36,182 25,81)7 18,261 1901 '9,1125 M,270 22,414 11,002 20,497 31,668 19,627 14,384 um 37,000 49,000, 6,000 6,000 20,000 42,000 21,000 14,000 1921 37,000 48,000 8,000 6,000 15.000 ~7,000 17,000 11.000 1961 1'12,970 62.763 18,359 19,450 21,435 87.4,49 86,107 18,115 rrii Agrioulture Bhatar, and parts of the police stations of Kanksa Irrigation. The great want of the Burdwan and Ausgram are now the most fertile area. in the district un.til 1930, espeoially of its western and district. In the last century the excavation of the eentral parts, was a proper supply of water for Eden Canal brought a great deal of fertility to the irrigation purposes. The rainfall being often southern portion of Burdwan poliee station, deficient in total amouut or irregular in distribu J Rmalpur and Memari. When the projects tion, artificial inigation is necessary for almost of the Damodar Valley Corporation issuing all the important crops exeept pulses Ilud barley. from the Durgapur Barrage are completed In fltd the cultivation of .sugarcane, potatoes, (see map of the D. V. C. Projects in this onions and other important crops oan only be volum~) they will have transformed very undertaken in places where water is available. substantially the fertility of the entire The importan('e of irrigation was fully under district. In normal times rivers, like the slood in ancient times. In no other part of Kunur and the Ajay, overflow their ban'ks and Bengal are so many tanks to be found, but almost ('UURe floods, improving the condition of the soil. without peJ haps exception they have been long 'j'he irrigation of thef1e ('anals has improved the neglected, and are now overgrown with weeds and fertility of the soil and it is now usual to find filled Ufl with silt. Wells are not numerous and (Lman land in Galsi policl:' station producing a the cu tivators have a superstitious dread of ('rop of 9 1IlUllnrls to 14 maunels ot unhusked (,(Irn irrigating lands with water raised from them. per higha. Jlut tllis inereaHe in fertility has also In the hill trade 01 the west the pradice of brought ahout certain unwelcome changE'~ in the Htoring up rain-water is well understood, and the j cnant'y of the land. As soon as irrigation whole svstem of cultivation there mllY be said to improves the produetivity ot tlle soil, the 'l'ayat is be depeIident upon it. Terrace cultivut'ioll, WTIlIlgly invaded by a numher of scheduled '"('aste and SUPIHlIH,d by many to bl:' pe('uliar til China, is the Iwhpdulecl tribe applicants clamourinp to till the out(,Hme of attempts to store fain-water. ThE' hill lund for him (In a share-cropping or Hen wages in sides Ilre convertl:'d into ti('TS of rirE' fields, oftI'll of kind basis. The T(/.lJat havmg dis('o\el'ed that the lhe smallest sizl:' conl'eivable, which are embanked yiE'ld of his plot has improved, ant} having lit.tle along their lower edges. '1'ho ruin-wlttE'r in itA initiative to Improve his condition bt'yond what it downward course is thus arrested and, instead .of is (standard df'pends on s.llrl'ou'ndingR and being allowed to pass down the hillside in a emulation, and where thel'l' ar~ no fdandards it is torrent, it-. madp to irrigate the £elrls on£' after diffil'ult to imagine new ones and aspire after another, each retaining its just share and no more. them), l'P('konR the ('OAt of ('ultivatinn OIl th!:' The ('ultivators al()n~ the hankfl of the smaller prescnt improved yi,'Jd llud dtleid{'s t.hat he would streams have also dlscovererl that at t.he Reason hllv!' to flllend almost UR mueb. on bired labour as when they are apparently quite dry all that is he would be giving uway III a shLire of the crop to ne(,l:'ssary is to make holes in thp ('oarse red Rand tht- applirant, nn(l finds that thp balan('1:' (If of which thtlir beds are formed in order to obtain convenience, or of laziness, whatever one may a good supply of pure sweet wat!:'r. prefer to l'ull it, lies in going shares WIth the Water lifts. The implemt'nts used in iaigation latter. It doE'S not (lI'rur to him that boon aiter art' simple und inexpensivf', but fairly ("fficient. a plot. of land is turned over to a share-('ropper or Water is raised from wells by means of bu('kets wage-earner the produ(·tivity declint's and hll! share or earthen pots with a rope whi('h is o('easionally gl:'ir; lerl!! antI leRs. He puts it to his inability to put round 11 pulley on a wooden bar fixed on drive thl' other lllan hard enough, but finds it too Rupports. :For iITigating from fields, tanks or much of a trouble to resume ('ultivution himl'elf. shallow depressions a donfJn is uRed to raise the In the meantime a plot of land bears more people water. '1'his is a canoe-shaped trough of whieh pt'r acre and lowers still further the overall the fr-t't' end is attarherl by a rope to a lonj;!' level' standard of living. Such a course is especially fixed in an upright abov!' tht' irrigation channel facilitated by the entry into the :field of schedulod with a counterpoise. '1'he lever is depressed by the caste and s('heduled tribe agriculturists, who have labourer and the free end of the trough dipped into voore! staIldltrds of living than is ordinarily the water. On its release the lev('J' riHe~ pulling Imagllled. up the trough, the contents of which are poured Paddy and sugarcane are the two characteristic into th!' irrigation channel. Donl/as are now croP!! of the Burdwan district. These crops grow gent'l'ally made of iron. Water. ('an hI:' rais~d i.n both in the laterite clay and the red sand, though this way two or three feet, and If a furt.her hft 18 II soil formed of a mixture of the two is considered required, either the basket (sini) which is worked th!:' best for sugareane, The clay is very difficult hv two men is used, or more than out' stage is to work, turning into a mass of most tenacious (·~m<;tructed. This adds considerably to thl:' cost of lllud .in the rainy season, and being as hard as irrigation. stone m the Bummer. On. account of this difficult.y An ac('ount of the iITigation canulA of the dis~ in many plac'I:'H nothing but paddy is grown, to tril't has been given earlier. The inaugura.tion which crop thifl clay is ",.,11 suited. After the of th(' Damodar Canal in the oentl'1\1 portion of the rains have set in and the o1ay has been softened by difltrH't 8PTVI:'c:1 to trall!~form the fertllih of this deep ploughink, the rice- seedlings are planted. area and the polioe btations of Galsi, Burdwan and Sugarcane also grows well on this :red clay, which xviii contains the hydrated sesquioxide of iron and is manure than in the previous years, to retain a l'ieh in phosphorus, the latter mineral bein~. as uniform yield. This alarming feahlrf', which is agricultural chemistry tells us, the predomInant }lOt yet ~ery wiclespreu(l. llOwevt'r, alrf'ady points element in sugarcane. This crop, however, io the lleE'd for a (,}OH61' ill"eHti~'ation Ill' io thtl t'lp(:,f'd requires irrigation in April Whe:>Il water is very ut whil'll flood-irrigation oUg'ht to hr permitt,('c1 to scarce, and low.lyin~ land is unsuited on account olwratp a('l'ORl'l the country) of the daIltrt'l' of lDuudation during the rainy Rice. Hi!'f' iR by fttr thf' 1D()t';t important ('rop of season. IS, thert'fore, only within limited areas It ihtl dh,trid: in flwt in the alluvinl plnins to tl){1 t~l t this importlmt crop ran be sucr8ssfully growll. {la'lt litt]l' f'llll' if1 grown. All thf' 11i:fff'TPnt Tht' lUORt praf'ticul dassifieation of Aoi1" i~ intu v3rirtips eultivntf'd may be grol1prcl unoer tbrt'p hI h land, low land and diam, or alluvial river nrimary ('}aAS!>R d iHtin~l1iRhf:ld from onl' anotlHlr land. From t1le nature of their formation, the hy marked characteristies-thf' (iu,~ or autumn, the E'Jtwatfld trarts lie along thE' l'ivt'r bankl'! and slope 11mn'TI or wintE'r and the 11Oro 01' tllt' marllh rief'. towards the intE'rior. GE1nerally speaking they '1'J1I' fir~t i ... n ('(lafHe graill (Hffh'ult to dig('Rt nTH1 ('onsist of either sand or sandy loam, whilAt the low PutI'll by tItI' pourer ('h'l'll''i\ aIou!'. It l'il grown 01\ grounds are morf' or less of clay .. As might .be high lnnrl~, and l't'quif()~ mud] ]('RS wuier tllOlt th(, f'X}Hldf'd, the high grounds are mamly oCl'upwd otller two. Whf'n Rown bl"on(ll'al't, Ufo! iR tho hv human hn hitationl'l und form village sitf's. 'I'he g'rn!'l"nl prnl'ti('('. it i~ a go!)(1 11f'1I1 lllOl'f' trollhlf'ROnH' high loud r('Illaining for ngrirultural purpose" iH to grow than the liman. Thf' ti 1/1(1ff 1'1C'I' indud(>R that ]ving around villages, 01H1 is more' or le'lA much tlH' greater number of vftrietiefl amI sandy; and above the ordinary flood level. In the il'l grown OVPl' It larger area than any rainy s{'n'lon the wllshiugs of the villagf's rnanur(' ot1wJ' ('rop. It III ('ultivatAtl Oll low lanns this laud wldeh fetches the' highest rents. It with a day soil, and requirt's Tnlwb grows a vnridy of ('ropR. In 1hp rainy I'!N1ROn it i~ more wa tel' than tll!' xx purpose is obtained by artificial irrigation. A rivers, especially the DnlUQdal', have always been maund. of seed is sown broadcast on a higha famous for growi.ng green wa.~r melons, and of nursery land. Sometimes a little more. The bitters like uchh8e, kaf'ala, and patal. Th~ field must not be watered after sowing, for this l~rops Ilre enormously lucrative. causes the soil to sink and cake, which greatly interferes with the proper germina,tiol1 of the Improvement of methods. Little has been done to IlllTll'OW tllf> methods of ('ulti'Vntion, until Reed. The seedlings a.re ready for transplanta~ and, tion when they are about a foot high. After they recent years, to introdure new crops or to improve have been taken out their roots are well washed. the fertility of the crops grown. The Agricul They al'e then made into bundles, each bundle ture Department is tryin~ to introdure neW implements like a modi£i.catloll of the old plough containing as many plants 8S can be grasped with both hands and kept floating in water. 'l'hey may ('aIled hy the Department "Sabash" plough, a be transplanted either on the duy thf'S have bef'n new kind of seed-drill and an easily handleu removed from the nurllery or tht> day after, American hand-hoe (lalled the "Planet" which, however, is useful only when the seed is sown further delay heing, aecoJ'(lin~ to p:elH'rnl opinion, injurious. But on this pOlnt opinion.., differ. along stl'uight linea. A new type Df cultivator 01' (·jocl-hI'!'uker is genera.lly getting popular and Some think that the seedlings ~houla llPver bp planted fresh, and that they oan be kept for three the demonstration furms of the Department. or four days without being any th(· worse for it. s('uttered all oVl"r the distriet, (tr(' dOlUg lome useful work among the more substantial (hlP bigha of land will rt'quire (JO to 70 hundleA of peasuntry, that is, among those who are oapable HPedlings, and thil'l is the prod uC't' of nbout two i.atlu/s (If IIUl'Hery. of investing' capital. The use of trllc,tors and other power tools is nowada.ys common with big usual time for trullsplanting of '('he is the end fUl'lllerli, some of whom lue building up CO~ ,lulle U lltl t hI' lwg'i J1 Hi ng ot .J III \' , hut Hl'y III til' h operative farms. flt'prlllh in this respect -on tht' period and' amount of raiufall. 'fhe Beedlingl'! are planted in the soH Ml1nun's are largely used and their use is well earth at a distance of 9 to 15 iu('hes apart, ull xxi grow autumn rice in the rainy season and one of dissE'mination of knowledge and agricultural the gulses as wintt'r crop. Ilotatot'R, onions, etc., practices. sometimes tnkf' the place of thf' pulses. Sugat' rrhe following account of the local na~8 of the cane is a special crop requiring a full year to varieties of each of the main crops in Burdwan ripen, and iH grown at int.er"'ll" of three or four distriC't and the diseases, insect Bnd pest attacks years. ThtJ Ag'l'icultuI't' Jh'Jl:lrtmpnt, through the 1 hut they are liable to, has been furnished hy the "phic']e of i hp rlelllll)l"j nil lOll tarm, lllli1 het'u SupNintt'ntlent of Agl'i"ulture, Burdwan:- di!'lseminllting knowlet1g(> of new ('rop-rotation, Varieties 0/ rice: (a) BO'1"o-Orissa, IKele (in wbieh, in the irrigaied tln'as, is not ullwekome. the experimental centre), Nere-boro, Boro-dhan Gattle. The plough rattle of the district, like (Dharial), Boro-Kalca and Kele. (b) Aus those of the rest of Hpllgal, seem to }w)ong' to a Charnak, So.tika, Askata, Kele-Aus, Kalma-Aus, special breec), ]!f'I'ha pI! indigenous to tb f' IJul-Aus, Dular, Neali, Leburash, Shanfuh. UUllgptie df'ltu. GellPrnlly speaking only aA HIlarial, Katkatara, Askata and ~ulta. (0) many animalA an' kppt lUI are nee xxii Industries In 1950 the IISCO t'mployed in their two workshops at Kulti and Hirapul' 8,7G7 'Workers, The Asansol subdivillioll of thtl district is the Ilnd SCOB employed 5,815 workers. In that yetir most important industrial reg'ion of the State of the output of pig iron was a total of 646,404 tOilS, West Be~al and contains three very important of which the basic variety Q('counttld for 289,662 steel works at Kuiti, Hirapur aIle} Hurupur, an tons, foundry iron for :!55,452 and ferr(Htlloy {O]' important locomotive works at Chitt,nralljan, It 1,290 tOM. The output of finished steel wus large number of coal mines, n big' aluminium works 1:15,587 tOllS and of flemi-filliHbed steel for sale at Jaykaynagar midway between Asansol and 59,297 tonR. The nU1ulwr of ('oke ovens in 1950 Ito.niganj 0. large paper mill at Rnnig'anj, Flix was four in Klllti with 11 capacity of 18,000 tons large mills producing tiles, day produds, pott('l'y and three ill ITiroPllf with u capacity of 57,000 and refractories, of whieh thrN' urI:' in Rnnigunj, tons. All til(' OVt.lll1-l Wl~re of the battery type. one in Durgapur, nnothf'l' in H,upnaruYllnpm and KuIti hUH three blast furnuet'S und Hirupur has tWll. the last in Jamgrum, and various miscellnneous BurnpuJ' hail two "Be:'!semer" converters. The factories ineludi ng a model'll eye Ie 1ll Ullllfa('t uring t.otal number of roJliug' mills and shops ran to works dose to Asansnl. four: one IS", the se('ond 34", the third 40" and one l.iht'et mill, n 11 of t.he Opt'U hearth basi(~ Iron and steel. 'f:le mORi. importnnt ('yeut in type. 'file sllwHing shOJI!! l'lm~iHt of four furnauef!. 'I'here were six foundries, of which Kult"i had {our, 1he industrial life of thp llish'id hus been the Hirapur-·utl(, lind HCOB--onc, The types of amalgamation of the lndian irun & t·)te(·l Co., iOllnr1rit18 lIrt' at (0) Kulti: llull-fmTous--one, spin LtJ of Kulti and Hirupur with tht, ~le(;'l Corpora pip('-one, light ('lH~ting-oll(" g('nt'ral eastillg- tion" of Bengal (~(JOB) at ]3U1'llPUl'. 'l'lull alllal~ OUt) ; (b) II il'upu[' : iron maintellanee tOllndry gmnation has been brought ubout by un Aet ?f ouo; llwl (0) BCOH: stf'fl mailltenl1Ul'e fouudry Parliament pn,tl:'lt'd un the Htll, lJecembl'r 1!~5.2, one. (:a lied the Iron & ~teel UOlllPUlllt'f> (Amlllgamll~I011) Ad. Thi!:! amalgamation i~ l':X[le(·t~'d to iu(·t1dll;ie For all thf' thrl'l' iron Atm'l wOl'ks in Asall ('onsidemhle cXpttlll'ion of' the ('(JlUbllll'U Ullll., rUl,s ~!Ol Rubdivisioll tht' soure(' (If 1l11pply of iron ore i~ Ing' its a1111 tlal production of saleD hIt, stt'pi 111](1 jJlg at (iUD, .Tallulu, nIHl MUllhul'pul' ill Bihar, all of iron trom abuut aoo,ooo tOllS ami 1-10,000 tOl~8 at \\ l1i('11 ure ownt'd by Mt'l'lHl'fl. HiI'd &, (jo. pl'l'Hent to 700,000 io~tK all(~ 400,000 t:OllS reSplletlveiy III 19r11. Hel ping ~ll thIS ex pu~!-non t ~le .1 n,ter Coal. All (t('(·()UIlt. of tllt' ('olll mines of iht! uulionalllunk hus oUeretl a loan 01 H~, L)() llJllllUIl, distriet Ilnu tht> ()UiPl1t of ('oa1 will be found ill aud the (lovernmellt of lllll in unother loan oi Its. Appendix III in this yolnmo'nnd in the Htuti!ltillll lUO million, cunsequent Oil tll(' lllPT'g'pr, iJl'illgil_lg presented. the totu 1 of luans from all tlOllITeH to Its. ;lJ () 11111- Aluminium. In J'etent years Jaykllynagur lion whirh will enuble this ('ol1Hiul'rnble expansion under the Aluminium Corporation of India, a in tite IH5:.1-57 period. 'rhe llll'rg-el' of thp two steel c(ltlcern of the J. K. gTOUp of industries, hus been works taking effect from the lst January 1U5a, responsible for the produetiou of a considerable hUH al~lHlgamated the Companie8 iinto a Aillg~('. unit, umount or aluminiulll. The 80uree of ~lUpply of lllakiug it possible for hoth to ,work llloI:e dtLelr:n,tly aluminium Ol'I:'S it! the COl'porntion's miut!s at am] economically, llndl'!' oue llltlteatl of two dtfIer Lohardllg'u in HIt' Haul'hi di.~trid uud at Rhumar cut financial stl'UdllreS and two difit'l't'ut Bonnl!>. in l)alamau ditltriet ill Hihar. rl'lJB 01'1:', hauxite, (I'1Ie merger will llot only bl'lH?fii 11)(, ~lH1T'l'llO~del'~ is ('rutlhed nIHI digl'~l('I] with eausti(· Hodo. t-Iolution. of both Companies bul will further tht' natIOnal 'I'hl:' solution is filt!'l'l:'d und treatt'(l with alumiuium ohjed of expanding indllHlry of the ('ountry. .On hydrate, Ilnd th(, alumiuium hydrute is pl'lleipitut the eve of the passing of tho Ad, thB Umon pd, 'l'his i" fill('1'ed and eal('llwd to form aluminn Minist.er of Commer('!' llud Jndmllry told tht, OJ' aluminium oxidf'. r1'1I(' oxid(! is rrdu('('d in un Parliament that so far UR the Manug-illg' Agents of (')I,(·h·ie fUl'llll('e of 24,000 amps, volt. 5 in a batb the Steel Corporation of Bellgal WI'1't' ('OlH'erneu, of (,l'yolite. Aluminium fiuoridll and ~OdIL lll.\h Inc their rights lapsed under the tt'l'lUS of tIl(' amalga :1I1ded as fiuxetol to tlw hath. The fUfllllCP is lined mation agreemeut. Thpy could claim no rig'hts .in with carbon blOl'ks tlR (·I11,hode. 'l'he anode is regard to the loss sustaiIH'u by rellrWl) of tht:' dltl manufactured hom ealvinctl petroleum coke and flOlution of the SCOB, In regard to t ht' Indian soft pitch and fet! to the fumaee hy a patent ]ron & Steel Co., Ltd., no iurther remunero.tion proeess called the Soderberg Oontinuous Anoue would be paid to its Managing Agents, \lY virtue t-:\ystem. 'Molten aluminium is tnp])ei\ hom the of the additional burden placed on them by the furnaees periodi(,ally either b:v n1t'dmni('al ladling llmalgamation. 'rhe London Committee of SCOll or by vacuum syphoning aml ('Hst into ingots. would be dissolved, but the Commerce Miuister 'I'he ingots are renwlted and (,HRt inio slabs whi(·h stated that he waR not in a position to say anything ure rolled into Sht'E:'tR. Cirf'leR are eut from sheet!'! definite about the dissolution of the Loudon Com either by punches or by (·il'C'I('.(·nttillg· machilleH. mittee of lISCO. When all the dehentures were 'fIle factory has :J() redU('tioll i urnaCPA 01' cells, ntH' paid th.e connecti.on of the I.tOudon Committee ('oke-ured reml:'ltil1g furll,U(,P olHl oue oil-firNl would be cut. The paid-ttp capital of the two remelting hrnal't'. The lluml'Pf of labourers in Companies following the merger stooel at R&. 85 the factory is 1,48.'3, the total out.put of ingots in million. 1950 was 1,200 tom. The total output of rolled or finished uhlmillium products in the same year was establishments at Ichagram., Mar Memari and at 109,000 lbli. weight of utensils and 4H7 tons weight llahadurpur, Beje, 1 tta, and Srikrishtapur in of IIheetlll and cireles. t.hana .Tamalpur. Paper. The Bt"llgal l'aper Mill at ltalliganj is Ironware and cutlery. Iron utensils are made unt) of the largei'lt paper mills iu the country and loeally throughout the district. The most com in lOo!} }ll'oduI'ed 11,412 tons of paper and paper mon type of blacktlmith, the man who has not produdt>. 'I'hi"' duily average of labour employed "pedlised in any bruneh of his trade, requires Was 2,01)0. 1'he fuc,tory g't'11'\ its Hupply of rnw next to no tools or outfit. A hearth, n bellows to nmteliuls from the followmg plaees: bamboo from ~upply u blust to the tire, an anvil, a few pairs of Bihar, Oritllla and Madhya Pradesh; sabai grass longs, a few hammers, and u cold chisel complete from West Bl:'ugal, Bihnr and Orissa; hemp and his outfit. His 'Work iR entirely curried on in It hl:'lU}l cutting's mOH1 j~, frolU Sewpur neal' HunaraR; slliaH shanty not more than 10 feet by 10 feet. rags and WUHto p:qwr frum Caleutta; wuod pulp '1'he ordinary \'illng't' bhwkslllith 111 Hurdwan is {mm Hwedell hy import; Chinn clay from Kendposy usuttlly paid hy contract for repuiring thE' .agri.cul tIline in Sing'bllum; lime and yellow ochre from tum] 1m plf'llIPllt'l of t hI' village and often III kmd, Sntna in lbdhycl Pradesh; euusti(\ ,",oda anti liquid but. for tlle mUllutu('t urE' of new implt'uwnts he is ehloriut' from t hI:' 1mperiul Chelllit'al lmlustries; pail! in lll()llt'y lind lw('ording to the priep of the rosin from tllf.' Uttar Pradesh and tht' Punjnh; artirle. sult eah from ,) odpur and ferrie uhlln hom iudi gNlOUH mnnufacturer8. 1'hl' manufal'lllrfl of ('utlpI'Y if< l'nrrit'd on in KanehannugHl'. a 8uhmh ahout thrN' UlileK wp:-;t Tiles. ASllUI'IOl i.~ alHo a very lurge ('entre for oj the westflrll ('xtrelllity of Hurclwl1n town, In prodlll'ing- tiles, I'lu.y prod udl'l, pottery and refra(' Novflmher 1!)52, the author found only t}lrp!:' torips, H nd Mel'li'll'H. Bllrn & Co., ha VP foul' works in Hho}lH working. Thfl following ill an IU'('Hunt of tht' Hauig-nllj and one in Dur6'upur. 'I'he Hihllr Pot lll'lll'l'''l~ of 111l11lUfuptul't· in whllt arf' pl'ohllhly Hit' teries Ltd., have a WOl'kR nt Huplllll'a~ aupur and hp~t t'uilt'ry KIlO])S in Hl:'n;,\':I]: '" th(> Bengal ltefrndoJ'iI'R. Ltd., havE' u works at Thl' blnde of U kllit'(', or f',('isNors, is fir~t of a11' fashion('ti ,} amg-rum in I'HlluJ'ia. All the workH I:'rupIo?,: n hv tIl(' hla(,j{slllith. His illlvh'menh 11N' IIll anvil, total of .iu~t ovpr !!.()O() labourerH daily. The h'(,JlOWH, It hnlllnwl', (lltisel. and a pUll' of pincers. HE' H(lIUef'H of raw matel'iulH arfl fire-elllY from lo('nl h('ltt~ thf' iroll or Rtl'el ill the furnnl'tl and belltj! it 10 tlw field" and also from adjacent Bihar fields lih J'('l{nirt'd shapE' and sizE' 011 tJHI lUlvil. A skilful black Hmith l'lln thll~ fashion 72 kllif(' blades during th(' ('OllI'St' Magma, KU~llnda, Kutrasgarh, ,Ihul'ia, eb·. 01 tIll' day, two ill(,heR to three illdJ('R ill leugth. b,' II Bnuxiit' j, pro('urf*d from Kutni in !\-iadhyu qnarto!' of un inch ill hreudth. ThE' bla('ksmith thf"1l Prndt'~ll, ('hrome o}'(' from Sillghlnllll, fl'l~pltr fn;llJ hallds the rough blndf's to th(' p:rinderH and po!Jsher~. Madhya l'I'Ullpsh, ghootillM' from Bnukuru, g'yp~UlJl ,lila SharpE'lling blades. The first is of ordinary sand found on the banks of rivers and is used for rough work. from W!:'st Puujub, Kainit(, from King-hhum, TIlE' Rt'('Olld is of vl-'ry fine grit. ohtained by (,l'u~hjllg llHlA'llNlite hmn Sall'lU, quurtr. from ~allto I what appears to be It very close grained sandstone, Pal'gauns and Bllrdwan,' silim Atone from Thl'!'!' urE' two l{lud~ of hOllE'S fur grilldiug, poh,hing, Mong'hyl', stOlle lime frolll Hillin and Madhya ('alled locally "l,rllit'h pathar". The !lolid whet.l iii ahout Pl'adf'Ah, iron 01'(' frotH SinghhU111 and mnnganeAl' l/i IIlC)Jt'!I in u1anl('ter, uud its polishing pdge is about n. orl' frotH Bihar. 'rite VUl'iOUH produds are (a) quarter of all illt'h in br(.adth. 'l'he cutler squats 011 hi~ 6bhed ti}t'1'! for flat roofing', (b) (·lay pJ'nduets like hem", ()Vf'!' the !'evolvlI1g polishing wheel, takes thr JOIite !ltalHhml fin·-hri(·klol, Apet'iui or s('i~sor hlnde ill bnth hauds and applies it to til!' Aalt-glalwd Ilipt', rl-'volvillg {'{ige ot thn pohshing and sharpening whllel, ~hnpe(l paviug bl'i(,kl'l nlld jet's, (c) pottery and dillPlIlg tho billde 111 (,old wawr, whenever It hel'UrnE'S too white gllllw(l wun', 'and (d) rpfrudoriell for i;Oll nnd hot to hold, 'fhe skillfOd urtisan does the prl'lilllillllry steel works, railways, goblls and eemt'ut fadoT'ieA poliblling and grinding Oil the sand whl·el. He thl-'Il 1,iz., I'lilieu, magnesite, ehromE' lind Rilimnnit; lIlal(('~ OVE'r the hladE' to a oonfrer(', who pro('(,fld~ to uppl,I' It to the "Itruit'h pathnr" po[ishiug Ilnd Sharpf'll bril'ks .. In ~f);)O MefolR1'8, Burn & {'o., Lt.d" pro illg \\ 11(\['1. When tlll' bladl' iM ~ufficielltl,v sharp un(l dtH'ed III thE'lr workshopH llhout 1,laO tOJIti of pipt'il poli~heJ, it is halJ(lf"d over to another artislIll, who fixt'h Itnd I'llu'l,illl fire-hri.'kA. III the RaIlH' YNlr MesAI'A. It ill II viN', drills the U8cesRIlry holE'Sl shapps tho hruss, Hurn & Co., Ud., prouut't'd ahou1 17 &iG tOllS of horll, or ivory for the handle, ntHl fixl'S the bllld(' ordinary nre-bri('kA, the Bihur PoU;'l'lPS ahout tliereto. ThE' 1ll'R8R is in thin sheets, and is roadily C:llt with II pair of IIteel shears mude in the workshor. 'fIll-' 2,5()O tOllA aud thp Beng'aI Refrnl'torit'R :1 000 tons horn, or ivorr, is cut with a saw made locally or of tIle Hame. M:eHsrA. lhlrn & ('0. lll'()(hl<:('rl uhout imported, It IS shl\ped with It file and fixed io thE' 14il tOIli'! of snmtary wart· tmd R,94fl ton~ of refrfH' billets. The horn or ivory is also highly polished b~' rubbing it a mixture of brick dust. charcoal and oil. tories for Fltep] workR, mngnl"l'lite silimanite ill Finully, tbl~ knife is again polished on the "kruil'll ehronlt' and Rilica. " pathar" hone, In the ('ase of a highly Rkilled artisnn thE' polish iR tnirror-like, aud equal to that of \ the Cotton weaving. 'I'h!:' ('OttOl} "'I:'uving' industry, imported arti('lp; thE' t·dge is also equally keen and fine. althou~h dt'clining l'upidly UR It result of Enropean 'rhf' operation ill the ('as{' of a scion!' blnde is somewhat and Ind ian eompt'ti1 ion, Rtill aftordH ('Jll p]o.vment diff{'rent. The Made and thumb-ring are I,Jolished and to a ('o!lsi(lernble nmnb('r of weavers. '1'hl' chief rn\lutl(ld on the I'evolving hones. The blade IS t}um fixed in tI vil'e, and the operator proceeus to poliAh the ring (.lentrt'K of the industry art' Purbasthnli, Kallio. and and the lower parts \fith an instrument called a. Manif'swur. 'j'here ure several (Iotton weaving "l'lInAkolla", The holE'S rIA- ilCreW8 and nails are drilled "ll0llogrllph on Iron aud Stet'l W(}rks in Heu~al, by G. U. Watson, Calcutta, 1907. ui., with an instrument oalled a "bhumar". Thi. is a steel 1905 Heavy flood in l)a.nw<1ar in July. drill made in the workmQP; it is two or three inches in length and is fixed to a. round wooden handle about Oaused damage w cropl'l. eight or ten inches in length. It is a pointed instrument. 191<3 Great fto<)d in ])amodur on 9t,h Augl,lst, and when worked with It bow rapidly hores its way Spread ovel' lal'ge tracttl on either side through brass, horn, ivory, iron and steel. of the river (including Burdwan In the case of the razor blade the proc'ess is identical. Town). Deuth roll not lwavy. 1,(lIl!l The blacksmith gives i.t birth on the anvil; it is then palll!ed over to the polisher and the driller. But very of cattle and hutB \'I'llii very great. few artizans make razors, and only one or two cutlers 1916 The floods in the A.jay and Damodar lay claim to be ahle to fashion rar;or blades of superfine Cttlll'!t'U serious loss of property and quality. The l,rittle nature of the steel, and the dehcacy of tl~e blades, demand an exqui8i~ judgment and el'OpS in 1,art8 of Sadar und Katwa ~entknoss of touch on the revolving hone, A good rIll'.or subdivisions. blade has also to he manipUlated with great patience; the skilled artizan working from morning till evening 1917 SonH' damage was caUl'led to Cl'0l'~ hy ('(tIUlot turu out more than two such bladell a day: and flowls of Damodar. his profit is IlOt more than 4 annas per rupee. The pri('c • 1918 Ex(·tlsl>jyl' ruin and innndtltioJl in some of three blades varies according to size and quality fronl Hb. 1-4 upwards. parts eilust'd exll'llsive dltmag~ to the ('l'OPH 0\'('1' large Ul'(:,U8, The fillal poli~hing is dOlle with brick-dust, charcoal ane] oil. The revolving hones last a month and a half 1920 EX(]t's1live ruin 1111<1 tuuudation in !lome ill the CURe of the sand wheel and three months in the part.!' eaused t'xtens\\'t' dlllnage to ('USf' of the "kruirh pathar" wheel. In large workshops haH-a-dozl'lI Kuch wlwels may be seen spinning, so that props OVt'r luJ'g'l' areas. tilt' hluC'ksnuth is freCJ\l~Hltly under the ne('es~lt;v ut HeVt"l'l' floo(1 in thc J)muodar brl1ut'h ill Illaking fresh olles. Dies iPr stampinp; the artJzall'~ the emhuuklUf'nt, t'xi'ensive dUlUug'tl lo name ou the heel of the hlad'e are made of steel locally; nlH1 1 have no d'(mht that an uI1H('rupuloIlS artizun i8 ahlo erop8 011 eit her Hid(' ot tht' river, DU to f()l'~e the trade-mOl'k Itlld name of u j xxvi Kor/Il and J)ar-ko1'ja-.A. sub-ryoti tenure sub~ 1788, however, grants to hold 6,600 acrel revenue urdinate to that held by an ordinary cultivator is free under the names of deoottar, lJrahmottar, etc., ealled !ror/a. Korla tenures are generally created were given to 408 persons with a view to bringing verbally I and in some ('ases there are also dar- Wllijte lands under cultivation. In 1876 it wa.s 1.'{)"lfI(lar,~ Of ryots holding unller korlailars. reported that there were 170,240 rent-free hold inga of Rmall plots of land included within the Servioe tenures. When the chakla of Bur 2 Purbasthal 33 18 3 3 Gangw'iya 16 7 1 4 Rayalla 72 14 10 2 15 8elimabad 66 8 2 6 Ind.as 43 6 8 3 7 ManterRbwBr '3 6 9 8 Balkrillhna 26 .25 12 9 Potna 113 12 II 10 Cutwa 31 13 11 Burdwa.n 37 2 10 3 2 2 1 12 Mangalkot 4fi 10 13 Ausgram 91 82 19 629 190 93 3 8 8 1 These thirteen thana. include the whole of the diRe w;tho,ut both vernacular !!Chool. and 8chool. of Hindu trict which contains in all 931 !!Chools of every C1l:.I18, learlllug, and the numbe of each is greater than ill any averaging to each thana 71 -6. There i. no thana of j Ill' other distril'ts 1 have visited. The following is an acoount of Bengali a.nd Hmdi In thiS wstrll t I ascertalned that there were four tllaehl.'rB who taught gratuitously, of whom one wa.a a schools folJowed by accounts of other types of schools Mus.tlman and three HlDdulI, and of the latter one was a in the district m 1837 :- Chandal Dlltrlot of surdwan The paid teachers are thus subdlVlded accordwi to The thirteen thanas of this district contam In all 629 the mature and amount of the remuner&tlOn which they Ben~ah schools (){ whICh seven are found mane vJllage, receIve - 81X m another, and five 10 a thIrd NIne vllla~8 oontam three each; fifty-nme, two each, and four hundred an (Vi YLars of teathl'fs arl' Uhfls m Three the 34!! re('l;llve monthly fees and unoooked l,O'.L9 0 6 tlans, nllle lire MU8ahnans, and 627 are Hmdus 1'hl' VKtUWK foUowmg af!' HIe castes oi the Bmdu tea('hers and thl' number ot ea('h - !! re(~lVe montly foos and wookly 36 11 0 Kayasthu. 369 pre8tlnts 12 reOOlve mont.hly fees and alUlual 49 9 0 Brahman 107 preStlnts Sadgop 60 6.{ reOtHve monthly foos, uncooked 261 14 0 vl('tua!8, ILnd wookly presents Agurl 30 57 re( olve monthly Coos, uncooked 217 S (I VBlIlhnava 13 vKtUU.!8 and tmllUuJ presellts Till 10 1 IOOOIVes mOllthly foo~, weekly o prOlielltB Md rumual proStlnta Bhattllo 9 34 leWIVO monthly feea, unoooked Ill6 0 0 vldul\Js, wookly presents and Gandhabwuk 6 Hllllual preseD ts Kmvarta I) l11u8 635 teaLhers reCOlve m all Us 2,076-5-9, whICh ChanduJ 4 averages to each tea('her per lllonth Us 3-4-.3 Ma.ny ot the te,LLhers who do not aLqulre 8uihLIent fOf then lIveh Kumar 3 hood by teachmg, eke out theu mwme by engagmg m j J.fllllllg, III lIloney-Iendmg, III n~tall-trade, 111 weavmg, Naplt 3 III worldlv IlCrvJ(e, 111 temple-SCI VILe, et<-, Ilnd all oj them have OL("aslOllal prtl~l1llt~ from the s('holarl> dunng the Su varna uruuk 2 Jllogres~ (~t thl"lr oomatlOn and tlv(>n alter they have lelt s( hool whIch (aHlIot be al!Lertamed or estllIlated l'be Goala. 