Revision of the Nassariidae (Gastropoda, Neogastropoda) of the Malacological Collection of the Museu De Ciències Naturals De Barcelona

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Arxius de Miscel·lània Zoològica, 13 (2015): 1–24 ISSN: 1698–0476Gili Revision of the Nassariidae (Gastropoda, Neogastropoda) of the malacological collection of the Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona

C. Gili

Gili, C., 2015. Revision of the Nassariidae (Gastropoda, Neogastropoda) of the malacological collection of the Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona. Arxius de Miscel·lània Zoològica, 13: 1–24, Doi: https://doi.org/10.32800/amz.2015.13.0001

Abstract Revision of the Nassariidae (Gastropoda, Neogastropoda) of the malacological collection of the Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona.— The entire set of samples of the Nas- sariidae integrated in the malacological collection of the Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona has been reviewed. For all the samples, the number of individuals has been counted, each shell has been revised individually, and the taxonomic determination has been corrected in those cases in which it seemed justifed, updating the nomenclature. For those samples containing a mixture of different species, new samples have been created so that each sample contained a single species. Regardless of the annotated in the original labels, one biogeographical region has been assigned to each sample. Finally, the Nassariidae collection has been valuated as a whole regarding the number of samples, the number of species and its geographical distribution.

Key words: Nassariidae, Taxonomic revision, Biogeography

Resumen Revisión de los Nassariidae (Gastropoda, Neogastropoda) de la colección malacológica del Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona.— Se ha revisado el conjunto de muestras de Nassariidae integradas en la colección malacológica del Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona. Se han analizado individualmente los ejemplares de cada muestra, se han contado y se ha corregido la determinación taxonómica en aquellos casos en los que ha parecido justifcado, actualizándose la nomenclatura. En aquellas muestras que contenían una mezcla de especies distintas, se han creado nuevas muestras, de manera que cada una de ellas contenga un único taxón. Con independencia de la anotación existente en las etiquetas originales, a cada muestra se le ha asignado una región biogeográfca. Final- mente, se ha valorado el conjunto de la colección de Nassariidae con relación al número de muestras, al número de especies y a la distribución geográfca de las mismas.

Palabras clave: Nassariidae, Revisión taxonómica, Biogeografía

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El © [2013] del artículo pertenece al autor o autores; estos autorizan a la revista Arxius de Miscel·lània Zoològica la publicación del artículo bajo la licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento 3.0 que permite un uso no restringido, la distribución y la reproducción en cualquier medio, siempre que se citen los autores y la revista. Arxius de Miscel·lània Zoològica, 13 (2015): 1–24 Gili

Resum Revisió dels Nassariidae (Gastropoda, Neogastropoda) de la col·lecció malacològica del Mu- seu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona.— S'ha revisat el conjunt de mostres de Nassariidae integrades a la col·lecció malacològica del Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona. S'han analitzat individualment els exemplars de cada mostra, s'han comptat i se n'ha corregit la determinació taxonòmica i actualitzat la nomenclatura en aquells casos en què ha semblat justifcat. En aquelles mostres que contenien una barreja d'espècies diferents, s'han creat noves mostres, de manera que cadascuna contingui un sol taxó. Amb independència de l'anotació existent a les etiquetes originals, s'ha assignat una regió biogeogràfca a cada mostra. Finalment, s'ha valorat el conjunt de la col•lecció de Nassariidae amb relació al nombre de mostres, al nombre d'espècies i a la distribució geogràfca d'aquestes.

Paraules clau: Nassariidae, Revisió taxonòmica, Biogeografa

Rebut: 27/11/2014; Acceptació condicional: 16/03/2015; Acceptació defnitiva: 22/04/2015

Carles Gili, Dept. d'Estratigrafa, Paleontologia i Geociències Marines, Fac. de Geologia, Univ. de Barcelona, c/ Martí i Franqués s/n., 08028 Barcelona, Espanya (Spain).

