Introduction The Lay of the Land
GDP per capita, 2008, USD No Data < $2,000 $2,000 - $7,500 $7,500 - $20,000 $20,000 - $50,000
2
Western Offshoots
10
9
8 loggdp per c apita
7 Western Europe Latin America Asia
Africa 6 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 year
Introduction The Beginning—Spanish Colonial Map
Venezuela Guyana Colombia Suriname French Guiana
Ecuador
Peru Cajamarca
Brazil Cusco
Bolivia Potosi
Paraguay Asuncion
Uruguay Buenos Aires
Chile Argentina
Modern boundaries Inca Empire Mita boundary Inca road network Chile Colonial cities
4
Introduction The Beginning—The Americas in General
Canada
United States
Mexico
HaitiDominican Republic Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua
Panama Venezuela Colombia GuyanaFrench Guiana Suriname
Ecuador
Peru Brazil
Bolivia
Paraguay
Population density (people/km2) Uruguay No Data Chile Argentina 0 - 0.75 0.75 - 2.5 2.5 - 10 10 - 400
3
Population and Average Real Daily Wages for Unskilled Repartimiento (Labor Draft) Workers 1500000 1000000 .16 .14 Population .12 .1 500000 .08 .06 Real Wage (in fanegas of maize) of fanegas (in Wage Real 0
1500 1550 1600 1650 Year
Population Real Wages for Repartimiento Workers
Source: Own Calculations based on Borah and Cook (1958) and Gibson (1964).
Population and Average Real Daily Wages for Unskilled Textile Obraje Workers 1500000 1000000 .1 Population .08 .06 500000 .04 Real Wage (in fanegas of maize) of fanegas (in Wage Real .02 0
1500 1550 1600 1650 Year
Population Real Wages in Textile Obrajes
Source: Own Calculations based on Borah and Cook (1958), Gibson (1964) and Viqueira and Urquiola (1990)
Introduction Railways in Europe
Russia
United Kingdom Poland Germany Czech Republic Austria France Hungary Croatia Romania Italy BosniaSerbia & Montenegro
Spain
Railroads, 1870 Modern Boundaries
8
A. Equivalent Consumption (2001)
7
6
log equiv. consumption equiv. log 5
-100 -50 0 50 100 Distance to mita boundary (km)
Introduction The Slave Trade in Africa
Morocco Tunisia Gaza Strip Algeria Libya Egypt Western Sahara
Mauritania
Mali Niger Eritrea Chad Senegal Sudan The Gambia Burkina Faso Guinea Djibouti Benin Nigeria Somalia Sierra Leone Ethiopia Cote d'IvoryGhanaTogo Central African Republic Liberia Cameroon
Equatorial Guinea Uganda Sao Tome & PrincipeGabonCongo Kenya Rwanda Congo, DRCBurundi Seychelles Tanzania
ComorosGlorioso Is. Angola Malawi Mayotte Zambia
MozambiqueJuan De Nova I. Slave exports as % of pop. in 1400 Zimbabwe Madagascar Namibia 0% Botswana 1% - 50% Swaziland 50% - 100% Lesotho 100% - 300% South Africa Missing data
7 Introduction Land Allocation in South Africa
Malawi Angola Zambia
Harare! Mozambique Zimbabwe
Botswana Namibia
Gaborone!
Johannesburg! Swaziland
Kimberley! South Africa Griqualand Lesotho Atlantic Ocean
Transkei!
Ciskei! Fingoland
Cape Town! Land Acts, 1913 and 1936 Land Appointments, 1970 Modern boundaries
6