2 tUII hel 8 ot th" Mlbslonary b(,hools and ot the sthool IIUp pOl LtJd by tht HIlJa of Burdwan are paid, but not by the 2 parent.s ot the III holars In the MISSIOnary schools, the pupIls beSides recelvlllg gratuitous instructlOll are also turmshlld With paper, pens, wk, leaves and books In the sLbool of the Raja oi Burdwan SImilar matcl'1ais are To.ntl Bllpphed, together With a. dally payment of the one-slx tptuth part of all anna (hve yundu8 of (owneS,t L, 20 COWflLS or 1 blUn) to each scholar for refreshments 1 hree oj tho Hindu sLholars are wholly fed at the expense of Vrudya the ItaJa for a penod of four years, niter whlCh they may tontmue to prose<..utc thClr studies as long as they Yugl 1 please, but Without that Illdulgen(.e In one of the st hools under M1t!sl~ary supermtendence one rupee per B&raYI 1 month IS allowed for the hire of a boat to brmg some of the scholars over a stream and to convey them ba.ck Kamal' 1 The remarks respectmg the school-houses ill the dIS Mayra 1 trIct of lleerbhoom are generally applloabl& to those of Burdwan, except that In the latter I have met WIth more Dhoba 1 numerous mBtan~es in which school-houses have been built by g()neral SUbSLflptlon amongst the parents of the HBJput sLholars Ka.lu 1 In 629 Kthools wndul"ted by 639 teachers the total Ilumbl'r of scholars IS 13,190, glvmg to each school an Sunri 1 average of 20 9 sLholars The average age of the whole number at the tIme when the dlfferent sohools were VISI In thl~ hat the Sunn, Kmu, Dhoba, Bagdlu and too was 99 yearll, the average age at the time when they CJwndal castes are those whICh the long e~tabh8hed Uli entered l:iChool Wa~ 57 years' and the average age at ageb of the country would have either d18couraaed or the tIme when they would I'~obably leave school waa esti altogether excluded trom a knowledge of letters '.two of mated to be IG 6 years Tb.e average penod passed at the teachers are lepers school would thus appea.r to be about 11 yea.rs. xxviii Of the Whole number of soholars 13 are Christians, Kunyar 8 769 Musalmans, and 19,408 Hindus. The following enu Lahari :. meration exhibits the oastel of the Hindu scholars and the Tamli w number of each:- Kaivarta J21 Brahman 3,429 Kalu 20'1 Kayastba 1,846 Tili 200 Badgop 1,254 Napit 192 Aguri 787 Vaiehnava 189 Gandhabanik 606 KBDJJyObanik 34. Teli 371 Daivajna 8a Goala 311 Barayi 82 Mayra 281 .Talia 18 Kamal' 262 Ssnkhabanik 27 Suvarnabanik 261 Mali 26 Tanti 249 OllJ'ar 2 Bunri 18i! Kaha.r 2 Kshatriya 161 Mal 2 Bagdhi 138 Kandu 1 1 Yu~i 181 Matiys Vaidya 125 Pashi 1 Suta.r 108 Compared with the preceding districts there is a much Kumar 95 larger number of scholars, and all t1le castes, both high Swarnakar 81 and low partake of the increase. There a1'e some low Dom til I castes aiso which here appear for the first time as the Cha.ndnJ 61 Tlor, Garar and Mal castes. The number of scholars of Chhatri 35 low caste is so considerable that without explanation it Dhoba 24 might be supposed that they were chiefly found in the Rajpllt 21 Missi(mary schools which are more numerous in this di,s.. Baiti 16 tri(,'t than in any other I have visited, and which of course Muehi 16 do not recognize distinctions of caste. The fact} how- BClatta 11 ever, is othorwise, for the number of scbolars belonging Bari 11 to 16 of the lowest castes amounts to 760, of whom only Agrooflni 8 86 arc found in MisHionary schools and the remaining; Kurmi 8 number in native schools. This fact appears to be of Tior 4 sufficient interest to be exhibited in detail. Kalu Suurl Bagdbl DOm Ohandal Jalla Dhoba Muehl Har! 'flor Lahar! Oarar Kahar Mal Matlya PII8hl I a MI88ionaTY 8choo18 contain 33 20 21 8 lOr; 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 616 Native Schools contain 174 16d 117 58 60 28 19 16 11 2 3 2 2 2 1 0 It thus appears that the proportion of scholars of three eanh; 27 villages contain two each; and 86 villages theRIl low castes ill Missionary schools is high; but the ('ontain one each. total number of the flame casteR in native schools is so (,onsiderable as to prove that other and independent The number of learned tea.chers is the same as the causes arf' in op~ration stimulating the humbler classes number of schools and their average age is 45.2 years. of native soC'iety to the improvement of their condition Olle hundred and eighty are Rarhi, four Varendra, a.nd and to the attainment of those advantageB~ hitherto for two Vuidika Brahmans and four are of the Vaidya or the most part denied to them, that arise trom a know~ medical caste. ledge of letters. The following are the annual receipts estimated by The following; is the distribution of the Bcholars into themselves, of the whole body of teachers:- the four established grades of instruction:- Re. (a) Sohoh\fK who write on the ground .. 702 185 reoeive in the fonn of presents at _mblies .. 10,928 (0) Scholal'll who write on palm·leaf .. 7,113 1 receives in presents and monthly allowanoe " 376 (c) Soholarll who write on plantain.leaf 2,765 2 receive by medical practice . . . . 500 (d) Soholar~ who write on paper 2,610 I receives by medical prootioo and in the form of 156 In 13 schools Christian instruction is communicated; monthly allowanoe in one school commercial accounts only; in three schools 1,1\ medicsl professor, practisos as well as teaches agricultural accounts only; and in 186 schools both ac gratuitously ('ounts are taught. In one Bchool commercial accounts Thus lS9 professors of learning_ receive in all Its. 11,960, and written works; in two schools agricultural accounts averaging to each per annum Rs. 63-4-5. Of the two and written works; and in 423 schools both descriptions of teachers who receive monthly allowances one is a learned accollnts and written works are taught. Brahman and the other a. learned Vaid'ya, and the Raja Most of the written works mentioned as school books of Burdwan is the patJ'on of both. There are only two under the heads of MoorBbedabad and Beerbhoom are also teachers holding endo,wments of land, one amountin~ to used in this district; and in addition the following works eight and the other to ten bighas of land, the former YIeld. were found in various schools, 'Vie., the Ganga Bandana, ing about IS and the latter about 15 rupees a year. describing the virtues of the riveT-goddess; the Y'Ugadlla KalidslIlI 9arva.bhaum"j dwelling at Ambika in the Ottlna Bandana, describing those of the goddess Durga, Data thana, has made a trans ation into ea8Y Sanscrit and al80 Kama, the generous Karnak illustratin'5 the beneficence into Bengali of those portions of Menu and Mitaksha.ra and hospitality of Kama. t e prime nuniater of Duryo which relate to criminal law; and also a translation into dhana, and the Hatim Tai of India; and the A<»i Parva, Bengali of that porticm of the Mitakshara which treats or first ch~pter of the Mahabharat, translated into of the law of usury. Bengali by Kasi Daa. Gurucharana. Panchanana, dwelling at Baguniya in the Sanlkrlt 8ohOOli in 113'1 .. t.i9nguriya thana, is ~he author of a drama in Sa.naorit, This district contains 190 Sansorit schools of which entitled 8nWh'IW LilambudM. containing 50 leaves or two villages contain lilt each; one village contains five; 100 pages, in mixed prose and verse on the &moun of three villages contain four each; seVetl vill8.ieB contain Krishna. xxix Iswarachandra. NyaYllratna, dwelling at Baril. Belun in Commentary on the above of 87 leaves or 74 paiM. (26) the BalkriBhna thana, has written three work. in Sana Oovinda Mahodalla, 800 sloku, oontaining the history of erit, viz., Gaura ('handmmrita on thc incarnation of Radha's eight female friend. or attendants. ~27) Chaitanya, MMI,Odutu, legendary; and Mukti lJipika, a (}()vinda CharJtra, 350 sloka!, containing the lamentations comparative view of the means of obtaining final absorp of Radha. on account of her separation from Krishnn. tion according to thl' six schools of philosophy. 'rheas (28) JJka/rtu .Mala, 5,000 slokas, explanatory of the three works contain about 1,200 ~loka8. Be is also en different forms in which Krishna has been propitious to gaged on .. commentary illustrative of the Nyaya. doctrine. his votaries, translated from Marwari into Sanscrit. (29) Iturinana Mikira Kalafllda, a defen{'e of the Krishnamoh&nll Vidyabhushanll, dwelling at Mahatab do('trine of the Vaiahnavas. (30) Bhakta I..ilamritn, a in the Balkrishna thana, claims to have written a com· compilation from the 18 puranas of everything relating mentary on Alandara KallRtllbha, a work on rhetoric, to Krishna. (31) l'arakilla Mata Khandana, an attempt containing aoo leavE'S or am pages; and Ralll' Ullta, a to establish that the milkwomen of Vrilldnvana with work of general literatufil in verse, containing 10 or 12 whom Krishna disported were his own wives, and not leaves. thuse of the milkmen of that place. (32) A commentary The most voluminous native author J have met with is on Kavi Ohandra's praise of Rara and Gauri (Siva anll Raghunandana Go~wallli, dwelling at Maro in the Potnlt Parvatl), consisting of 1() leaves or 20 )JllgeR. (33) thana. Th(' following ill an enumeration of his works: Tlnil.a Niralla, a (Jompilation on the qualifications of It (1) A commentary on the Ohandomanjan, II. treati88 011 spiritual guide and on the tests by whICh (Jne should hI' prosody, 80 framed at! to express the praises of Kri~hna. ~elected : a ('opy is in my possession. (:14) A (2) A comm .. ntary on Snnti SlItaka, a. work Oil ahstrac' ('olmnentary on 8rllt~'lLdhyaya, one of the 'books of the (!{) T1hagnvata Purana on the history IIf Rndha and KriRhnu, t.ion from the world., Sadacha1'tl Nirnaya l a compila tion from the laws on the Vaishnava ritual containing ('ollsistin!l; of 22 lMves or 44 p.ages. (:!5) K rish llf1lliltlSfI, 140 leaves or 280 page.. in prose lind verse: a copy ill in 109 slokas., on the amours of Krishna. 'fhe precedinR my possession. (4) Dhatu Dtpa. a metrical explanatlOlI works are w"itten ill Sanscrit: the foJIowin!l: ('hiefly in of Sanscrit roots ill the order of the 10 conjugations, con HE'l1gali, 1,iz., (a6) llama IlaBG1IIIl)(I" the history of Hama, tainini 500 slokM. (5) AUn(ulika Kosha, Il JIlt'trielll cii(' written on 889 leavE'S or 1,77t1 pageR, ('ontaining ao,ooo tionary of works compl'i~illg the Ulladi postfixel! in two Mlokus. (~7) Pafrl} Pmka&a, eight leaves or 16 pages Oil parts, of which one ('ontains words having man, meanings letter writing, the example in Sanscrit and the than one and the other words ot ouly' one mennmg, aoo E'xplanation ill HPlIgllli. sloklUl. (6) nOl1ar1Wlla TaT·i.ra, a ('om,Illlation from vnriouk Ram Com lila Kavibhushltlllt uf th" medi('nl ('aNtI'. medical works Ol~ the treatment of dIsease, ('ontaining 174 dWAlIing at Hnrdwall in the Burdwan thana, has writttm leaves or 348 pages, part being in verse extending to Nayallilnanda Nataka, a drama of about :lOO ~Iokas. 6,000 slokll8. (7) A1'I.,hta Ntrllpana, n des(,l'iption of the illustrative of the life alld ac·tions of the lah' Raja of I'I\rious signs or symptoms ot approaehing death, 11 ('()m BUl'dwCIII; anci Vadarthadarsa, n trl'atise IHl grammar. pilation in Vt1rse of 400 sloka.~, rontained in 14 lenvE's or ('ontained in about 50 leaves or 100 pageH. 28 pagl!S. (8) Sarira. l'11J1'itti, a tn'lltisI' on the progrP8~ of _lJ:estation and on the sl·au.. in the human body of the Rndhll Kllnta Varhaspati, rlwfllling at Ohllnllk III thl' Mangalkot thana, 1ms written the followilll-( works, l'IZ, varlOU~ humours, etl'., in prrn.t· and VNRe, C()rnl~rl8ed in .Vil.l//ljal,ilaslI. a dramlt consisting of 00 Il'l1ves 01 12() 22 leaves or 44 pages. (9) 1,ekhu 1)U1'l/(I/W, nil lejtt'r wrIt puges, illustrative of the 10V('H of Hndha IlIHl Krihhna, ing, principally in prOlIP, 15 leav,'!. or ::10 pag,'lo;. (10) 1)II'(I;tll Ilnd writton ill Sans('rlt, Prll('rit, P~,jPIl('hi, Apllbhl'anAR, principally in prose. lfi l('avfls or ao pl\ge~. (10) l~II'(I;t1l Siddhanta Dipika, a defence of the dlstill(·tion hetweell l\[aharnshtri, Maglluhi, and SauraSt!lli; ,'{1/1'11(1 I'HII( liHxul(l. It poem 'n praise of the HUll, eOllsisti Il~ of :10 [ea V('S or the human and' divine ~plrjt~ ill opposition to pantheism, no pap:(,fI; and JllIrfla 8rtt(tka, ('olltllil1in~ th(' Pl'UiSI'8 oj ('olltair,ed in 71 leavE'!! or 142 pageM. (11) Hrll'liJllro/ffotru. nur!!:a in n hundred sloka!!. the praises of Vishnu aud Kiva. ill niuE' Hloka~, 1;0 COJlI posed that every sloka has two HenSE'S. ot which one j, The maiority of the teacberK have Hehool-hous('R ('Ither applicable to Vishnu and the ntlwr to SivlI: a ('Opy I!. huilt at their own ('harge, or at the expl'n~p of pl1tr(]l1~ ill my p08Hession. (12) Sim i'iallIlIUillstotra, eight sloka~, 1111[1 fril'lIds, or by the Bubs('riptionq of thfl TlHlKt ('ontaining a double llenlle. oue I'xpreHhin!J; the praillell oj rl'!I(l(l('tnhle inhabitant!! of thl' vjlln~e \\ hPft' the s('bonl Siva, anrI the other Home differellt melllllllp:. (18) A i~ Rituated. 1It those illRtanre~ in whir'h there IN 110 commentary on thE' pre(·edillg. (14) Yalll(llw vlnOl/Il. rpglllnr ~lchool-houHe, the Bllithak-khanlt or Chllndimnlldap eip;ht 8lokall, ('ontainillg the prail!es of Krishna, writtell oi' the pandit or of some wf'althy frieud answerq th~' in a species of alliteration by It repetition of the samE' purpose. Hounds: a copy is in my pOAReHsion. (Hi) A ('ommentary in 190 Sausrl'it !I(:h()olr; there are 1,358 fltndent!> on the preceding: a ropy is in my possl'Msion. avernging 7·1 to ea!'h school. Of tlw totlll lIlUnhE'r 5flO (16) BhavllmtpTa&a, ei~ht slokas, l'ontainin~ the prlllse~ arl' nntives of the villages in which th(' H(·hool!> 111'1' of Krishna, in a spe('ies of alliteration. (]7) A Ittuslapilw , situated and 768 natives of other villa~f's. They nrE' thllk fOllr slokas, in question !lnd unRWaI' ~o frllmed that the distribllted in r('sp!)et of ('aste: - . answer to one qUE'stioll ('ontains the answt>r, to all th!) Brahmans 1,296 questions in the same Hlokn. (lH) R(I(lha Ii: rishnllst()tro. Vltidyas 45 eight 8lokas, containil1~ thl.' l)rQise~ of Radha an(1 Daivajnas 11 Krillhna. and 80 framed that, they may he read either Vaishnavns 6 backward or forward. (19) A ('ol1lllll'ntnry on the abovl' conRisting of two leavtls or four pagpM. (20) A sptl('imE'll Thl' Htudellts of 105 APhoola rel'elV!) nothing in the forlll of Alata Chakra Balldlw, two slokns, RO framed that ea(·h of presents or by mendicancy. Those of 85 schools receivl' sloka contains material" for 64 1l1okllH hy the transposition Us. :m1, avera~ing about Rs. 4.9·7 annually to tho of each letter in 81J('('('Hsioll f1'olll the' heginning: to thE' Ntudentll coUe(·tively of each school. The following is an end, nut the 32 syJIablt>~ from left to right. and after. ('numeration of the studies pursued and the numher of ward. the 32 from right to left. (21) 8(llIsl}ya F/(lt(1ni, a students engaged in eltch:- commentar).' on the Bhagavata PurnnR, now in _progresM Grammar 644 of oomposltion. (22) A commentary on Yama Bhatpn.di Leximlogy 81 which contains the praises of Narayana by Yama. (23) Literntur~ 90 l?tal,akadamba, 76 slokns, ('ontailling the praises d Rhetori(' R 8a~Bllwati, Gang.a Yamuna. Nit:vannnda. Chaitll)lya, Law 238 Vrllldavana, Krishna and Radhlka. (24) fiollindfl'rltp Logic 277 amrita, 41 slokas, ('ontaining a df'flcription of the Vedanta 3 qualities of Krishna. (2.5) Krishna ~('l; SlIIfdha kar, 4()O M~~M M slokllll. on the loves of Radha and Krishna, principally Mythology 48 occupied with the period el:~nding from the ]ealoUIY of Astrology " Radha to her rc('onciliation with Krishna. (25) Tantraa 2 xxx The following ill the average &$e of the students ] 3 Hindus and 1 MlUlalman receive instruction IPld belonging to each branch of learnlng at each of the food for four yean after which they may continu& to periods formerly mentioned:- study, but wi'biiout receiving food. Some of the patronII Grnnunllr 11,4 16 '2 20 '7 and gratuitous teachers are men of great wealth or high Lexi('ology 15 ,7 16 '4 17 '8 chara.cwr, and others without pOIIMlII&inq; either of theae I,itt'rature 18 '6 21'4 24 '9 are holders of land by the tenure of Ayma: which was Rhetoric 23 '6 23 ·8 27 '1 apparently regarded in Beveral instancell a8 lnvolving an Law 23 ·2 27 '5 35 '5 obligation to gil'e gratuitous instruotion. This is more Logic 17'8 22:2 29'0 apparent in one case from the fact that the holder of Vedanta ... 24'3 31'3 34'6 the land, after long neglecting this obl~ation~ lately sent Medicine 16'2 20'5 24'2 three or four scholars to the neilthbourmg 8cnools, whom Mythology 24 ,6 27 '7 31 '6 he Rupportll at his own expense. 1'he remuneration of the A~trology 23 ·4 26 '7 30 '5 paid teachers i& 11.8 follows:- Talltras 27 .,,) 32 '0 32 '5 Rs, as. The following works are read: ill grammar, the 11 teacherll relleive monthly wages 156 0 lJau1'f}fll1as-i and Ramtwrkal'uyisi ('omnlfmtaries of the 14 teachers recelve fees 70 8 Mugdhabodha, and the HartruUllamTita grammar by 1 teacher receives only his daily food '" 2 0 10 teachers receive monthly wages and Mulajivll OOllwami j in literature, llw K urI1ar 81lm Idwt'll , Maghll and Padanlw Puta; in law, the Suddhi, TJd1.uha, uncooked food ... 61 11 Srudrlha, /I:"'adasi, Afalamnsfl and .lyot1sha, TutW1II1 anu 1 teacher receives monthly wages and the M.itltksham.. in ,logic" thl1 .1(Wadilli, ('ommentary of Bubsi8tence money ... 25 0 Vyaptl Pau('haka, Alllha Vyaghra, Avachhedoktanirukti 29 teachers receive fees and uncooked Vyapti Grahopaya, Samanya Lakshalla, Pakshata' food 151 3 Parama.rsa, Kevalanwayi, and Samanya Nirukti, the :.1 teachers receive monthly wages and Math11rt ('ommentary of Tarka, the Gadudha1'i annual presents 11 0 ('ommentary of Anumiti and Satpratipaksha. th{> 6 teachers receive fees and annual presenta 26 3 .J"yad1~i and Gadadhari commentarIes of Viseea Vyapti, Avayava. Bavyabhiehara and Hetwabhasa and the 1 teacher rtloeives weekly and annu~r i'/nbdcwlkfizn·akasil-il. Snkiill(lrllw, Muktlbacia BOlld.dha presents 2 14 J)hiUul'll, Pramii 1l1l'tliruia, l,ila1lflti, and K usumunjali; in 11 tf'a('hers receive fees, uneooked the Vedanta, 8ill\lw/'(whaslq/(1 and PUllchadan; ill food and annnal presents 67 4 nJfldi('ine, Sarangadhara 8allhitll, (,ilm'aka VllakhYII Thus 86 paid teachers rtloeive in all RII. 573-11, ilfflrlh11 Kosila and aha/.HII'm';; in mytholog:v: lllItna'lla,," averaging to each RIl. 6-10-B per month, and UTta(/al,ad Gita; in astrology, .I'IIotisha Sara: anrl ill ()ut-h~usee, baithak-khanas, (·handimIl.Tldaps and the Tantra, TUlltm SUTII, ka('hharls art. employed us school-houseM hSf('o as else wh,er~, the pitwe ()(~l1pie-d p;enerally belonging to the Penian and Arabio Sohool. In 1837 prtlll'lpal supporter of the school and HOllletimcR tn the III thIS I.ilstri ct thf're are three schools in which Ilothi np; tl'n£'hl'r himself. In one instance, one of the ~cholars in more than the formal reading of the Koran taught as II Pprsillll s('hool in payment of the instruction he receivell is Nupplies ,til(' teac'her with n fI('hool-house rent-irE'e, Of dtlKt'ribed in the S(I{'ond Report, pp. 27-29 j 98 Per!lian thp PersIan school8 about 8 dozen have 8chool-houses Hchools j and eiJl;ht Arabic 81'hool8, expresHly built for that purpose and varyinll; in the Seven of thpsE' s('hools Ilre found in OIlp village and ('stilllated co~t of erE'<'tiull from six rupee~ to two hundred, thre!' ill another; six villageR ('Ontain two earh and Thl'j'll of the Arahi(· R('boola have huildings estimated to A2 villages ('Ontain one ea('h, have !'OMt 50. 200, It,~d 200 rup~8, respectively, Another There are thr(!e Musalman teachers to the three hIlS II "<,hool-houNI' With a dwellmll:-hou8e attached ill the ,Ilrho()Ji" tor the formal l'e!l(linl!: of the Koran, and 12 nppel' IiItO!'\' of whirh tit., tl'l\!'her Ii VpliI , while thl\ Iwholars Mm;allllllll tl)llchel'N to the eight schools of Arabic urI,' lodgpd below. Two of them have lar~e endowments learning; two of theR~ schools having Nwh thr!'e \I·jth .buildings !'lItimated to ('ost, in one Instance 15,000 11\ ill t(,Rl'hpl's, 01 whom 01](' teaches Arabic, the se('ond and th(' othElr 50,000 rupE'l'ls. Rac'h endowment P(,I'~Hln. IIl1d the third wo.khes over the manners and appljpl! to t.h{> RUpport not only of R Il(!hool but of II genf'raJ ('oudu(·t of the pupils. The 93 Persian achools; hOllpltnl, 1\ mosqup and a sltered r{>1ic', hllvP thp KAme 1I1lmhe-r of teachers of whom 86 Ilre In 104 sl'hnolfl there ale 971 !lcholan averagin~ 9 '3 to MUHlIlmans and seven Hindus, Of the latter four are !'nrh K('hooJ. Of the total number 17 are engaged in th(' ka,ya"thas, two hrahmans, and one a gandhabanik, The formal readinill: of thfl Koran, 899 in the perusal of uVl'rnge Rge of all the w8f'hers is 39·5 yeal'R, Perlliall works, and 55 in the Btudy of Arabic learning, Twenty-two tea ('hers instrurt gratuitously and of that All the Koran re6ders are l\{u8almans: of the P<'rlllaD IlIlIllOO.r six also support and clothe the whole or a part, H('ho1arK, 451 are MlHlalmans and 448 I1re Hindus' and nf of theIr sdlOlars, I bav{> not found any instance in which the ArabiI' students 51 I1re Musalmans and' 4 aro Hindl~ studonUl receive f,rom a ,Mullal~an t(>ache:r or patron Hindus. Of the fonr Hindu students of Arabic two IIrc anything beyond gratuitous InstructlOll. Thus in one of th~ all:ll.ri {'a lite , one is a kayaAtha, amI o~e II teli. instance a ma1l1avi Jl;ratuitously instructs seven Hindu Th,e followlllg arE' the rasteR and l1t1mbMII of th(l 44H s£'holars, but in addition to gratuitous instruction he gives Hmdu8, who are Persian 8rholars:- also food and clothing to el('vcn Musalman students j in KaYRl!tha 172 another, Ii maulavi gratuitously instructs two Hiudu and Hrahman 11';:\ six MU8alman students, and he gives also food and Sad,:(op flfl (,lathing to five other M uulman students; a.nd in a third Aguri 42 case, a maulvi has 13 Musalman students, all of whom Suvarnabanik 8 he both instructs and supports. The rule appears to be Vaidya 4 that those students, whether Hindus or MU8almans, who Chhatri 11 are natives of the village in which the school is situated Bunri 3 receive gratuitous instru£'tion onlY1 while those Musa.lman Kaivarta 2 students, who ~re natives of other villages &nd h&ve Gandbahanik 2 !'(JOle from a dIstance for the sake of instruction receive Kumar 2 al80 food and dotbing, On the other hand wben n Swarnakar 2 Hindu is the patron as in the case of the Raja of Rajput 1 Rurdwan, who supports two Persian IJchools, Musa1man Teli 1 and Hindu s£'hnlars enjoy equal advantages althoup;ll the Napit 1 number of the former is lees, Thul in olle of the Raja'R Tanti 1 schools 13 Hindus and 2 Musatmans and in the other M.yra I xxxi ThE' following Ilre the average ages of the sl!holllrB at Hindu!!; aud til(' lIumber of Hindus in the three schoolH the three periods formerly mentioned:- is 1]2, whose Nuhdivisions are as follows:- Koran readers 8'7 10'4 13'2 Droh~n ~ Kayastha 86 Persian soholars 10·03 15·6 26'5 Vaishnava 5 Arabic students 16·3 21'2 28'1 KshntriYIl 8 The following works, in addition to some mentioned Vaidya 3 under the preceding heads, are read in the schools of this Chhatri 3 district:- 8wal'llakar 2 In Persian, Tis Takhti, It spelling-book; ]I'arsi Nameh llhatta 1 or Sirab Dhoka, a vO<'abulary; lnsha-i-Herkern, forms of 'famli 1 correspondence; Nal DawLn, tranalation from Sll.lIHcnt of a love story; the POPInS of Ur/i, of Haja, of Wah.!htlti, M~i 1 of Ghani, of Ba.lr nnd of Khakltni, the last includiJ!K both 1\ amnr 1 the Tahfut-1LI-IO"akin and Kasaid-i-Khakani, Waqair) Kaivnrta 1 Nallamat Khan A~i" an account of the campaigns of Aurungzebe; Hadlkat-ul-Bato,ghat, a grammar ot Yu~ 1 rhetoric; Shah Namllh, Firdusi's national poem; and Bagdhi 1 Kultyrlt-i-Khosro, the works of Khosro. III reRpect of caste, therE' is no distinction between the Tn Arabic, Sari MiT Bud Hid(lyat-tls-Sm'f on thp srholars of thEo' Raja's school and those of the Missionary etymology of the AJ's,nic; Miat Amil, Jummu.l, Totamma, schools. The average age of eute,ring school or beginning lildayat-un-Nah'll, Mtsba Zawa, Kafra and ~harh-l to lo,arn English waE> 12·5 years, the aVl'!rage age when M1Llla on sIntax, Zewa being a commentary on Misba the ~('hools were visited was 15'5 years and the average Ilnd Sharh-i::Mulla on Rafia j MizU-Tl-i-.Mfmtik, Ta/izib, of the ages, at which it waR considered probable the s(·holuTs would loav!) school was 21·4 years. lIfir 7,uhid, KutbiJ Mir and Mulla .Talal on J.ogic, Rlltbi and Mulla Jalal being l'Olllmentaries on Mir Zahid and 'J'he. s('holars in all the three s('ho('JR are taught Mir, a glossary to Kutbi; 8ha,rh-i-W(lqai(~, on tllf' gratUitously. All the Raja's scholars are furnished with ('ircumstantials of Islam, as the cf'rellloni('s of religion paper, pens and ink, free of charge; and] 1 of them and the law of inheritnnNl; Nwrulanumr on the rtl<'eive food for four years. 'l'hey supply thcmllelves with fundamentals of Islam, as the unity of God and thf' books. mission of Mohammad, Sirnjiya, {'ompendium of Mohammaaan law, Hidalla, 011 the l'11w of inheritnnce, 'rho itlstruetion given in the two Missionary schoolA Mucat-ul-Misabth, on Mohammad.\11 obS('rvlllI("(,s; will be H~'en from the following details. The lowest dass 8ha1n8.i-R'tzigha and Sadra, trentiS(,H on natuml or youngest boys of the Burdwan Bchool con the English philosophy' Sharh.i-Ohaghmani, Il tl"eatisl~ on Ilf;tronomy Rpellillg.hook; tho a<"l101l1rs of the next grade add the according to the pt,olemanir system: and Tauii Talla English RE'ad('r withhout givlIlg the meamng; the next and Fttra.gh, treatises on metaph~·sics. give the mCltlllng both of the spellmg-book and Reader, the fourlh grade reud the New Test!\ment, learn Murrav's !\b\rdg~d grammer, ~llOW something of the maps 'of Enillsh, Orphan, Oirls' and Infants' Sohool. in 1837 AHIII, F,ul'()p{~ and Afnea, and of the use of the terrestrial glob(', work MUIIIH in simple multiplication !\nd tmnslatf> There are three English IwhoolR III this dish'iet, Ollt' at P!ISY bi'ntCJ)('CH from Bengali into 1<~ngliRh; the fifth graclt. Japat ill the Culna thana, tho serond in the town (If add to thp pre('(ldlng some !\rqll!\intanoo with sYlltarti('lll Burdwanl both under )iissionary contffll, Ilnd til(' thmi parsing and WIth the outlines of !\u('it'nt history; and tho also in toe town of Burdwan, but of lIativp orig;in amI highp"t el!lsH stilI further re!ld the history of England und(~r nativp management. 'rhf> Mi8Rionaril'~ of thl' ~tlld~' tIl(' definitions, axiolIls and a few of the propo8ition~ Church Society, the Revd. Messrs. Al('xander and of tho first book of F.llclid, work sums in compound W(litbrecht, respectively, established and sUfl{lrillt.end tht' addition and tnmslate rather lIlore diffi('ult sentenrCI> two former, and the Raja of Bllrdwan eRtablis}l('d and froll1 Bengal! into Eng;lish. BU pports the III. tter . 'fho hooks used ill the Raja's srhool arc Murray's I<':arh of the Missionary schools has one teacher, onf> It .spelliug Book unu abridged grammer, the English MURalman lind thll other an East Indian. The sehool of Rl'ad!'!", tho Universal Lt,tter-writer, and Dyche's Guido the Haja of BurdwII.n has two tearhers, one a brahmllll to. the English tongue. The teachers, never having and the other a l[ayastha. 'rhe following are the monthly t'nJoy('d the udvllntages of eompetent instruetion, possess Bula ries of the teachers:- a mere slllattering of the l,lllguage and can of course , Hs. ('Olllllltlllieate only what they know'. East Indian 80 Under the superintendence of the Rev. Mr. Linke!\ sehonl for orphan boys haR recently been formed on the Musalman .. 20 Chur('h Missi?n premises at Burdwan. They are to be taught F..mgllsh as well as Bengali but they were J{aya5tha 14 acquainted with Bengali only at the timel the school was Brahman 12 ViSltl'd, and they have, therefore, been enumerated in the a('eOllnt already given of the Bengali schools of the dis At Japat, the place of Christian worship is used as a trict in page xxvii. They are 12 in number and are sl"iHlol-rooUl; and the Missionary SdlOOI at Burdwan has the children of Native Christian parents. In addition to a v('ry handsome school-room .built at It cost of 2,500 instruction in letters and religion, they are alflo taught rUjlPPN contributed bv the Hala of Burdwan and other some of the mechanical arts as weaving, tailoring and bElnnvolellt persons. The Raja's own school is conducted rarpentry. The school is entirely supported bv the ill one of the buildings attached to his residenee in the Bubseriptiol18 of benevolent persons in Burdwan. ' town. Tht're are fOllr girls' schools in the district of which 'fIll' number of scholars in the three schools is 120. one, situs.ted at Japat in the Culna t hana. and Of these, two in thp Japat school are children of native snperintended by the Rev. Mr. Alexander, is supported chribtiall parents. Six are M11salmaus of whom one ill by the Ladies' Soriety of Calcutta; a second, situated in ~he .J apat school and five are in the Mi.RAinnary school in the town of Burdwan and superintended by the at ~1nrdwan. All the scholars in the Raja's 8chool are Rev. Mr. Linke, is supported by the eame Society; a xxxii third, situated on the ,MiSljion premises in the neighbour A ~um of RH. 1-8 per month ill allowed by the Ladies' hood of Burdwan, IS HlIPllorted and i1uperintended by the Society {OJ' refreahments to the .children. 'l'hree female Uev. Mr. Weitbreeht; lind a fourth, .,itultted in the m6Hsengel'S are employed to bring the chikil'en to school lleigh\lOllrhood of Katwa ill the thana, of that nam", and and to conduct them home. If one messenger brings 10 superintended by the Rev, William Carey of the Baptist s('holarH every day for a month, she gets two rupees; and Missionary Society, i8 supported by the Calcutta Baptist Illore (II' leliH in proporti(ln to the number, It is not Society for promoting Native Female Education. In all necessary that the same 8cholars should always be brought these cases the wives of the Missionaries co-operate in the by the same messenger: the number only is regarded. superintendence. The ollly language taught in the girls' sohool is Bengali. The books read are chiefly religious and the Beyides the abovementioned gratuitous superintendence instruction Christian. They are also taught n~dle-work. there arc 13 paid teachers (lmployed in these four schooll!; The following iH the distribution of the schol'ars into four and of that number eight teachers are attached to the grades of Bengali instru(~ion:- Jupat IIchool alone, two to. the Cutwa IIchool, two to the Durdwllll school and (Inc to Mr. Weitbrecht's school. (a) Girls who read only 112 Six of the telwhers are native christiaus and seven are Hindus. Of the native christian teachers four are males (b) Girls who write on the ground 2 and two females. The following are the castes of the Hindu tellt'hers:- (t) Girls who wrIte Oil the palm-leaf 57 Rajbansi 2 (d) Gil'lM who write on the plantain-leaf 4 Brahman 1 Kayastha 1 The only other institution in this dhltrict to be noticed Kashatriyn 1 is Ull inhtllts' IIchool situated on the Church Mission Chhutri 1 prElnllNeS in the neighbourhood of Burdwan. The children lire nhout 15 in uUlllber of both sexes, partly nativllI ,. aisllllavll. 