E–mail: [email protected]

Introduction

The malacological collection of the Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona was created at the same time as the museum. The promoters were molluscan shell collectors, thus establishing the initial malacological fund of the institution. Other legacies from collectors or other entities were added during the early periods of the Museum functioning and suc- cessively. As for the marine molluscs, they are highlighted those of Francesc Martorell, who donated the foundational funds for creating the museum, Joan Rosals, Baltasar Serradell, Artur Bofll, Manuel Chia and Joan–Baptista d’Aguilar–Amat as numerous collections. During this period, exchanges and probably acquisitions were performed through contacts with certain European malacologists and from other places. Moreover, it was observed certain collection campaign that was promoted by the Museum; usually near the coastal areas. However, it was not observed any material from scientifc expeditions of naturalist prospecting in far seas unlike in other museums as those in Madrid, Paris or London. Ne- vertheless, numerous samples have been gathered until forming the whole malacological collection found currently. Since the beginning, this approach has determined the composition and structure of the collection. The Museum activity was signifcantly diminished during the long post–war period (from 1939 to the 1970s), and although considerable performances on the malacological collection were attained, such as rearrangements, taxonomic reviews, changes in the procedure of the specimens display, etc., the contributions were scarcer. It was not until the last decades of the 20th century when signifcant legacies were added to the collection, especially those of Lluís Gasull and Joan Rosal, encouraging somehow the beginning of cataloguing of the entire malacological collection and the computerization of its contents. This work was continued for years according to the staff’s availability at every stage. Currently, this work is achieved, the consulting and access to the collection contents is precise and rapid, and the new contributions are perfectly integrated. It was at this point when the author was especially interested to initiate the review on the Nassariidae family presented below. This review has allowed, as a frst impact, publishing descriptions of two new species of the genus Nassarius (Gili, 2015).

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Material and methods

The preliminary point was the selection of samples containing the Nassariidae through the database screening of the entire malacological collection of the Museum. Each sample has been studied by reviewing its contents. The number of specimens was counted and each one was individually observed with the aid of stereomicroscope when required. In each sample, the specifc determination of its label was assessed and modifed if needed. In this aspect, the Cernohorsky works (1975, 1981 and particularly 1984) were taken as initially guide, but also using subsequent works and reviews listed in annex 1. For those cases containing specimens of two or more species, new registered lots were created so that each sample contained a single species. Some forms which are currently considered as different species, but at the time were deemed as a single species, or simple varieties of a species, were segregated. In other cases, the specimens that have been segregated in new samples were different species that moreover were from different geographical regions. The same procedure was performed on those specimens that did not belong to the Nassariidae family but were mixed together. For each sample, it was recorded the specimen’s morphologic features or colour pattern as well as its state of preservation. In order to assess the contents of the collection regarding the different geographical sources, each sample was assigned to one of the biogeographical regions commonly used in marine malacology (annex 2). This was performed if the source was specifed or not. When the source was deemed to be erroneous, it was assigned to the biogeographical region where the species is really located. In certain cases, owing to its uncertain source, there was certain ambiguity for designating the sample to a single region, therefore sorting those localities where it probably exists. The scientifc nomenclature of the species has been updated, and indicating the full name of the genus, as well as the complete name of the author and the year of publication, following the standards, recommendations and current trends within this feld. Generally, in this review, the names of the varieties were not preserved or considered. Special caution has been de- voted to the taxonomic identifcation from labels printed with the name Museo de Biología de Barcelona. In this context, it is quite common to read apparent subspecifc names that in fact are only varietal forms that did not meet the biological concept of subspecies. The current practice in taxonomy eliminates such subspecifc levels. However, certain subspecies that are properly described and assigned to their corresponding geographic regions were considered. No subgeneric division was used, since in the Nassariidae family it has not been reached any satisfactory subgeneric subdivision scheme with a minimum of ambiguity and a maximum of consensus. In the taxonomic determination, it was always intended to reach to the species. In spite of the state of preservation of the specimens in certain samples did not permit it without any signifcant risk of error. In these cases, the open nomenclature (Bengstom, 1988) was applied but avoiding misuse of the particle 'sp.', which did not provide any information on which species the author had focused on, which forms he questioned or with which morpho- logies he carried out the comparison. Whereas, the use of the particle 'cf.', to indicate the resemblance of a doubtful form to a certain species, provides further information. Regarding the species names and years of publication, an aspect entailing certain discrepancies among the authors, the criterion of Cernohorsky (1984) was mainly followed. All the collected information was entered into a datasheet and processed in order to describe thoroughly the collection. The resulting report and associated inventory have been put in hands of technical staff of the Department of Non–Arthropod Invertebrates of the Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona. Many specimens of several samples were measured for a better knowledge and charac- terization of the species; moreover, pictures of several specimens were taken.

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Results and discussion

As a frst result of the review performed, the number of studied samples is detailed in table 1 and the taxonomic distribution of the species in table 2. The overall number of living Nassariidae species is not defnitively established. The assessment of the validity of certain forms differs according to the authors; some identifed them as 'valid species', whereas others considered them synonyms. On the other hand,

Table 1. Summary of the number of studied samples. Tabla 1. Resumen del número de muestras estudiadas.

Samples No Number of studied samples 1,298 Excluded samples for not containing Nassariidae 15 Samples containing Nassariidae 1,283 Samples of Nassariidae added or split, because the original sample had miscellaneous species 179 Final samples of Nassariidae 1,462 Number of identifed Nassariidae species 126–128 Overall Nassariidae specimens reviewed: Shells 15,625 Operculums 36

Table 2. Taxonomic distribution of the species. Tabla 2. Distribución taxonómica de las especies.

Family Subfamily Species No species Nassariidae Iredale, 1916 Dorsaninae Cossmann, 1901 Buccinanops d’Orbigny, 1841 6 Buccinanops sp. 1 Bullia Gray in Griffth & Pidgeon, 1834 11 Bullia sp. 1 Nassariinae Iredale, 1916 Cyclope Risso, 1826 2 Demoulia Gray, 1838 1 Hebra H. & A. Adams, 1853 3 Nassarius Duméril, 1806 103 Nassarius sp. 1 Cylleninae Bellardi, 1882 0

4 Arxius de Miscel·lània Zoològica, 13 (2015): 1–24 Gili new species are regularly described while exploring poorly sampled places, or studying thoroughly certain groups. Cernohorsky (1984) considered there would be about 319 valid species. However, since that period, certain names that Cernohorsky (1984) considered as synonyms have been established as valid species, and they have been described more than twenty new species. Therefore, it is does not seem very bold to consider that the number of species of such family is about 360 currently. From this viewpoint, the overall number of Nassariidae species identifed in the collection of the Museu is not considered very signifcant; about 1/3 of the whole existing, approximately. However, from the qualitative perspective, there are taxonomically interesting forms regarding their size, colouring, ornamentation, or their variability; or because they enabled us a direct assessment of the entity of certain synonyms and the identifcation of new species.

Characteristics of the collection

The Nassariidae collection is mainly formed by empty shells deriving from living animals or dead collected shells, although a certain proportion had remnants of the soft tissue and occasionally preserving the operculum. Just a pair of samples included operculums without shells exclusively. An outstanding fact is the presence of the types of two species, Nassarius absconditus Gili, 2015 (holotype and two paratypes) and Nassarius rainbowae Gili, 2015 (holotype), based on the material of the collection. The materials state of preservation is rather varied; from complete shells, preserving their original colour, to very discoloured and damaged shells. The specimens were not preserved for their conchological aesthetic 'perfection', but with the criterion of establishing their source locality for enabling the scientifc study. Thus, in many samples it is preserved a large number of material without prioritizing its condition, or a single or few specimens although their shells are rather impaired. It is not always relied on the presence of the protoconch, therefore in certain cases, it may hinder the specifc determination of the material. Discolouration is due to sun exposure in those cases where the shells were collected on the beach, or have been kept under aggressive conditions for the pigments or shell material, in other cases. Another important fact to note is that most of the original labels of the sample were preserved including those with nomenclature modifcations or other type that might have been added overtime. On the other hand, the information of such labels is rather limited regarding the precise geographical locality that sometimes is not recorded, as the dates of the collection, data concerning the habitat, or methods of obtaining. Certain collectors specifed the dates although the majority omitted them; concerning the habitat (depth, type of community, nature of bottom, accompanying species, etc.) just few samples included certain indication; and the method of collection was not specifed in any sample. As for the geographical locality, it is quite generic, indicating the name of a country or a province, a sea or an ocean. However, in some samples there is a signifcant ambiguity regarding such aspect. In some cases, the label indicates a locality but the specimens belong to a species never cited in such area. In other samples that contain a single specimen, there are two or more labels with different geographical localities. On the other hand, there are samples with two specimens of different species deriving from different regions with just one geographic locality on the label (see annex 3 for more details on uncertain geographic origins). As specifed above, the limitations indicated are the result of how the collection was formed and the vicissitudes endured overtime; the former collecting was not cultivated in such aspects and perhaps the staff who handled the collection lacked training and, as for the malacological trading, it is unusual to consider such signifcant facts for the scientifc study. Considering the above stated, the Nassariidae of the Museum’s collection has mainly a taxonomic utility. As in some Mediterranean species there are a signifcant number of specimens, therefore in such cases, they could be used for studies of population and of

5 Arxius de Miscel·lània Zoològica, 13 (2015): 1–24 Gili variability. Perhaps they may have certain signifcant historical viewpoint thus allowing us to study the changes endured by the populations of certain species, mainly those concerning our geographical area, or to verify their longevity or disappearance. It should be considered that many of the samples were collected about 100 years ago and during such period, the changes and transformations occurred in many places have been signifcant or drastic.