1 C'hflbtian ('hildren, and partly orphans. 'I'hey are under 1'}Je tf'arhers are paid by monthly saJllrieR:-- the carfl of Miss JUlle8, Intely arrived from ]!::nglllnd nua Wl>n a('quaillted with the modes of infnnt iUstru('tion in Us. UI.!H there. The ear is I'hiefly taught and' the exercillOs Six of the teachers paid by the I/udietl' are pronollll('ed in recitative. folo('il'ty r6('eive Rs. 5 each 30 Fonr receive Re. 4 each 16 Adult Inltruotion in 1'37 O'Hl teacher rereives from Mr. Weitbrerht R III thana Clllnll of this district the number of adults Two tNwhel'S, paId by the Baptist SU('iet.v, who have received It learned education and are engaged receive Rs. 12-B each ... 25 in the busin6s8 of tearhing is 38, (If whom 37 are Hindus 'flw average is Rs. 6-12-3 to ea('h tOI\('her. udii ) " a: o - -~ APPIlQ)JX t GAZETT1£ER villages: The nine '001fllS nre: Aaansol, its heud qunrters and a peat l'ailwR:r oeDble (popUlation. Alfldwip-A village in the Katwa subdivision 76,271), anll Ramganj, itlS former hMdquartl'I'~ situated on the Rhagira.thi. The sacred river at (2f),9:l9), Chittnranjan (the loeomotive produetioll Katwa has for Hindus an espec'iul sanctity rivalling {'eutre), Barakar, Disergarh (coal centres), Kulti, in that respect the Gang'es at Hanarus. A('('orrling Burnpur (iron, steel and refractories), Neamatpul' to tradition the Great Vikranladitya uSt'd to h'un (coal. iron and refractories), Ondal (Railway). fI]Jort himsplf from his paltwe at TJjjain in n~\i· ltuniganj is a large centre of coal, paper, refrac put ana daily in order to bathe in the river. tories, pottery and aluminiutu. The subdivision Agradwip is u fanwus place of llilgrimage and i" now the most progrE'sl!live part of the distl'i(,j ('ontainI'! a temple of Gopinath at whieh SOlle if'n and has the highest density of population in the thousand pilgrims gather every April. 'fhe diHtrict: 1,2:i3 to the sq, mIlt'. It differs from the temple was consecrated in the 16th century. J'rst of the district, which is entirely agrieultul'ai in ('haracter; the alluvial soil here changes +'0 Andal-An important junction on the Eust laterite, and rich coal and iron fields have in the Indian Railway, situated some ten 111i]es elliolt of IIH;t 80 years cauMed a (Jontinuou8 iUl\re~,8e in the Runiguuj in thf> ARunsol subdivision. There is a numher and prosperity of its inhabitants. The larg!' rai]wny settlt'ment here aud the station whieh subdivision contoiItl!l numerous colliel'it.'1:j and alsl.l is known us Ondul i'ltation is the juuetioll tor thl' the Bengal Iron and Steel Works at Kl"nuw!t neat· Oudal IJoop lille whic'h Herves tho north of tllf' Barakar, the BUl'npur Iron and Steel Works at Ranig-ullj (·oalfield, and UhlO the line to Sufi in Hul'llpul', the potteries of Messrs. Burn and (})., the Bil'bhum distrid. and the Bengal Paper Mills at Ranigunj, and Asansol subdivision- The llorth-wctitern Huh M.essrs. Burn and Co.'s Lime and Hriek Works at division of the distri('t lying' hetween 2;lo2~)' nlld Al1dal (tnd })urgapur, the AluminiulU Clllllomtioll 0 28 5a' N. and 860 48' and H7°a2' K with all H n'a near Uaniganj, the OhHtllranjan L()!,Olllotiv(' of (i24 sqUtll'l' milt'S. It l'ollsists oj thUllltb ~alall Works. pur, Kulti, Hirapur, Asanaol, Burabulli, ,TnllHUia, Uanig-anj, Olldal, ]'aridpur and Kan lUl(L, A Asanset-Headquarters town of the !!ubdivil'lion hundred years ago the wholoe of this il'u('t was it of the sanlt' name, situated on the .East Indian wildernetls of rorpst and jungh', dotted at lOIlg' Hailway, 1~2 miles from Oaleutta, in 2ao41' N. 0 intervals with tiny e}parings ana sl'lilements. "For and 86 59' It l}'opulation (1951) 'iti,277. 'j'he (·t'ntul'ies it had l)een a Rort ot debatable land hrudquarters of the subdivision ust'(1 to Ill' ill between the ,Tharkhalld, or g-reut WPfltt't'Tl tOI t'llt, ltaniganj in the beginning of the century, whi('h inhahited hy the aboriginal tril)es whom the Hindus is situated in the centre of the t'oulfield and is classed indis('riminately us Chuul's, und thE' settled now one of the most important railway eentres in eountry to the east; and even at the end of tlu' West Bengal. In 1881 the town was 11 rural had. eighteenth eentury it wall the haunt and rf'fug'p Tn 1Rn it~ population was returned at 11 ,000 and of hands of broken and outlawed men who, taking' in 19iH at 14,906. There is It large Europeall advantage of the unsettled state of the land, ('Olnnnmity ('ouneded with the railway and the ravag~d and plundered tl.le eouutrysidl" 'I'll(' had bazll1' is growing rapidly. The town is Ilituatt,a ill ('ontams the famous llamganj ('oulfield, It ib now the middle of the Raniganj coalfit'ld, und Hin('<' one of t~e llUsiesi c.entres of ind~ll,try ill th(, ludiull ('oal of It bettt'r quality is obtainahle here than 8uh-t'ontll1ent and Its coal and Iron fieldR are £ilIec} turther (,UAt it h8~ practically taken tht' pht<,E' of with a throng of busy und prosperous miners <11\11 Raniganj HS th*, ('entre of the coal in contains the usual public offiees and a very large that a Rohini Deoghar Brahman once saw a railway settlement aud a handsome In8~itute. and jPwE:'l1ed arm rise out of the wat('rB in the adjacent extensive reereatiOll groundR have been provIded nola. He went and informed Raja Kalyana Sinha for th(' employees. of Kasipur of Panrhet who came himself and $aw the prodigy. At night the goddess herself ap Ausgrim-A village in the Burdwan subdivision peared to him in a dream and pointing to an situated some five miles north-west of Guskara irrt'gular stone, somewhat like a rude argha, said, ltailwav Station. It contains a charitable dispen~ "Thill is my 1I!llrti; worship it." The Raja built sary, ~hi('h is maintained by the District Board, lilt' temple and the stone having been duly a police Htatioll, a High Engli~h S(,hool ,and u. rost inserihecl was infltalled in it. ~lnd Tt'le.g-raph Offiee. There is also a Sansknt till III the village. On the road to Aw!g.l'um. th~re 16 Barul-A village in the Asansol subdivision 0 0 an old lort called l)anchuganga Whl('h HI lDtet'~ situated in 2:3 44' N. anel 87 7' E. The popula ~t'l't(,11 hy the metalled road from Uuskara to tion ac('oruing to the ('('nsus of 1901 wa.s 532. A USg' JlUll • Barul is situated in thl.' middle of the iron or£' tract and has given Hs name to the l1urrounding Ba.napara-A village in the Kalna buhdivi8i~ll iron ore field. Practically all the mineral iron is (OlltHllling !l Sil'olinr;am (Sri Ramkri'lhna JlU dE-'spatehed to the Iron and Steel Works at Barakar, tl'lllple) temple known' 8S Gopeswar. The place is where pig iron, pipe8, and vurious kincis of c'llstings idpntifif'd with Chaitanya and his followNH. The are turnt'II out. The ore is found in the alluvial Vai~hllahs visit this templt' hI ('onsiderable nUlllberH depoAitl:! and soil at a number of places, as maeses on the O('I'asion of the Sll1lia1'((tr1 festival. oj hematite lind lllugnetite at Kalim!lti in Singh~ hhum, and in tIlE' iron stone shaleR of thE:' Raniganj Banpls -A village in thp ht'uilquariers stlt>divi~ coalfield. The Uaniganj ore is in the form of ~lOn. It is noh·d foI' its manufaduI'p of bruss and ('arbonat!' at l1epths, hut ii readily wl:'athers and hl:'ll~llletal ware. at the Burfa('e ('onsists of lwmutit{· Ilnd limonite. Barakar-A town in the Raniganj subdivision Budbud-A village Rituatecl on the Grand Trunk of the Ilistriet, situated on the left bank of th!' HOMl, SODll' milt's from Burrlwan, in 0 0 22 23 24' N. BarakHT river in 2:1 45' N. and 86°49' E., about and 870 :W K It Wtl-; form(,Y'ly the headquart('l's 14:1 milt's from Calcutta. rfhe population of of It ,mbdiviHioIl and the station of a Munsiff. In H.irakar proper in 19(11 was aH.'), but the name wa-s 1879, however, whl.'n thE' present distrids of Burd ordinarily uudel't-ltood to inelude the village~ of WUll and Bankul'u WE:'re ('onstituted, the hl'ad· Begunia, Lndna, Manheria and several slllall 001- quarter'! uf the I'm hllivision "ere T'('movt'd to 11ishllu li(\rie8 with a t{)tal population of nearly [l,OOO. III pur in tIll' latter district. Two of the three thanus 1951 the population stands at 10,440. Kendwa, of the old BudllUd subdivision, Budhud and Aus~ SUInt' two miles from Barakar, is thp site of the !Cram, wt're ineluded in the hf'adquartNB !lub~ H£'ngal Iron and Steel Works. The works were division of tht' Burdwan district, whill:' t he third originally managed by_ Government but in 18t)B thana Sonamukhi, was transferrt'rl to Bankum. \H'n' handed 0\'<11' to Mt'SRrs. MUl'iin & Co., Cal 'I'he Munsifi was abolisht>d shortly afterwards, and l'uttn. The opening of the Orund Chord Line of in 1898 tIle police I'ltation was removed to Galsi. the East Indian Railway haa placed Barakar on Hudbud is now a place of little importance. tIlA main lillI', and it is at present one of the busiest in!imltrial phu'('s in West Bengo.}, l'he roads a~e Burdwan subdivision-IT I:'allqual'ters Bubdivision thlt'k with coal dust, and the country round 18 oi tht> clistJ'id, lying betwe(,ll 22° 56' and 2ao 37' N. "huldal} with collieries and faetories, and covered ;.11111 87 0 2(), and 88° 14' K awl t'xiE'ndiug over with a network of railway sidings. Two fine 1,287 square milt'S. l'he Bubdivil'lioll is bounded bridg<,s earrying the Grand Trunk Road and the on the north by thl:' Katwa and Kalna subdivisions, railway line span the Barakar river, and the to~n on the east by II ooghh, on the south by Hooghly is thu~ in direct ('ommunic'atiou with the JhelTiu and Bankura and on the west by the Asansol sub~ l'oalfielrl. There .js an old dak bungalow on the division. It contains tht' thanus of Burdwan, Grand Trunk Road at the approarh to the bridge Khandaghosh, Raina, Bhatar, Gal8i, Ausgram, over the .Barakar river, which was formerly an ,} amalpur and Memal'i. The subdivision for the imJlortant halting place. The town also contains most part consistR of a flat alluvial plain, covered HOmE' very fine old stone templos. (See Glossary with riee crops, which is a part of the delta formed of Ancient Monuments.) Four miles north of by the Ajay, the Bhugirathi and thE:' Damodar. Barakar under the Hadla hill there is a beautiful In thana Auagram, howe,'er, the soil beeomes stone shrine to Kalyaneswari, the Lally of l?ulfU laterite, and u tract of about 100 sqnare miles in ment, a plane of pilgrimage for harren women, this thana is ('overed with forest of bastard sal. whirh is said to be 400 or 500 veaTR old. Aeoord~ The prinripal rivers are the Damodar, whieh iug' to tradition the shrine and thE:' gJOUp of temples separntt'f!l the thanas of Khandaghosh anci Raina att:H'hed were eredl'cl by an an<'estor of the Panchet from the northern portion of the Bubdivision; the naja, who is sU1I1 to }18ve ularried the daughter Banka and the Khari. which are tributaries of the ot a Raja Lau Sen of Senpahari. The story is Bhagirathi. The Eden canal also runs through ~~xvi APPENDIX l-contd. the subdivision. Ita populution in 1951 WIlli daughter of the Raja of Burdwan whom he at· 802,057 as (lompnred with 619,868 in 1891. It tempted to outrage, and Uahitn Khan w~s even contains two towns, Burdwan (population 75,376) tually defeated and slain just outside the town by the headquarters of ~he district and Memari (5,005) Azim-u-Shan, the Emperor's gta:ndson. After hIS and 1, I9S villages. It is less densely populated defeat of the rebels Azim-u-Shan continued to than thl' rest of the distriet supporting only 623 reNide in the town for some three years, during pl'l'sons to the square mile. Brass ~nd bell-metal ,,'hidl time he built the great mosque which still ware and cutlel'y are mauufactured at Banpus and bears his name. Kanchannngul'; MCUlsri is a larg_tl rice eentre; a . Within the town itself the principal places of large annual fail' is held at Kau()hannagar Ii lJl~erest ~re the ~alaees and gardens of the Maha suburb of Durdwl1n towu. A considerable tUBal' raJa, whICh' are ~n the ('entre of the town. The silk industry used to be earried on at Mankur, Dllkusha, which il'\ 8urrounded by SpU.CiOUK and which is now an important trade centre. well-kept grounds, i$ situated some two miles west Burdwan-l)rincipal town and administrative of the railway station i hel'e thet'e used to be a headquurters of the district situated in 2:1°14' N. su~all l.oo]ogieal garden maintained by the Maha and H7°51' E. on the llanka rivl.'r and the main I'I.lJU. There are ul~() !'\omt' fine old tanks among lint' of the EnAt Indian Railway. The populatlon whi('h muy be Iwtil'{·d the Krishna-sugul' tank eon U{'I'ol'ciing to the eemmK of 1951, is 75,:n6. Tile I'Itru('ted by KriRhna Hum Hai, aud the Huni~uglll' town really ('onsists of 93 villages stretching over iu!!k cl:(,ltvated by Runi llI'OjO Kishori in 170~ A.j). an area of 8 '75 square miles, and the greater part A('l'ording to tradition Krishna Itam Rlli was it is rural in character. In 1814 the populll assassinated while ba.thing in the tank whieh bearll O! his nume. rl'he only modern monument of any tl{JlI waH estimuit'd ut Ga,927 and for a long time the town was regarded by the residents of Calcutta illll)ortanee is the Star of India arch erected by as n sanutorium. :Frolll 18(;:1 onwards, however it the present Maharaja at the entrance to the town, to COlUmemora.te IJurd Curzon's visit. Cutlery is t'iufi'fJ}'('I1 very sevt'rely from the Burdwau fever a~d, though the more virulent type of the diseasl.' has Illllllufactured at the Kuburb of Kanchanllagar; a large annual fail' is also held at Kanchannugar. HOW ('ompletely tlitmppeared, the town is still un ill-ulthy at eertain seasons of the year. Hince tht· Burclwan was constituted a Municipality in ]866. l'ollstruc.tion of the waterworks, however, the health rl'lw urea within municipal limits is S '7G square of thl' town improvt'd and the Second World War milt's. l'he waterworks, const~'ucted at a cost of !tfl. ~ lukhs, were upened in 1884, the Maharaja hrought about l'onsidel'uble improvement. It WIHI tht' heudquarte1'l-> of tilt' Commissioner of the of ~urdwan contributing half a lakh, and the lhmlwun Divisiou from 1854 to 1871 and again remalllder being borruwed from 01' cuntributed by from 18H4 to 1896. 'l'he Commissioner's head Uovernment; the henlth of the town hus sinee greatly improved. The town possesses the usuul quart t'rs nre lIOW ut Chinsuru in Hooghly. public offiees. The (listrict jail has accommodation .The town ha~ been identified by M. de St. Martin ~Ol' ~i~O ,Prisoners. 'rIte most illlpOl'tant educutiollld wIth the J'ul'tilalis 01' PortaliN which, aceol'ding to mstltutlOns are the llurdwan Raj Oollege main tlll~ Ureek geographers, was the foyal city of the taint'd hy the Ruj, and a technical school ~ffiliatt!d UUIlg'urdae 01' Uangarides. Rurdwan city is first to the Sib pur Engineering College, maintl\.ined by mentioned ill Muhammadan histories in 1fl74 in the Distriet Board, with a contribution from tlle whit'h year, uft(lr Daud Khan's defeat and d~ath Municipality, und a Medica.l ~ehool. at RajUlahal, it was eaptured by Akhar'8 troops. Burnpur-An industrial town about 11 miles 8uhRequ~u~ly it is, mentioned aA the country reSI sout.h-west of AsaDsol containm:g the llul'llpur Iroll dence of HheI' Afgun, the first hushand of the & Stl'el Works. It is a model tuwn bused 011 famous Mihr-ul-nissa, afterwards the Empress Jamshedpur, containinlf a. well-Iaid-out residential Nur-.Tahan ("Light of the World"), whu was area, WIth Illodem umenitiel:! inciuding' filtered treueherously attacked and slain just outside the wutt'r-i'lupply and eledricity with the Iron and town by the Emperor's foster brother Ruth-ud-din Steel WorkA at the north-western extremity. who WUi'l then .Bubah~lal' of ~engal. J ehallgil' Nubse~ lluently marrIed Mlhr-ul-nH!Sa and there iii little . C.h~kdighi--.A. v~l1uge in. the headquarters sub~ (hV181011, t;ome thnteen uules south of Memari reason to doubt that her first husband was murdered stnti.oIl. It is the residence of one of the leading by his orders. Kuih-ud-din himself was killed in ~tu~llndur~ of the. distrirt. Th.e villagE' contain!! the encounter, t~le scene 0.1 which is still pointed II free HIgh Enghsh School which was established out near the raIlway stat1o~, and hiN grave and that of Sher Afgan are shU to be seen in the ill lSa:J by the trustees of the will of the late town. Bt1lbu Sarada l)rasad Singh Rai and a I:huritable dispensary. Burd~an was again Ll.'seiged and taken by Prince Chittaranlan-.A large modern industrial town Khurram, afterwards the Emperor Shah J'ahan ,2:::0 63' N. and 87°iW E.) in mUU1.BS Sundar in 1624. and by the reb~ls S!lbha Singh and Rahi~ plthu,!'i Simjuri, tlh:. at the "north-\\ t'Kt corner of Khan III 1695. Subha Smgh WB8 killed by a 1he poiiee station 8alanpur, adjoining' Bihar, built xuvii APPEND~ I-oontd. t'utirely out of Government funds. The foundu· JIl.tween the Ajay and Damodar. Between it and liolls ,,'en' laid in 1948 IItHl it is now a beautifully Uophhum in the same formation are the parganas ),j:luneJ inuu$trial town with the Locomotivt' work!> of SalilllIJUr and Senpahari, whieh probably ill ill!' (JPutre. The first locomotiv(1 was assembled \Wlollgl·d to Gopbhum. rrhe actual headland is in Dee!:'m ber·J anuary 1950-51. formed by G-opbhum with the delta, not only tpul'lllK it in 011 the west but coming found it on Churulia-A villagt' in the Asallsol !luhdivision the Routh and edging in on the north. UopbhuTU, l \ illg' I'OlUHl 11 ruined stOlll:' fort on the Ajay in wh jeh is still- covereu for the great~r part of its l~al'gmm Hht'rgul'h. 'fhe village is o('('upleJ by kUlful'C with Sill fOl'PRt, was by universally current M.nhamnwdun (I11lladars who have built their tradition the sput of u Sadgop dynasty of which hOllses awl mORques froUl the stones of the fort. HOllll:' truces are sti1l t'xtunt. The only Uaju of the 'I'hl>Y huw no tradition of how they ,came thert'. l'l)('P wLose name 8uJ'vivt,S wns Mahendranath or, '['h~' tort is ",aid to have been built hy one Raja lIS he is locally eaIled, Mnhindi Baja. The ruins of ::x l\rott:l In aud if> known as Raja N arottam't:l fort, hi" iorl at AmrurguJ'h npur Mankul', and of other 1mt 1Ioth1Ug' is known of this Raja and no one ('Ull lorts at Bllaratpur and Kanksa, which apparently I'vell tiuy to what ('aste he belonged. It is/oSl9ibh' lIelouged to cadptH of tht' house, nre still viHible. that the fort may miginally have belonge to th!:' The remaius at Aml'argal'h t10 not appear to lle snggl'Ated. l'anlllPt RajaR UR Oldham haA TIlt> very nU(:ifJUt, and the Sud gop kingdom of Gop~ r)(l(·j Kall:i N uzrul Islam belongs to this placl? l)hul1l npparpntly exil'ltcd till almoi'lt modern tiuu's, Dainhat-A town in thl? Katwa subdivision, firRt al'l r.ubjed to tlu' M ughali"l and tlten under thl' I--ituutf'cl Oil tht' right bank of the Bhagirathi ill Hhadow oj the ]iurdwan house iti'lt'lf. lJut hJ 174-1 2:loa(i' N. and H8°11' E. According to the ('ens us Un.ia ('hitra SPJI Hai of Hurd\\ '.1.11 hall oeeupiptl of 19f>1 thp population is R,149. Brass and L(·ll OophhuUl and 1md l'ollAtrueted hiK forts at Rajgarh mpial wnrNl are manufactured in the town, .It Kunha Ileal' OorangaplU'.* ana wpaving is earriE'd on; there i~ al80 some tradp Corangapur-A village in the AsumlOl sub in 1!alt, jlltl', g-fain, mill doth, ('otton and tobu('('o. divihiou ~ituat~·d on the Ajay in pargantl Henpahun. 'rite town, whi('h lit's hetween Katwa and Kalnu, Thp nHUH\ iii (ll'rived from one of the namp!, of ,\,0.1'1 lorntf'l'ly ('onsiderpd ont' of the principal ports ('lmit.allya--the great Vaishnuvite rt,formel' ot tlll' di~tri('t. Rut the rllVer is gradul\lly rereding OOl'anga 01' Gouranga the Fair limbed. 'l'h!' village !r'om it nTlll its prosperity has long bel'n declining. ('ontaiub It hl.'uuhtully built hri(·k temple, a land It i~ uow of ,little commereiul importance. 'ritt' mark foI' mil('N tar and widt', 8till ill fine pre8(,1- n'11willS of tIt!' Rajas of Burdwan from Ahu Rai, vat ion though dt'lH-'rteti, and I:'vidcutly lUO}'e than the. founder ot the hOUHtl, to Jagst Ram Rai, art' two hUll(ln·d years old. The building' is known ut. ]11'(' '\1' I' v(>(1 hpre. Dainhat was cOMtituted a Muni tllt' t,emph' oi IeLhay Ghose, and tradition says C'ipulit,V in J8fJO. The area within muni<'ipnllimit~ that Idlha" Uhose WllS It devout pprson who con I" 4: square miles. ~hudf'd tIll' temple in honour of tlll:' goddmu, Hltngahnti. He is saill to havE' heen killed in Dignagar-A village in the Burdwan subdivision battle hy a Haja ealled Lau Hen who, acc()rdin~ ot tilt, diRtl'i(·t, situated in 2;3°26' N. and 87042' E. to tradition, waR a dpseent1ant of Ballal Sen, tilt' It ii'\ a 1m'al llunket for grain and sugur aIHI iR KiIlg of Bpngal. It iH vpry probable howevt:'r that not ('(1 for itil brass and bell-metal ware. tlii" i'\llPPOHt'll j,IlU Sen is no other than tIlt' Burd Disergarh-A large ('081 mine town in poli{'(' "Ull Hnju Chitra Sen ltai, who eOllquered Gop "tatiOl1 Kulti Honth.ea'lt of Barllkar, almost on ill!:' hllulll ill tht> middlE' of the 18th century. Close to ])liIno(lul' li\er (~;j°42' N. and 86000' E.), the Uorallg'upUl' on a small tuhlf·land overlooking the ('tllltn" of many ('oaijields around and of a large A.ia,v, on the very confines of Birbhum Ilnd Panchet p}ei'tril' power supply. It is well-planned and (Slier'gurh), stands the fort constructed by Chitra ('ontainR a large lnod~rn hospital for the coal Sl'll Hai to ovel'llwe Gopbhum !,lud Senpahari, in minos. whi('h his CUIlTlOn with hiR name in l)ersian (·harne tt'I" deeply engraved on them lie to this day. Faridpur-A village Rituutl:'d on tho Grand ,\llother oecount makes lchhay Ghose the architeet T1'llllk Road npnr Oyariu stution. It is the head fll' ltl'tifiller of the temple. quarter!'! of It police thana. It is important from a policl' pOlllt ot view as it is situated in the centre Cuskara-A lurge village in the heac1l1uarterR of the jungilJ area whi('h lies to the north of the Aubdivi!:lion situated on the Sahibganj 1..oop line of (hand 1'runk Rond. the J~af!t. Indian Railway. Since the opening of thE' rnilway station the village has grown largely Copbhum-A large ptJ'1'gana lying 011 the eastern and it is now it riee mart of considera'hle import 1410pefl of thl' Asansol 'watershed. This was the aUrf'. thlskara i8 now an important distributing nome- given to HlP tl'art of wooded upland formiug' ('pntr£' awl eultivators (lome from a distance of ,hI" ('o])e or headland of the promontory from fifteen or sixteen miles to it to sell their 'rice and Ce)~trnl Indilt whieh juts out into the dilJ,triet. padrly. A lwt is held twice a week on Tuesday 'fbE' ne(,k of this promontDry is Shergarh, lying unll }11r iday. ·OlcHulm. Some Hirttorioaln.d Ethnical ARp60tS of the Burdwan DiNtriot. xX,xviii APPEND", I-oontd. ~ ....Ipur-A village situuted Rome eleven miles Kalna sulJclivision-The south.,(lustern suhdivision SOUtll of' Memari railway !!tation on the ('nAt bank of the diRi.rict lying ht.ltween 2ao7' and 2ao3H' N. of the DanlOdar river. 1'11(' villllg't> is au important and 8HoO' and 88026' :E., with an area of ~8r) square trading {'entrp and ('ontains Ii tomb-registry o~ce, u miles. The subdivision is bounded on the north by police station, a sub-po tit offiee, u lower. pt'lm~ry tll(-' Kat" (l suhdivision, on the eaRt hy the Uhag'i sdwol und a PuIllie \Vorks DepartnH'llt Imlfl('(,j,~()n l'Uthi, and on the south and west by Hooghly lind bungalow. 'l'he Damodar here is conneete( wlth i he BUI'd \\ an subdivision. '1'he principal riv~l'l'I the Eden ('unal hy a sluie€ from Hulura to a1'(' till' Bhag'imthi, which ~eparate~ ~t from Nadl~, ,Jamalpur. tlit> Hallka tlnd the Khari whieh l01118 the llhagl rathi H littifl above Kaina. The 8ui)division like tht' Kanksa·--A villagl' und police station 1U t.he adjoinillg' 8uhtliviHiou of Katwa, is fla.t und alluvial Asan"ol ,mhtlivision. situated ahout half a mIlt" aud tilt' eaHtpl'n pOI·tiou along the bank of .the north of l l allngUl' railway station on the main lill!' Bhag-iruthi is watPl'log'g-ed nnd swamp.v, that flyer of the l';a"t lZHlinn Uuilway in 2,'3°2.7' N. und in itA PT'OgT('i'lS eustwal'ds having' left long loops of H7°;\O' K KllukHa is hil'ltori('ally illtl'l'Psting' on xxxix APPENDIX I-contd. is u seputlltll building for ea('h Maharaja or Maha Kulingram-A large village in the Burdwan rani, in whirh iR kept the bOlH'S J't·maining from subdivi!lioll situated some six miles south of t he funeral Jlyn', together ,~ij It aU the persona! Mt'lIHlri railway station. The village is hy ('ommon belongings ot' tIle de('eased. 'rIlt' only vOlt'r }I is rUlllOur a very ancient settlement. In the month torical rt>mllin.~ of jut f'1'('!'d j 11 t h (' town un' tilt' of Magh a fair is held llere in honour of the village tombs of Majlis Saheh aHd Hadr Saheh, who art' dpity (:I-opal and HOllie thoulluurls of 11l:'opJe gather "egardt,d as tnf:' patJ'Ou .~aints of RaIna. yt,tldy (0 S("!' tllp imagp of the god. There i!l 1\ J)j"tTid Board xl APPENDIX I-COllcld. 19th centur;y was notorious ~or its tMU8, wh~ wen:! the eentre of 'the coul industry. The qua.lity of first found III Bengal here III 1802. AccordIng to coal obtuinable is not, howtwer. so good as that popular rUlllour the people of Uaina thana are received from the min<'s further west, und Aba.nsol particularly fier<'c anu warlike. After the sup has now taken the pla('(' of Rnniganj as the pression of tlu~Ui tlw dt·tlcendantl'l of the t7I(1fJ'~ are centre of the trade in this district. said to have taken lo dacoity as a metlns of flub Senpahari--A [I(/rYlina (Ill th" f'l\Rtl:'rn H\opetl of sistence. Some of the st.ones t.old of the most the A..saD.80l wlltetehed.. rrhe parga'lt(.t 'Was iormed. famous of these l'ob'lers among th~ countrY-Ileople are worth recording. One 01 t;heir leaden! "('oulu \1Y Raja Chi.tra, ~l'n ltai 01 lhn\wan. aitl"!' his con quel'it of UoplhhuJIl, and is eltlled after himself and t'ut. the raw flesh of a goat and drink three bottles the struughold whieh he huilt neal' UOl'angapur of branllv at Il. meal." Another, a woman, could on u hill overlooking i ht' Ajay. ride It h;Jf!oJe "us eleverly as an t'xpert colonel or ('aptain would do" and on one ()I'easion with only 8hergarh-A 'large /HI,manu in the Asansol sub the help of a sword and her husband robbed a division which is prudit'uIly ('()utermiuous with the zaminslar's houfle ill spite of his numel'OUS meD Hanigullj (·oaHield. Ii il:l that part of the pro llervants and armed rt'tainers. Another woman montory of Central India whieh liell hetween the with hl'r old father put to flight. and killed tell Ajay and the DalllOdul', a strdl'h of rolling rod:y lll'llle(l men who assaulted them. ('oll11try part.s of whieh Ul't' still ('ovcJ'pd with forest. Owing to ils physi!'al dWl'llder a.nd Ritulttion it RaniganJ-A tOWD in the Abunsol subdivision, was for many ('('nturies t.lle high road and llarbouf ... illwtt'c1 Oll th(, UOl'tll halll, of the DamudaI' l';YI'f of the Chuars of the .Jhlll'klwud-the jungle tribes ill 2;30 ;lfj' N. Hrlll t17o{)' K The population ill 190[ geu('rully-ill theil' dese('nts upon the settled wu,; 1;),841. 'rhe town, whirh is situated on the ('nulltry to the east. It tLUtl hel'ume It sort of Em;i )lHliun Uailway, owes it.~ iIllportanee t.o the> (lehalahIt' land the possession oj whi(,h was con devdopmf'nt of thp ('oul industr~'. The town is a I est,pel hy all the great houses lying upon its ('('ntre of a largt' el(·(·tricity gl'lH'ruting plant, borden;. It waH ultimatply (lonquerpd by Raja jJll)wr, ('0111, poth'riPH, rdradorit'[! und oil mills. Chiim Sen Rai of Bunlwllll about. 1742 A.D. It There is all'io II eonsiderahle trade in riel' and oil. ('ontains two old forts, 'rhut at Churulia on the The t.own ('onl:,illH a poil('e slation and sub-rpgiHtry Ajay i,~ of stone and is sui(l to have been built by ofIiet'. A W psleyun Ml·thodist Mission maintains Uaia Nal'ottuIn. But tl'adiiioll and history are a ll'ppl' a H.\! UJII, and au orpl) aunge and day schools. aJikf' Hilellt atl to tllis Ha,ia and uo one can even Uunigallj WUH form(·rly tht· hl'udqunrtprH of tht> say to what ('ustC' ht' l)ploIlg't·(l. Tilt' oldeRt resi. 8uQ)c]ivil1ion, but in ] 90G the RuhdiviRionul Magis dt·nttl of Churulia an' the Muhammadan ai1l1ad(lr.~ trate'H Court was removed to Asansol. A few years who livl' UJuler the fort and who hUVf' token its rut l,eforr tht· mutiny till' porE on of the town whieh stoups for tli!'il' I1J()t;I}Ut'E! and llOuses. Oldham con HOW forllll'i its I'eutre, was un ullinhahited plain .i('duf!'~ that thl' (JimadnrR lUay be dpscendants of ('ovl'n,r} with brushwood an(l jungle, and in the Muh:unHlIulun l'iol(liery who stormed the fort as in (lUartl'l' now known as Khantsuli there wt'l'e ouly tll!' similnr CaAt' at linnk,,:!, ",hidl it! not improbable. a £!'w hut~ o{'('upiP(l hy pight pOOl' families of 'l'hp other fort waH un Pluthworl, nt Dihi Rhf'rgarh goalas and :Muhammadans: whilst the village of (l)iR!wl'g'nrh), lllP old ('apitnl of tllt' pm'lJflna on tho Kumurhuy.ul' 01' Kumar UamehullIlnqmr, lIOW DaDlodar. within municipal limits at thp ea~tprn p(lgl' of tll(, town, was a pr('tiy ugri('uItural humId. ])uriug Sitarampur- A villng-e m the Asansol sub div!Rion. ~ituatl'(1 011 the main line of the East tIlt· lllutiny Hanig'lIuj wa~ th\' tt'rmillll~ ot tilt' EaKt Indiun Railway. It is an important railway june Indian Uai 1way, and a cnntonmt'llt for the troops ijoll, thf' 1'!IOI·J line to Mokulllt'h brunching off here who ha(l to detrain here on theil' way upeountry fl'0111 t.he grand chord wllich goel'! on to Gaya. wus pstahlishl'd tClllpol'lll'ily at Khantsuli, whieh Riiarampur iH one of the prin('ipal flubsidiary waK aftel'WartlH Iw.t.tel' known Hi'\ Gorahazltl' 01' "ttt' ('('lJl1'('8 of thE:' Ranig'tmj and Barakar coalii('lds, and white of the soldier's market". After the opening th('l'(> al'(l many large ('olliN'ips and rf'fradory works I'ltilway Hw P1'08pel'ity of tile town was assured. In its neighbourhood. Befol't' tIll-' extellfllon of the line th(' eriminal ('ourt, police statioll, post offi(\e l~nd loekup were lo('at.Bcl Ukhra-A village in the Asausol subdiviflion lD Mangalpul', HOlne two unles from Raniganj· and I'litu?ted on th(; railway line ('onnecting Andal and the Munsif'R ('o.urt was at Ukhra, eight mil~~ to SUl'l. Ukhra III one of thp lurg'eAt villug"('s in the the north, whIch was t.hen in the district of district. There is a High English School here a. Birbhum. At that time Rnniganj WIlA induded in d~H]le1H!ary, and Heveral int.eresting temples. The this district for purposes of revenUe administration \"111~ge is, the seat of the aneil'nt family of only. the criminal administration beinCl' under z(Illllndars to whORe generosity and public spirit it Manbhum. Raniganj was formerly c;nsidered OWl'':; most of the institutions mentioned aoove. xli APPENDIX n AD account of Land Management, 1870·1945 Aru in 1870: :3,158 square milt'li as giv~m hy month or £G pel' annum from 0. holding of 1f> Oollcetor. hlg-Jws OJ' [) ,l('n'/>, A~ a ('onsequen('t' the peasants Area in 1871: l'reviou8 to tranAfcl'H 2,~25 "quart' HI'{' g'fmpl'al1y ill (ll,ht. But the Cull,ector repor~ed mill's lUI given hy thl' f'lll'VeyOl' UeMl'u1. in ] H10 thot. till" Wl'l'e at that tUlle becolUmg' ll10re illd('pendent of thl' moneylender. Nearly Area in 1878: a,5!!:1 N(jlIa!'t' mileH, ex(']uAivll of tw()·tllil'd~ of 1h(' JlUslllllHlmt>n of the 13urdwan 65 i'lquure llIilt's of river ",urfaee. distrid hol(} their lUllIb with a rig'ht of O('('upan(.'y, Collector's Area: :1, ][iH square miles. till' J't'lllailling' OJH'-thinl hping' ~impll:' tenants at. Area under cultivation: 2,6D7 i'lquure lllilpA, will. 