Previous reviews of the collection

During the study period, it was detected that several actions were performed on the original samples, such as modifcations in the determinations of the species, grouping and subdivision of samples, etc. Modifcations in the species nomenclature were detected from the several labels that were added to the original ones. In many of the cases, it was not an exact transcription of the original, but a taxonomic interpretation of the sample’s contents or an adjustment of the nomenclature according to the trends of that time, and frequently adding the name of variety. Owing to that many samples had an identifcation number of the initial collection, and these numbers were preserved in the new labels, it was able to detect the division of some original samples into two or more samples (see annex 4). At some point, several samples had been grouped into a single one, occasionally, from different geographical sources. This has been detected because some of the samples had several original labels of one collection, or from different collections, with different specifc names but were considered as synonyms (see annex 4). In some cases, it has been detected the simultaneous exclusions and groupings of several samples. This was observed in those cases where it was intended to distribute the specimens of a species of various collections in new homogeneous samples regarding the varieties of species under consideration (see annex 5). In some samples, there is indication that it was the author of a specifc review, since there was an added label with his name.

Distribution of the samples by biogeographic regions

The following table (table 3) shows the number of samples assigned to each of the malacological regions considered. In annex 2 the concrete geographic space included in these regions is given. As perceived in table 3, the samples distribution according to the region is rather uneven and is not related with the number of species identifed in each of them. The Lusitanian region (region 3) accumulates more than 71% (71.08) of overall samples and, within this region, samples of the Mediterranean province (3a) represent 61.20% of the whole. On the other hand, the Indo–Pacifc region (region 6), the second with largest number of samples, accumulates almost only 19% (18.84). In contrast, the number of Nassariidae species living in the Indo–Pacifc region is larger than the number of Lusitanian species. Regarding the material of the collection studied, it was observed that 71% of the Lusitanian samples contained only 16% of the species, whereas the number of species identifed in the Indo–Pacifc region represents 55.2% of the whole, just with 19% of the samples. It is observed, with more poor proportion, the Caribbean (region 10), with 3.22%, and the Californian (region 13), with 1.58% of the samples. The remaining biogeographical regions represent individually lower percentages of the whole, and ranged about 5.2% globally.

Taxonomic outcomes

In table 4 the complete list of species identifed is given with specifcation of the number of samples where each one is located, the total number of specimens, and the corresponding geographical regions according to the numbers assigned in table 3.

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Table 3. Number of samples assigned to each of the malacological regions considered (see annex 2 for more details for each region). Tabla 3. Número de muestras asignadas a cada una de las regiones malacológicas consideradas (ver el anexo 2 para una descripción más detallada de cada región).

Region Subregion Samples Region Subregion Samples 1 – Artic 0 6c or 8 5 2 – Celtic 4 7 – Japanese 4 3 – Lusitanian 1.037 8 – New Zealand 6 Province 3a 893 9 – Carolinian 6 Province 3b 32 10 – Caribbean 47 Province 3c 23 10 or 11 1 Undetermined 87 11 – Patagonian 0 Uncertain 2 12 – Oregonian 1 4 – West African 7 13 – Californian 22 4 or 5 1 14 – Panamanian 12 5 – South African 11 15 – Peruvian 16 6 – Indo–Pacifc 278 15 or 16 1 Province 6a 60 16 – Magallanian 1 Province 6b 29 17 – Antarctic 0 Province 6c 170 Undetermined 19

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Table 4. List of species identifed is given with specifcation of the number of samples (Sm) where each one is located, the total number of specimens (Sp), and the corresponding geographical regions (R) according to the numbers assigned in table 3. Table 4. Lista de las especies identifcadas con el número de muestras localizadas (Sm), el número total de especímenes (Sp) y las regiones geográfcas correspondientes (R) de acuerdo con los números asignados en la tabla 3.