'l'herB Hfe lIot lll:\ll\ (']mlses in this distrirt ot H!llllli propl'i<,tol'l'. who' OWlI, O('t'u]JY and culti BetWf'I'Il 17Uf) ann 1'78R gran1i'l 10 hoM Ij,(j()(j "ot!' tlt(,il' !tp!'p\li1ary lanaK without, eithel' a ,H'r('S of l'tlVenlle-f'ree land unde!' 1lip I 1871 V,ilillilldnl' (ll' ~\lpt'l'illr hold!'l ahovl' them, or a suh 11a1llt'H of delJattar, hrtl!U/ilI/III', hold!,1 Of laho\l1'('1' of ally sort hf'low them, 1Ila}lI1ffrall, k"airaf, ete" wo!'t' gi\I'I1 10 40H jI!JII'IUl1S witIl a view to bl'ingirJg wlIl:\te laudR Ht:d hy uIlliel' (!ultivation. Sourco--A i:di('al a('('(luut of H,·us'a] W, \", II Ullh'l', Yield per acro-"\ f:lll' IlHUIlI'Il from lan xlii ....1'0&- The Gazetteer of Bengal. system of cultivation, therefore, may be said to be depending upon it. Terrace cultivation, wrongly It'rom the District Galetteer of Burdw&Il supposed by many to be peculiar tb China, is the IV Dlltrfot (prinbed 1910) the following ta.ble outcome ot' dams to sture rain water. The hill~ 8uIttter, shows the nonnal acre&.gtl of the cro})@ sides are ~onverted into Tiers of riceftelds, often 1110 of the district and their percentage of the smallest sile conceivable, which are em of the normal net cropped area:- banked alol1g their lowel' edges. 'fhe rain wat.er in its downward course is thus arrested a.nd, iMued Na.me of crop Normal Percentage on normal down tile slopes, is made to irria'ate thll fields one net. after another, earh retaining its just share and cropped no more. area 'fhel'e is only OUe prolhll'tive irrigation work, (a) Winter (Aghani crops) 900.600 83 the Eden ranal, and irrigatioJl channel 22 miles Winter rioe 874,800 81 in length from Kanchunnagar to J ama.l pur l which Sugaroane 25.800 2 waH constructed in 1881, and though (~onBtructed (b) Bhadoi crops 181.700 17 primarily for l'Iunitary purposes, it haH been largely Autumn rice 140,000 13 used for irrigat.iol1, lind in 1904 the Collector reported that some 20,000 acres of hmd was irri M80ize 3,000 i gated from it. At present about :m square miles Other bhadoi cereiUs and pulaes 6,700 t in the Burdwan and J Ilmalpur thanas and the Other bhadoi food crops 2,200 1 Imambara outpost are irrigated from this canal Other bhadoi non-lood orops 10,000 1 und its distrihutaries. l)uddy and sugarcIUl6 Ule Jute 16,500 Ii the two chara('teristic crop of the Burdwun Til (bhadoi) 3,300 3/10 dii'ltrict. Each erol' (le{'urs both in the laterite clay (c) Total ,.abi. crops 156,600 l4.1 and the red sand, though a IImall area is formed Bummer rice 300 by the mixture of the tWCl, which is considerably hest for Imgllrrant'. Greatly the larger part of the Wheat 1,800 ("ultivated areu (~On8iHtB of t.he low-lying tracts Barley 7,000 i st:'parllt.ing the villa~e sites from one another. Rice Gram 9,100 1 ill by far the mOllt Importunt e)"op in the distriot: Othor ,.aU cereals and pul.8es • 51,200 6 ~Jl fuet, in the alluvial plainll to the east little else Other ,ubi food crops 40,000 4 lli grown. 22,500 2 Linseed Yield Plr acre-()utturll per acre of au.' paddy 21,100 2 Rape and mustard varies from 12 to 24 maunus of unhuilked paddy Til (rabi) 600 pel' a(~re and () to 8 pans of straw. The yield of Other oilseeds 1,500 Iltn.(J;1l ill Dot availahle. Tobaooo 400 Manuring is not much pruptilled in the cultiva Other ,.aU non.food orops 1,200 tion of a1llat~ ri('e, but in some place. the more Total of (0), (b), (c) and (d) 1,243,900 116 intelligent eultivuturs ui'le 20 baskets of' ('owdung Ded~ area cropped more tha.n once 162,200 15 or Olle lJul.unu of oiIcake per bigha jWlt before Net a.rea (normal) cropped 1,081,700 100 tral1l1]Jlanting the seedlings. Cowdung is to BOlue extent wasted by heing used as a fuel, but generully no good cultivator would think of doing The great want of the Burdwan district, ellpe RO. Cowdung is considered the mllnure and thtl cially of its western and central parts, is a, propt·J' Bengali term of manurtl is liIynol1;ymoufli with it. supply of water for irrigation purposes. The rain In m08t villa.ges few fields, exceptmg those grow fall beillg often deficient in total amount or irre ing ri"e, can be found whic1l re(~eive no manure, gular in distribution, artificial irrigaton is neetle whih~ no farmer wouhl dream of growing without sary for almost all the iUlpo~nt crops except manUft' such crops W:l sugarcane, potatoes, onions, pulses and barley. In fact, the cultivatiun of etc. sugarcane, potatoes, onions and other importa.nt crops can onty be undertaken in places where water rfhe rotation. of cro-ps is practised, but it cauuDt is availalble. The importance of irrigation was funy be t-Iuid that any regular system at rota.tiou is understood in ancient times. In northern parts followed. The con.dition of the field at the tiUl.e, of Bengal there are sO many tanks to be found, the state ot the weather, the demand in the market, but almost without perhaps exception they have and the iBdividual means of the llarticmlar farmer been lying neglected and are overgrown with weeds are the co;nsiderations that usually determine the and filled up with'silt. Wells are not numerous particular crop. and the cultivators .have a superstitious dread of Little has been done to improve the metlmfls of irrigating lands with water raised from them. In -cultivation, and until recent years, to intToduce the hill tracts of the west the practice of storing new· (lrops fj)1' to improve the fertility of the c~ps up rain water ia well understood, and the whole grown. G Extension of luHlvation-No statistics showing Oultivation-Rice predominates very heavily, the extenaion of cultiva.tion are available, but it is ('uvt'ring about 95 per eent. of the total cropped known that large areas have been brought under area in a ll(mnal year. Am1l4lo mostly transplanted cultivation within the last rentury) especially in is the staple (,'l'Op j b01'o is rarely grown and the the western purts of the district wh1ch a 100 years l~nd available for aU8 is les8, only grown on lands ago were covered with ,~al forests and jungles. that are not for amlJiTt-here again the determining 'l'here is now little land in the district of any agri factor is the amount of water available. cultural value whieh is not used for crop. Yield per acre-The estimated outturn per acre 1'0 tal, by 8ubdi'Vi,fionl of the employment 0/ is 22! maunds of unhushd pa(ltly .per acre of tank V Settlemlnt umd irrigated land of an average {~uuhty und 34 pan8 1931 (lot maunJs) of straw. 1.'his 1S for a1nOJn paddy. 1.'he calculation in regard to outturn of straw is Cropped area BurdwaD. Ka.tW$ Kalna Asa.nso1 conservative and is often exceeded. For land under aus of an average quality, the yield is 20 1 Bhadoi 42,233 18,91)9 24,742 65,024 maunds of unhusked paddy Itnll 20 pal/l.,V of straw. 2 Aghllni 380,745 163,287 132,923 113,350 The estimation of this is particularly difficult S Rabi 24,845 23,607 24,116 5,6ii5 Other crops, e.g., owing' t.o the ('onsidprable v!triution which may mango, pan, oe('ur from field to fidu us well at! from year to plantain, gua. year. .FiftyoJlP l'l'Op-('utting pxperiments made by VM,etc, 18,240 3,851l 5,821 5,817 /,lZ7l11l1lJ(I.\, sp]('cting what they thought to he Tot.al 466,064 209,714 187,603 181l,Sf,7 averag'(' good samples of the areas bearing crops showed an outturn (If 20 maunds 2[, seers of un· Dof8ollli 17,137 19,344 20,086 1,641 husked (tltlJ.l!1t padcly Iwr a('ro. As was to 1)(' Not cropped area 448,927 190,309 167,1117 188,211i t'xpeetell, the ()uttUl'n WUH ROJllt'whut Inghrr ill tht' Current fallow . 16,263 3,480 4,722 23,13] ,Culturable area extreml' east lind low('r Hout It of' the Damodar. It other than our· Was uls!) low in .Tamalpur, probahly because the rent fa.llow 100,783 16,639 20,981 88,] 19 bt'ttl'r land in the Eden canal Was exdud£'!L 1i:ven Area. not avail- according to more liberal estimate H~ maunds was able for oultiva- tion 143,684 33,546 25,971 118,571 the outturn in a normally favourable year frOIll Tot.al unoultiva.- unilTigated lund. As regards straw crop-cutting ted aroe. inclu- expernnellt shows an average ot 24 maundt:! per ding current aere. fallow, oultur- able land othor 'fhp Il'Ihaque Survpy shows a total cultivated area than ourrent VI Th. Isha· illl'lu :div APPENDIX'D--ooncld. increase is most marked in Burdwaa and' AAnsol. The following shows the density of population Similar inerease is notieeo.bJe with regard to rabi per capita of crop and paddy areas in the distl'ict : crop. The deorease in acreage under bhlldoi is largely due to drought during 1945. Total population (194J) 1,890,732 Taking the distriet as a whole the area under Total area or the district 1,724,30lS eulturable waste has decreased but thut under un .ores culturable has slightly increased since the last Density of population per sq. mile 704 Settlelnent operations .. The decrease in the area Total Qropped area (net cropped and dofMli) 1,281,902 under culturahle wallte is as much us 77,078 Rerell. &creII In recent years many lands have been reclaimed Per capita oropped area ·65 notably in' the Jungle Mahala. Tl1e ket'nly felt aore food shortage (Xlmbined with "Grow 'More Food" Total paddy area 1,022,718 campaign hUH also been responsihlt' for bringing acres under the plough lands wliieh otherwiRe would lie Per ca.pita paddy area ·64 fallow. The area under unculturable waste Bhow~ acre an increase of 12,4::11 acres over the Settlement figure. This may be ('(mtrihuted to growth of popUlation and partly to the laying out of military Appro:dmate time oJ 80wing and harvfl8ting :- depot!'! in the Radar und Asansol subdivisions. Name of tub- Name of crop Tlmo of aowl11l Time of harveat.llla The following if'. a comparative ~tatement of division Crop Survey and District Settlement figures:- BnrdwaD .. Amall JWlIl-·Auguat November-Decem Description of land Crop Settle- Increase her Survey ment.,1934 or Rahl • . March-April •• July- deoreB3e September-Ootober Unculturable waste (includ. Dhadol •• .TUDs-A.UIIU*t ng wa.ter) 314,426 301,995 + 12,431 Culturable waste I 88,88/) 265,913 77,078 Aman July-Auguat November-Decem- ber Rabl •• 8ePtGInbof--Novem· Jehrulrr-Aprll Cultive.ted- ber (a) Orohard 40,558 35,260 + 5,298 nlladol .. Juno-July •• September-OC)t(!ber (b) Aman paddy 966,101i 7!13,311 + 182,794 Xatwa •• AmaD July-AultJlt ntctmbor-JlIl1uary (e) Others 214,381 342,415 - 128,034 Rabl •• December -.Tanuaey "'areh-A.prll Biladol •• May-July Total area of the district 1,724,305 1,728,894 - 4,1189 NOle-Aman aree. increased about 15 per cent. Consider. Xalna .. Amall Juue-AUgult.. No\olDber-JalUllolY able areo. of culturabl6 waste was brought undor the plough. Extension of cultiva.tion in the Junglfl Mahala groupl in the Raill •• Octobel'-Dollelnber Fobruley-March district. Slight di8Crepanoy in the distriot area. Bhadol •• April-May •• Au.nn-SIIJJt.embe:t APPENDIX m A-The Coal Mines of the Diatrict The following aCCOullt reprinted from the '1'he coal of the Haniganj field, like most India.n "Statistical Account of Jhll' Sooiety of Bengal. In 1845-46 the Raniganj of these rocks for 8 Of 1() miles IS concealed coalfield was carefully examined, mapped, and by laterite and alluvium. Tht' coal at Uarishpul' reported upon hy Mr. D. H. Williams, whom the eolliery, in the e;xtreme east of the fhlld, ill of East India Company sent to Bengal for that ('xcellt'nt quality. purpo!le. In 184f> the only collieries at work in the distrid were thosp at Dhosal and Chaukidanga. (2) linguan Valler- The Geological survey of 1858-60 gives the About a mile and a half west of the following s('ientific rletl1ils of the formation and Singaran ri vt'r, a seam of coal crop!! out t'xtent of th,· Hanigl1nj ('oalfielJ: Raniganj, one shaft gave the following section: attaehed to its furthn end, while its. sho!ter end, (1) White fe]spathir sandstone, 1;30 feet; (2) blue hearing a heavy "tone as a (lounterpOlse, 18 hauled shalef with fOBsil plants, 21 fCt't; (:J) bituminous clown IJ,Y ropes. The majority of pits do. not exree"! black shale, 11 feet; (4) ('(luI, 9 feet; (5) shale, ] 00 feet in depth; and up to 1860, no pIt had been 3 inehE's; (6) coal, 9 inches; (7) shale, 2 inches; slIuk to II greater depth than 2!~0 f~et. These may and (8) ('oaI, a f(,('t. Total thickness of seam, l;j seem insignificant figures by the SIde of the dt'E'p feet 2 inches; total thi('lmt':l~ of coal in Ream, 1~ flhufts in the eollieries in the north of England. feet 9 inches. At Haghullathchak, the seam was 'fhe pits ure circular in shape, and are usually 11 feet 6 incht's thick, with 11 feet of coal; at sllnk in pairs, from 8 to 10 feet in diameter. Damuliu, tl)(J St'llnl \\ as 16 feet 2 inches thiek, "Double pitR", in which two burketll are used, with ] 5 fret 9 indlt'H of coal; at J emeri, the seam art' worked :u'('ording' to the flystem known in was 2f) feet 8 inchf'!! thick, with 20 feet 5 inches England liS "}'OHt and Rtall", or "lJilhu and of (·oaI. Board". The ('oul is extraded in gallf'rif'A ('f()S~ ing t'arh other nt light ang-It's, square PORts or (4) Nunia Valley; East Division- pillars of coal being It'ft to support the roof. 'fhe This art'1\ eomprisf'~ but few mines of importance, pillars vary froUl 12 to 1 H f('t·t Aquare, Aud tIlt' and has hitherto reeeived. litt]!' nttt'ntion, but it g-allt'rieH have a hreadt h of from ] 2 to 1& fN,t. contums valuable eoul-seams. Tlu,' Ream at The foll()win~ diagram will show the method Charanpur and Syamsundurpur was Ia fl·('t thiek, adoptpr} in the Haniganj ('oulfield-:- with 12 fept of fair ('onl; at Muinanagar, near Madhmmd.nnpur, the Reum was 10 feet ;l iUl'hes '''helt' "Pillar~" and "Boards" or gilller1l'~ UI'P tliiek, with 9 feet. (j illdlt's of ('oul, the seam hl'iug equal ill brt'adth, three-quarters of tht' ('oal i'l rt' situatl'd helow hard bhu' 6hale, with nodules of lllllVt'rl in tilt' firRt inBtan('('. ~'bis if! the most favour clay ironstone. ablt- ('U'It', and f)xilit~ in the Uaniganj and TaVI1FJl ('o1liPl'iPH. But of tlliR roal lIot IllOrt' t llUll two-thirds (5) Nunia Valley; West Division- ure in a marketable fltate; in £art, in mOAt (·ollierica, This Fnwll area ('om]ll'iSl'N thf' mines of Sitaram not morl' than one··half. Again, it iR preferred to pur, D[,modar, Fathipur and Ghal'wi. hu Vt' the roof of tIlt' millP of ('oal, as heing fint'r Ilnll Hufp!, than l·ither SU1lI1HtOllt' or shall'. (6) Chinakuri (near the Damodar) as far as the 1'11\1;1 at Tapasi, whert' tht' Heam is 22 fept in Barakhar River- thi('knp'ls, olllv l~ fpet arp mined. 'l'his mode of 'l'he phaftH at Salunl'hi or Chinukuri showt'd a working ill hl'ht aduptt·d for seams of llioderatc sen.m 10 feet 10 inehl's iu thicknt'HfI, with 10 fE'et tbwkneflR; aud Mr. Blanford stat!'" that UUlt:"R, G inches of coal. improvements are illtl'odured, a largt' proportIOn of tht' ('OR 1 in thp field will be irretrievably lost (7) The country south of the Damodar- and wusted. TheBe coalfield!> 1I1'1011g to I)an('hl,t, and do not lie within Burdwan diHtriet. 'rill' tools f'lllployed by the workmf'n are (']'OWb31 R, hummers of large EliZA and wed.g'ps. Methods of working coal mines-- At th!' tinH' of :Mr. Blnni'onl'R report, pirk~ Mr. Blanford, in hih rt'l'ort, states that ill 1858- wt're only uSN1 in the Chinakuri mine; but the 60, within the (·oul-producing area of about 500 working" is saiil to have bepn ball. '1'hl-' roal, squ"re mileR, tht'lt· wt'rp nearly 50 ('ollit'rieR in instpacl of bt'ing "holed under", or eut away at operation, bdong iug to 14 proprit'tofs or proprie- tllf' hottom, and then wedgt.d dowll from abovp, tary ('ompallit's, l~urOPPllll and native. Fifteen 1R ('ut out above, and bl'oh.en away hom helow hy years previouflly. in 11-145, thp only f'olliBries at ('rowburA and Wf'dgeR. In all the other mines tht' work in the distJid wero th08(\ at Dhosal and minNR followed the method tuught them by Ohaukidanga. '1'h(, llollit'ries vary in size, from Mr. It. ,Tones. This eonsists in (·hipping out a large ('onrerllS wit II nUlllt'T'O\lS lntH worked by Hmall hollow llf'ar the flw{' of ('on1 to bp cut uwuy. steam-l·ngines, and produring an annual outturn hy nH'nllS of a Rmnll ('ro"Wbar, and then bringing of from 18 to 20 lakbH of maunds (from 60,000 to clown the ('oal from IlbOVfI, in bloeks of no great 70,0(10 tons), to sma.1I quurrips a ft'w foet square, Rizt' , IlY mf'ans of wfldges and hammers. An open- where half a tloZt'1l ('oolil'H extrad, (ll'rhups, 20,000 iug nt the !>lide of the end of the gallery being thus maun by importing a number of workmen from the but ill some cases miners are able to earn as Ohinakuri mine, utterly failed. The Itaniganj lUu('h us 9 annas or 18 1! 11 steam-engines, yielded 130,800 tons of coal the hright jetty-black layers is large. The~e in IHo8; In,270 tonI:! in 1859; and 170,840 tons hright stl'eukH, however, seldom excped an inch 1ll in ]860. III the eastern diyiAiou of the Nunia thi('kness, and thin out towards both ends, thus Vulley, 13 c:ollieries, two ot which were worked by appearing a~ flatened masses of irregular shape, steum-power, yielded 17,000 tOIlS in 1860. In tht! iII Il matrix of a steamers on long voyages are the following: -ht, History Of C... Discoveries and Colli81'i"""_In the non..coking )?roperty of Raniganj co.al. August 1774, Messrs. S. U. Heatly and J. 2nd, the small portlon of fixed carbon, upon whlch Sumner, of the Company's Civil Service, applied the value of coal for heating purposes depends. to OOVl'rnment for the right of working coal ard, the large proportion of ash. A larger mines, the disGovery of which they announced in quantity (If Raniganj coal is therefore required to "PaelJete Ulld Jjeerbhoom". Mr. Heatly was at perform the same "duty" as good English coal. tllat time Collector of Chutia Nagpur and Palamau 4th, its liability to spontaneous ignit~on, w~ic~ is and he was probahly HIP first Englishman who dis mainly due to the large quantlty of Iron ('overed the exiFJtenee of coal in Dengal. A. Mr. pyrites in the eoal. '1'his disadvantage lllay to a Redferne subsf,lquently jroiued the firm, which, as certain extent be avoidf'u by shipping direct from. Sumner, Heatly anti nedf(~rne, applied for and the mine, without exposing the coal to any nbtltinell the e:xlusive right, ror a period of 18 Ipngthened adion of moisture. years, to work I1nu sell ('oal in Bengal and its dependendes. The pal'tu{'1'i\ agreed to pa.y a However, for ordinary railway purposes, and royaUy to Government of on.~fifth of the total even for steam-vessels, wiih the importanf excep value of the ('oal raised by thf'tn, and also to tion of sea-going' Hteamers making long voyag(>s, supply to Government, for It pl'riod of five years, OJP eoal hus been proved by experipnc(' to be JO,OOO maundFJ 01' ~66 tOllS of (lOU I l,er annum, at adequatf', as well UM for th~ use of statioJlary a priep of sikka Re. 2·12 per maun( , or £8 as 6d steam-t'Tlgines, Nor does tht'rt' seem to be any u ton, which was probably equal to t,hl' value of souud iheoreti('al lea~on tor douhting tlwt, with English coal in India at the time. 'l'hn present tIl!' l)f'itpr qualities of Haniganj (lOllI, iron can be pl'ic'c of Raniganj coal varies from 6~ to 7t ant) QS mauuhwtur(,(l in any quantity. 'l'he proportion of a. maund, equal to from £1 2s ad to £1 58 7d a ash althou"h lar"p, is said to be not greater than , ,.., " l'h ton in Cal('utta, 1 n l77f) Messrs, :-1ullluer & Co., t ha t of SOlUf' kindK of WelMh ('oal w lIe are aUlIOUll('ed to GoverDlllent the arrival of 2,(,00 uKPd in ir(]n-~lUelting, (hw grt'at drawback, mnuutls or 81! tons of Panc'het, c~oal, and requested howrvpr, to the quality of the. iron produe~d it might be taken delivery of aecording to t.erms would 1)(' the q uuntlty of iron pyr1tPil prpsent 1 n of the agrel'ment. This, howt'vt'l', dot's not apPHar much of tlIP Damudur and Hanigan,] ('ual. The to have hC:'t'n done till 1777, whell, upon a sHt'oml chiE'f IW('uliarity of the aMh ~)£ H~Jljg:tD.i eoul, to applil'ution being made hy M(·Rsrs. Smunar, judgc from ('urt'fu 1 unltl,v8~s, hes, In t~p great lleutly and ReMerue, GOVel'l1nlellt direetf'd the proportion of 1'hosphoric Itcul, Whl('h 10 coal CommifllHtry of Htorf'R to {lxaminf' and report up. on ' frOlll the Riarl'lOl miuf'H, was found to br a'R 1)('r the ('oal. A serit~s of experiments w~'J'P under. ('~'Ilt.. and in eoal from Uaniganj to be 2:9 per tak{'u and the ComlIliM~mry of Stores C'ame to the cput.· whilMt in We}Hh ('oal Phosphoric aeid varic's ('onc'lusion that thc coal was only half as good as from' 0 ,40 to 0 'R8 on.ly, 1 f Raniganj (\oa1 were English. It waR conBPquently returned to the uSNl in a bbHt fUl'llacf', a ('onsiderablt, portion of firm, with an intimation that Government would phosphorus wo"uld comhim> with the ~ron prndueed. ~tll1 givp th('m every I.I.RFJist.anl'(" provided t/hey The (·fred of phosphorus UPOll iron Is to make the produet~d coal of a heUer qUltlit.y, anci rt'nornmend. pik to caRt iron very fluid; whieh may he well ed a further !'>eareh heing made, and deeper adapted for casting~, but for b~r iron i!, is injurious, ('xeuvations earril'd out. '{'he mineR fir~t worked by as it renders the Iron what IS techmcally call('d Humnt'r, Heatly and Red£erne, and subsequently Heald Rhort". In flumming 111) a comparison bet hy MI'. Heatly Hlone. are said to hav(l been six in ween the quality of tIle Indian roal as ('o!npared HUIlI ht'r, t.brNl of which were at Aituria, Ohinakuri with Rnglish, Dr. Oldham shows l)y analYSIS that, a nrl Dam u lia; the others were probably further to :l(lconling to the proportion of fixpd carbon or the west, near the Barakhar. It is stated that Mr. heating power of the coals, it is found that the H el:ttly imported a numbf'r of miners from pJnglanJ average of Indian coals gives no less than 15! pl:'r in (It'dpr to properly work tho minea, but that ihey eent. \)f &\'Ih, ai> again.!>t 2! T>l"f I.'ent. in. j~n~liBh were I'arried off by fever, Mr. Heatly was subse noah!. "These figures", says Dr. Oldham, "show quently removed to a difiernt part of t.he country, how very seriously inferior tu ordinary Enll:lish and it is douhtful whether any of tbe coal was ('oals are the Indian. Analvsis thus ful1~ confirms adually brought into the mai-ket. the general idea. Practicaf trials on a large scale show the same result. The two most heavily. Nothing further was done in the way of working worked lines of railway in India, namely, the East th.. ('oul mines for ;30 years. In lR08, tho Govern Indian Railway and the Great Indian Peninsula ment, in c'oneequf'ul'f' of the difHcult_y exp(·rienced (Bombay), use respectively Indian and English in proC'uriDg English coal, made inquiries coal, .and their relative con!!Umptiman rediscovered Mr. Heatly's • ('ases not more than one-ha.lf the duty of En~jj8h working~, and also found the 8f>am at Raniganj, coals". whieh in 1815 or 1816 he began to work in his Ii , APPENDIX m-contd. own acC6UJJt, a sum of '£4,000 being advanced to an average annual outturn of 1,808,566 ma:u~ds him at a low rate of intcrE'tit, to enable him to or 285 850 tOIlS of coal. Several most promIslllg ('arry out the experiment. He Heerns to have been mines,' as JIarishpur, Babu~ol, Tapasi, Par,;\sia the first speculator who brought Innian coal and Nimcha which had prevIOusly been langUlsh iuto thl' market,; but, failing in other under ing' and illd~ed h>mporarily closed, were reopened, t.akings, he was unahle to repay the. Government IIn(l other new t'ollieries commenced. In 1872, the loan, and his flerurities, Messrs. Alexander & Co., last year for"" hich I have returns, tht· 44 collieries au ageney house, wI're ealled upon to make it of Burdwan and a f(>w in the neighbouring districts good. They a('('orclingly paid the d!'mand, t,ll" yielded a total (!utturn of 322,443 tom, of coal. lea8es of tile gJ'OllJld on which the mine was situated Wl"'re plaepd in their hands, and in 1821) Iron fields of Raniganj-Closely conneeted with they ht'eamt> t111"' uwners of the colliery. the prosperity and increased development of the collieries of Uaniganj i~ th(:' question of j II'! suit The history of the Raniganj colliery for several ability for blast furIlaces, for the lUallufaeiure of years following presents a ('ontiDued succession of iron from tIlt' rich clay iron and dl']lositl-l of magne luwsuits, as the proprietors of the colliery, Mes8rs. tic iron whielt abound in the rteighbourhood. A!pxanuer & Cu. and their Iluccessors, wished to l'ht>l'e enn be litt]p douht that, wprp tItt> munufac prtlVent others from establishing themst']ves in the turf' of iron sut'cel-sfll11.r illtroduced, Haniganj di8trid. In 1823 Chinakuri colliery was would be(x)me Olle of the ridw'It and most o{Jl:'n£'d by Mr. Betts, upon the site of Mr. Heatly's important c1istrids in B{mga1. '['he iron orf'S previous workings. In thl" following year, 1824, o('cur, intprlaminated with quart~lte aTHI g'm'iss, Me~8r~. ,ft'I'lROP & Co., opeDt'd the Damulia mine, in hamlH vurying ill thie1meAA, hom :, indlt';, io but IOllt it llY a lawsuit, and sub8equently in 1830, 2 feet. 'l'hey c(mta.in from 60 to 10 pt'r rent. of opened the Narayankuri mine. The Chanch and iron. nil' day iroll nI'eH ol i ill' Halliganj fii'ld Nu('hihad minel'l wert' also opened in 1830 by give the follOWIng pl'f(,pntages of iron :-North of Mr, lIomfray, of tIle finn of Jessop & 00.; H:MIIlI, [J:1'!Hi l)t'r l'1·nt. : Uaniganj, 41i .(j(i ppr (,I'ut , Chllukitlallga and MUbmudpur were first worked Khairasol, 4H 'i'H J1I'1' ('pnt.: ('hurulia, :!:j·OO IWI by Dr. Hogp),::. in IH;{4, and Dhosal hy Mr. Blukp (,81lt. ()re~ yielding' ;lH or 40 jJpI ('PIlt. of iroll .lI'P ahout ihe same time. 1_'he year 1835 was a bad cOIJl-i been tested for a variety of purposes, so that its brilliant; it is a refractory fuel, difficult for that capllbilitie!ol thus far are well underRtood. I was reason to deal with, but when fairly ignited gives interested to learn wheth~r it would be suited for grt'ut heat, and it'! very durable; it burns without the manufacture of iron on the European system. tlmokt' or flame. Many attempts 'were made to My attention waR therefor£' ,lirected to this point, apply this COld to the reduction of 01'08, hut uni and, after the best ('onsirleration, I could devote formly without success till the iron-making to it, I came to tht' conclusion that, although oonHllunity were Rtarted by the Scotch iron inferior to the English and Well'lh coals, it is a mRstt'rs, who, by simpll heating the air before itlil ~aft· fuel for reduction of oreR, in blast furnaces introduction to tlwlr furnaces, quite quadrupled witll tIlt' aid of hot blast. With the 'lange' of the the make. The wonderful eifects produced Hanigunj st'um an imperfert ('oke may be pro suggested to the mind of a spirited poo-prietor- of £lured, but from the great amount of 'wastage' 01' iron furnaces situated in the anthracite districts, bad yit'ld in thp oper-ation,' it would he too costly but worked with imported bituminous coal, the n fuel for profitahle application. It would conse pos!libility of using this hitherto oondemned fuel quently llave to he introducl'd in its raw or natural by aid of the then new application. After condition, in which form, with the blast heated encountering and overcoming many and unexpect. to (iOOo}<' a temperaturt' easily ohtained, 1 should ed ohstaclell, hy altering the size IUHl form of his apprehend no danger for a satisfactory result, so furnaces, and by the erection of on efficient heat far all cOllcf'rnf'd the quantity of pig or crude iron ing' apparatus for the air, his energy and peI'fJe l'roducf'd. veralH'S ('onqut're(l, and he was fully rewarded for his expenseH and his trouble by coinplete success. hH'] 'l']It' is a mm'lt important dement ill the The fuel, till then looked upon as ut.tt'rly illtract~ working of 11 blast furnu(,e. This is illustrated able, is now used with the same facility and Jl)0l'(-, ('It:'arly in the iron (Iistl'ids of Wales than in l't'rtainty all the others, pi tllP), Ht,dfordAh iJ't' 01' R('otland, inasmuch as in the two laUpJ' tilt' ('od throughout is of nrady uni .. The coal worked at th~ several collieries in the form (lUaliiy, W\tPJ't:'llS in till> form!'}' theY'e are three Df'ighbourhood of Raniganj is of a very peculiar distinct kinds of ooal U!lt'd for the manufacture. kind, the Ream being ('ompulwd of the· thl'pe qUlllitiel'l On the eusteI'll end of Glamol'ganshire, and extend 1'e£errt'<1 to-bituminous, free-hurning or steam lllg' into MOIlTllouth, tht' ('oul is hig-hly hituminous, coal, and allthfllrite-in rt.>peatl~dly Illtt>rnatillg wry durnhh" perflll'ming a high 'duty', or, in thin layers. In this re~pect it is different to any t(l('hnical terms, capable of' bt'aring a hf'uvy pillar seam that has COlllt' under my observation at home; of hlard, and eflnying' a heavy burtllt'll of ore; neverthE'less it ig'nites readily, burns freely, and, 11l[lt i", a giv('n quantity of ('oal will reduce an although not so durable as the best of the Welsh ullusually large proportion of are. In East nnd Bnglish coals, ~ives out a great am~)unt of heat. 01amorgauHhirc it is ('ommon for 011t' furnare, with After mature comndero.tioD, I am led to the con lwt blast, to turn out HiO to 180 and even 200 tons clusion, which 1 feel I ean state with much conti of pig iron ill It week. Of course the iron is of denct', that this coal will be found very mana low quality, but newrtht']ess it is all worked up geable in the blast furnaee under tlH.~ condition... I into rails and merehant bars. Westward from the have already stated; and that witu a properly loeulii y now referred to, and near the cell tre of constructed furnace, efficil'nt hlast power and GluJllo'l'ganshire, a ('oal of a totally different heating apparatul'l, u weekly produce of from 61) dlarader iH found, having no bitumen whatever; to 70 tons might safely he ealcula.ted on, with no it bums freely, with abundance of flame, but no other oreR than those to he ohtained from the !:llllokp. This is th(' welJ~known 'steam coal' of lleig'hbourllOod, and of a quality well Ruited for M(lJ'thyr Tydvil and Aberdare. In this locality railway and merchant bars for nIl ordinary are also important iron-works dependent on the purpost's. ]1'01' the sev£'ral pr(Wesses at the forge eoal now deseribed-a fuel peculiarly pure, and mill the coal is admirably adapted, inasmuch although incapable of performing equal duty in the as for eaeh the gl'eat essentials are a fuel that -blast furnace to that worked to the eabtward. burns fr(wly and Wit.ll a clear flame, ehara.cterif\ The difference in the produe(l is very great; for tics pOHsessed by this coal. with furnaces of equal size and the aid of the hot I do not think I can profitably add further blast, and iron ore of equal if not superior quality, observations in regard to the coal; I therefore the make per week in this tract will not average proceed to detail my investigations of the iron- more than 100 tons,-a great falling off when 01'(' fields. .1 will tirst remark on a somewhat compared with the produce of the Monmouthshire peouliar kind of iron ore, distrihuted pret!Y well furnaces and those establish ... d at the bituminous all over the surface covering the coal. It has (',QuI field of the South Wales Basin. been very F.operly designated ferruginous g1'8"\>'el, The third description of coal used in Wales for a tI.>rm which conveys a correct desl'ription of its the manufacture of iron is the anthracite or stone np}l<'arance. It is argillaoeous, and, singular coal foun(l still farther to the westward, e1tend enolIg'h, i. precisely like the ore uHed in France, 'ing'through Caermarthenshire into Pembrokeshire. on which the iron-works in the neighbourhood of Anthracite coal is hard and dense. the fracture Boulogne and others to. the 4IIOuth are entirely lili APPENDIX m-oontd. dependent. In France it lie... near the surface, the It course of nodular orE' uVf>ragint 3 inches. TheAt' eovering generally not exceeding :1 or 4 feet, being I tnwt'cl for a considerable distance down the fOlmd ill 'bed8', 01' rather 'lodes', for they are not strt'am towarllH the north-east. J founn the same c'(llltinuous varying in depth from a to 12 and t'vt'n near .J amsol, the extreme eastern boundary of my 15 feet. During my survey in this country, r search; and afterwards in the WE'st, not far from have only met with similar deposits of this ore in Ha tu!'. 'fhestl soams have likewise lwen exposed :.! (Jr :l plart's. an liv APPENDIX m-contd. co-extensive. It follows, as u matter of course, -Q very ready mode, und, when practicable, that aU the bed!! of ore discovered, as above des always 'adopted in preferent'e to the more costl-y ('ribed hoth argillu('eou!> and (,arhoniferous, must • 8y~tem of pits anll adits. 8kiHed miners are not extenci under thp wholp of the wide field now required for that sYbltem of work j and anotht'r under notice, affording a supply of ore almost advantage is, that all the Off' ito! got out, whereas ineoIlt'Hivuble in quantIty. in underground mining a portion must ht.> left to The day Oft'S, 38 inches thick, would give form tIll' Hides of the passilges and to support the raUlel' m()~e Hlnn one ton fol' e(teh superfi('iul yard roof. of surface; and the carboniferous, 52 inyhes thi~~k, Supposing' no other seams and heds of OTtl to at It'ust ]A ton under a like space. Now, takmg' exist under t1Jp landH of Barul and those adjoining only 4,OO() yards to the acre, allowing the 840 than have been already discovered, there ill, even YlltllH-a most libt'ral allowance-to go for loss and in that case, a valuahlt> iron-ore field; but the waste i II working, and for some portions of the great probability is, that if the search be prose field h1ank, as always happens, we have, as the ('uied beyond the present superficial depth, a solution; spreading abrond, in addition, the mis. 600 squarf' mill'S. The total art' a covt'red by the ehievous impfession, to last, in all probability, Da1011(111 RPriPR (ineluding tracts ('apped by allu over many years, that othf'r attempts would be vium hut proved by hOfE'-holes) is about 422 attt'nded with like conSE'qU('nCflS; whereas, had the I>lpl!l rt' milE'S. Of this, the Barakar measureR spirit which prompt,ed the undertaking not shrunk rover 66 Rquar£' milps and the Raniganj measures fr.om the somewhat largf'r figures demanded by tht~ :U17 qqual'e milpB, thp ironstOllP shales intllrveIl provision of efficient Uleans, it. is mOl't lik~ly a ing' betwN'n thE' two (,onl-bearing tracts. Furthpr nueleU's would he formf;'d, round whirl! wOlllcl pu~t, younger strata ('rop out around and north of gradually grow all pstahTiAIlment capable of Inept· DUl'gapur (2:30 :10': 870 29') which may be ing to an important dflg'l'ee the ft'quil'L'ments of '1't,rtiaI'Y in age, possihly I,ower Miocene, The the country, at soml' time rptul'ning fair remunera· ('oaJ-lwuring- Gondwanas are ron,iertllfed to hayl' tion for capital inve",tp(l. [Jet the trial lw ronuurt· ('olltillllP(j t'ltF!twards of Durgapur but thpir {'xtent ed on a small a seah' as pl'Ilcticable,-that certain· hal' not YP1 bpen proved, ly will be prudent; but eVPll for that, wlwtE'vt'f huilding!> and machinllry are requisit(' shoulrl ht' Geological surveys.-The firRt R,YAtemati(' geologi of tIll' hest eonstruetion." ml .,UI'YPy of tLl' nt'lcl waR eurI'i(,(] out in tll{> Yl'IlJ" ] H4J)-46 by late kr, n. H. "Williams, thl' first B-The Raniganj Coalfield (fl>ologintl Hllrve,vor of India, 'I'hl' HP('ond survey, 011 tllp B('a]p I" =-tlU£' mi!p, W!l'l ('nrried out by Thp follnwing U('('llUnt of HlP ILlll igallj ('oal MI':'''\'·n .... 'N. 'L'. munford an(l W. h Wilson iIi fipld as it iH workp(l no" !taR iWl'n \ t'l ,Y 1,ill(1IJ lHIlH-flO, In I90R-lO tile third geolog-irul HllI'VP,Y supplied by Hl'i N. N. ('hattt'l'jt't', H OIlOI'lir y of tItt' tipl(] wa" ('unied out jointly by Mr, Walhr Recretary, 'rhe Opoioginll. Mining and Ml'lallur of till-' ftpo]og'i('ul Survey of India and Mr, U. H. gipal ~oeiety ot Illdiu. ~illlpS(l1l of the Df)partment of Minf's, on a At,lll' I-Geology of Raniganj Field: ot 4" = (lllfl mile, The foul'th and lut('st surve\ of tilt' tipi(l wa~ ('arripr] out in th£' yt'aTR 192fi-2B by Exj,ent and ar('u 11 party of ofH('ers (01'1:', Sethu Hamil Han, A. K. (i,)ological surveys B:mpl'jp{', ,J. B. A uop of 1he (h·ologiral RuI'vt'y of Succession of Gondwana Hyl'lt!'1II 1 ndia undf'r 1lip Sllpf'TintenJen('e of Dr. C. S. }'o',.). Intrusive Ro('ks Structure SUCCI. Ion of Gondwana sYlt.m- II-Coal in Ra~iganJ Field: Supra Panchets (Panchet, Gorangi and Formation of ('oa! Biharinath hills) Occurrence of (Joal Quality of ('00.1 Up. Hirapllr stago Resorves of coal PI:Ulf'hot Honoa Thirkness of coal st'ltmF! { Lr, Maitur fltage Overlap (pl\rtly Correlation of (loa! scamfl ...... ,. , .. , " ...... 'Wloonformable III--Extraction of Coal: partly overlapped) Kumarpur sandstones Qua.rry working Nituria 0011.1 measures Underground working { .. , ...... Coal.cutters in minefl Underground water in minf'R Raniganj series Hiiuli Btandstones (3,300') Ventilation of milll~K ~:t.a.r~~~~,~~~l.~~~~.~" .. " ... Stowing of mines { Ethora sandstones Rescue station ...... ', I-Geology of Raniganj field lronHtone shaleR or Shalofl and sandstonetJ Kulti Rtago (1,200', (without coal) Extent and area--rrhe Rnnigallj Cnalfit'ld, t]:e se('ouil largest producer of ('oul i.n India at the Begunia standstofleA BegWlia shales pI'f'Sellt time ('onRtitutes the most ('a~h'rJy of the { dHtill of ('oalfieldA, whit' h rou;,( h1 y f ~llow the Begunia seam Dumodar Valley, within the Rtatl's of mhar and Barakar Rerie~ ...... " ~ •• « ~ •••••• , ...... (2,100') West Bengal. IJyillg' about 120·]40 miles north· Laikdih 1iOet\Dl, etc...... " ...... west of Oalcutta, it is bounded all tll(> north, west Damagaria Ream and south by tht, Archaeans. 'ro the east, ...... ~ ...... alluvium and laterite {'over th~ Gou(l", ana strata. The present "provNI" limits of tho fiala are, "'" ...... " •••• ••••• ••••• 0 •••••••••••• 0 Tal('hir seriee (800') Shales and !l&ndstones however, from longitudE" 86 36' in the extreme (without coal) weRt 0 to about longitude 87 20' in t.he east, th(~ Talchir boulder bed Boulders of various roob area of this tract of Gondwana rockR being about (W' roughly) (in,. silty matri:.:) lvi APPENDIX m-oontd. Archaean. and owes its preservation t,o the faet that it has bCt.'ll protf'ded against thp forees of erosion and Intrusive rocks-The Gondwanas of the Raniganj atmosp.herit' weatherinl:1', 'l'he Gondwana roeks field are intersected by anum ber of inirusives. induding the (.'onl measures have been greatly 'rheae intrusives indude two ditltinci types:- afieett·cl in Home phH'es hy dip and 8trike faults (a) Basic, doleritie or basaltic dykes of regu ttl'! a result of whi(·h ('oal seaJUs in somp plaoes lar habit, havt' hel'Il c}il'lplul'pd laterally all wt'l1 as vertically (lJ) Ultrabasic, mi('a pf'l'idotite and lt1 mpro and huv(' sonwtiU1t'8 b('t'n repeated in the outerop. phyric dykes and si11s 'I'hi!l diHplal'elllellt due to faulting haR brought Of the dykt>s of the former type, "Salma dyke" ahout complieutions in coal mining. i8 the most pY'omiut'ut in the Ralligunj field. It traverses the Gondwana strata and the II-Coal in RaniganJ Field Arl'haeans alike !tIlII is unafiel'ted by the faulting Formation of coal-N ClVI hert' ill India there iR of the (·oulfield. It intrudps the t'astern part of UIlY clf'finitr eviclt'll<'e of a coal SettIll being formed the field in u R. V,)o to :.Wo E, dirpdion, und if' ;11 sail all II I'f'RUlt of thE' t'oalifi('atioll of an allcient lIo111ctim('s ] 50 f(,pt in width. H('sides this, there fOl'Pst; on tIl<' atht'r hand thpl'e is ample evidence are other dykes as well in this area, Rueh as, 10 thl' "drift" thpory of formation nnd, in th(~ Sitarampur dyke. Narsamucll1 dykE', ete, BeeausB greut majority of C'(li'l('A thr ('onl hUtl hl'Em formed of their limited o('('urrpnet', regular hahit and from U('('ulllulntionH of vt'p:etab]p dl'briB ('arriad vpry tdight dt'trimentul efieet on the ('oal St'am~, (lowl! hy iJ!P J'ivrrtl aud (]t:'p()~ited ill wide, low OU'RP intrusions present· no great ohstadetl to lying' dt'ltaH' areas. mining in ihl' Ranigunj field. Occurrence of ooal-'I'lie ('oal ~eanl!l arc f(Jund Tht' mil'a pt'l'idotiti(' and lamprophyri(' types, 011 hoth ill tll(· Bal'llkul' und Hunigull.i ('oul lTl!'ltSllrell, tlH' othN hand, vary I'onfliderahly in habit from In "ithc'l' ('UHI' the' ('oal senDHI are inter('alated fairly l'('gular dykr intrusions to anast,oJllOsing wit h UltPrIlIl I iOIlH f)t Hhalt,s and sandstones. silltl which, on ar'count of the fad that tllt' ('oltl fwamH have forlllt'(1 very f.lvourahll:' ('hanu(·18 for Quality of coal-'fhp llarakar mansures ('ontain t IlC·ir widf'KJll'l'ad iuifllsion, hav!.' plllymj havoc' I hic'k tlP~IllIK ot low-ulOisful't'. low-v()lutill" (uld'lg' wi t h thE' ('onl in eertain arl:'as l'onvel'tiug it into (llIdnllurg'i('ul) eoal, but (lx('rrf in the ease of thc) a hard ('oki:o or Hf'ml-f'okl', kuown lo('ally at; ,lhama, alPHA adjoiuiug tht' Barakar river, the ash Thrst' ('omplrx intrllsious have lwen proved to ('onh'nt is l'plali v('ly hig'h, 1n tht' Ullniganj ()('('llr priu('ipully within the Ua nigauj measures, lIIPlHlIIl't'S wOl'kuhle (jli('Ie tleams urI' more numerous; fl']Jr Barakar roc'ktl arc, howl'v(,]', less a:fft·('ted by tIlt' ('onl iM high-tnoiidl1l'l', high-volatih'. poort,v SUI'h dyl,(' in this eoalfield. ('a king' to )lOll-('U ki Ilg' in varipfy PX('t'pt 1U the 'l'hp agor of the intrusives is !lot known but H! ('liSP of portions of tht, J)iHhPl'g'arh and Hanet-orin definitl·}y fJost-Haniganj. :-I('tlnHi in the w('stern port of tIlt) firld, 'I'hf' quality of th(· r01l1 of t'11('11 H(,(lrn varies frolll p()int Structure-The geolog'il'al strudul'P of tht· to point aloug' itt'! strikt' Hurl also along the dip. Raniganj fit'1I1 is of a comparatively sinlJflr tyW' SOil! f' of til(' 11 igh.yolat ill·, ~llpf'J'j(Jr-(jllUlity ('(lI11 Over grt'ater portioll of the field the dip of t lIf' Hl'llllh of tlw Ranigltuj llIpUSll1'('S 111'(' liahle to spon heds is in a southerly cliredion exposing' thrl'l'hy tailPOlt8 lH'ating ~t[Ld th(·y sometillws even eakh thp older Talehirs, towardA north and suc'(,PH'Iivt,ly fin' ill "shH'lil-j" at thl' ell'put, npar Gondwana horizons to the south. .Ex('ept 1'h(· following t.ahlt.'A will illdi('lIte tht, quality along (,prtain limited trads of the north·eustern oj 0)1' ('oaltl of the two meaHures at a g'lwnee:- edge of t.he field, the northern boundary of the hUHal Guuciwanas and the metamorphil's is a Ijnc~ TABLE I of nalural deposition, normally UUI'onfol'mahlt· and irregular and at a subsequent datil, furthl·r COAl Ii CH BAltAI{Alt AGE I'omplicated by £aultin~, That the area of Moisture Vollltiltl Fixed Alh Calorlftc Gondwana roeks was 8ubjeded to a phase of rela Name oCll'am matwr Qarbon vaJue tively steady subsidence, e:dending over a very l'er Per l'flr P~r Caloril:' long epoch is evidenced by unbroken sequen{'e of oont_ cent, cent oent, sediments of cOllstant fresh water to estuarine type_ 'rhere is, however, no reason to Buggel'lt that thi!ol Gh.lloh-llrgunlaaeam (Be~llla 2'10 27 '110 60-00 12"0 7,191 area of gradual subsidem'(' and aecompanying sedi KhneCoUlery) mentation was limit.ed by any teetonie structurt's Ramllllgar lIIIam (Ramllagaf 20 27 • M 20 IS'''O either rift faults or pronounced 101rls-as has CollierY) been previously suggested; on the contrary, Lalkdlb Boam \bottow 17 feet) 1"0 2IH)O 82'00 11-4(1 7,882 (Victoria Co Dery) there is little doubt that the present traet of' KAAt .. Heam &ottom 12 ("ot) 2'86 82'05 67-()O 10-05 7,8Ul Gondwanas, now includ(·d within the Ranigan,i (I'''flapor Ulery) ooalfield, represents only a very small portion of D.m~rc"a lIIIam (bnUom fr. 1'24 23-(1(1 1,2-00 lIH)() 7."9 the original area of Gondwana sedimentation tlon (Damaprl& (',oUlcry lvii APPENDIX m-oontd. TABLE II In the ;rtaniganj mea.sures, again, the Dishergarh seam varIes from 18 feet to well under half of this near Asansol. The Sanctorilit seam varies between Co.U,S Q}' RANWANJ AGE 18 and 6 feet j the Poniati seam varies between 18 feet in the west and 4 feet in the east and the Moisture Volatlle Fixed Aeb Calorl1l0 Koithi seam is about 10 to 12 feet in the west hut Name ofaeam matter oarbon value thins eastwards. Pcr Per Per Per Calories Fullt'l' details of the thil'kness of St'uml:l of the cent. oent. cent. cent. two conI measures are S'iven in the statement of Ghualok Upper KuJora B"am- this note. GhWliok Colllery 7·06 8S'85 64'50 12'15 6,96(; . Correlation of coal &eam&-A I'ystematic correla Central Kalora Colllory 7'45 36'15 IH'OO 11'96 6,739 tIon of thE:' ('oal seams is df'pendE'llt on the micro flora prt'!lt'l'ved in them. ::-lui'll work is already on Nega·Lower KaJora Bcam- i~s way awl. it will take many y<'ars to ('omplete. Ohwdok Colll~ry 6'40 3Z'1O 53'65 14'25 6,844 'lhe ('orrelutlOU tahles of thl' ('oal HPam of bot.h lllt'OSurPK WE'rf' KaJoraCo11lory 7'20 31NIO 1\5'12 12'0~ 6,859 ~arakar, and Halliganj produced by I.,. H.. (rt'e and thl'Y werp hasell on other g'eo]ogi. ('ul endpllc't:'1l than mic·ro-fiorll. '1'h","" tahleH are lamba and Committee on Conservation of Metallurgical t·'·OllOlllil'ul. 'rhe qnllrrit's are extendE:'d along the Coal. dip until t.he amount of overhur lviii APPENDIX m-contd. Stall" system consists of driving roadways or during' and after the last ·World War, eonl-I'utting galleries in thE' seam and forming more or less llladdllt:'rif'N of various tYlJf'il aJ'{l in inel'cnsinp; UHt', redangular llillars, one set of galleries being Jlurti('ularly in big antI wpll-tlpve!oped mint'S, to lHmally driven paralh'l to thl' strike or It-vel (,OPt' with thl' inrrease in prod·\lction. eOU1'S8 of the ~eam, while another Bet of gulleriel'J is driven mort:' or less at right angles to the former Underground water in mineS-PUlllpS of varions on the rise or dip of t1(' seam in queHtion. This tYIIPS and eapaf'itip", from stp8m pumps to ('ledri method iii uRed eVt'll where tlit, Ht' Iix .-o 2 eo ce 8 Ix I I ~ lxi ] o 00 .-..... i... 1 .13 I~ b:ii ... ~ ~ .2 ... I M :;! ....IQ 0 IS ~ .... os "Il~ 6 ~ {; .25 1:1 'i =- ]e or> ~ .... 01 ]1 ~ -- ~ i .! ~ .;] t>.z:: i 0 Z' -r <1l :;:, ~ ~ an J! -. C 'OJ< U'j -H Z' ... <" ~ -. ~ ~ I( ell .E e M Jl ... S 0 0 ~ ~ J Jxiii APPENDIX IV An account of the Burdwan ',ver In the Averallea caJculated from pr~cedJnll coillmns ~------~------~ Nlnetllnth century Tballllll Prrsous VlUall6s, P~I'IIODB ROWleR Perl101l8 per moulI6h111 por village. por per squarl' or town- mou~lIb 8quare hOU8~ BE-tween 1872 und 187fi the district of Burtlwnn mil.. ships pt'r or town- mile square ship was in the grip of It great Hcourge which came to mllp he known as Burdwull l'\'ver hut which had l~nter ed the district from llooghly some time hef.ore. {'Ullll!. R43 2'05 410 226 The following account taken from the Report of Jlhlltoorla 692 2·0] 845 162 Dr. C. ,T. ,Jacksoll in J87:i-74 will asslHt tht' ff'lHlt'l' in a general IlpprPl'iation of the background of the L'lltwa 686 l'lO 520 136 4'3 district. flulIg(J(lMa 72& 2'01 360 1111 3·8 Population-BuI'dwnIl till reeenHy cOllRilit£'d of 8climubad 756 214 35S 184 4'1 If! thanus, but during the yellr they havt' heen Ilurtlwlln 2114 ·44 6MI 84 iU('l'PUl'lpd 10 22 hy thH trauflff'I' of (loghu1 und J"h,ulabatl \)02 1'1:11 498 192 .T ehannhnd trom 1I oog-hly und Kntulpol'(' fIllIl (lol!llnl. \l51l 1'H4 [.21l 198 Hoonamookl,c from BunkooI'a. In .January lH78 ltoyua]l 1-38 37U 7fl tIll' populution WIlS :2,m4,745, and its iJl('i(I('ll('1' 10 Khllnd!(h"~" :176 II!! th£' squal'l:' mile 578. ThiB iA ]:1 pf'r eent. It ig h('I' than the average of B('ng'ul propel', ana mOf(' t 1111 n Rahlhp;ulIl(' 452 14& twief' that of the proviw'e. 'l'he nnmPR of HlP M UIlRI,','otl' 1147 ) ·42 454 142 than:ls and df'tails of popula liou for pUI·II al'l' K"tll~ram 560 1 a 329 12/01 given ill tlH' tuhle helow. which is pxtru('tp(l from Muntc Culna 144 20ft 32,452 121,4RO Bhlltoolia 11~ 2~7 HU2R III ,1\7. 'l'ot"l f,7H 1'47 12,1 Outwa 142 157 I !l,:Ul:l H~,{)!)1l Ganl100ria 181 364 !14,r.91 131.200 Sellmllbad 112 24() 20, (III!) 84,702 Durdwllu 1115 fm 15.447 [>4.419 It will he seeu that therll is ('onflidera hIe vari.t tion in tlil:' density of population of tIll' different lelllll1abad 143 2f,Il 27,(88 128,9(l~ tliarl:ls, 1'hus whilf' in a it is under aoo, in ~ under Gollhllt 143 2112 28,307 136,24R 50l), and in [) undl'l' GOO per Mq narp mi Ie, und lI.oynllh Hl4 2611 11';,048 102,006 ultog't'ther beneath t.he dish'iet avt'l'uge in 8, tlwre KhundghOHo l16 180 In,070 67,665 are 14 in whic:h this average is cxcBe(h.ld, ancl UJUOllg SlIhlbil\llllle 124 1R1 17,1154 81,896 tht'lll 7 in whi('h there ('xi~t more than 600, ':2 lllorp than, 700, one mol'l' than 800. und ~ mon' 120 Mungltl!lntr 171 17,072 77,655 than 900 to the square mile. Tllis inequality is Klltugrllm 145 24(1 18,608 82,064 chiefly due to tllP varying fprtility, com~eqnellt on MUJltc8I!ur 160 248 IA,3112 SH,l81 {Ii fferpn('ps in the physic:.l geography, and IndWl 124 2:11 14,298 77,084 e~pl'('ially of level, in t.h£\ district. rrhe most Bood·bood 161 224 13,n:lH 91,801 populolls urpHS art' the fertile low alluvial tmrts; the ll'HHt inhabited are the high, sandy, and rocky AllllSllram 174 255 25,778 ) 1(i,893 lands in the north-wl'At, rich in minf'ml wealth but SoonllUlookl'C 197 270 16,492 79,487 POOl' ag'rieultlll'ally; and hetwpen thes(' art' art'as RQU~IIIIllI!P 218 289 27,069 132.2112 of medium population, varying witll the nature of KllkaB lill 111 R,642 41,282 the t;oil, the amount of water-supply, and the ('XiHt 011 Nyamlltporo 272 278 12.:;58 71,458 fltC'ilitit'B which for retaining it tII(' land. Til the Dl'igh houl'hood of bheels along the banks Kotulpore 161 887 22,622 110,25& of /dials the POIHllution is dellBf'st j and in soils of similar physical eonstitution th(, lower the level Total 3,628 5,1111 436.1116 2,034,746 an(l the WOl'Sf' the drainage sbort of actual sub mergt'nce, the greater is the number of dwellers lxiv APPENDIX IV-oontd. to the square mile. The figures in the table, fever poison j but t.he fever had already visit.ed and however, do not exhibit the normal condition of diRappeared from the most ('ro"'11e<1 portions of the the district as regards population, but mt'rtlly it~ dil!trict, and at too distant a date to allow of the state in January 1872. A.t that time portions of ('oll('rtioll of u('('urllte datlt. I wil'lhed also to gl\ill several than as had been almost depopulated by u some approximate notion of the real mortality 5 01' 6 years' prevalence of {pver. ~omt' were then ueeasioneci hy the fever j and partly on this Ilccount, suffering a similar llillliuu1ion under itli infiuence, and ptntly to (:'uab1e me to judge of the deg'ree to while otlierR again had ItS yet escaped its rllvagt'H. whieh differt'ut lueulities sufftned, and itlso t.o '1'he I'ensus report, moreover, ronveys no notion of ascertain wht.ltller the fever had actually dis the gradational denHity of population in the vario~H appear('d or still ling'lll't>d about the plIWI', i ('om thallas, but only states the average; whereas lt mNlced a ~'Ystem of house-to-house visiting, not may, and often dot'H, happen that the distribution ing tht· llumher of ell'l1th!' dnring the rainy and in the same thana il'l very um~qu[11, half its area ('old fleaS01ltl, the numhf'r that had bepn sick, and heing' spar!;l'ly, alltl the remainder wry densely those sick at the timf'. Many villages were twice, populous. 1'hana" Poorbusthulle or Bhutool'ia uud ('Vl'll thri('l', vif;itell, und the statisti<:s of t.wo and Gangool'ia offer examplt's of this kind. ~'he ::mc('e('din~' years compared. J n the larger northern portion of Pool'buHthullee COllfOists mostly villageR, it hring lllaniff'Atly impossible to spare of low hhed land, whieh is 8ubJUf'l'gNl and lim!' to vil'!it I'\'t'ry hOllfle, two or mono paras were uuinhahitahle ill the rainR; nIl patches of higJH'l' selt'ded, olle noioriouHly the most, lind one ground llt're and there villag'ell are to 1w found, sUPPoHed to lw the least a tit'i'ted , and the ('omhin hut tht'l'l:I arc probably not more than 3[10 people I'd data we1'('1 taken to t'Pprl'sent thOA{1 of the to the Hquare mile, while ill the central and eastern villagp UK it whole. 'l'lH'''le data, hOWtlVer, are only purtions of the !:lame thana then' are areas whil·h applicahle to thp hads in which thE1Y wer'o must havt' !;OntailH.,£1 Illore than 2,000 to llJe ('ollt'eh'd, and will he considered subst'1j u{llltly. I>qUlil e lUil.... In (lang'ooria the 110rt ht'l'll threl' ']']INe Anutllt'l' matt!:'J' w hieh inilul:'uc('s ilill (liRtrihu A('I'ording' to the l'f'llSUtl report, tIlt' nvtlrage tion of tl\(' inhuhitauts and (It'tel'luinetl 10('a1 llIUSH JllllUlwl' of persollH ill every housp in nl'ngal in ing of the people i" hi('ili1y foJ' tl'arit' aml [·U,l'llllgl·. ,J :muary 1872 was f)·7. 111 th!1 Pr~Ridtlncy town rl'IH the iutrodudioll of rail" nyH, Wilier "as 1]1(' there were (i·O: in J{aj ... lwllye, 5'£); ill enooh Behar lIlOo,t COT1V("nlpnt and ('heupt?'lt lllodt' of tra£fie, and (i'l; Da('('u, G,t): aUll Chittagong', 6'2; and il~ tIl(' ('hi!:'i ('olDmefciai ('entrt?8 were found on th!' Burdwan, l1otwithlltUIHlillg' the pJ'Pvall'ut'e of fever huuks of th!' great riven:l. 'fhiR WUK the l'lUlL' in ill 4 of its distridH. {hprt, were Hiil! fi perRont> per Bur(lwan a" in Hoog-hly; [';0 that along- tilt' llHll'gin !toni·lt". II avillg' reg'ard to tllt' fertility and prol! of the BhagirutlHle, from CutWIt to Culna, tlWl't' P(')'f)US sLitI' of Burdwan I1ml itl! wen-known ('Oln stn·tdu:,d an almost continuous linf' of little town" para1ivt· MalulJlit.v prior to lHOl, 1 t'lhould not un(] villages, broken on ly hy some illtt'l'Vt'uing he"itat(' to I1s6ign to it a higher population ppr drainage channel or submerged area, ",jth u housl' than t.he averagl'; hut ttl!Huming- only the dl'lli-lity varying trolll (),OOO to 2,O(l() ]It'r Hquare nWl'ug'p rate of 5'7 perSOlle. pel' houRe, the p(~pulu mile. A similar clustering of populatioll is t.o h· hOll of the UI'l'U illeludl,d ill tllt, present dilltrict of found on one or other hallk of tlle Damoodur alid 13urdwan ('ould not in 18G} hl1vt' been lesR than l)alkessur, according to the elevation of the site :!~ millionR. above flood-level and its aptitude for COlllDlt'rce. Of the 8 Hurdwlln tOWllA whicll, at the datt' of the ('l'llRUH, ('outained more than 5,000 inhabltantH, !! 'l'ht> following table giveR the population, thana (Burdwan and Uaneegullg~) art' un tht' Dumo(Hlul'; hy lhana, in 1872, utHI t,hat, whieh at thp average 3 (CutWIl, CuIna, and Dainhaut) art' on the BlJagi ratp (If 1)'7 per house must, at hmst in those ruthee; one (Shamba~aT) on the Ad,iai, and 2 dt·vasLated by fever, have heen the number of their (.Tehanahad and Bally) on the Dalkessul'. inhahitants in 1861. The rC>8ult indicates a mortality of 372,100, which is 154 J)l>r mile, or a st'v('nth of the whole. Omitting the thana!! I was anXiOlll! to ascertain the infiuellc(', if any, r('ct'ntly a:ffeet.ed, and eOllAidering' only the first which density of population might have had on thl' ] 0 in which ihe fever appear~{l, tlw mortality ill development, propagatioD, or intensification of the ilw same basis of calculation mu~t over the 'f~ver lxv APPENDIX IV-contd. area have het'n something- like one-fourth of the of the left lJunk of the Bhagiruthee. In 1862 the population :- f('ver was in the Nuddea villageI' situated on the bank of the river; and in the SRme year the 2 Tha.Da Number Popula· l'oBu1a. Y,'a.rs uf Lo,a villul4es of Oopillathpore and IJooptiul, both of of t((lU~ lOUt fever pre· houllCs IH72 H!OO ""Iulloe whirll nr(" on HlP Burdwan side of thp Bhagiruthee, are !'aid to hUH' het'll attacked. 'rhey art' in thana CUlna 32,452 121,41W 184,976 5 63,496 Cuinn, and Oopinathpore is dO:4t' to a t;}wt 01' lllIatooria 10,128 81,677 109,O21l 5 27.352 1BlTy. 1£ a linp Ill' drawn east and Wl'st throug·h N udtll'a, at a point correHpoulll11g- to tltt' northern CutWll 1Il,36~ 83,090 llO,SOU :] 27,270 ('xt rt'rni ty ot I halla Pool'bu8tllUIlee iu Hurd wan, it GIIDIIooria 34,501 lSI,200 lU7,16il Ii 6&,1161:1 will mHrk tILt· no!'t h('rn limit. of the fever in Selimabad 20,060 1:14,702 117,7tl2 4 a3,06tJ Nudd('ll ill )lroximiiy to tell(' l'ivt'l' hank. It will Burdwan 11\,447 64,410 81-\,047 :1:1,626 ul"o mark tilt' 1l0rtlWl'll limit of prevulellcl' in Jcllanabad 27,481l 128,1100 150,681 4 27.712 HUl'Ilw:lll for th(' fil'!oIt 7 yl'lll'R after the fevlll' aPPI'Hl'l'd ill tbt' (li~tl'id, Of the'He ;~ f'UHt.crn Goghat 28,307 VI6,2Hl lt11,340 4 2&,1O:! th:.llla,~, theIl, HlP BlO'it Iwrtli('l'll t.hana, CutWH, ltoynah 15,041; 102,U()& HI~,UOG 3 \'las 11llatl'ected h,\ tlw fpvt'r; while in IB{)a the Khulldghol\() 10,6711 67,00" 07,665 3 villug'ps Hlhlateti on OJ(' river lmnk in ,hullas Sahlbgllup:1' 17,Or.4 81,H"6 1<12,3:17 :I 20,441 i>ool'bustlHlllpl' and Culna hegan firRt to Huffer. MUllglr(lot() J7,072 77.(\55 1)7,310 3 11l,6u5 'l'hc outhrpak ill tbl'Rt' villug'('M was pr('('Pth,d by an l'xtellsion of the f'pver in Nucldt'H frolll the ellst KatugrlllU III,BOH !l2,IHl4 IOn,U6/; ~ 24,(jfJl t"wurth. tilt' wpst into tlIp villag'~'H on tht' Rhugl Munte.sllr 11:l,IjS2 1i3,lhl 83,J81 rut,ILI'P left hank. Oil tIlt' Nuddl'a hunk the lftlltl lndas 14,l!llll 77,lJtH Hl,41l8 2 4,4U j" low ant! protl'deJ froTl} inulltlcdiol1 hy bllfld,~; Bood·bu()d 1;1,38U 9l,alJi 91,301 :l the HurdwHIl hank, OIl thl' contrary, i" high ahov!' Aou.gram 25,178 IH),3U:{ 115,:193 2 lilt' h'v(-,l of inuIHlatioll, and tlJert'iorl' IlPt'ds 110 hlllllf,~. Bt'iWI'l'll thc nortlH'Tll thana ot Culna, 800na1U()I.)kcl! 16,432 7\1,4:l7 70,4:17 \\!Iidl Ht till' time .I ~jJ"ak of t'~("I!ll'd tIlt' 1('\(,1. RUll('rlluugtl , 27,O61l 1:12,282 1!t~,2H2 and til(' opposi tt' pOl,tion of the N utIll('u di"t !·jet. Kalum H,642 41,282 41,282 th(>['p is Jit! It, or no traffic; nor did the fever NYllmll'r> ·The map referred to CQuid not be tru('cd and has not been reproducod-A. M. lui APPENDIX IV -contd. I way with villages, some of them of very consider the north in the dirediojl of Munglecote, to the ah1e size; it was undoubtedly the mo,~t ('Iotlel;v north-we,lt in Sahibgung't', to the ~outh into 1)()}lUlated aren ill BurdwUll. III 186-1 and 1t\();) Khundg'hose, as well as tuwarcls Boodahoe)(l, west the fever had extended to yillages withill the limit or Burdwun town and thana Roynnh, west of tho ,of the purple coloured portioll of the map*', aud Damooclur alld Helimabad, 'rile northern country hud reached the we~t(>rll exirem ity of north into whiell it (>xtellded is, for thl" fir8t u miles north roorbul'lthullee (uHl of 8outhl'rn eulna. hut had of west Bunlwan, driLlr, less ft'rtilt', uud tuorp not invaded. and never did im'aae, n little tract sparsely populah'd, containing only ·44 vmage in the Houtn of Poorbusthullce and the north. pt'r square milp, or one-fourth of the riistl'ict west of CUhHl, which is cut oft' from r('st of these uveruge; whih· tlw numht'r of persons per squlll'e thana A by a 11 ullllh which iu, und for some time mile was c'ertaily not more than U)O: also about after the rain, is both deep unl1 rapid. The u fourth of the density IJf population in the:> district upper portion of the purph' '1rea a hove the as 0, whole. The soutlll'rn t'xtPTlSiOll into the narrow central eOllstridion, and the E'astt'rn half Khundghose thana ufi'P('tpd a well populated line o£ that below it, worE' attacked in 18G4; tllp of yiUnges alollg tile:> ])muooc}ur lHmk nnel un remainder, comprising the !'Iouthern and eastern agricultural area of about GOO to the 8quare;> mile, fourth (1£ thana Gung'ooria, in lH(tl). ~()mt'wllat moister thun tLat north of Burdwau. 1'llP wes{ern extt'nsion frolll Relimahud, ag-Hin, 'rh(, chief charactt'ristics of t hi" part of RunlwaD was into an urea whieh is annually iuuwlatpd, a 111"(' that it i.... tl1e lowl'st 11'vI:.'1 nOfth of the t'llU:-.idprabll· port iOll l'l'maiul111(' tlll'llt'T' "ntt']' ior Dnnwodur, heing that towHnls which all til t' HOlllt' months evPrY yE'ur. 'rhe population being ilminuge Hwls of the north-past, ('entre, and Hg-ricu !til!'a] , about UOO per squarp mile, hut .,outh-west of tJH' di."tl'ict al){)vp till:' ])aIlJO()(lul', "Olllt'\I hnt 11lOl't' cr{)wclt'd ill the vicinity of the t'n'utually tt'w]. It is :11"0 \('1'\' ieTtilt' .Not rep'EOduoed. h.vii \ APPENDIX IV-contd. A glance at the map· will suffice to render north-eastward to Cutwu. In 1869 the fever had evident another remarkable circumstance, viz., extended along this road to the limit of the brown that while the fever which a:ppeared in the area, the advance of the fever in 1870 being Poorhusthullee and Culna thanas m 1863 has bl:'en coloured pink. The fever clings vecy much to> year by year steadily extenuing westward, from the neighbourhood of this road, and is limited the latter, there has been no such extensioll near Cutwa to a breadth of a mile and a half. In whrttever from the former thana. What are HIe Ou1wIl town and neighbourhood, however, among distinguishing featurel! of the una:ffected country [l dense trading ano manufacturing population of westward corresponding to the uncoloured portion a,ooo l)('r Hquare mile, and through the villages of the map and what li~ht do they sIll:'d on thl:' around, it spreads out till it reaches within a mile matter P (I) The land 18 somewhat higher; (2) of the outer limit of the Poorbusthullee feverr it is sparsely populated as compared with the tract of 1865. ('(luntry to the eastward, having but 492 to thp flqual'l:' mile; (3) it is drier land, and 11:'81'1 ftc·riile. It i ... quih> clear that there is nothing in the N(m aJI these are just as charaderii\tie of the soil, site, drainage, or othel' ph~'si('u.J ('onditioJl of eouutry north of Hurdwan town. It is ltig-iler, ()utwu lind Dninhaut to rpurler them lesH ohnoxi(JUs drier. thri('e lUore sparsely lloJlula1P(I, Jladng lnlt tf) teH'r than POO1'busthullee. 'l'ht'ir conditions 150 to the square mile; it i ... also lHOI'e llllft'ft ile, ill thi ... re~pt·()t are i(1t'ldipnl; (]J] the sault' Lank of yd the fever was not eheckp(l In its aC1Vall('t' thl'l p. till' SUlllP riVl'l', with tlll' Rume soil all(l It crowded But in this locality thpr~ is yet aDother pt'('uhal'ity. populatioll of hirnilul' oe('upatiollA and huhitH, There are no trath(' liucH, and the [HI'a i'l iHol[\jp(1 t h cu' iH ahso! u tp Iy Jl 0 t1i{ft'I'ellCe w lin leyer hf'tw(,PIl by bhcel.v to the nOl tll [lIlIl a 11 ullall to tht' f.J!l ... t illt'lJl in this l'l''lped. Both of tlH'lll wl:'re ('onllner· ward and southward. Only onp road, II lllert' cinl piucP'l of cOllhi,lt'rable impnrtillll'e, hut the traok, cros~etol the ;louthern portion of thlH 1.1ll l'hipf intt-'I'C'OUl'HP of Poorbu'lOmlll't' in Hln4 "'[IS eolourpcl area. Thp 71111lah in thl' ruinl'! is dvejl with Nu!ldt-'a, an illfected di:"hirt, whilp thai of and rapid. [1n(l !lni'! hut OIll' fl'rry. BptWt'Pll ruh\ a wa~ ~ i tit Hunl wan tOWII lUI (1 Bpedd}()olll, BUl'dwun and PoorlJllHthullee, H('I'OHI'! this arPH thon uninfeeh·d. 'Vjth Nud(ll'n, it had little or tlwnl i~ no traffic wllatpvPI'. This agt'PPll1t'nt no tr,tffil', a 1](1 that portion ot N ud(1Pll nearest hptW{,Pll thE' COllr~t· of Ott' h'vel' and tIll' traffic' to it IW\Pl' ... ufl'e1'('d from tlH' h'ver. HdlY('PIl linp.." tLe trac·k of tht· one im'uriahly eorrei'lpondin~!' ('utwu aIHl P()()l'hu~tIJlJ1ll't', lIg'Uill, t1lPIE' it' 110 to, fIlul (·hanging- "ith, the other, together with tht· traffic, and in tlip raim tLl'Y Uft· ('olllplpjl'ly ah,;(>l1CC of any exh'llHion of the c1i~eat'l(' wlwH' H('pal'ajpc1 hy hlll'(" land~ awl 1lUl1llhs. The thpre iii little or no traffic, appear to me Yt'ry illl1llllnity of ('utWd llnrl Duillhaut, tllpn, in IH(,4 l'Pl1llu'kalble and I>ignifil'llllt. would appp,H to he elm', not to any diffl>rence of phy .. j(·al eO)1(litiollh, hut to thl:' fa~t thai tlw,Y had no ('oJnmllnicatioll with init'ctt'(l neig'hhourhonds; tT p to this timp the IIpl'ead of the fevt>r hall all(1 tlip PTt'''H'll('C of a liitle low lall(I, watPl' bNm ~dow but Rteady, e[leh year aading a length of povt'l'P(l in tlit, rains and for a timt' nHerw,m]..;, about 4 to (i Dliles to the infect('ll area. In l~()!) .~Uffi(,E'" to prl''''('l'VE' it from !t'vpl' that j,'1 only ;) it spr('IHl fully 24 miles to the north, ~O milt·s to Jllile ... from it ... mnni<'ipal limit,,; hut JIO '0011('1 i ... t111:' llorth~wt'st, tllld 15 miles to the west. In all th(' town ot HU!llwllll, -10 /II/II'I dlll(/Ilt. ntta('lwd, thef,(' rlil't'ctiollS then' is no river to cross, nothing' than Cutwu g'eH the fHer too. Appl:'lIling' in to lilllit traffic to partieular points i hut to tll!' Hurdwall in lHGH, and only al'lF-umillg' an intl'nSl' s()uthwur(i horn HUl'd'll;tll, (lIH1 WPMlWl1rd from tOlm in 1EW9, it, Oll(, year later, travers('c} the 40 Sl'limahucl, then' i'\ thp Danwothlr, It terrihly llIih'" and attacked OutwH with g'l'!'nt virulenf'e. impetuoufl rivt'r nt timt'h, and a considerabll:' .Ttl ... t a8 the ollly c(lllct'ivablc rf'n ... on for the £eVN's ohsta('lp to trnffit't' in tilt, fuinA. ArC'ordingly, in failul'e to ll<1YUnee G miles in 18()4 was the allsenee these diI'petions (j III iII'S i" about HlP Iongt'l'1t of roa(ls alltl traffic, AO the only cnneElivahlf' rE'ltson diRtanep to whidl the dhwHHe "'preu!]. Tn 1870 101' thiH rupitl spread of the disease over 40 mile5 the area nf'wly inv()lved 'II 11" I'llorrl101Hl. Prom h tb· ('Xislt'U('l' HOW of the traffic antl free c()m~ the t'xtensive hrJUndllry line of lSG9 it spread west H1uni('atiOll with our infedptl loeality, whieh was into Indas and B()od~hood, north-west and north nh~t'llt lJt'fol'e, 'and "hith, the more ('loHl'ly one into Aousgram and Reerbhoom, [mel for the first t'xaillille~ tht' mutter, nppellrl:! the more ('onclu o tinw uorth~ea~tward to Cutwa. All these direc~ sively to lIe ahHolutl'ly eRsential to the prop a ti(lllS art> esst'ntially those of truffl!' lines, and a gu tiOIl of the disease. glanee at the map will suffice to Ahow that the lint' of greate~t extpnsion is also t.hat of ~reatest I lim of opinion, moreover, that the very rapia traffic. One of theA£' lines ia egpedal1y interest advanee of the disease after Burdwan town had illg', aud dest'n-el> separate special eonsideration. IlN'oUH' suhjl'ct to it, as eompared with its slow(>r 011 re£tlrring to tiJ(> map it will be sl:'pn that a road pl'ogress before, seems to point to some increased g'oillg llOrthward from Burdwan hrancht's to the elaboration and intensification of the poison, !xviii APPENDIX IV-concld. whatever it may be-some renewal among the Burdwan town had begun to sufter, an outbreak crowded, filthy, and vicious population of Burdwan of fever suddenly occured at the villa.ge of of its most malignant characters. If the fever be, Gopaloorab, close to Chanuk, and situated within as I am constrained by the facts which have come this limited blue tract. I made some inquiry before me to believe, a highly contagious a8 well regurding the outhreak while visiting thia locality as malignant fever, such a supposition is only too in 1872 and 1873, but could find no sp$cial M111.80n probable; and the more the fever is studied, the why Gopalb!:'rah should originate a fever of this more I feel certain will it appear that every effete ldnd. One signifirunt fadt bearing on the out old c1'ou'ded town und village forms a nidus for hreak is this: at Hyrageetollah, adjoining Gopalw the elaboration, and a focus for the diffusion of a berah, there is an annual fair which lasts some fever poison of heightened intensity and mali time, and to which Burdwan shop-keepers resort gnaucy. Lool,ing to the north of tht> map, the and the circumstanct' is rather suggestive of green-eolour!:'d area'" correspoudtl to the f\pread of importation. tht> fever in 1871 j and here again is to be observed the same coincidence between the area of diseuse As rf'gnrrh, the green arpo to the west of the and the traffic lines. :Eustward of the road lead map, it is intended to indicate roughly, and ing from Munglecota to Moorshedahad district, it without pretension to extreme occuraey, the new f~ver area of never extend!! more than (l mile and a half, the 1811. uncoloured tract bt'tween this p()int and the Ganges [t is to bo remembered thot in all these areas hring l'utin,l;y frc!:'. The ('otllltry ~njoyin!1: t~is HU('l'el'!~h £.ly aitul'hd the yea!" of invaRion is immunity b('iong's to Moofshedahad, IS low, mOlst never thE' ~ ('ar of inteusity. The fever is generally alluvial laud, devoid of roads, and has no commer ]ll't''!ent for a yenr without nttrarting rmll'h notice. cial l'lliations with Burdwan or "Beerbhoom, Ali a rule the YPIll' of grl'utest intensity in villages is the third year; in towns the second year is not The brown colour in tht:' extreme north indicate!! unht·queutly the worst. the an'a of invansion in 1872. Rere the extension, like tht-' traffil' , is rntllt'r enst aTI(1 weRt than north So fill' this hiAtory has dealt with the entrance and south, T1H'l'c loS a high road leadillg' from amI ~In·pad only of ft'v!:'r, hut it iA important to this and through ,T amooakandi to Berhampore; rememher that thl' fever also ceal4es or di(~s out. and drpatling the adValll'C of the f£'wr in that :lna VPl,V ll1t1('h ill Hll' ()l'd I:' 1 of invasion, Ex('('pt diredi(lll, I addressed a warning' on th!:' ~ub.i('ct in largo{' towns like BurdwHn, or in groups of to the ComlllibHioncr of RajHhuhy(', Buggesting eJoM£'ly crowd!:'(l Vill[l.A'l'~, it rarely lastA more than freqUl'tlt inquiry regarding thl' condition of tht' f, ,Yl:'ars, and ~olll('tillW!'l el'atlt>B in :j or 4. 'rhe last of 'nllagl'R along that tract, It appt>ared, however, the sllIall UlOp"l ,~ill ~how thut it had entirely tbat the traffic on that ulud is illl'onsid!:'rable, and l'I:'Il"t'd in IhE' Poorhusthll11f'P, ('ulua, II nil 1he the result of the inquirieoS which tll", Commissioner fI~~Mtern pmtinnll OJ thanu:; Uangooria aud S(,lima lill/-' lWf'Il good enough to direct to be mud", has bad, 1>(->pn to show that the fever is not advancing towaHls MOllrshedahud. In ] H73 it bas diminilllwd consillt1rnhly in thunus 1to'ynah, Kbundghose. Culna, und part of Mungle North-\\l'st from Hurd" an, ahout 24 milpH, eote. The state in which it leaves the tracts there is a small blue-colourf:'d area which need" wIler€> it hao; prElvai1ed depends much on their "ome f:'xplanatiou, It appears tllllt ill 186H, after physi('al eondiiiOll~. ------._----_._---_._------.,.------,-,_,_- ~----,---.-- -- to Not reproduc.ed-A, M. CENSUS TRACTS, VILLAGE SAMPLE POPULATION AND DISPLACED PERSONS Preparatory to the sorting and tabulation of cen~uEl information, rura.l and urban areas of a district were grouped into Census Tracts on the basis of instructions issued by the Regis trar General of India. These trMts had to have the approval of the Registrar General of India before sorting and tabulation began. A list of rural and urban tracts of Burdwan grouping rural thanas and urban areas is given below. 1n the body of the statistios they are referred to by their code number. RURAL R-l Bllrdwan R-2 .Tamalpur R-3 Galsi (excluding town) Memu,ri (excluding Blll1tar Khandaghosh town) Ausgram Raina R-4 Salanpur (excluding R-5 Raniganj (exdurlillg 1~-6 Ka.lna (ewluding town) town) towu) Kulti (excluding Oudal (excluding Purhasthali town) .. town) Hirapur ((·xeluding Faridrmr l\1a.llt(~SWar town) Asan&ol ('",rluuing Ka.nksa town) Bamhani ,Tamuria R-7 Katwa (pxdudillg town) Mangalkot Kctugralll UHBAN U-l Hurdwan U .' Chittara.njan V -3 Bumpur 1\1' ('miLri Kulti ASHu801 Barakar H,lniganj 1 )iH.,:~rgarh Onrla.l Noama,tp11l' U --4 Kn,lna Katwa Vainhat A "villa.ge" in the hook is identical with a cadastrally -surveyed "mauza" bearing a jurisdiction list number. In several tables the term" Rample Population" has boen uf:led. This sa.mple was drMVll according to the following illstruetion of the Registrar Genoral of India. Enumeration was done on pads of 100 slips each. a l'lIip conta.ining the record of an individual :- "Break each pad and stack the slips of the pad; and 'cut' the stack as in a card game. ))laeo the lowor portion above tho uppor portion and then deal the slips into the pigeon holos. You should deal the slips into pigeon holos in the order of 1, 2, 8, 4,5, S, 6, 7, 8, lxx CENSUS TRACIS. VILLAGE SAMPLE POPULATION AND DISPLACED PERSONS-ooncld. and 9 successively. All the time, you should watch the slips of' Displaoed Persons'. If you oome across any slip of a Displaced Person deal it in the pigeon hole of 'Dis placed Persons'. Henoo it win be seen that the sa.mple is not a. sample of the total population but of the la.tter excluding the "displaced popula.tion". ~ .t..J~ .... &. 9 The check factors for the sa.mple population are:- 1,000 S/G Rural Total=177,408,Ooo/I,628,911 =108·91. 1,000 BIG Urban Total=32,024,OOO/257,219=124·50. 1,000 BIG District Total=209,432,OOO/I,886,130=1l1·04. A "Displaced Person" was defined by the Registrar General of India as follows :- "A • Displaced Person' means any person who has entered India having left or being com pelled to leave his or her home in Western Pakistan on or after the 1st March 1947 or his/ber home in Eastern Pakistan on or after the 15th Oetober 1946 on aCCQllnt of civil disturbances or the fear of such disturbances or on account of tho setting up of the two dominions of India and Pakistan." The population is divided into two broad livelihood categories, viz., the Agricultural Classes and the Non-Agricultural ClasseS'. Each category is divided into four classes as below:- Agricultural Clasees- I Cul.t;ivators of land wholly or mainly owned and their dependants II Cultivators of land wholly or mainly unowned and their dependants III Cultivating labourers; and their dependants IV Non-cultiva.ting owners of land; Agricultural rent receivers and their dependants Non-Agricultural Classes- Persons (including dependants) ",ho derive their principal means of livelihood from- V Production other than cultivation VI Commerce VII Transport VIII Other services a.nd miscellaneous source/) lui K ! ~' . '" 1: i .... !! !3 i~!3 .... fj ...."" I a~ I J 10 ao . I'> II) .... ~ 0 Q!) ...... t'lI 10 ." .... !! 0>"" ..to. ':" ~ "J ." ~ lIII il ... .9i -t-o '" ~ i ..:. .., l1li ~~ i 10 .::, 8 ~ :; ; ~ ~ ~ ~ :;: ..:. .t. c se l'or- O!...... ::i 10 ~N .., !i ie: ..0 -II .1 ~o~f :1 ~ oC l .Eo! ... =i = l J !! d J Ii I i I I IJil ! JI Ii • o ... GO • ~ ... 0<1 ~ If' III .. • ~ 1 = -1 ) .... 10.... <0 r-- ....'" ...... .... IQ ... '" Col ~ ...... ~ I;; S Q •::t .,. 00 • ...... , Pei'aooa variation VariatiOJl, 1901·1911 1 2 8 " 8 7 8 IURDWAN DII'.'OT 1901 1,528,290 .. 782,694, .. 765,396 .. 1911 1,588,874 + 5,584 768,132 + 6,488 786,7'-2 .... 146 1921 1,434,771 - 99,103 730,317 - 87,816 704:,4.54 - 61.288 1981 1.675,699 +-140,928 814,891 + 84.,574. ~760,808 + 66,M4 194.1 1,890,732 +316,033 998,825 +183,934 891,907 +131,099 1961 2,191,667 +300,935 +668.877 1,160,761 +161,986 1,030,906 +188,999 TABLE 1.3-AIV-TOWNS CLASSIFIED BY POPULATION WITH VARIATIONS SINCE 1901 (NOTE-All town8 are munioipalitiu 1Lnle88 otk6rwiBe indicated. Toums in the G8MU8 01 19/H halle hun clasBifted as follows :- Gla88 1-100,000 and ooer. Glas8 11-60,000 to 100.000. GlaS8 lII-20,OOO to 1)0,000. GlaaB IV-10,OOO to 20,000. Glaa8 V-/j,OOO ta 10,000. Oltu8 V I-under 5.000.) Net District. Town e.n~ Class of Town Pel'llons Variation variation Me.ltlll Variation Females Variation 1901·1951 1 2 3 " I) 6 7 BURDWAN DISTRICT A.nlOl 01888 II , ,1901 14.906 .. 8,400 6,506 lOll , 21,919 + 7,013 12,486 + 4,086 9,433 + 2,027 1921 26,499 + 4,680 15,464 + 2,978 11,0315 + 1,602 1931 31,286 + 4,787 18,710 j- 8.2'6 12,576 + 1,541 1041 55,797 +24,511 38,211 +14,501 22,586 + 10,010 1951 76,277 +20,480 +61,371 39,887 + 6,176 36,890 +14,304 Burd ... Clas8 II 1901 35,022 19,413 15,609 .. 19l1 35,921 + 899 20,527 + 1,114 It),394 215 1921 34,616 - 1,305 19,588 - 944 16,033 361 1931 39,618 + 5,002 23,485 + 3,902 16,133 +1,100 1941 62,910 +23,292 .. 38,050 +14,163 24,800 +8,721 1961 75,376 +12,466 +40,864 43,101 + 5,051 82,276 +7,415 ·Kllitl Ol ... m 1901 .. 1911 '. 1921 .. Inl U,574 7,1'0 ,,394 1'94l 19.~8 ,.. 12,1" 7,239 19S1 31,.e8 ... 18,187 1.2.776 TABLE L3-AIV-TOWMS "ClA.8SlFlED BY PGPUlADON WffH VARIATIONS SINCE 1901-contd. District, Town and Net CIMs of Town Persons Variation variation Males Variation Females Variation 1901·1951 2 3 4 [) 6 7 8 BURDWAJI DISTRICT --contd. Ranl,anJ Cl!l.B8 m 1901 15,841 8,891 " 6,950 .. lUll 15,497 344 8,417 474 7,080 + 130 HI21 14,636 961 8,040 - 377 6,496 Cl84 1931 10,373 -I 1,837 9,162 +1,122 7,211 + 715 1941 22,839 +6,466 .. 12,779 +3,617 10,060 +2,849 1951 25,939 +3,100 +10,098 13,756 + 977 12,183 +2,123 *Iurnpur Ola.esIV 1901 1911 ., IIl:!l " 1931 5,740 4,526 1,214 11141 13,678 +7,938 10,HI6 +5.670 3,482 +2,2HB lord IB,487 +4,809 12,035 +I,8:lH (1,452 +2,970 KalIIa Cla.!48 IV ]901 8,121 .. 4,252 a,869 .. hill ~,603 + 482 4,521 + 269 4,08:! + 213 1921 8,424 179 4,573 + 52 3,851 231 1931 9,567 +1,143 5,1611 + 590 4,398 + 547 1941 12,562 +2,1195 .. 6,950 + 1,781 5,612 +·1,214 1951 17,824 +4,762 +9,203 9,263 +2,313 8,OUI +2,449 ·OhlttaranJan Clas!! IV 1901 lOll 1921 1981 1941 .. 1951 16,162 11,887 4,825 Ka.a Class IV 1901 7,220 3,631 .. 3,589 ]011 6,904 816 3,459 172 3,445 144 1921 6.823 81 3,482 + 28 3,341 104 ]931 7,772 + 949 3,92B 3,844 + 503 1941 11,283 +8,IHI .. 5,886 ++1,957 "' 5,398 +1,554 19111 16,638 +4,260 +8,313 8,190 +!,305 7,343 +1,945 TA.BLE l.3-AlV-TOWNS CLASSIFIED BY POPULATION Wffn VARIATIONS SINCE 1901-concld. Net District, Town an4 Porsons Variation variation MaleJ! Variation Females Variation I ClaaB of Town 1001.1951 1 2 3 4 () 6 7 8 aURDWAI DIITRICT -oonold. -NeaMatpur 01688 IV 1001 1911 1921 1931 1941 ...... 1951 11,756 6,661 11,095 "aarakar OlMfJ IV 1901 1911 1921 1931 ...... 1941 9,771 G,{l78 .. 4,193 1951 10,440 +669 0,050 +472 4,390 +197 Dainhat 011188 V 1901 5,618 .. 2,721 .. 2,897 ., lIHl 5,342 276 2,534 187 2,808 89 1921 4,843 499 2,405 129 2,438 370 193J 4,845 + 2 2,437 + 32 2,408 SO 1941 5,036 + lin .. 2,m8 + 81 2,518 + 110 1951 8,149 +3,1l3 +2,531 4.299 +1,781 3.850 + 1.332 "Di"flarh Olatlll V 1901 Hill 11)21 IIlSI H)41 .. , . IIl51 7.842 4,261 3,681 ·Memarl OlaMV HIOI lIHl 11121 1931 1941 .. .. " 1951 5,005 2,946 2,050 -01. 011188 V1 1901 1911 1921 1931 3,110 2,05.5 .. 1,055 1941 9,856 +6.746 4,657 +3,602 4,199 +3.144 1951 4,288 -5,568 2,438 -3.219 1,8liO -2,349 I " Treated as town for CeJl.!lUll purpoaea alt.'lough DElither a municipality nor a cantonment. IJ. c:::.C"l .... C7>OOIQOOC"leq,~ ...... tt:l """" .-.t I""'( pooooI C'I') 00 M l~ ...... "'1 ...... 0 gI~ ...... t iii l to .... i z :1 [ -J '5 [ ; ~ ~ ~ ~ 1;:!,~'ll ,&! ~ :c J c::a GIl :. ~oo~~ ~~~8! .. lC7> 0 '"'fI'I C"l""" 10"" "" 00 ..6 ...... t ...... 1""04 """'" """ .... ~ 6 ...... ...... 00 C'I .... o IN II ...t ...... 00'" ",0.... t ; I;; i = •" Ii• 'I r :8 "1110 • : ~ : :i : oX> ... "''''''~ I.... 00 ...... · "._ ."", 00 c::>O • ·00 I ..,"'" ...... ~Qj M 0 .,.r"" ~C!) or g ! 00 ~ 1"1 ""''''' ~ ~"!'t;"'!'99"'t:"":'~9 :SC) S .. .. i~ ... l5IQIO .... OOIQ..,""O> ~ '" INCN CNII) .... (N § ..:> 00 • "" It';) 10 IN • 'M .0> • • """'11"'"4 • .... .~ .~ . ~~ : ~~ : 8 TABLE 1.6-,APPROXIMATE POPULATION OF UNIONS (Population given below i8 provirJional, being tho8e reported immediately upon the concZuBion of Census enumeration in 1951. For comparirJon with finally prepared figttres the final population oJ a thana i8 ihown against. its proviMonal population.) Final Provi· Final Number popula.. sional popul&o Subdivision anrJ Thana. of Name of Union Persons Ma.le!l Femwoa tion of popula. tion of Union Townio. tion of Thana. Thana. Thana 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 SarJar Subdi'lJiaion, Burdwan 1 Bagha.r 11,183 5,601 5,582 2 Khetia 7,470 3,796 3,674 3 Royan 9,212 4,940 4,272 4 Bandul 10,474 5,191 5,283 5 Su.raitikar 5,248 2,677 2,571 6 Klll'Ill8.n 10,109 5,099 5,010 7 Oobinda.pur 7,733 3,D40 3,793 R Balkhash 6,940 3,5111 3,349 9 Baikunthapur 8,536 4,553 3,983 10 Barsul 8,101 4,329 :i,772 ,I II BurdwWl Police Line 502 404 [IS , . Burdwa.n Muni()ipwity 75,376 Tota.! 85,508 014,121 41,387 75,376 160,727 153.198 Khandaghosb 1 Lodns 4,730 2,42R 2,302 2 Borugram 6,714 3,434 3,280 3 Khon~hosh 6,334 3,21M 3,11n 4 Susanga 6,4:U 3,289 3,142 5 Sank sri 8,631 4,4()4 4,227 Ukhrid 6,239 3,147 3,092 "7 Sagrai 7,212 3,709 3,503 S Koyor 5,77n 2,M97 2,879 9 Gopalbera. 5,557 2,794 2,763 Tota.l 57,624 29,320 28,304 57,624 60,095 Raina. 1 Hija.lna. 8,529 4,265 4,264 2 Narigram 7,212 a,641 3,571 3 Natu 9,271 4,475 4,796 4 Magura. . 8,990 4,639 4,31H () Shyamsundar 7,7!lK 4,063 3,665 6 Bohara 5,848 2,966 2,882 7 Uohalan 7,246 3,7:11 3,515 8 Kaiti 5,391 2,739 2,61>2 9 Pa.laeWl 5,409 2,70S 2.701 10 Raina 5,945 2,998 2,947 11 Barabainan 7,62'i 3,856 3,771 12 Arui 4,581 2,270 2,311 13 Paints 8,342 4,310 4,032 14 Pahalanpur 6,087 3,122 2,965 15 Gotan 7,354 3,63"- 3,720 Tota.l 105,560 53,417 52,143 105,560 111,169 Jamalpur 1 Berugram • 7,978 4,115 3,863 2 JotNriram 7,778 4,008 3,770 3 Jargram 8,201 4,182 4,019 4 Chakdighi 8,871 4,404 4,467 5 Parat&l 9,470 4,821 4,64.9 6 Jama.lpur 1),281 4,685 4,596 7 Ajha.pur 8,616 4,400 ',216 8 Pa.nohra 5,432 2,74.9 2,683 9 JOugrllolll e,027 3,033 2.994 10 Abujhati 9,721 4,909 4.,812 Tot6l 81,375 41,306 40,069 81,375 80,106 9 TABLE l.ti-APPROXIMATE POPULATION OF UNIONS-contd. Fmal Provi· FInal Number popula. stonal popula. SubdtVl810n 004 Thana of Name of Uruon Persons Malell Females tion of popula.. tlon of Uruon Townm tlon of Thana Thana Thana 1 .) 3 " [j 6 7 8 9 SadM Subdw.,wn-conold MeIllllrl 1 Baril. Pall1bl1n 10,753 5,343 5,410 2 NobMtho. 10,175 5,144 5,0'H 3 BlJur 7,711 3,8M 3,!l55 4. Satga.clull 8,724 4,376 4,348 5 Bohal 8,173 4,178 3,9l15 (\ Kuchut 7,483 3,748 3,731) 7 Amadpur 5,162 2,507 2,655 8 Go~egontar 8,U30 4,144 4,0311 Il Do Ulbo.zal 9,006 4.,568 4,448 10 Nuno 9,463 4,934 4,529 11 Moman (1,4.52 ,3,'332 3,120 l.l DeblpUI 10,007 5,04-4 4,963 13 Durgl1pur 7,755 3,814 3,941 MemW'1 5,005 Total 109,044 54,978 54,066 MO() 114,0()2 115,22.1 Galsi Mankar 0,386 3,25b 3,130 2 Hansoa 6,298 3,233 3,065 3 Parrlaha s,74 ! 4,7S8 a,D55 4 PIttaJ 7,OS3 3561 3,522 Ii Lowa 9,146 4,&73 4,473 6 P(ltna 9,099 4,G83 4,516 7 Uohgram 8,0:l7 4,'l58 4.279 S Arna 7,1106 3,0111, 3,908 9 GaJKl n,071 4,(147 4,424 10 Kurkuha 6,025 3,O'l0 2,1)35 11 Khano 7,704 3,90.! 3,802 12 Bhurl 5,568 2,722 2,846 13 Mllflldpur 4,515 2,221 2,J14 14 bBtmondl U,716 4,978 4,738 'rotal 105,917 54,010 51,907 105,917 107,001 Bhlltar Mahata 7,274 3,675 3,591) 2 Eruar 4,414 2,211 2,183 3 Nota. 6,920 3,521 3,39!} 4 bahobgunJ 1O,2(j4 5,144 5,120 5 Bamunara 5,973 2,94.2 3,031 6 Hll.I1lRoru. 7,293 3,707 3,586 7 Balgona tl,!:l56 4,462 4,394 S Baraboloon 10,418 5,240 5,178 I) BonpaMh 5,038 2,'19.1 2,645 10 Mu.haoha.nds !),061 4,624 4,437 11 Amaroon 8,713 4,310 4,403 Total 84,224 42,249 41,975 84,224 84,633 Auagram Amaql1lr 2.091 1,027 1,064 2 K.ota 7,668 3,966 3,702 3 It.amnagar 7,715 3,827 3.888 4 AUIIJt;am 5,423 2,719 2,704 5 Bh kl 15,044 2,523 2,621 6 Era.! 5,382 2,634 2,748 7 Dlgnagar 6,326 3,188 3,188 8 Berunda 7,283 3.524 3,709 9 BhedIs 6,822 3,431 3,391 10 Ukta 5,894 2,915 2,979 II Guskara P,268 4,996 4,272 12 BIUyu.gra.m 7,552 3,858 3,694 13 JangalmahaJ (Protappur and 16,716 7,933 7,788 DebeaJa) Total 92,134 46,541 45,598 92,134 90,632 10 TABLE 1.6-APPROXIMATE POPULA nON OF UNIONS--contd. Final Provi· Number popula.. sional Final Subdivision an!;l Thana of Na.roa of Union PersolUl Males Females tion of popuJa. popula.. Union Town in tion of tion of Thana Thana Thana 1 2 3 4, 6 7 8 9 AaGnaol Subdilliaion Salanpur 1 Salan£Ut . 12,996 6,573 n,423 2 Baau ebpur. 11,163 5,(91) 5,41lH 3 KaJlya 6,811 3,449 3,362 Chittaranjoo 10,162 Total 30,970 15,717 15,253 16,162 47,186 47,354 Kulti J Barakar G,378 3,404 1,974 2 NerunBtpur 211,2G5 16,094 10,161 3 Kulti. . 17.0fil 9.484 7,1)67 4 Di~horgarh . ll,4:l3 6,MII 4,764 Kulti :ll,S!la NeamBtpur. 11,766 DiRerga.rh 7,842 Bl1rukar 10.440 Totll.l (10,117 :~1).6(\t 2,t.'16(1 (11,401 120,371 122,212 Hirapur Die,lyanandapur 20.780 11.1)16 8,864 2 HirHpur 31.G14 IB,Ili6 la.3liB Burnpur 18,487 Total 02,294 30,072 22.222 IH,487 70,762 119,9:14 Asansol I Dhl1dka . 12,211 (;.411 5.ROO 2 Kalipailari. . 17,2911 11,867 7,43l .. AliIlUlsol Muni('ipailty 76,277 Total 29,li09 16.278 76,277 lUli,203 J IG,485 Barabani 1 Panuria 8,314 4,170 4,144 2 J~am 6.0M 3,{)52 3,003 3 Puohra IG,316 7,IHO 7,397 4 Baraboni 20,746 12,187 8,5611 Total 50,431 27.:32li 23,103 50,431 liO,030 Jamuria 1 Bogra 20.746 11,988 8,758 2 Jamuriu 4A,1I79 :10,032 18,447 3 Churulia 9,063 4,556 4,507 4 Hiialgor8 . 10,089 6,045 0,044- I) Jotejanaki . 9.056 1;,681 4,274 6 Chlnchuria . 11,207 6,1190 5,217 Total 110,0311 63,792 46,247 llO,030 11l,MO &niganj 1 Searsole 1Z,764 7.565 5,199 2 Jemeri 17,276 10,816 6,460 3 Egara. . . . !6,528 8,340 7,188 Rtmiganj Municipalit.y 25.939 ToW -«5,668 26,721 18,847 25,939 70,920 71,496 11 TABLE 1.6-APPROXDfATE POPULATION OF UNIONS-contd. Fiual Provi· Final Number popula. sional popula- Subdivision a.nQ Thana of Name of Union Persons Males Females tion of popula. tion of Union Town in tion of Thana Thana Thana 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 A'llfl.8Ol Subdivision--ooncld. Ondal 1 Baidyanathpur 10,954 6,080 4,874 2 Bo.nbahal 7,5711 3,850 3,725 3 Ukhra 27,868 16,289 11,679 4 Ondal 12,834- 6,487 6,347 5 Kajora . 18,344- 11,012 7.332 6 Onda.l Rly. area 7,.288 4,292 2,996 OIldal 4,288 Total 84,863 48,010 36,853 4,288 89,108 80,008 Faridpur 1 Faridpul' 8,440 4,293 4,147 2 Amrai 0,74" 3,384 3,356 3 Iohhapul' 6,023 3,059 2,964- 4 Gogla 7,539 4,177 3,362 5 Gouruazar . 5,832 2,933 2,899 6 l'rotappur 5,416 2,691 2,725 7 Jomlma . 4.718 2.384 2,334 8 DUl'gapur 7,997 4.025 3,972 Total 52,705 26,946 25.759 52.705 54.506 Ka.nksa 1 A mlaj ora 8,632 4,382 4,250 2 GO~ll.lpur . 8,400 4,051 4,349 3 Mo o.ndighi 4,338 2,165 2,173 4 Bidbehar 5,129 2,5RIl 2.1\40 I) Rankati 4,616 2,339 2,277 6 KankAA II,815 6,253 5,1)62 Panagarh Military Base 6,667 5,186 1,48] Total 49,597 26,965 22.632 49,597 50,191 K Illna &ubdWision Kawa J KllJlkllriu 9,254- 4.678 4,570 2 Nadia 6,1>73 3.339 3,234 3 Dhatrigrom 6.259 3,492 2,767 4 Atglioria 7,479 3,800 3,679 5 Sultanpur 6,449 3,289 3,160 6 Baro.dhaJnas 5.319 2,711 2,608 7 Baidyapur 6,860 3,211 3,149 8 Akalpoush . 7,196 8,635 3,661 9 Bo.gllapara. • 9,574 4,740 4,834 10 Krlllll8l1ebpur 7.925 4,137 3,788 11 Kalyallpllr . 11,399 5,94-1 5,458 12 Anl,lkhal 7,702 3,884 3,818 13 BadIa 6,960 3.673 3,387 14- l>indiro. 6,896 3,439 3,457 Kalna Municipality 17,324 Total 105,345 53,869 lSI ,476 17,824 123,806 122,534 Purbll.llthali 1 Pila. 6,042 3,104 2,938 2 Patuli 9,438 4,726 4.712 3 Majida 6,883 3.618 3,265 4 Nimdaha 0,481 3,308 3,173 6 Muksimpara 6,549 3,349 3,200 6 KalekhllJltola 9,296 4,723 4,573 7 Purbasthali 11,633 6,906 5,727 8 Jahannago.r 15,148 7,873 7,275 9 Dogachia . 6,780 3,514 3,j66 10 Nada.nghat 7,477 3,903 3,574 11 Bagpur 7,010 3,568 3,442 12 Samudragarh 11,74S 6,238 5,515 Total 106."86 53,825 50,660 10'.485 104,6.28 12 TABLE 1.6-APPROXIMATE POPULATION OF UNIONS--concld. Final l'roVl- Fmal Number popula 810nal poptlla- Sub4Jvl8ion tmg Thana of Name of Uruon PerBOn8 Males Fomalas tlon of popula tlOn of Uruon TOW.QID tlon of Thana Thana Thana 2 3 5 0 7 8 9 Kalna SubdwtMott-concld. Manteswar 1 Bagh8lllUl. 9,183 ,i_64-1 4,542 2 Monwsw&r 10,558 5,234- 5,a24 3 Putsur, 10,288 5.167 5,121 4- Mamudpur 9,723 4,896 4-,827 5 Kusumgram 8,160 4,089 4.076 6 Busuru 9,192 4,649 4,543 7 Plplon 9.544- 4,811 4,733 8 Jomna B,IHO 3,457 3,459 \l MaJhergram 5,01\4 2,549 2,505 Total 78,623 39,493 39,130 78,623 78,589 K atwa Subdw18Um Katwa K8Iugram 9,978 5,0lI1l 4,Il19 2 KhaJur!hhl Q,211l 4,7411 4,470 3 h.araJgram 11,261l 5,7211 6,540 4 Snkhanda MOl 3,681 3,722 5 Alampur 7,9119 4,078 3,881 6 Gldhgram 12m2 fi,992 6,040 7 KarUI »,41)1 4,751 4,738 8 8fli>atl )0,320 5,1181 5,237 H ,J aganandapuT 7819 3,1I1!! 3,881 10 Agnrdwlpa lO,!ol49 5,462 5,'187 11 blIlghl 8,513 4,312 4,201 Katwa Munu Ipahty 15,531 Damlutt MUOl!'lpality 8,14.9 Tottil 104-,852 52,836 li2,tH6 2'J,682 128,267 128.198 Mangalkot 1 Pahgram 5,898 2,946 2,»52 2 C'hanak 5,426 2,72 J 2,701 3 Godlstha (),O70 2,559 2,l'ill 4 Lakhurla 1'i,844 2,970 2,R74 5 Mangalkot.e 6,823 '1,4-46 :1,.377 6 Jhllu 9,089 4,5'111 4,M'! 7 Slmulla 9,549 4.764 4,785 8 MaJlugram 7,102 3,611 :1,4111 9 Bhalugram 9,063 4,li81 4,482 10 Nlgon 8,110 4,005 4,105 11 -KaIl,,11&T 9,224 4,65» 4,56'1 12 Khlrgram 7,838 3,021 3,lll7 Total 89,030 44,721 4.4,315 89,036 88,871 Ketugram 1 Ankhona 7,656 3,867 3,789 2 Agardanga 9,385 4,719 4,666 3 Berugram 8,237 4,000 4,187 4 Kandra 8,552 4,276 4,276 Ii RBJur 8,006 3,976 4,030 6 Pahta 6,4-75 3,169 a,300 7 Pandugram 6,654 3,319 3,335 8 Ketugram 9,612 4,870 4,742 9 Billeswar 5,628 2,781 2,847 10 Nabagram 6,363 8,256 3.108 II G8ll8a.tlkun 7,050 3,546 3,004 12 Sltahatl 5,1152 3,055 2,897 13 Maugram 7.348 3,711 3,637 'l'otal 96,918 48,594 48,324 96,918 97,580 18 fl... 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I: ~ • 'I ~ I ~.~ ~ ,~ £ CII ~.~ 'l·~ "'1 . .. ! 11"·"0"0 0 '';:::g .. ~ I "! 0 "'~..Q18 i 1 11··· ~ j I - "'0 ~ ~ a II: 1 0 ~ ';;:: ':3 ' , i ~~J~ ~ ~., r~ .. ~ ==='"' 0 rl -., 1- j ~ ~B 'is 1 I~. J ~ ! I :C r ltl~i~'1 -~..,Hi' "0 H,~ IiI . ~ ]]~ 0 j J 1 ~ ;st • J_g J ~ i i;s oo_~ Q 0 :: ~ jn~l It ~ I f I ! ~ i to IjJUl iW ... t-'.wh g~Ji ; l~"~ll}~l ~ ~ ]~-H1Il~' ~~ JJ~~a~ ~ IJ~~~ J}X~:~ ~ I>~~~ I ~ ~1, i ~ ~1 :t 49 TABLE 1.11-ECONOMIC TABLE m-EMPLOl'ERS, EMPLOYEIB AND INDEPENDENT WORKERS IN INDUSTRIES AND SERVICltS 8Y DIVISIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS (Relate8 to Sel!8upporting Per80na only) / aUROWAN 0llT810T Pel'llons following the OOculJat1on all Di'VisWll an9 Subl;liviaion of Industries Total Employers Employees lndependent worket and 8erviOflfl and Tract Males Females Males Fenll~les MaieR Females Males Femah.Ia 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 21H,2U 84,490 5,826 674 66,188 All tn~u8triell aflQ Services {Total 209,280 65,3W :l8,.~OI) • Rum! 188,490 7.'1,643 2,il42 1101 141,304 47,529 41,344 Urhan .25,iSl3 96,71'i4 10,847 2,984 73 67,976 7,7R7 24,794 2.9~1 Rllral-l 9,344 4,571 SO 18 /),931 l,IlSO 3,3:10 2,873 Rural-2 9,081 3,413 114 10 4,470 1,364 4,497 Rura\-3 2,039 Il,IlO 4,085 140 6 7.276 1.640 3.694 2,4-40 RUJal-4 82,164 39,481 1.066 156 60,180 32,063 11,918 7,262 Rural-li 47,680 7.516 1153 107 42,8M 5.198 4,226 2.211 Rural-6 • 16,747 8,685 662 101 7,824 3,872 R,Z(ll 4,712 RuroJ-7 • 9,364 5,892 127 204 3,819 1,712 5,418 3,976 Urban-I. 22,29:'> 3,Q96 1,041 53 13,714 2,028 7,538 Urban-2 • 1,020 27,5fj} 2,587 637 4 22,857 2,277 4,057 306 Urban-3 , 34,565 3,408 1,064 12 24,657 2,700 Urban-4 • 8,834 71)6 ll,31l5 1,696 I 242 4 6,748 787 4,365 905 {Total 8.598 1.775 259 42 4.aliI 513 3,788 1,220 Division O-Primary InQ_ustries Rura.l 7,849 1,533 258 42 4,151 453 not elsewhere speoifie4 Urban 3,440 1,038 749 242 1 40(1 (10 348 Itl2 Rural-l 583 270 4 104 3') Rural-2 479 2:~4 540 195 3 I 24:3 3 294 191 Rural-3 967 193 3 " 727 41 237 152 Rural-4 1,185 91 8 17 801 22 Rural-5 376 52 1,201 99 171 7 634 31 396 61 Rura.1-6 2,266 461> 73 1,13:-1 272 Rural-7 1,060 11)3 1,107 220 13 509 52 598 155 Urban-I. J63 17 192 7 Urban-2 . 111 10 lIil) 2 76 2 75 Urban-3 , 1:J2 175 ., 100 51 Urban-4 • 32 124 104 48 1 33 70 48 '. - 4,760 366 41 13 3,645 J95 O'I-Stock Raising. {TOtal • 1,074 158 • Rural 4,496 31i0 41 13 3,433 191 1,022 146 Urban 264 16 • 212 4 52 12 Rural-l 411 21 ., 89 13 Rural-2 322 8 344 17 1 241 3 103 13 Rural-3 811 32 ,. , , 722 18 Rural-4 89 14 826 39 3 2 749 20 74 17 Rural-6 754 46 8 1 620 27 126 18 Rural-6 757 134 30 .. 542 82 185 Rural-7 52 598 61 9 470 28 123 24 Urban-I. 112 .. 88 .. 24 Urban-2. 89 2 69 2 20 Urban-a. 34 12 27 2 7 Urban-4 • 10 29 2 28 1 .2 {TOtal • 153 184 125 1 4 28 179 O'2-Bewialg of amal.I animaltl Rural 153 79 126 1 3 28 75 and. inaeota Urban 105 1 104 Rutal-l 23 42 1 S 23 38 Rurt.l-2 5 83 5 33 Rural-3 ., 4 4: Rural-6 1211 125 Urban-I. 1 1 Urban-3. 100 100 Urban-4. 4: 4. 50 t ...... •.J1~~M¥; 1'~E ~nas. EMI'tA~ AJt.lIND.ENQ~ WQlUQ!1I$ IN INDUSTlUIS AND SEa\tp1S .y DJVJSIONS ANI) SlJBnIVlSIc;>NS.....c::oqtd. ( Pel'IICID8 followi.ug the ocoupation .. Divillion and aubeivililion or InduatriOlil Total Employera EmpIo)'Mll IndepeDdent wor_ and Services and Tract I Males Females Males Females Malea .Fem&IeII Malee A Femalell" 2 3 4 .') 6 7 8 0 204 73 19 2 81S '9 100 22 O'3-Plantation InQ.ustrieB • {TOWRural 62 23 18 2 5 89 21 Urban 142 ISO 1 80 .0 81 1 Rural-l 3 " 3 RuraJ-2 25 2 U 2 Rural-4 1 .. " 1 Rural-S 20 2 17 4 IS 2 Rural-II 1 .. .. 1 RUI'&I-7 II 19 2 IS 17 Urban-I 29 7 22 Urban-2 . 13 .. 6 7 Urba.n--3 . 73 49 67 49 6 Urban--4 . 27 1 1 26 1 238 {Total 331 811 11 6 8.2 84 Oo4-Forostry and ('olle('twn of Rural 214 47 11 134 (; 69 42 prodm·ts not eillowhoro Apeci. Urban 117 42 104- 13 42 fled Itural-2 10 16 Rural-3 00 18 o. I .. 17 Hural-4 21 II) .. 19 1 2 14. RW°I\oI-u II 3 1 4 1 3 Ruml-6 167 . . 10 111 o. 46 Rural-7 4 11 3 4 8 Urba.n-l 105 5 97 8 IS Urban-:~ . 11 5 II 15 is UI·ba.n-4 . 1 32 1 32 I {Total 33 32 o· 5-Huntiog (including trap· Rural J9 1 18 ping ant}. Game Propagation) Urhan 14 14 Rural-4 111 1 18 Urba.n-l . 2 .2 Urban-3 • 3 B Urban-4 . \I \I {'rotal 3,117 1,063 63 26 582 .260 !M72 777 O· 6-Fishing • Rural 2,Q05 1,034 63 26 57S 254 2,264 7M Urban 212 29 4 6 20B 23 Rural-l 146 207 8 15 16 131 188 Rural-2 150 143 2 . 2 146 143 Rural-3 156 139 3 5 22 14.8 117 RuraJ-4 318 37 5 15 31 1 282 21 Rural-5 290 48 20 6 6 4 264: 38 Bural-6 1,341 331 33 480 190 828 141 Rural-7 504 129 2 89 21 464 106 Urba.n-l • lIS 11 6 US IS Urban-2 • 48 48 Urban--3 • 11 9 " n 9 Urban-4. 38 9 " 34 II 51 TABLE l.ll-ECONOMIC TABLE DI-EMPLOYERS, EMPLOYEES AND INDEPENDENT WORKERS IN INDUSTRIES AND SERVICES BY DIVISIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS-contd. Pel'BOlla following the occupation as Division and Subdivision of Industries Total Employers Employees Independent worke1'll and Servioes Md Tract Males Females ~J.ales J!'emales 'Males Females Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ( Total 79,95~ 34,380 308 28 79,199 33,068 451 1.284 Division I-Mining and Quarry.i. Ruml 73,755 33,481 59 28 73,470 32.194 226 1.259 ing Urbtln 6,203 IHI9 249 5,729 874 225 25 RIll"aI-l 42 1 2 38 2 I Rural-2 149 1 10 139 Rural-3 1 176 30 ., .. 134 ., 42 30 RurBl-4 49,833 27,9911 2:~ 4 41l,80r. 27.1192 5 Rural--5 2:1.445 5,355 34 24 23,4011 4,179 2 1,152 Rural-II 2li 12 8 11 17 1 Rural--7 "Ii !it} 66 12 lU 74 UrbM-l 64 1 55 8 Urban-2, 4,496 693 238 4,082 670 ]76 23 Urban-3 . 231 199 10 1112 197 89 2 Urban-4, 1,412 7 1.410 7 2 . (Total 1,368 1.36H 1· O-Non-metallic mining andi. Rural 2 2 quarrying not otherwise cla.ssi· Urban 1,366 1,366 fied-including milling and qullJ'lj'ing of 8ueh materials Ill! preoioul! and I!6mi'p1'6ciouR stones, asbestos, gypsum, sulphur, asphalt, bitumen Rural-5 2 2 Urban-4. 1,366 1.366 ( 'l'otal 78,092 33,470 306 28 77,539 32,1175 247 467 I·l-Collolmining-Mines prima.~ Ruml 73,377 32,662 59 2H 73,292 32,183 26 Mil rily engaged in the extraction l Urb,m 4,715 HOH 247 4,247 792 221 HI of anthraoite and of RQft coals lIuoh as bitwneuous, sub· bitumellouB and legnioo Rural-l 42 2 38 2 Rural-2 9 8 1 Rural-3 31 30 . , 31 80 Rural-4 49,776 27,996 23 4 41l,748 27,992 I) .. Rural-·.. 5 23,434 4,616 34 24 23,S99 4,174 1 4IH H.ural-O H II I) II 3 Rural--7 77 H 63 6 14 2 Urban-l 63 55 8 Urban-2. 4,423 604 238 4.011 588 174 16 Urbtm-3 . 227 197 Il 179 197 39 Urban-4 . 2 7 2 7 {Total 147 56 9 48 138 8 1· 2-Iron 0l'8 min.ing • Rural 147 1 9 138 1 Urban 55 48 7 RuraJ-2 138 138 1 Rural-4 2 2 Rural-5 7 7 Urban-2. 55 48 '1 I Total 1 1 1· 3-Metal mining except iron Rural 1 1 0l'8 mining l Urban RuraI-6 . 1 1 59 TABLE l.tl-ECONOMIC TABLE m-EMPLOYERS, EMPLOYEES AND INDEPENDENT WORKERS IN INDUSTRIES AND SERVICES BY DIVISIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS-contd. Penrona following t.he oooupllotion aa r-- Division and Subdivision of Industries Total Employers Employees Independent workers and SerViC8ll &lid Tract Males Fem&les Males Fetnalea Males Femalea MM_ F~ 1 2 3 4 5 (I 7 8 9 {Total 5 4 }'4-Crude petroleum and Rurtt! 1 I Naturlil Gas-Oil Wen IWd UrblW 4 1 3 Natural Gas, well opera.tions (int'luding drilling) IWd oil or hitumenous sand operatiollll Rural-4 • Urba.n-I I Urban-3 :1 3 {Total 337 84(1 1 271 39 65 807 1· 5--Stono·qua.rrying, cltl~ IWd Rural 2]1l !HO 158 5 III 805 sand pit~-Extl'lwtion from Urban 118 36 113 34 4- 2 the earth of stone, clay, sand lLnd other matm'ials usod in building or manufacture of I'oment Rural-2 2 2 .. Rural-3 145 103 42 Rural-4 lil 51 Rural--·/i 2 731l 2 I) .. 734 Rural-tl 14 .. 14 RurLll-7 5 71 5 71 Urban-2 73 34 71 34 2 Urban-3 • 1 2 2 Urban-4 • 44 42 2 8 6 {Total 9 7 1· Division 2-Proce88ing and{Total 12,59] 15.627 333 123 4.813 4,438 7,"5 ll,066 Manufaoture-Foodstuffs, Rural 7,262 14,484 157 116 2,639 4,025 4,566 ]0,343 Textil8lil, Leather and Pro- Urban 5,329 1,143 176 7 2,274 413 2,8'79 723 ducts thereof Rural-l . 519 2,299 2 3 105 31G 412 1,981 Rural-2 1.144 1,756 II lli5 469 978 1,287 Rural-3 1,084 2,323 9 577 580 498 1,743 Rural-4 1,076 741 50 26 541 833 484- 382 Rural-5 1,092 1,173 51 I} 472 592 369 575 Rural-6 1,067 3,436 2R 3 369 1,271 670 2,162 Rural-7 1,281 2,756 6 78 320 465 9511 2.218 Urbtm-1 • 2,119 530 62 5 990 261 1,067 270' Ul'ban-2. 569 7"1 19 274 23 276 54 Urban-3 . 1,816 261 78 2 872 137 8615 122 Urban-4. 828 27li 17 138 2 671 278 ~'''~'''''~''It,,;, 63 TABLE 1~11-ECONOMIC TABLE IU-EM)lLOYERS, ~MPLOY_ AND INDEPENl)ENT WORKElJS IN INDUSTRIES AND SERVICES B1" DIVISIONS AND SVBDIVJSIONi-pontd. Pel'llOO8 following the oooupation aa Division aPd S\1bdiviJIion of IndUlltri98 TotaJ ElllployerR Employees Independent workers and ServioeH IUld l'ract Mal68 Females Males Females Males Females Males FemaleR 2 a 4 5 6 7 8 9 158 130 115 {TotSI 26[1 286 16 13 124 2,o...-Food Industriel! otherwise Rural JIl4 264 J2 13 80 156 72 !If) uncl_ified lTrhun 10{) 22 3 44 2 58 20 Rural-l 2 2 Rural-2 30 /) 31 1 10 Rural-3 22 12 " Rural--1 19 79 7 17 11 62 , , 1 P'u,.. i-fi :~ " 2 Rural-6 211 lli4 11 , . 7 132 7 22 Ruml-7 59 28 13 47 7 12 to! Urban-I, 47 2 2 26 19 2 I) 4 Urban-2 . 17 '0 I 17 Urban-3 . 25 4 10 I 14 3 Urban-4. ttl 11 8 8 11 (Total 2.033 13,462 40 49 1.071 3,:196 922 }O,OI7 2.j-Grains >lnd puJ8Il8 ., Rural 1,306 12,712 7 46 725 3,173 574 9,493 LUrhan • 727 750 33 3 346 223 348 524 Ruml-l 207 2,252 70 311 137 1,941 Rural-2 137 1.(152 45 461l 91 1,186 Rural-3 Mlfi 2.2113 455 fi72 110 1.691 Rural-4 78 till 3 7 2(\ 249 49 255 RUl'I\l-fi 60 1,139 2 (I 19 578 311 5(;ti Rural-6 14fl 2.002 3 :l3 692 115 1,1)07 Rural-7 110 2.2\13 30 77 305 3:l 1,9(;i'! Urban-l 417 433 24 3 287 218 lOll 212 Urban-2 • 1!1 47 !J 9 2 1 45 Urban--!l ' III fill {) 37 2 69 64 172 213 Urban-4 0 186 214 1 13 1 (Total 601 335 23 1 419 lin }/)I) 1[)3 2.2-Vegetab!e oil and dairy \._ Rura.l 301) :HO , , 1 176 159 133 lGO produots Urban 292 25 23 243 22 26 3 Rural-l 42 1 41 Rural-2 15 1 10 5 1 Rural-3 21 2 16 5 2 RI.IfflI-4 16 16 Rural-5 72 2 71 1 2 Rural-II 67 18fi 10 141 57 44 Ruml-7 76 12\) 1 52 18 24 101 Urban-I. 55 {\ II 44 4 IS 2 Urban-2 , 114 HI 10 97 16 7 Urban-3 • JJ2 3 II 98 2 8 I Urban-4 . 11 1 4 6 59 10 {Totllol 116 179 2 Hi 55 154 54 154 58 10 2· S-Sugar Intiulltri69 o Rural 114 179 2 15 Urban 2 1 1 Rural-l 1 1 1 Ru.raJ-2 (5 1 3 1 2 Rural-3 13 7 6 1 2 Rural.....-4 3 0' Rura.l-5 33 1 22 10 22 2 Rure.l-6 28 120 " 6 118 Rutal-7 31 57 1 15 15 35 15 7 1 Urban-I 1 " Urban-3 1 1 M TA8LIt.il....J.F;CijNOMl'C TABl,E m.... EMPtO'YERs, EMPLOHa ANI> ~E~ WORKERs tN INDUS'tltIES AND SEltvt~ BY DIVISIONS ANn SU8DIVISlONSkontd. Pel'll01lll following the oooupation M Division and Subdivision of Industri611 Total Employel'l! Employeee Independent workers and BerviOOl! and Tract Males FamBleR Males Females Males Female6 Mal68 Femalli!ll 1 2 3 4 I) 6 7 8 9 {Total 847 W 19 240 14 88 3 2·4-BeveJ'a.ges • Rural 231 14 7 168 9 56 I) Urban 116 I) 12 72 5 32 Rure.l-l II 11 Rural-2 39 3 14 22 Rural-3 II 7 2 RuraI-4 127 14 3 114 II 10 5 Rural-5 45 1 33 11 Urban-l 51 2 31 18 Urban-2 18 1 16 1 Urban-3 31 4 U 15 4 7 Urban-4 16 10 6 {Total 3,438 484 97 20 1,541 :l35 1,8UO 2211 ;to G-Tob80CCO · Rural 1,618 242 50 16 496 102 972 124 Urban l,!J20 242 47 4 1,0M; 133 821:1 105 H.uraI-l Il:.l HI 14- 1 98 15 Rural-2 1:15 1:1 4 13 118 13 Rural--3 222 :ll 8 4t1 I 168 20 ltural-4 III 15 3 3 58 II 50 g Ru1'8l--5 41i3 23 25 26U 10 192 13 Hural-6 ~1:1 7:l 5 43 44 160 29 Rurru-7 242 81 I) 13 56 37 181 31 UrhlUl-I 717 40 11 2 :187 7 319 31 UrblUl-2 132 4 2 118 2 32 2 Urban-3 832 17() 2:l 2 4110 124- 319 50 Urban-4 2aU 2~ 11 70 158 22 fl'otltl 2,7BII 343 6u IB 609 )45 2,1 Hi 180 2· 6--C'otton tflxtilo~ • Hural 2,51:1 :WO 60 18 673 125 1,8~0 167 Urban 276 43 Ii 3() 20 2311 23 Rural-I fj9 H 2 2 68 4. Huml-2 fl30 R3 :.1 lR 2 61G 81 Rural--3 85 4, I .. 4 80 4, HurBJ-4 486 70 3:3 13 284 23 169 34 Rural-5 270 !) 13 27 4, 230 5 Rural-6 :l44 115 10 182 53 If)2 12 Rural--7 620 61 3 5B 41 562 17 Urban-I 41 4:3 2 11 20 28 23 Urban-2 5 , , 5 Urban-3 71 ? 17 62 Urban-4 159 R 150 {Total 1,892 346 65 Ii 521 07 1,306 244 2·7-Wea.rmg apparel (except Rural 701 312 1(\ 5 173 95 512 212 fOOtW61101') and ma.deoup textile Urban l,Hll :H 49 348 2 794 32 goods Rural-l 64 18 1 1 19 4( 17 Rural-2 79 f) I 17 61 is Rural-3 109 23 20 I 89 22 Rural-4 154 12 Ii 2 2H 3 121 7 Rural-5 79 8 ]8 53 Rura.l-6 149 209 1 60 85 88 124 Rural-7 67 4.5 2 11 6 56 37 Urban-l 442 3 15 166 1 261 2 Urban-2 180 4 ;j 31 1 146 3 Urban-a 442 12 2M 133 281 12 Urban-4 127 Hi :1 HI 106 16 55 TABLE I.II-ECONOMIC TABLE m-EMPLOYEItS, EMPWYEES AND INDEPENDENT WORKERS IN INDUSTRIES AND SERVICES BY DIVISIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS~ntd. Persons following the ocoupation as DiviBioll. and Subdivision of Industries Total Employers Employees Independent workers and Services and Tract Males Females Male", Females Ma.les Females Males Females 2 3 4. 5 6 7 8 9 {Tot&l 137 100 1 2 41 45 95 53 2·8-Textile Industries other· Rur&l 71 R7 1 2 29 43 41 42 wiae unolassified Urban 61l 13 12 2 54 11 Rural-l I 2 1 1 Rura.l-2 15 15 Rura.1-3 I) 10 4 6 1 4 Rura.1-4 6 21 1 3 20 2 Rural-5 3 1 2 Rur&l-6 27 28 2 6 25 22 Rul'8l-7 14 ~2() 3 10 11 15 Urhan-l 42 8 34 Urban-2 1 1 Urban-3 III 2 14 Urban--4- 8 12 2 1 6 II {Total UHU n II 192 1.1 771 60 2· 9-Leather, leatber productR Rural 335 1i4 2 65 I) 2(18 55 and footwear Urhan 034 I) 4 127 4. 503 1\ Rural--l 12 12 Rural-2 44 15 29 llural-3 33 0 27 Rural-4 75 HI 4 3 70 16 Rural-5 44 13 30 Rural-6 115 26 39 Rural-7 62 45 1 fJ 61 39 Urban-l 3011 2 30 276 2 Urhan-2 1)0 2:1 67 Urban-3 174 6 4 09 4 101 2 Urban-4 1i4 1 I) 59 1 8,!}55 6,254 {Total :.7,Utl5 8,375 309 52 29,001 2,069 Division 3-·-Processing and Rural )4,408 7,179 0:1 52 7,103 907 7,262 6,220 Manufacture-Metals, Chemi· Urban 23,207 I,11l6 216 21,898 1,162 1,01)3 34 oalB and ProductR thereof Rural-l 470 21 43 102 2 :125 19 Rural-2 394 7 6 1 85 303 6 Rural-3 589 13 4 235 1 350 12 Rural-4 9,tl75 6,(i94 12 40 3,979 520 5,684 6.134 Rur&1-5 2,198 282 4 1 2,088 277 106 4 Rural-6 775 21 10 477 17 283 4, Rural-7 357 141 9 10 137 90 211 41 Urban-l 3,517 23 3.289 117 205 14 Urban-2 9,811 '-}rs· 131 9.243 497 437 8 Urban-3 8,344 55\} 60 7,922 548 362 11 Urban-4 l,63J-- __ .- I 2 1,444 89 1 . 9,351 6,533 129 9 7,451 353 1.771 6,171 3·O-Manufacture of metal pro-{TOtalRural 5,402 6,470 39 9 4,030 303 1,333 6,HS8 ducts otherwise unolaasitied Urban 3,949 63 90 3,421 50 438 13 Rural-l 184 19 26 2 158 17 Rur&1-2 314 4 5 41 268 3 Rural-3 505 13 4 176 1 325 12 Rural-4 2.234 6.100 8 1 2,123 7 103 6,01l2 Rura1-5 1,336 251 3 1 1,272 246 61 Rur&l-6 596 1 15 360 231 "'1 Rural-7 233 82 4 6 42 47 187 29 Urba.n-l 271 23 16 132 11 123 12 Urban-2 3,492 59 3.237 196 Urban-3 lIi 39 13 38 39 60 Urban-4 75 1 2 14 59 1 &6 TABLE l.ll-ECONOMIC TABLE m-EMPLOYERS, EMPLOYEES AND INDEPENDENT WORKERS IN INDUSTRIES AND SERVICES BY DIVISIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS-contd. Porsons followmg the occupation as DIVISion and BubdlVlllIon of Industrlefl Total Employem Employees Independent workeftl and SeI'Vl(J(lR and Tract ,- Males Females Malo~ Females Males Females Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {Total 10,744 1,641 12 10,519 1.578 213 65 3 I-Iron and bteel (BBI!lC Rural 1.91:19 632 ..l 1,97fl 51:12 II 50 Manufaoture)-ManufaC'turo of Urban 8.755 1,011 ]0 8.543 996 202 15 Iron and steol, mcludmg a.1l processes BuC'h 1111 smeltmg and refinmg, rollmg and drawmg, and alloymg and the manufaoture of castmg", forgmgs and other basIC forms of forrouA motals Rural-2 R 3 8 3 Rural-4 1,190 554 1 1,171) 5LJ 10 42 Rura.I-5 685 29 1 ()!l4 29 Eural-O 8'l 20 R.l 17 I 3 Ruro.l-7 .!3 2b 2'l U 2 Urhan-l 2,013 97 1,979 97 34 Urho.n-.l 301 402 JOI 3117 IS Urhan-J 6,418 5Ll 10 n• .!61 502 147 10 Urban--4 2J 2 21 {1ntal 2,232 16 .!,163 (,3 'j ..I-NOli }lOITOUH MelalR (Ba91(' Ruml ManufactuTo)-Smeltmg Itn {Total 8,Il18 II Ii 120 7,O,n 108 597 7 3 3-'J'ranRport EqUlpm('nt • Rural 513 ,{ 45 254 I 234 2 Urban 8,105 liZ 75 7,6t.7 107 363 6 Rural-l 270 ..I 43 75 152 2 Rural-2 47 J 17 29 Rural-3 39 17 22 Rural-4 78 112 1 15 Rural-I> 97 83 14 RuraJ-B 2 2 Urban-l 1,1RS 8 4 1,146 I) 33 2 Urban-2 5,986 101 69 6,677 98 240 3 Urban-S 578 3 2 493 3 83 Urban-4 358 351 7 6,056 I) 22 I) 5,034 3, 4--Electrlcal m8.C'hmery, al:,pa {TotalRural 5,0':17 7 5,030 ratus, apphanoea and 8Upp Jes Urban 19 5 15 /) 4. Rural-4 6,001 1 5,000 Rural-5 31 1 30 Rural-6 3 3 Rural-7 2 2 Urban-l 9 3 I) 3 4. Urb&n-2 2 2 Urban-3 10 10 57 8 TABLE l.ll-ECONOMIC TABLE In-EMPLOYERS, EMPLOYEES AND INDEPENDENT WORKERS IN INDUSTRIES AND SERVICES BY DIVISIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS -contd. Persons following the occupation as Division and SubdIVIsIOn of IndustrIes l'ota.! Employors Employeea Independent workers and ServIces and Tract, MaJeR Females Males Females Males FemaJes Males Females 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {Totut 71}4 40 12 311 7411 9 36 I 3'5-Maclunery (other than Rural 782 48 2 :nl 746 S 34 1 electncal machmory) mctudmg Urban 12 I ]0 1 2 Engmoormg WorkRhopH Rural-2 23 17 6 Rura.!-3 45 42 3 Rural-4 l'i711 311 39 572 :1 Rural-5 40 2 40 2 Rural-6 34 21\ fi RuraJ-7 64 7 47 h Ib Urban-l 2 2 Urban-3 10 10 {Total 636 au 59h fl- 6--B8I!IO Industria.! ChelUI!'8ls, Rural 631 39 591 Fortlllsers and Power Alcohol Urban 5 5 Ruro.l-l 1 1 Rur81-2 1 I Uural-4 579 ;jO iJ4.H Rura.!-5 7 7 Hural-(\ 43 43 Urban-a 3 :1 Urhan-4 2 2 {Total 7 2 {j 3- 7-Me~1I('aland Pharrnac("utl- Rllra1 7 2 5 ca.! l'reparatlOlls Urban 1 I Hura.!-4 4 4 Rural-7 3 2 1 Urban-3 {Total 207 29 19 4 138 16 50 9 3·8-:Manufacture of chemIcal Rural 77 26 .. 4 49 13 24 II products other'Wlfie uncl8l!81fioQ. Urban 130 3 15 89 :I 26 Rural-l 15 15 lturaJ-2 1 1 RuraJ-4 13 12 1 Uural-5 .2 1 1 Rural-6 14 14 Rural-7 32 26 4 4 21 13 7 9 Urban-l 89 3 27 II Urban-2 82 3 28 1 Urban-3 54 3 II 29 3 16 Urban-4 5 Ii 58 TABLE l.ll-ECONOMIC TABLE m-EMPLOYERS, EMPLOYEES AND INDEPENDENT WORKERS IN INDUSTRIES AND SERVICES BY DIVISIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS-contd. Pel'80llB following the occupation as Division anc,l SubQivision of In~u8trie~ Total Eroployol'8 Employees Independent workers and ServiceR and Trtl. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {Tot"! 13.270 1.635 1~4 20 7.241 776 5,845 839 Division 4-Pro('eA~illg ancJ Ma. Rural. 10.525 1.420 Il5 19 5.007 (167 4,GOS 734 Ilufucture-Not f11'«lwhere Urban. 2,745 215 tlll 1 1,334 lOll 1,342 105 speeifi04 Rura.l·-l 1,248 396 17 898 329 333 67 Rural-2 6118 165 2 3 154 22 542 140 Rural-3 5iH 107 6 119 53 456 54 Rural-4 1,t!S:i 2S 1,116 739 Hural-5 3,541} 20 2,796 .. 733 Rural-tl 1,572 277 27 614 204 1131 73 Rural-7 1l1l4 475 15 lfJ 210 51l 701l 400 Urhan-I 1,417 87 30 720 42 667 44 Urhan-2 376 III 17 225 13 184 6 Urban-3 626 60 9 336 52 282 8 Urban-4 :126 49 13 54 2 259 47 (Total . 1,204- 240 32 9 235 6) 1137 170 4· O--ManufBl'turing IndllHtdos i_ Rural . 857 15H 17 H 115 22 721) 12!j oll,orwiKo ullf'Iu,HHified Urhun . 347 So) Iii I 120 :19 212 42 RW'IlI-1 37 3 7 13 17 3 Hllral-2 8 :1 8 3 Ruru,l-:I 41> 4 2 8 36 4 Rura,l-4 :n3 2 15 356 Rural-Ii Il~ 20 7M HUI'Il.I-t> 114 7 5 18 7 III Rurltl--7 ltU 141 1 8 41 15 139 118 llrbun-· I 160 5~ (I 61 37 93 20 Urhall-2 29 3 lioi 8 Urbllll-:~ 107 2 3 3"~ 2 72 Urhull-4 51 22 8 9 39 22 {Total . Hi 14 4·1- -l'l'oduets of Petroleum and Hur"1 • .. Coal Urhan . lfi 14 Ul'ban-l 1:1 13 Urhan-3 2 1 {Total. 4,147 U53 :1M 3,434 r.lil 675 102 4·2-·BrickH, til(1s uut! other Rural. 3,604 o:m 34 a,O(io 538 Mill 101 structural clay prOdUl'tB Ul'IJan . 45:1 14 3(19 13 tit;> 1 Rural-I 745 3:11) 10" 729 a23 H 12 HUl'al--·2 310 (Ill lOll 22 201 44 Hurul-:I 7 4~ 7 44 4 Rurul- -4 1,021-1 1M 045 65 Rural--5 7(i4 I 746 17 Rural ~f) 720 190 Ii 4!!O 140 2fj[j 41 Rural- ·7 120 {l0 21 Urban-l 30~ .. a 2S5 17 Urban--2 84 11 62 11 22 Urban-3 52 14 .. 3M Urban--4 12 :I IS 2 3 1 {Total • 282 1 2S1 4.3--Cement-Cemeutpipesand Rural. 1 I other cement products-Mauu. Urban.' 2~1 21lt facture of oement, cement pipes and oement concrete products Rural-5 1 1 Urba.n-l 281 281 69 TABLE l.tl-ECONOMIC TABLE m-EMPLOVERS, EMPLOYEES AND INDEPENDENT WORKERS IN INDUSTRIES AND SERVICES BY DIVISIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS '-contd. PersollB following the occupation as Division and Subdivision of I nduRtrios Total Employers Employees 1llo;lepen4ent workers and Servioos and Tract Males Femalet! Males Females-- Males Females Mlloles Femalea 2 3 4 5 6 7 I! 9 {Total 1,::108 268 :I:~ 317 82 1,018 1811 4·4-Non-metalli,' mineral pro- Rural 1,005 218 ~o 138 41 H47 176 ductll lJ rban 3U:I 50 13 179 41 171 I.l Rural-I 77 25 H 69 24 Rural---2 10] :1 3 98 3 Rural-3 48 15 5 2 43 13 RUI'BI--4 lll6 5 41) 132 Rural- ·5 11)1 15 (,1'. . . Illi Rursl-- ti 153 49 10 27 143 22 Rural--7 249 l:W Il II 241 114 Urban -1 74 5 2g 411 5 Urhwl- 2 102 1 ] I 23 I fil! Urban- 3 152 43 117 40 31i :I Urb8ll- 4 35 1 2 II 22 1 {Total 13 1:1 {,fj-Rubber produ(,ts . Rural 11 II Urbafl 2 2 Rural-- I 11 11 Urban--l 2 2 {Total a,80S ·t30 47 7 !Jr.7 57 2,804 31lti 4·!_Wood and wood products Hural 2,S:m 371l :10 7 [>10 47 2,2!l\1 316 other than furniture Bnd fix- UrhQll IUlIl flO J7 447 10 505 [iO 'Juras Rural-- I 243 :1:1 2 Ii 241 28 Rural-- 2 26~ 89 2 17 233 89 Rural--;i 47!J 40 4 \19 7 :176 :13 Rural---4 27() :1 IlS 17H !tural- -5 n3l! 4 117 511 Rural- 6 57!; 31 17 150 21 {II 10 Hural-7 ::lilG 177 7 :17 14 :14R lfi6 Urba.n--I 4liS 24 10 2G2 Ii 111(; 1!J Urba.n-2 117 7 2 HI I 34 {) Urban~:1 2]4 () 2 1.16 4 Iln 2 Urban--4 180 23 :I 18 151l 23 {Total 17G 13 1 3 146 21l 10 .·7-Furniture al:ld fixtures Huml 151 J::I :I 139 12 10 ('rhull 24 7 16 Rural-·-l 128 128 Hural-2 1 ::1 3 I Rural---4 14 10 4 Rural-7 8 10 8 10 Urban-- I 12 I 11 UrLall- 2 9 6 2 Orban- 3 1 1 Urball- 4 2 2 {'1'otaJ 1,047 7 2 1,932 {) 13 2 4·8- Paper and paper products Rural 1,869 1,854 (j Urban 88 7 2 78 I) 8 2 Rural-4 10 9 I Rural-li 1,8411 1,846 4 Urban-l 33 2 27 Urban- 3 66 7 61 5 •4 2 60 TABLE l.ll-ECONOMIC TABLE m-EMPLOYERS, EMPLOYEES AND INDEPENDENT WORKERS IN INDUSTRIES AND SERVICES BY DIVISIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS --contd. Persona followmg-----A. the ______oooupation as """\ r-- DivlIJlon and SubdiVISion of IndustrIes Total Employma EmployooB Independont wOJKel8 and Services and Traot ---., Males ll'emales Males }o'emales Malee Females MaleM }<'omal(lB 1 2 :I 4- 1\ H 7 H !} {Tott\J 311 24 31 2Uli 2(1 71\ l 4 "-Pnntmg and Allied Indus Rural 108 2..! 14 74 10 20 '{ tries U rbal1 203 2 17 l:ll ) !\ii J Rural-l 7 7 Rural- 2 211 24 2 Rural- :1 1 I Rural-4 2 2 Rural-a 14 12 2 Rural 6 7 li 1 H.ural-7 Ii) 21 14 2') 1'1 12 2 Urbal1-1 79 II hi II Ulban-2 35 3G Urban 3 43 2 4 24 In Urban-4 46 4 H ;{4 {Total 41,047 5,2711 :1,421 2hZ 10.H84- l,a'i" 211,742 3,0'18 DIVISIOn 6 -Commerce • Rural 21,SH3 3,il% 1.710 247 o,!)71 I,Hjll 1.,110\2 2,IlS!) Urban 19,184 1,284 1,711 Hi 4,91:1 200 12,nflO I,OtH) HurnJ- I I,H9!! 2112 11 h H43 :10 1,243 220 RUlal -2 2,) 12 82 70 '! (l7fl 4 1,:lnl:\ 7fl RUl8.I- 3 2,0 Urb8.n-1 4.7M 387 7'i:1 1,202 '~ 2,7!l9 384 Urban 2 :1,049 In 121 4 84h :lH 2,Oii2 133 Urball-I 7,868 40..! tlt!) S 1,80H Ion 1i,'I79 2114 Urban 4 3,51.1 .122 I 51.! a Lom 01 2.l00 2111{ {Total 11,955 IHI ) ,:1!l3 VI 3,387 4I1 7,170 4'11 6·0 RetaIl trndo otherWise un· RUIal 5,774 7 III 71.12 (d J ,mil l Rural-l 35 11 I II 2:1 11 Rural-2 134 I 4- W 114 ] Rural- 3 416 1>0 21l 4 120 14 268 42 Rural-4 2,077 )20 047 2 711 12 IlIU lUi RUlal- 5 513 107 111 24 114 12 288 71 Ru1'8.1- (I 1,8Sa '104 HI 13 31)'; 2S1 1,437 70 Rural-7 721 89 20 20 ..!4J 20 4hO 4:1 Ulban-l 1,749 '10 321 44'l 1l8!\ 30 Urban-2 8il7 HI oil 3.11 510 III Ulbau-:l 2,~H9 HI 11111 2 MS 5() 1,692 23 Urban-4 1,111 20 55 477 12 679 11 6· 1-Retail trade In foodstuffs {Total I9.42() 3,230 1,004 150 4,844 586 13,07!l 2.494 (moludmg beveragelil and uar· Rural 10,630 2,432 OHII 142 3,012 4H7 Il,!!!!'! 1,803 cotlCS) Urbo.u 8,196 79S tHo 8 I,H32 09 6,141.1 Oil I Rural- 1 1,01\3 201 I) 3411 IS 703 177 Rural- 2 1,168 H 42 387 nil H Rural- 3 1,464 I:lll 80 1 415 2 !J611 133 Rural-4 2,872 524 270 26 1,075 117 1,1122 431 Rural-5 1,603 272 181 28 419 46 1,00.1 198 Rural-II 1,403 7l:!0 75 40 169 318 1,IUG 422 Rural-7 1,007 511 l'I5 41 198 30 834 434 Urban-l 1,848 204 261 367 2 1,220 202 Urban-2 1,419 129 51 3 345 33 1,023 93 Urban-3 3,91H 207 439 4 750 211 2,7~7 234 Urban-4 1,538 19~ 64 1 365 35 1,109 162 61 TABLE l.ll-ECONOMIC TABLE m-EMPLOYERS, EMPLOYEES AND INDEPENDENT WORKERS IN INDUSTRIES AND SERVICES BY DIVISIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS-contd. Persons following the oocupation os ,...--- Division and Subdivision of Industries Total Employers Employees Independent workers and Rervioes and Tract Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females 2 3 4 I) 6 7 8 I) {Total HOG 637 07 22 244 235 504 880 6· 2 Hctail trade in fuel (includ. RursJ 2Hli 453 16 22 76 219 203 212 ing petrol) Urban 510 11)4 41 HiS 16 301 168 Rural- I Ii /} 4 7 5 Ruro.l-2 27 5 15 12 5 Rural- 3 40 19 2 11 :! 27 17 Rural-4 44 22 :~ 11 5 30 17 Rural- 5 57 77 !; 9 10 I 34 (;7 Rural-I; oS 273 3 U 10 201 4fi 6:1 Ruro.l- 7 58 52 4 10 10 48 3K UrLan- 1 117 73 12 22 83 73 Urbo.ll- 2 40 4 1 14 1 2fi 3 lTrban-- 3 224 2u 18 111 10 95 HI Urban- 4 129 78 10 21 I) 98 7:l {Total 2,750 101 159 10 703 14 1,888 77 n· 3-Rfltail trad\1 ill textile RUI al !l48 4fi 47 7 213 0 (188 3:1 and loather goods-Retail Urho.n 1,1'0:02 fill 112 :I 490 \I 1,200 H tradfl (inoluding hawkers and ~treot.vendol'H) in pioce ~OOdB' wool, cotton, silk, all, wearing apparel, made· up textile goods, skill. leather, furH, fenthers, etf'. H.ural-l 25 4 4 S :I 1:) Rural -2 12<1 5 27 94 l~ural--·3 103 9 3 25 7f) II Rural -·4 2S!) 11 11 2 89 2 ISH 7 :kural -5 l70 1 IS 20 127 I Rural - (I 120 12 (I 3 18 105 II Huro.l--·7 10(1 8 2 21 tl5 (I UrLan--1 419 III 114 laS 217 III Urhan-- 2 322 14 /) 58 2 2110 11 Urball-3 753 10 20 In4 539 10 Urban-~ 4 30~ 13 23 2 100 7 185 4 {TotUI 2,033 152 117 4 513 17 l,n03 J31 (i '4- Wholesale trade in food· Rural J ,788 111 nJ 2 382 17 1,345 92 stutTs--Wholeaale dealers ill VrLuo 745 41 U6 2 131 558 39 grians and pulses, sweet· lOeats, sugar lmd spices ; dairy products, eggs and poultry t animals fOf food, fodder for animals, other foodstuffs, wholesale dealerll in toLacC'o, opimn and ganja Rural-··} 260 29 27 2 229 27 Rural--2 301 G7 24 2 106 4 82 51 Rural- 3 43 10 4" 2 4 37 (I Rural-~··" 276 15 100 161 Rural--5 44 15 2 26 7 16 8 Rural-6 680 12 21 647 Rural-7 184 11 173 Urban-l 244 35 63 95 96 35 Urban--2 144 2 1 10 183 2 Urban-3 68 4- 2 2 2 64 2 Urban-4 289 24 266 62 TABLE I.II-ECONOMIC TABLE m-EMPLOYERS, EMPLOYEES AND INDEPENDENT WORKERS IN INDUSTRIES AND SERVICES BY DIVISIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS-Contd. Persons following the ocllupation M ...... Division and Subdivision of Industries Total Employers Employees Indepell(:it>ult workera and Servioes and Tract Males Females Males 'Females Males }<'omales Maloe Females 2 ;) 4 5 II 7 8 H {Totlll 2,38(1 140 1311 9 7111 14 1,:'134 ] J7 6 oS-Wholesale trade in com· Rural 1,883 111 104 (I 1",42 14 1,237 Si! moditiee othOl than foodstuffs Urban 503 20 32 174 297 29 Rural-l 455 10 3 223 7 220 :J Rural-2 33 11 1 4 2/1 10 Rural- 3 17 4 1.7 4 RuraJ--4 Ili4 II 4 1:16 (, U 1 Huml--5 174 IW 20 8 34 2 120 70 Rural-II fJ65 48 Il:l 424 Rural-7 471\ 28 52 :lOr. Ul'ban- -1 lOll II HI III 74 {I llrban- :! 179 ·1 tl HZ OJ 4 Urban---3 162 II 10 fiR 0,' (\ Urban-4 53 10 15 :1101 J() (\ ffotal 3:13 3 a:J3 2 t).() -HettI g~tate-House and l{ural :!i\S Rural-2 2li3 28:1 }{ural--·4 2 2 Rural-Ii 2 2 2 2 Hural-6 2 1 Urban--l 211 2\) Uruan-2 14 14 Urban-a Ii () {Total . 19t1 76 3 l!lfl Hil 64 10 6'7 --Insurance--Inl!urance oar- Rural 71 67 1 48 65 22 2 riors and all kinds of Urban 125 9 2 81 1 42 )oj inauranC'e agents and othOl perSOIl8 connected with insurance busw6I!B Rural-l 2 2 Rural-2 12 7 f. Rural- 4 21 16 5 Rural-5 4 3 1 Rural-6 13 511 7 iill I) Rural-7 21 6 15 I) I) Urban-l 45 8 18 27 7 Urblldl-2 4 1 2 2 1 Urban-3 59 55 4 Urban-4 17 2 f) I} 63 TABLE l.lt-ECONOMIC TABLE m-EMPLOYERS, EMPLOYEES AND INDEPENDENT WORKERS IN INDUSTRIES AND SERVICES BY DIVISIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS-contd. Persons following..__ the ocoupa.tion 88 ---. Division and Subdivision of Industri('s Total Employers. l~mployeell Independent workt"rB and Services and Tract Males' Females Malos Females M11.108 Females Males Fema.les 1 2 3 4 6 7 9 ') 2il3 14- Total 6()3 211 .5~ 1 348 11 6.H--Molleylending, hanking Rural 184 II 1 120 4- (14- 4- { and other financial bURineRB Urban 4711 17 52 228 7 199 10 -Ofikera, employees of joint stock banks and co-operative bank!!. MununB, agents or employees of indigenous ban- king firms, indiviuUEII money- lendors. eX('hangers and eX('hange agentl<, n,oney uhnn- gera and brokers and their agents RlIrt~l- ) GO 21 39 Itlll'al 2 28 27 1 Rural--3 1:~ 2 11 2 I Rural- 4 li7 42 If) 1 Hural 6 6 4 2 H.ural-H 8 :1 II 2 3 Rural-7 12 3 10 1 2 2 138 UrhltlL I 194- 2t1 100 Urhall - 2 :1() I 4- 25 Ul'bnll 3 187 2:l 75 5 811 Urbau,-4 tl8 2 4!) 2 17 ,Total 18,1811 1,40] 14(; 3 15.9!H 1,324- 2,002 74 Storage~ Ruml 7,(;711 1,178 an ) H,R77 1,122 763 55 Division 7 - Tranflport, HI and Communioations LUrhall 10,510 223 1()7 2 !l,104- 202 1,299 :l33 HI 3 272 I) 5S 7 RUTa\-1 2 Itural-- 2 4(\4- 1:1 I 4-211 II :14 3 (J(iZ 20 1113 In 40 1 Rurltl 6 Hllral--4- a,Ii!)1) !172 2U 3,213 966 3:W {l 2 Rural--'r, 1,1107 il3 1,1'\29 51 69 31i tI 407 (i4- 281 29 Wi Rural- 2 Rural- 7 337 40 II 240 37 III 1,7RI) 24- 31 I,Ofj:~ 19 705 4- Urban--l 2 Urhan- 2 I.58(} !l5 7 1,405 53 174- Urban--3 fi,7R3 1:17 67 6,495 125 221 11 2 Urban-4 352 7 2 151 Ii 199 377 8 189 1 {Total lit17 II 1 7 'O-Transport, and oommuni- Rural 236 I 216 20 1 cat,ions otherwise ullcl888ifiod Urban 331 8 161 8 169 Slid incident,al servioes 201 200 1 RUfal--4 1 Rural-Ii 1 Rural-6 3/) 16 19 Urban-l 170 1 42 127 Urban- --2 161 8 119 8 42 64 TABLE l.ll-ECONOMIC TABLE DJ-EMPLOYDS, EMPLO~ AND INDEPENDENT WORKERS IN INDUSTRIES AND SERVJCES BY DMSIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS-contd. Persona following the oooupa.tion as Division and Subdivision oflndunl'ie!l TotAl Employers Employee. Independent. workers and Services and Tract ,----.."------, --. ,--___..____, ,.-----"------, Males FemaleLI Males Females Males Female!! Males FelMlee 2 3 4- 6 (I 7 8 9 14f) 3,060 972 1,785 60 {Total 4,940 1,035 :I 7 'I--Transport by 1000- Rural 2,062 Dfi4 31l 1 1,373 912 6fiO 41 Owners, managers and ero· Urban 2,878 81 106 2 1,687 60 1,086 19 ployees oonnected with mecha- nically driven and other vehicles (exoluding domestio servant) palki, eto., bearers and owners, pack elephaut, oamel, mule, ass and bullock owners and drivers, porters and messengers, persons en- gaged in road transport not otherwiBll classified, inoludiJlg freight transport by road, the operatio I of fixed facilitios for road trallsport suoh 811 toll roads, highway hridgefl, terminals and parking faoi1itio~ H2 3 !IS 7 Ruml-- 1 143 10 3 72 3 1 49 1 22 2 Uural- 2 55 3 4101 I Rural----3 103 4 864 870 20 50!} 1164 3:J5 6 Hural 4 61i:l 16 69 1 Ruml-5 631 16 9 143 47 98 24 50 23 lturnl ~ 6 1 32 2 6B J RUl'al-7 lOll 4 6 9M 16 30 1 358 11 567 Urban-·--I 252 17 132 •2 Urbsll-- 2 391 19 7 l,21l6 41 67 1 1.OH' 29 214 11 Urbo.n--3 62 3 172 2 Urban--4 23(1 .5 2 251 72 121 65 130 7 rfot&1 171 70 86 63 85 7 7.2--Trallsport by wator-- Rural 35 2 45 Owners and employees, Urban SO 2 officers, marinere, etc., of ships plying OIl tho high seas, ShipR and boats plying on inland and coastal wat.'lrB, persons employed in harbour~, do('_ks, rivers and canals, llloludmg pilots, ship brokers II 1\ Rural-l 7 12 Rural--2 HI 4 3 1 Rural-3 38 38 Rural-4 6 66 8 17 2 40 Rural--6 24 53 23 23 1 Rural--7 76 12 2 1 2 11 Urban--l 2 Urban-2 2 19 12 7 Urbllll-3 20 27 Urbllll-4 47 6 142 8 6 {Total 150 S 6 149 6 141 7. a - Transr,rt by Air-·-PersouB Rural I ooncerne with airfield I! and Urban 1 airoraft other than construo- tion of airfields IIdld airports 2 Rural-l 2 4 Rural-a 9 9 " (I 6 Rural-4 134 (\ 126 Rural-6 1 Urban-l 1 65 9 TABLE l.ll-ECONOMIC TABLE Hl-EMPLOYERS, EMPLOYEES AND INDEPENDENT WORDltS IN INDUSTRIES AND SERVICES BY. DIVISIONS AND SUBDIV1SIONS-OOntd. Pereous following the oocupation &8 Division Slid Subdivision of Industries Total Employers Employees Independent workers and Services and '['I'&ot Males Females Malos Females Malee Females Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I} Total 12,21H 2711 12,281 279 7'4- -Railway trallsportr-Rail. Rural 5,0111 147 5,061 147 way employees of all kinde ex· { Urban 7,220 132 7,220 132 cept those employed on con· struction works Rural-l IH2 6 182 II Rural - 2 37:l 10 a73 10 Rural-3 651 16 1151 16 Rurai--4 2,495 M 2,4115 tJ4 RUl'al-5 1,276 36 1,276 36 H.ul'al- -6 21) a 2[1 3 Rural--7 155 12 IIl5 12 Urban 1 651 fI 651 G Urball-~2 1,0:12 28 I,O:J2 28 UrhaJl~-3 il,40S 116 5,468 \Hl Urban-4 (1) 2 Ill) 2 {Total 1l,!l24 1,547 61 21 9,:{tW 1,11{0 2,.'\03 :1:l7 Division 5-Collstruction and Rural 7,431 1{48 :16 It; (I,aoo 5ill I,OS(I 281 Utilitios Urban 4,411:~ (HIli 25 5 3,051 638 1,4.17 Gr. Rural-I HOO 22 75K 10 42 12 HurBl-2 4.26 02 244 40 1HZ G2 Rural- 3 272 1 220 li2 1 Rural--4 3,:l27 302 13 2,803 297 GIl 5 Rural~-5 2,080 - - 12 1,1l77 HI6 Rural--fI 404 1:10 11 II 3::11 124 62 Rural- 7 117 301 10 76 80 41 211 Urban - 1 1,340 180 17 5 OIl 154 412 21 Urbau---2 1,184 14:J 1,030 143 1;)4 Urbau--g 1,348 309 :I 810 2!Ja 535 16 Urban-4 621 67 r; 300 4H 3111 III [1',\\1 , / {Total . 2,548 209 7 1,973 159 568 50 5 '(}-Construotion and mainten· Rural . 2,212 116 7 1,973 70 232 46 "moe of works-otherwise un· Urban"_ 336 93 89 336 4 classified Rural--l 1 1 Rural-2 34 86 2 40 32 46 Rural--3 .2 .2 Rutal-4 1,223 23 1,099 .23 1.20 Rural-5 929 • 840 80 Rurt.l--6 20 :I 17 Rutal-··7 4 6 4 6 Urban-l 78 13 13 78 Urba.n- 3 159 80 76 169 4. Urban-4 99 •• j 99 66 TABLE I.lt-ECONOMIC TA1lUt m-EMPLOYERS, EMPLOYEES AND INDEPENDENT WORKERS IN INDUSTIUES AND SERVICES BY DIVISIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS.....-.contd. l'er80lls following the occupation all Division and Subdlvi8ion of IndWitries Total Employelll Employeee Indtlpe1ldent workers and Services and Tract ,--"----. Males }I'ema.les Ma.les Female!! Males }i'ema.les Males Femalt1l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {Total :J,885 565 40 2,227 383 1,618 182 1)·1 COllstructlon and malllten - Rural 2,142 389 20 1,361 2Ml 771 131 ance- BUlldmgs Urban 1,743 176 ~O 876 125 847 1>1 Rural-l 143 18 101 6 42 12 Rural 2 158 /) 4.6 112 /) Rural- 3 98 1 46 52 1 Rural 4 962 23(1 2 (HO 231 360 5 Rural l'i 523 12 !lUll 112 Hural- fi 190 Il 122 U2 Rural 7 11M 12\1 27 21 4) lOS Urhan- 1 1)7(1 21) 14 281 4 2SI 21 Urban-2 490 9,') 3S:J 95 107 Urhan :J 487 2!J 3 154 Hi 330 11 Urball-4 1110 27 :l 58 Ii 129 19 {Total 1,203 H)(l 6 HI 1,100 77 97 103 5 2--(.'olllltruchon and main- Rural 1,141 Ill3 II HI 1,m-m 74 tiO 103 tenltnC'o - Hoads, Bridges and U rball hi! :l II) :1 47 otlwr Traf18port W 01 k~ Rural 1 M2 652 ltural-2 Hi!! Illl 37 Rural 3 114 1\4 Rural 4 21)5 (l 24(:1 1:1 Hursl r. 14 14 Rural-6 65 II I)!J Rural 7 Ill!! 10 If) 103 Urban--} :11 11 11 :n Urban II 1 Urban-3 18 II HI Urban -4 12 12 {'rotal 27 27 o· 3- ('onstructlon and main- Rural tenaU('ll --Telegraph and Tc-le- Urban 27 27 phone Lines Urban- 1 (i II U 1'\)11.1\--- 2 11 11 Urban 3 )0 10 {Total 691 I) 5 1196 II ttl 1I'4--Constructlon a.lld roam- Rural 3ti I) 35 II ten811ce opera.tlOl1s--Irrlgll' Urban Hti6 ti 560 IH tion and other a.grlcultural work. Rural-a 26 26 RUl'a.l- " 2 2 Rural-IS 7 7 RUl'al-7 9 II Urbe.n--l 445 a 431 11 Urban-4 211 2 129 80 6'/ TABLE I.II-ECONOMIC TABLE m..... DIPLOnR8, EMPLOY£BS AND INDEPENDENT WORKBRS IN INDtJS'I'IUES AND SERVICES BY DIVISIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS-contcL Persons following the oocupation as Division and Subdivision of Industrial! Total Employers Employees Independent workers and Services and Trat·t, r----"-----. r- ,....~ ...... , Males Females Males Females Male~ FemalfU Males Females 1 2 3 4 Ii II 7 8 9 {Total 1,392 6 2 1,349 Ii 41 6' lj-Worksan {'rotal 25 1 19 5 5 ·6----Works aud Servioes-- Rural 7 I (I Domest,io and J ndustrill.l water U rhan 18 1:1 Ii supply Rural--4 7 Ii lTrhan-4 18 }:l fi {Total 879 445 !l35 443 44 2 fi-7--Sauitary Works and Ser- Rural 26M 411 20;1 48 r\ 1 vice_Including scavengers Urhan 611 396 1)72 :J95 311 I Rural--l 3 3 Rural-2 9 8 Rural--!l 11 II Uural- 4 122 43 122 43 Rural--Ii 121 117 4 Rural-7 2 4 2 4 Urban-l 01 lli..... · 44 114 7 Urban--2 18i 42 179 42 /j Uroon----3 330 200 308 I jll) 22 Urhan--4- 4-6 4-0 41 40 0 {Total 50 25 5 11 20 39 7 ·5-Storage and Wa.rehousing-· Rural 11 11 The operation of stora.ge Urban 39 25 0 20 39 facilities lIuch as warehouse8. cold storage, su,fe deposits when such storage is offered as an independent service Rural--5 11 11 Urban-l 25 I) 20 Urban--2 39 39 {Total 765 91 765 91 '1·&-Postal Services . Rural 484 91 484 91 Urban 281 281 Rural-l 2 2 2 2 Rural--2 69 611 Rural-3 70 70 Rural--4 54 54 Rural-Ii 64 64 RureJ--6 182 64 182 64 Rura1-7 43 25 43 25 Urban-l 108 lOS Urban-2 34 34 Urban--S 102 102 Urban__" _'7 37 68 TABLE Lil-BCGNOMIC TAIBIJ£ III-EMPL01RRS" BMPtOYERS AND INDEPENDENT WORKERS IN INDUSTRIES AND SERVICES BY DIVISIONS AND SVBDfVISIONS~. 'PerSOI\B folloWlu.g the oooup6tion lJII DivillOIl and SubdlvlslOn of Industrlllil Tota.l Employers Employees Independent workers and Services and 1'raot M.ales Femalos Males Females Males J<'emales Malea Femalea 2 3 4 Ii (I 7 II 9 Total 60 110 1 7 ·7 - 'releglltph Rerv lOe8 Rura.l 10 { 10 1 Urban 50 50 Rural :1 1 1 Rur~l 4 7 7 Rura.I-- 5 2 2 Rural- II Urhan-J 2 2 Urban-2 31 031 Urha.n '1 11 11 Urban-4 6 6 rotal 399 399 7 8 - Telephono ~{1rvlCei.l . Hural .118 { 31H Urban ill 81 Ruml 4 2 2 Hural ,'i 'HI! 310 1.Jrban---1 20 20 UrbflJt·- 2 K 8 Ulhan-,I 40 4(1 Urhnn 4 7 7 {Total 17,70.l 2,204 IfIR R 15,1152 1,527 1.883 669 DJ\ tSIOn R Health, Edu HUflt1 1 468 Oli 2 39:l 26 75 37 Rural-2 1)65 92 10 ROn 3:1 149 09 Rural-3 1,686 100 1 l,r.Ol 47 183 53 RUlal- 4 9H4 380 1 ~48 350 ISIS 30 Hural {) 6,017 1),1)05 III Rural-tl 1,311 697 101) tJllfol 417 504 260 Rural 7 8S4 290 712 160 172 1211 Urban 1 2,410 IIl9 3h + 2,OKB 152 286 43 Urban--2 76!) 76 725 08 44 8 Urban- :I 1,1:11 laO II 1,003 173 122 37 Urbo.n-4 1,078 {Iii r. 972 IH JOI 13 {Total 2,~'ijO 883 163 8 882 31)4 1,280 1i21 8-1 Medical and other Health Rural 1,316 626 11(1 3 43tl 1117 763 426 ServIces Urban 90r> 257 47 6 446 167 472 91) Rural-l 102 tJO 2 74 21 28 37 Rural-2 202 75 10 64 17 12M 58 Rural-3 198 81 1 .4 29 183 52 Rural--4 172 67 56 105 18 Rural-Ii 174 84 gO Rural-6 309 172" 105 87 29 117 143 Rural-7 1118 164 1 46 45 112 118 Urban-l 453 l~~ 36 4 l'61 81 2/.16 43 Urban--2 133 29 110 23 23 6 Urban-a 207 ft~ 6 92 36 109 33 Urban___" 172 31 5 83 17 84 13 69 TABLE l.lt-ECONOMIC TABLE IJI..-.EMPLOYERS, EMPLOYEES AND INDEPENDENT WORKERS IN INDUSTRIES AND SERVICES BY DIVISIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS-contd. PerSOIlli following the ocoupation Be Division and SubuivUiion of Industries Total Employers Employees Independent workers anti Services and Traot Males Females Males Females Males F'emales Males Females 2 3 4. /) 6 7 R II {'fotal 3,344 !;38 /) 2,1191 600 648 148 8,2 -Educational Rervi(1es and Rural 2,:175 647 5 1,803 1\05 567 142 Researoh Urhan 9611 191 888 185 8) 6 Rural--) 238 4. lIH 4 47 Rural---2 a93 12 372 11 21 ) .Rural-3 542 14 542 13 1 Rural -4 182 240 15] 228 30 12 Hural-- 5 26Ci 24:i 22 Hural- II 431 344 4 40 227 :~87 117 Rural- 7 324 33 2(;4 22 no 11 Urban-l 4111 31 38U :n 30 Urban-2 145 21C 124 20 21 2 Urban--3 257 112 244 108 13 4 Urban-4 148 20 131 20 17 .... , '" ~. {Tota) l,87:1 107 1,873 107 8, 4-Police (other than \'iIlage Rural 5liO 114 559 114 watchmen) llrban 1,314 13 l,lH4 1 :1 Rural-·) 48 48 Rural-2 10 10 Rurale-·3 lW 36 Hural-4 112 30 112 31l Rural-5 39 39 Hural-tl 3011 35 309 30 Hural--7 5 23 5 23 U,'ban-l 567 10 567 10 Urban--2 23; 2 237 2 Urban--3 226 22(1 I Urban-4 284 284 8, £I-Village olllcel's and st)r- {Total 1,082 ]03 1,082 1O:~ vanta, inoluding villag<' wattlh- Rural 1,OB 100 1,011 ]00 men LOrban 71 3 71 3 Rural-l 80 ] 80 Rural-2 95 2 9G 2 Rural-·:l 220 2 220 2 Rural--·4 160 26 Hi6 2£1 Rural-5 190 190 Rural-O 132 27 132 27 Rutal--7 128 42 128 4-2 Urball-l 2 2 Urban-2 40 3 4{, 3 Urban-;{ 22 22 Urban-4 .7 7 (Total 1,647 144 1,647 144 S'B-Employees of Municipali-1. Rural l,lll 80 1,111 80 ti6f! and Local Boards (but not Urban G:1tl 64 036 64 including personA c1B8sitJllblc under any other division or Bubdivision) Rurel-2 2lHi 255 RuraL-3 (I 5 Rural-4 85 85 RUl'&I-5 760 760 Rural-6 80 80 Rural-7 6 6 Urban-l 236 1 236 1 Urban-2 149 9 140 9 Urban-3 58 16 58 16 Urban--4 93 38 93 38 70 'fAIlLE l.ll-ECONOMIC TABLE m-EMPLOYERS, EMPLOYEES AND INDEPENDENT WORKERS IN INDUSTRIES AND SERVICES BY DIVISIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS-contd. l'er8ons followmg the oocupatlOJl all ----"--- DIVISion and 8ubdlvu!1on of Indulltrltll'l Total Employe", Employees Independent workers and SllrvlOes and Tract Males lo'emales Male!! Females Males };'emales Malee Females 1 2 3 4 tI 6 7 8 I} {Total 4,575 117 4,575 97 8.7-Employees of State Gov RUfal 3,135 1i2 3,UIi 1;2 emments (but not mcludmg UrbaD 1,440 45 1,440 persons clll.Bslfiable under any '5 other dJ VISIon Of Bubdl VISion) HuroJ-·2 3 3 Rural-a aM I 35.1 1 lturaJ- 4 219 1 219 1 RuroJ-5 2,30] 2,3()} Rural-6 29 :w RUlal-7 262 1M 262 18 Urboll-l 084 29 684 2D Urban-2 (\5 fi (Iii I) Vr II0ll- 3 J41i (> 345 Ii \11ban-4 .!46 (I 3411 6 {Total 2,!l02 28 2,!lO2 28 8 H-FJHlployef's of tho UIllon Rural ~,800 21 2,809 2] GO\ ornmtmt (JUcludln~perBons Urban 93 7 93 7 (Ia.BHlfiahle ll11der BU dlvl!:!lon S 3 buL 110t lIldudJng ptlrS()nN ell1lll'llfJI\hltl uuder any other dlVI~IOIl or 8ubdlvl~!On) H.ural-2 10 ]() Rural-I 332 2 3:~2 2 H.ural-4 48 3 48 3 Burn! -[> 2,288 2,2S8 Hural-6 130 10 130 10 Hural-7 I 6 1 6 FliJll.ll 1 49 49 th ban --1 16 7 16 7 Urban--4 21> 28 {Total 4 4, 8.!)--l!..mployoos of Non IndlQn Rural 4 4 Governments Urban Rural-7 4 4 {Total 40,2911 12,267 637 115 12,598 9,063 7,064 3,099 DIVISion D--Sen ICes not e!"e Rural 22,M3 7,901 254 77 18,113 5,398 3,986 2,426 where speolbed Urban 17,94(' 4,366 383 38 14,485 3,655 3,078 673 Rural-l 2,982 1,219 3 2,621 927 361 289 RuraJ-2 2,189 1,010 5 2 1,666 782 518 226 Rural-3 2.997 1,05S 2,565 876 432 H!2 RuraI-4 4,833 1,610 1)6 39 3,894 ],490 888 81 Rural-I) 3,613 12 3.151 450 Rural-6 4,181 2,()90 173 21S 3,225 646 783 1,420 RuraJ-7 1,558 914 -8 8 991 678 559 218 Urban-l ~2Q 1tl401 88 87 3,214 1.278 1,218 226 Urban-2 5,561 44 104 4,952 772 606 72 Urban-3 6,277 1,1 'i6 150 1 5,130 1,024 997 131 Urban-4 1,588 "26 41 1,189 581 358 244 71 TABLE llll-ECONOMIC TABLE D1-BMPLOYBItS, EMPLOYEES AND INDEPENDENT WORKERS IN INDUSTRIES AND SERVICES BY DIVISIONS AND ,SUBDIVISlONS.....contd. Pel'80IlB following the ocoupation aa Divisioll. and Subdivision of InduatriElB Total Employel'8 Employees Independent work.ers and Services and Tract ,---Jo-----, ,--A. Males Females Males FamalAB Males Females Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 {I 7 8 II {Total. 18,649 2,7111 3:JO 42 16,514 2,129 l,80li 620 9· O-Servictlll otherwise unclassi· Rural • 6,9211 1,514 !Hi 12 6,189 1,048 654 454 fled Urban . 11,720 1,277 244 30 10,325 1,081 1,151 166 Rural-l 1,075 11::1 1,075 95 17 Hural-2 826 91 3 738 81 84 10 Rural-3 1,219 117 1,169 73 60 44 Rural-4 1,502 396 38 11 1,160 377 304 7 ltural- 5 1,382 1,372 10 Rural-6 580 546 45 535 177 3110 Rural-7 346 252 150 245 1911 7 Urban-l 2,780 275 41) 30 2,lIJa 201 538 44 Urban-2 3,1141 615 90 3,757 1)70 114 36 Urban-3 4,098 3:JO 91 3,(101 2£15 40£1 65 Urban-4 901 57 14 774- :16 lla 21 {Total 12,204 '7,160 47 :n 11,804 6,402 :lIia 73(1 I). I--Domestic Rervic81< (hut, not Rural 8.,9:J7 4,560 43 :U 8,682 3,912 212 til 7 including llorvicoR rendered by {lrban a,267 2,609 4 3,122 2,490 141 119 members of fa'mily lu)ullehold", to one another) Rural-I 1,537 1,018 1,637 815 20:J Rural-2 847 882 SOli 701 42 181 Hural-3 ],310 893 1,21l7 71Ui 43 98 ltural-4 2,llli 1,136 4 28 2,094 1,091 17 17 Hural-5 1,555 1,549 6 Rural-tl 878 442 311 3 S09 321 30 US Rural-7 695 189 tl21 189 74 Urban--l 806 1,054 , 3 7tH 1,050 42 4 Urhan-2 866 186 837 186 29 Urhan--3 1,280 749 1,241 731i 39 14 Urban-4 315 620 283 519 31 101 {Total 2,285 704 73 , 844 65 1,368 635 9· 2-Barbers and beauty shope Rural 1,698 667 54 4 706 65 938 598 -Barbel'8, hair dressel'8 and Urban 587 37 19 138 430 37 wig makers, tat.tooers, sham. pooors, ballh hOllSM Rural-l 74 15 9 74 6 Rural-2 104 9 1 103 9 Rural-3 133 9 16 117 I) Rural-4 333 15 2 25 I) 306 6 Rllral-5 171 52 119 Rural-6 774 4.87 50 583 27 141 460 Rural-7 109 182 2 4 29 20 78 108 Urban-l 132 20 6 18 109 20 Urban-2 171.1 4 36 139 4 Urban-S 10'6 4 10 31 155 , Urban-' 84 I) 4, 1.13 27 9 '12 TABLE l.ll-ECONOMIC TABLE m-EMPLOYEBS, EMPLOYEES AND INDEPENDENT WORKERS IN INDUSTRIES AND SERVICES BY DIVISIONS AND SUBDIVISIONs..-.contd. PerBons following the oooupation 88 DIvIsIOn and Suhdlv1810n of Industries Total EmployelB }1';mployees Independent workers alld bervHles and Traot r--"-----"""l r--~ Males .lfemales Males l"emales Males Females Males l"emales I .2 3 4: 5 6 7 S 9 {Total l,llHl 362 32 11 647 105 4:77 24:6 9 3-Laundrwll ami Laundry Rural 788 274 15 10 563 91 2.10 173 servlCes-LaundrlElil and laun- Urban 368 118 17 1 84 14 267 73 dry HerV]('e~, wltshUlg and cleanmg Hural-l 9 3 9 .2 n'Ulal-2 21 3 3 18 3 Rural-3 11.1 I} 3 16 I} H.ulal--4 1)9 12 59 39 12 Ruml---5 U4 12 62 H.~lral- (J 650 J59 14 10 470 36 tW lI3 RlIlal- 7 2fl 8tl Ih 54 10 34 Uri lim -I 89 11 3 HI 2 68 8 llt blln- .2 112 27 2 15 2 75 25 UdJUll-.l 146 43 h 211 10 111 33 Ul'ban 4 41 7 6 22 13 7 {Total 1,43ft 2:111 8:1 17 668 162 684 60 II 4--Hotel~, IOHtaurantA und Huml H2U 20r; 21 HI 297 U{) 308 04 llnllng hOllHC~ VI han 809 :~4 62 J 371 27 :ml 6 H,m al--l 20 20 RIII'IlI .2 :ll 2 2 2 I} 20 Hural-:I hI! 31 :i8 HUflll-4 l:U 46 4 67 {) flO 37 1{,urltl -5 126 11 56 5\1 HlllaJ--h 229 7[', 12 124 63 105 Rllral·-7 20 82 4 2 10 63 6 17 Urban-l 312 5 22 91l 2 194 3 Urhun-2 166 :~ 12 !lO 1 55 2 tJII)Wl- :I 2:1:1 4 II> 153 II 64 Urban-4 08 22 12 2:~ 21 63 {Tottll 535 397 19 5 lila III 333 281 1.1 5-H.O!'leatlOI! /ierVlC'es--· Pro }{,wI11 aoo 125 12 90 8:1 198 42 ductlOD Itwl dn;tnbutwn of Urban 235 272 7 5 93 28 135 239 mot 1011 pJCtures and the opera- tIOn of unomu~ lind I1I11od Bor- VICeS, 1lll1nagflfH and employ- ees of thoatrei<, opera com pan Ie .. , ek., IllUBIOalll!, actors, dancels, etc, conJurerR, acro bats, reClton, exhrt)]tofH of curIOSIties and WIld (lJ:ulrnnlh, radIO broadc&f!tlllg studIOS H.urn.l -1 32 11 32 10 Rural-2 43 2 14 29 2 Rural-3 7. 14 7 67 14 Rural-4 70 1 .2 19 .9 Rural-5 25 15 10 Rural-6 45 5 10 30 (; 5 Rural-7 II 92 I) 81 6 11 Urban-l 55 164. 6 5 36 17 13 142 Urban-2 28 il 11) 3 I) 2 Urban-3 139 5 1 38 3 100 2 Urban----4 13 I)~ Ii 13 113 73 TABLE l.ll-ECONOMIC TABLE Ill-EMPLOYERS, EMPWYEES AND INDEPENDENT WORKERS IN INDUSTRIES AND SERVICES BY DIVISIONS AND SUBDIVISIONS-contd. Persone following__..... the ocoupatlOn 88 r-- --, DiVISion and 8uhdlVlI!lOn of Induatriell Total Employers Employees Independent workers and Services n.nd Tract Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 tI 7 8 9 {Total 1,659 98 13 1,182 49 464 48 9 b_:Logal aIlll bUSiness ser- Rural 1,083 86 5 914 42 1M 44 VlceR Urban 576 12 8 261\ 7 300 4 Hural-l 25 25 Hural-.l 21 14 7 Rural- 3 46 1 2M 17 Rural-4 402 3 378 21 Hural--..ll 82 h5 17 Rlual-h :176 52 329 17 47 :Iii R,ural-7 132 33 2 100 24 :10 II llrban-1 218 5 41l 4 170 UrbllJl--2 181 1 Ib3 I 18 Urban-a 102 2 8 29 2 Hr. Urban-4 75 4 28 47 4 {Total 3110 4h 19 2 223 2 118 42 H 7-Arts, letwrs and Journal- Rural 334 311 Hi 2 211l 2 100 :15 18m Urban 211 7 4 4 18 7 Rural-l 28 21'\ Hural-2 3 :1 ltural-4 15 Iii RuraJ-- :; 2:J 17 (J Hural--b 260 6 15 200 45 b ltural-7 5 33 2 2 2 :1 :.!H Urban- 1 I 1 Urban- 2 9 II llrban-3 1 7 I 7 Urball-4 )5 4 4 7 {1'otBI 2,016 461 21 2 533 28 1,462 431 9 -R--RehglOUA, CharItable a.nd Rural 1,65R 431 3 2 453 20 1,202 409 Welfare Sen1l.'I"R Urban 35R 30 18 RO 8 260 22 Rural-l 182 59 2 9 6 ]73 51 Rural-2 294 21 82 212 21 Rura.I-3 12R 15 64 7 74 8 R.ural-4 166 5 2 92 3 72 2 RuraI--5 185 1 13 171 Rural-6 489 318 145 4 344 314 Rural-7 214 13 58 156 13 Urban-l 127 7 44 2 83 5 Urba.n-2 103 3 26 77 3 Urban-a 82 12 18 8 6 56 tl Urban-4 46 8 2 44 8 74 TABLE I. II-ECONOMIC TABLE m-concld. Abstract of persons subsisting on non.productive activity UNCLA88mUBLB: ,- --, District and Tract Pe1'80llB PersollB hving lnmatel!l of Beggars and All other perllons Iivin,S princiEally priu('ipally jo.ila, lIoIlyhlDlS, vagrants living Pl'1Il0iJllllly Total 011 lnoome rom 011 pensions, almllhouHeI!I on income d~rived llon.aglioultural remittaJlC'e~, and recipients fronl Tlon.produc. property schoio.rships and oCdoiel'l tive actIvity flIDda r- ---, ,----"-----, ,.-----A----., r-----"-----. r----"-----, ~ p M }<' M F M F M }I' M }t' M F TOTAL POPuLA'rroN BURDWAN DISTRICT 'T'ot,al 7,HO\) 4,425 3,184 28 34 827 902 140 38 3,314 2,1115 WI 50 Rural 5,(;44 :l,O!la 2,551 2() 25 5711 811 12!1 IS 2,:104 1,692 114 II Ul'hnn 1,Iln5 1,3:!2 0:1:1 S !l 251 91 11 20 I,OlO 463 52 50 Huml ~4n fi(Hi 193 209 8 28 417 )85 2 Itllral---2 40S 91 317 3 IS 10 H7 286 3 HUI'a.J- :1 574 a7l 20:1 59 16 2911 185 16 2 Hllrltl-4 5411 54!! 235 :104. 9 Hural--;, 2,01!! 180 1,1l:l2 If! 25 70 709 8 93 1,0:10 r. Rural-7 1,24(i 1,24.0 ~ 100 I,IOIl 1\ 32 I 4GI) • 176 I) 18 40 11 20 398 107 32 Urhan HBIi - Urban- 2 :1:11 21\7 74 8 30 7 213 (1(1 (I Urblm 3 (jill) 1114 lSI! 11)7 40 :H2 102 Ii 40 Urhall ~4 :103 1O:! 201 II 4 87 1M!> II !l DISPLACED I'OPULATION Total 4117 417 40 23 2 :162 31 31 7 I) RUl'll,! 182 147 :15 :! 133 28 9 5 UrhM 275 270 IJ 18 229 :1 22 2 Itural--l 45 45 41 " Itllml-2 77 50 22 51.1 22 Rural-3 l:i 10 3 10 2 1 Rural-4 2(\ 26 5 20 1 Itural·-5 21 11 10 2 7 " " " Urban-l 126 121 (i 7 97 :1 17 2 Urban-2 118 118 11 103 :1 1 Urban-4 31 31 29 2 75 TABLE 1.12-LIVELmOOD DMSIONS, SUBDIVISIONS AND GROUPS (ReZate8 to Sel/supporting Per8O'lM only) 10lH I.C.E.C. Group No. Total Males Females BURDWAN DISTRICT UVELIHOOl> CLASS V (PBODUC'l'ION OTHER THAN CULTIVATION) DIVISION O-PRIMAR Y INDUSTRIES NO'f ELSEWHERE SPECIFIED STOCK RAISING 0·1 5,12tl 4.760 3M Herdsmen and shepherds O·ll 4,825 4,1;57 26t-) Breeders and keep!lr!; of cattlo and buffaloeR 0·12 291.1 202 97 Brooders and keepers of other larg-e Rnim •• lH including transport animalH 0·10 2 1 1 REARING OF SMALL ANIMALS AND INSECTS 0·2 :!:~7 15:l 184 Poultry farmeTs 0·21 337 15:~ 1M Beokeepers 0·22 Silkworm rearers 0·23 Cultivators of L"~ . • . 0·24 Roarers of other small a.n.imaJs and inBoctfo! 0·20 PLANTATION INDUSTIUI<;S 0·3 277 :W4 Owners. managerH and workers in- Tea pla.ntation O·:H lIn flO 50 Coffee plantation o·a2 21:l 2S Hubber plantation . ..., 0·:1:1 8 li All other plantations but not including tho cultivation of special rrop~ in 0·30 122 IlH conjunction with ordinary ('ulti~ation of field cropl! FOHBSTRY AND COLLl<]('TION m' PHODUCTS NOT l~LSEWH ImE Sl'EClFllW 0'4 420 SIl Pl(!.nting. rep1antmg and cOIU!ervation of for()st (including foroll1. omcors, rangers 0·40 1:l2 48 und guards) CLareoal burners 0.<11 (j (j Cnl!ectorB of forest produce and lac 0·42 HI IH 'WoodcutterH 0'4:l 31:! 2111 22 HUNTING (illcluding trapping and Game Propagation) 0'5 :!:l :l:l FISHING 0·6 4,180 :1,117 1,063 F.shinlo( in sea and inland waters including the operation of fish farms und fish 0·(;0 4,lflo :1,111 1,054 hatcheries GathererH of chankl! and pearls O·(i! 14 Gatherers of sea weeds, Hell. shells, spongcs and other water products 0'62 1 DIVISION I-MINlNG AND QUAHRYING NON·METALl.. W MINING AND QUAHIWING NOT OTHEHWISE 1·0 1,:168 CLASSIFIED-including mining and quarrying of suoh materialH Ith prel'lOUi; and Bomi-precioufl stollet<, aBbost06, gypsUIII, sulphUl', Ithphult, hltUIn(,1l COAL MINING-MincH prmUl,rily engaged in the extrlwtion of anthracite and of 111,5(\2 78.0H2 a:!.470 fioft 000.11:1 such as bitumonous. sub-bitumenoul:I and legnite IRON ORE MINING 1·2 2ml 147 5() METAL MINING I~XCEPT IRON ORE MINING 1·3 1 1 <.'Iold 1·:n 1 1 Lead, silver and zinc 1·32 Manganosll 1·33 Till and wolfram 1'34 Oth~r metallic minerals 1·30 CRUDE J>E'rROLF~UM AND NATURAL GAS-Oil Well and Natural Gall, 1· 4 5 well operations (including drilling) and oil or bitumenous sand operations STONE-QUARRYING, CLAY AND SAND PITS-Extraction from tho earth }. {i 1,183 337 846' of stone, clay, sand and other materials used in building or manufacture of cement MICA 1· 6 16 {) 7 SALT, SALTPETRE AND SALINE SUBSTANCES 1·7 DIVISION 2-PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURE-I<'OODSTUFFS. TEXTILES, LEATHEH AND PRODUCTS THEREOF FOOD INDUSTRIES OTHEHWISE UNCLASSIFIED 2·0 555 269 286 Canning and preservation of fruits and vegetables 2·01 276 90 186 Ca.nning and preservation of fish " 2·02 3 3 Slaughter, preparation and preservation of IDua.t 2·03 6 6 Other food industries 2'00 270 173 97 76 TABLE 1.Il-LIVELlHooD DIVISIONS, SUBDIVISIONS AND GROUPS - 1951 I.C.E.C'. r------~~------~ DIVISION 2-PROCESSING AND MAN'UFA<'TURE-FOODSTUFFS, Group No. Total Males Fomalea TEXTILES, UJATHER AND PRODUC'!'S THEREOF- DIVISION 3-PROQESSING AND MANUF'ACTURE-METALS, CHEMICALS AND PRODUCTBTHEREOF MANUFACTURE OF METAL PRODUC'fS, OTHERWIflE UNCLASSI- 3·0 15,884 9,351 6,633 FIED Blacksmlthll and other workers m 1rcD and makers of rmplements 8·01 6,597 6.283 814 Workel'l! m copper, brass and bell metal 3·02 2,019 1,940 79 W ork6rs ill other metaIa . 8 03 7,l{14 J,062 6,132 Cutlers and slll'g'lcaJ. and vetermary Illstl'llJJWIlt makers 8'04 7 7 W orkel'S ill mints, die siDkers, etc. •• , 3'00 13 6 7 Makers of al'1ll8, guns, eto., moludmg workers m ordnanoo faotc.fl68 3'06 54 53 1 77 TABLE l.ll-LIVELIHOOD DIVISIONS, SUBDIVISIONS AND GROUPS--contd. 1951 I.C.E.C. DIVISION 3-PROCE8SING AND MANUFACTURE-METALS, CHEMICALS Group No. Total Fema.les AND PRODUCTS THEREOF-(·ontd. • IRON AND RTEEL (BAiHC MANUFACTURE)-MBIlufaeture of Iron BIlclllteel, 12,387 10,744 1.643 lOcludmg all prOOOfNC", such IlJ:l smelhng and refining; rollmg a.nd drnwmg; and alloymg anti the manufueture of caHtmgH. forgmgR and other baRie forms of ft'rrou>! meta.ls NON·FEHHOUS Ml'~'J'ALH (BAf:llC MANUJ;'ACTURE)-Smelting and refirung. 3·2 2,232 2,232 rolltnl(. drawmg and alloyUlg BIld the manufacture of castmgs. forgmgs and other haRtc form" of non ferrous metal~ TRANSPORT EQUIPMlmT 3·3 8,763 8,638 115 BUlldmg iLnd repamng of ships and hoatR .. .• 3·31 6,315 6,206 109 l'r:Ianufaeture, MScmbly an.] repair of Itlulway oqulpment, motor yehicles and 3·32 2,429 2,423 6 bu>yc1oR MtIDUfaot ure of am'raft " . 3·3:~ ('oach hUllder!! and rllf~kerR of l'arrll1geH, palkl, rll'hhaw. at.... , and wheel wrights :H14 7 7 MBIluftU'turo of ull otlwr transport OI]Ulpffientf! 3·30 2 ELECTHICAL MACHIN'ERY, APl'ARATUR, APPLIANCES AND SUPPLIER 3·4 5,061 5,056 fi Manufa.c\ure of el""trlc la.mp~ 3·41 15 10 [> Manufacture of electrll' fILM and othel ll.(·('es,;,orwq 3·42 MBIlufactw'C of electnc wlro und ('ablo 3'43 Manufuctllro of elel'tr !C'1I1 generatlllg. tran"tntflSlOn and distrlbutlon appara.tus, 3·40 5,046 5,04J; eJel'trlCal household appillmoeR othor than hghtA nnd fans; olactrll'al eqlllp' mont tor motor \ tJillI'lO~, aircraft und Ilulway lo('omotl "eM and oars; com mUIllcatlOn eqUIpment Imd relntod produots, m ... ludmg radiOS, phonogra.phR, eloctrm hatterles, X ray an MACHINERY (O'L'HElt TITAN ELIWTRWAL MACHINERY) INCLUDING 794 411 BNGTNEli!RING WOHKHHOl'H - Engmeormg workHhop~ engagod In pro· dUl'lllg ma('lllllo and I'l(fUlpment part" BAH!') INDUH'fmAIJ CHEMICALS, FERTILISERS AND rOWJi~R ALCOHOL 3·6 036 G30 Manllf!lt"tufl' of \ta~1C mdufltrlllol l'henncaiR, ... uell a~ neld~, nlkah f'alts 3·61 547 517 Dye•• explohlveH and iiroworkA ....••• 3·62 12 12 Aynthetl" rosmq anti other plaatl(' m!\terUl.IH (m('ludmg synthetIC fibres and Hyn· 3·63 43 43 thetlr ruhber) Chem.l<'al fortlhsers 3·{14 I 1 POY/OJ' AI('ollol 3·65 33 aa MEDICAL AND PHARMAUI DIVISION 4-PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURE-NOT ELSEWHERE SPECIFIED MANUFAG'l'UHlNG INDU8TRIEt-l OTHERWISE UNCLASSIFIED 4·0 1,444 1,204 240 MlUlUfa.cture of profeR,nonal R('lentIfic and controllmg mRtrUmt'lnt'l (but not melu· 4·01 187 163 24 dlllg ('utlery, HurgUln.1 or vtlwrmary lllAtruments) Photographic anel optICal goods .. 4·02 66 8 58 Hepa.ir o.nd manufacture of wl],tche'l and clocks • . • • . . 4·03 78 69 9 ·W.)rkers In l'tCOI01.1.S aton!)!!, precloUR motalA IlUt{ makel'8 of jewellery and orna· 4·04 563 472 91, ments Manufacture of mUlllt'ul llRtrwncnta and apphanoCll 4·05 62 65 7 StatIOnery urtlcles other thBll paper and paper productR 4·06 8 8 Makers of plaatic and ooll\1lold artloles other than rayon 4·07 Sports good!! makers. . . . • . 4·08 5 2 3 ~~~ . . 4·09 296 257 89 Other mlKccllaneouB manufacturmg induRtrw'I, moluding bone, ivory, hom, 4·00 179 170 9 Bhell, etc. 78 TABLE 1.1l-LIVELmOOD DIVISIONS, SUBDIVISIONS AND GROUPS--<=ontd. 1051 J (' E (' r------A------~ DIVISION 4-PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURE-NOT ELSEWHEHJ~ Group No Total Males l PRODlWTS OF' PETROLEUM AND COAL 4 1 III 15 Kerosene and petroleum retinerleK 4 J] Iii 15 Coke ovens , 4 12 Other manufactures of prodULt!l from petroleum anrl coal 410 BHICKS, 'J'1I.. ER AND OTHEH STRUCTURAl. CLAY PRODUCTS-Stru(, 4 2 4,1<100 4,147 663 tural clay produ('tK Buell as brlLkH, tlle~, etc CEMENT, CEMENT PIPES AND OTHElt CEMENT PRODUl'Th-Manufal' 4 3 282 ture of Lemont, (ament pipes and ('oment (loncrotc products NON Ml';TALUC MINImAl. PHODUCTS 4. 4 I,Jbll 268 PotterH Mel makorH of ourthl'll ~ ItfO 4 41 f,..l98 267 MakerR of pomelam and (lrol)k'~ry 4. 4.! (llaAA bangieR, glaNs beada, glll.llll neLklll.<'o4, et(' 4 4'l h MakerR of other glo.t RI.TBHER PRODUCTS 4. I) I'e! 13 WOOD AND WOOD PIWDUC J h OTlmR TJHN FUJtNIrURE \ND 4. (I a,HOIi l Fl1RNI l'U RE AND FL\' I UHEt-.-Manufueture of housohold. Offil'f', pubhe budd 4 7 171i mg l'rofoh'roTlILl and r",tltUlant fururtme, olhc(l and store fb..turoK. KC'roonA, HliltdOR, e1<' , ItIgurdlo~~ of mutOlml used PAPBH AND PAPElt l'ROl)Ul'I b--M PJUNTINC, AND ALLIED INDUSTRIE& 4. q 311 24 1'1 mtefK, hthogmphlll'!l, (lnglavors 4. III 24 Booklmuh ra and "t,lt l !rorH 4. O..l LH ELIHOOD CLAbb VI DlVlbION 6--COMMEHCE RET AIL ') RADE 0 rH]<~RWISE UNCLAbSH'mn I) 0 l.!,Shb 11,\155 911 HI~wkAl8 ulld Stroot vendOr!! othorwlse UJl<'lMIllficrl II 01 1i,8hO Ii,AO.! Hili Dealm'A ill drugK and other chOlDlcal stores I) OJ I 214 1,088 120 PublrHll(lrH HookHllllors ruJd StlltlOnt1rH (I OJ 701 6lH 20 Genml11 btorekeepers, IlhopkoopeJA and persOll" emplojo,] rn .. hops otherulse II 00 5,0{l] 4,524 567 Un!'fallHlfiod RE'lAIL TRADE IN }1'OODt:lTUFFS (INCLUDING BEVERAGEb AND 22,656 19,126 3,230 NAIWOTlCS) RetaIl dealers m grams and pUI"eR , 8" 00 tmeats , sugar Md 8PICOil, daIry products, I) 11 IR,806 lli,888 2,917 eggs and poultry, anImals for food, fodder for anrmafB, other foorlRtulfs, vegetables and frUlts Vendom of wme, liquors, aerated Wllotcrs and ICO m IlhopFl I) 12 1,llla l,75~ 161 Retail dealers to tohacoo, opium and ganJa h 1'1 212 212 Hawkers a.nd street vendors of drmk and foodstuffs {I 14 164 162 2 Retl'l.ll dealers 1fl pa.n, bld18Md t-Igarettes tl 16 ) ,562 1,412 150 RETAIL TRADE IN FUl RETAIL TRADE IN TEXTII.. E AND LEATmm GOOD~ -Retali trade 2,861 2,71i0 101 (mcluding hawkers and stroot-vendors) Ul plecegoods, wool, cotton, ,ulk, haIr, wearmg appal el, madeup texttle goods, skw, leather, furs. feathers, etc, 79 TABLE l.ll-LIVELIHOOD DIVISIONS, SUBDIVISIONS AND GROUPS-contd. 19t)] I.O.E.C. ,- Group No. Total Males Femalel LIVELIHOOD CLASS VI-contd. WHOLESALF; TRADE IN FOODSTU!t'FS-Wholesale doalers In grams alld 6 4 2,685 2,533 152 pulses,sweet meats, sugar and sploes, dairy produots, eggs and poultry, alumals for food, fodder for ammals, other foodstuffs, wholOllalo dealers in toba('oo, oplUm and ganJo, WHOLESALE TRADE IN COMMODITIES OTHER l'HAN FOODSTUFFS 6 [; 2,526 2,386 140 REAL EST ATE House and estate agents and rent ('ollectors except agrICultural 6·6 339 333 6 lo.nd INbUHANCE-"Insuran('e oarrlers aud all kinds of lUBuro.nce agentll and other 6 7 272 190 76 persons connected with lnsuran('e buslTlel!8 MONEY LENDING, BANKING AND OTHER FINANCIAL BUSINl<;SR- 6 8 689 663 26 Offioers, employees of JOInt stock banks and co.opera.tlVe banks, Mumma, agents or employees of mdlgenous banklllg firms, Uuhvldllal moneylenders, ex('hangers and exchange agents, mOlley ohangers and brokers and thoir agents LIVELIHOOD CLASS VII DIVISION 7-TRANSPORT, STORAGE AND COMMUNICATIONS TRANSPOHT AND COMMUNICATIONS OTHERWISE UNCLASblFmD 7 0 576 [t67 9 AND INCIDENTAL bgJWICJ'~:-' l'RANSPl)HT BY ROAD -Owners, managers and employees connected" It h 7 1 5,97,) 4,940 1,0:15 mellha.nlOally driven and other vehICles (exoludmg domestw servant), palkl, etl' , boarers and owners, pa('k elephant, c!U1101, mule, ass aud bullo('k ownel's aud drivers, porter!! and mossengers, perllOIl!! engaged In road transport not otherVll!'le t'laH'oIlhed,lllrlud1l1g frelght transport hy road, t,ho operatIOn offixerl facIlities for road transport such as toll roads, hIghway brldges, termlllais and parkmg famhtloll TH.ANSPOH.T BY WATER----Owners and employees, officers, marluers, etc , 7 2 251 72 of shIpI! plyll1g on the lugh seall, shlpB and boats plYlllg on mland and coast,al waters, persons employed III harbours, docks, rIvors and canals, mcludmg pIlots, !:IIllP brokers TRANSPOHT BY AIR Persous cOIlC'erned WIth aIrfields and aircraft other than 7 :l }fib 150 6 constructIon of alrheldfJ and air ports RAILW A Y TRANSPORT -Railway employees of all kmds except those emplo 7 4 12,560 12,2t!1 271.) yed on construction works LIVELIHOOD OLASH VIII DIVISION 5-CONSTRUCTION AND UTILITIES CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF WORKS OTHl!;RWIRE UN- 5 0 2,541) 209 CLA~bIFmD CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE~BUILDINGS [; 1 4,450 3,8~5 565 Masons and brl("k layers 5 11 3,OfiX 2,700 a5S Stone· cutters alld dressers [i 12 120 7K 42 Plulltera and decorators ofhoulIIl . IS 13 51) 511 Other porsons engaged llL the oonstruotlOn or mamtenance ofbUlldmge other than [; 10 1,214 1,049 165 hulidmgs mado of bamboo or SimIlar ma.tenals l'ONSTHUCTION AND MAINTENANCE-ROADS, BRIDGES AND 01'HER [) 2 1,399 1,203 196 TRANRPORT WOHKS UONSTHUCTION AND MAINTENANCE-TELEGRAPH AND TELl!~. 27 27 PHONE LINES CONSTltUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS, IRRIGATION 700 6!H I) AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL WORKS WORKS AND SERVICES~ELEOTRIC POWER AND GAS SUPPLY. .') I) I,39M 1,392 6 Elect-I'll' supply 5 51 1,371 1,366 6 Gas supply I) 52 27 27 WORKS AND SERVICES-DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WATER 5·6 25 25 SUPPLY SANITARY WORKS AND SERVICES-Inoludmg soavengers 5·7 1,324 879 445 STORAGE AND WAREHOUSING-The operatIOn of storage faOlhtles such &s 7'0 75 60 25 warehouses, oold storage, safe deponts when such .torage IS offered as a.n independent service POS'l'AL SERVICES 7·6 856 765 91 TEU}GRAPH SERVICES 7·7 61 60 1 TELEPHONE SERVICES 7'8 399 399 WIRELESS SERVICES 7·9 80 TABlJt 1.U-UVELIBOOD DIVISIONS, SUBDIVISIONS AND GROUPS-concld. 1951 I.C.E.C. Group No. Total Male. Females LIVELmOOD CLASS Vln~ontd. DIVISION 8-HEALTH. EDUCATION AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION MEDICAL AND OTHER HEALTH SERVICES . 8·1 3,163 2.280 888 Registered medical practitioners. . . . . • . . • B·ll 1.731 1,460 271 Vaids, Hakims and other persons practising medicine without being registered . 8·12 433 301 132 Dentists ...•...•... 8-13 13 4 0 Midwives 8·14 138 138 V8Oci11o.OOrs 8·16 188 101 37 Compounders 8·111 289 26f) 24 Nurses ...... 8·17 271 34 287 All other persons employed in hospitals or other publio or private esto.blillhmentll 8·10 160 IUS 35 rendering medical or other health servicell; but not inoluding scavengers or other sanitary staff EDUCATIONAL SERVICES AND RESEARCH...... 8·2 ',JR2 3,344 sas 'Professors. lecturers, teac}lerfl and researoh workers employed ill Universities, 8·21 1,623 1106 617 Colleges and Research Illstitutioll8 Al I other professors, leoturers and teaohers. . . . _ . . 8·22 2,518 2,2117 221 Mallagers,olerks and servants of eduoational u.nd research institutions, inolud- 8·20 141 141 ing Libraries !Iond MUlIElUInS, eto. POLICE (OTHER 'fRAN VILt.AGE WATCHMEN) . . . . . 8·4 1,980 1,873 107 VILLAGE O)),FICERS AND SERVANTS, INCLUDING VILLAGE WATCH· 8·5 J,186 1,082 103 MEN EMPLOYRES OF MUNICIPALITIES AND LOCAL BOARDS (but not illclud· 8·6 1,791 1,647 U4 ing persons oll~sijifia.ble under any other division or subdivision) EMPLOYEES 0))' AT ATE GOVI DIVISION 9-8ERVICES NOT ELSEWHERE SPEOIFIED RERV ICES OTHERWISE UNCLASSIFIED 9·0 21,440 18,64.9 2,791 DOMESTIC SERVICES (BUT NOT INCLUDING SERVICES RENDERED 0·1 111,373 12.204 7,169 BY MEMBERS 01<' FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS TO ONE ANOTHER) Private motor drivers and cleaners IHI 3,381 1,816 1,565 Cooks e-12 2,234 1,731 603 Gardeners 9·13 348 3lo! 340 Other domestic servants 9-10 13,4]0 8,343 5,067 BARBBRR AND BEAUTY SHOPS-Ba.rbers, hair dresserfJ and wig ma,k"rs, 9·2 2,\189 2,285 704 tattooors, shampooers, bath houses LAUNDRIES AND LAUNDRY SERVICES-Laundries and laundry services, 9·3 1.618 1,156 362 ws.shing and oleaning HOTELS, RESTAURANTS AND EATING HOUSES 9·4 1,674 1,435 239 RBCREATION SERVICES-Produotion and distribution of motion pioturefJ 0·5 932 6311 397 and the operation of oineInas and allied services, mallage1'll a.nd employees of theatres, opera oo~a.nies, e"c., IDUflician8, actors, danoors, eM., conjurers, acrobats, reoitors,eE ibitorB of ouriosities and wild animals, radio broadcasting studios LEGAL AND BUSINESS SERVICES . . . ,. ,. , 9·6 1,757 1,659 98 Lawyers of all kinds, including quazi's. la.w agent. and mukht.iars 9'61 701 663 88 Clerks oflawyers, pet.ition writ.ers, eto. . . _ . . . . 9·62 227 207 20 Arohiteots, SurveyorB. Engineers and their employees (not being State ServantfJ) 9·63 301 301 Public Soribes. Stenograp ers, Accountants. Auditors. . . . . ~H}4 88 S& Managers. olerks. aervanta and employees of Trade Asaooiationl. Chamber of 9·65 440 400 60 Commerce, Board of Trade, Labour Organisa.tion and similar organiMtion of employers and eDlployeea ARTS, LETTEBB AND JOURNALISM 9·7 406 360 4.6 Artists, soulptorB and ima.ge makers . • . • . . • • 9'71 405 359 46 Authors, editors and !rrurnaWrts. - • . • . • • • 9'72 1 1 RELIGIOUS. CHAR ABLE AND WELFARE SERVICES. • • . 9·8 2.477 2,016 461 Prieltll, Minilltel'8. Monks. Nuns, Sadhus. Religious mendicantB and ollher religious "'81 2,420 1,962 '58 workers Servants in religious edifiooe, burial and burning grounda, pilgrim conductors 9,82 16 13 3 and circUIDcisors, etc. Managers and employe6"! of organisations and instit.utions !'enJ.~ring oharitable 9·83 41 41 and other welfare aervlOOS 81 ~o~ ~~~ ~~;;5 ~~~ ~:g~ ~~~ g~~ g~:g ~~~ ~l"~ """'CI'> C!>QO...... 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