Species Sm Sp R Dorsaninae Buccinanops cochlidium (Kiener, 1834) 6 7 10–11–16 Buccinanops deforme (King & Broderip, 1832) 3 4 10 Buccinanops duartei Klappenbach, 1961 3 5 10 Buccinanops cf. globulosusm (Kiener, 1834) 2 4 10 Buccinanops moniliferus (Kiener, 1834) 9 18 10 Buccinanops uruguayensis Pilsbry, 1897 1 2 10 Buccinanops sp. 1 1 10 Bullia baccatta Basterot, 1825 (fòssil) 1 2 3b Bullia callosa (Wood, 1828) 2 2 4–5 Bullia cf. digitalis (Dillwyn, 1817) 4 13 5 Bullia laevissima (Gmelin, 1791) 1 1 5 Bullia mauritiana Gray, 1839 1 1 6a Bullia melanoides (Deshayes in Belanger, 1832) 3 7 6 Bullia miran (Bruguière, 1789) 2 3 4 Bullia pura Melvill, 1885 2 4 5 Bullia rhodostoma Reeve, 1847 2 2 5–6a Bullia tranquebarica (Roeding, 1798) 3 7 6b Bullia vittata (Linnaeus, 1767) 4 6 6–6a–b Bullia sp. 1 2 4 Nassariinae Cyclope neritea (Linnaeus, 1758) 30 415 3–3a Cyclope pellucidus Risso, 1826 55 2,018 3–3a Demoulia nataliae Kilburn, 1972 1 2 4 Hebra corticata (A. Adams, 1852) 5 9 6a–b–c Hebra horrida (Dunker, 1847) 3 6 6a–c Hebra subspinosa (Llamarck, 1822) 6 14 6a–b–c Nassarius absconditus Gili, 2015 3 3 6c Nassarius albescens (Dunker, 1846) 10 14 6b–c Nassarius aff. albus auct., non Say, 1822 1 1 10

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Table 4. (Cont.)

Species Sm Sp R Nassarius cf. albus (Say, 1822) 3 5 10 Nassarius arcularia arcularia (Linnaeus, 1758) 30 56 6–6b–c Nassarius arcularia plicatus (Roeding, 1798) 7 12 6–6a Nassarius cf. bellulus (A. Adams, 1852) 1 1 6a Nassarius bicallosus (E. A. Smith, 1876) 1 4 6c Nassarius bimaculosus (A. Adams, 1852) 5 7 6b–c Nassarius brunneostomus (Stearn, 1893) 1 4 13 Nassarius burchardi (Dunker in Philippi, 1849) 5 11 6c–8 Nassarius callospira (A. Adams, 1852) 2 3 6c Nassarius camelus (Von Martens, 1897) 2 3 6c Nassarius canaliculatus (Lamarck, 1822) 3 5 6c Nassarius capensis (Dunker, 1846) 2 8 5 Nassarius cinctellus (Gould, 1850) 1 2 6c Nassarius circumcinctus (A. Adams, 1852) 2 2 3a Nassarius complanatus (Powys, 1835) 4 15 14 Nassarius concinnus (Powys, 1835) 1 1 6a Nassarius conoidalis (Desahayes in Bélanger, 1832) 6 10 6–6a–c–7 Nassarius conspersus (Philippi, 1849) 10 217 3c–4 Nassarius coppingeri (E. A. Smith, 1881) 4 28 15 Nassarius coralligenus (Pallary, 1938) 1 1 3a Nassarius corniculus (Olivi, 1792) 136 2,375 3–3a Nassarius coronatus (Bruguière, 1789) 16 45 6a–b–c–7 Nassarius corpulentus (C. B. Adams, 1852) 1 2 14 Nassarius crenoliratus (A. Adams, 1852) 1 1 6c Nassarius cuvierii (Payraudeau, 1826) 153 2,125 3–3a–c Nassarius denticulatus (A. Adams, 1852) 3 6 3–3a Nassarius dentifer (Powys, 1835) 2 4 15 Nassarius cf. dermestinus (Gould, 1860) 1 1 6c Nassarius deshayesii (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1848) 3 5 6b–c Nassarius distortus (A. Adams, 1852) 7 10 6a–c Nassarius ecstilbus (Melvill & Standen, 1896) 1 2 6c Nassarius elatus (Gould, 1850) 1 1 3a Nassarius elegantissimus Shuto, 1969 non Risso, 1826 2 3 6c Nassarius fenistratus (Marrat, 1877) 6 16 6a Nassarius festivus (Powys, 1835) 3 12 6c–7 Nassarius fssilabris (A. Adams, 1852) 1 2 6c

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Table 4. (Cont.)

Species Sm Sp R Nassarius fossatus (Gould, 1850) 7 11 12–13 Nassarius gaudiosus (Hinds, 1844) 11 34 6a–c Nassarius gayii (Kiener, 1834) 10 72 15–16 Nassarius gemmulosus (C. B. Adams, 1852) 1 2 15 Nassarius gibbosulus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1 1 3a Nassarius glans glans (Linnaeus, 1758) 12 23 6a–c–8 Nassarius glans particeps (Hedley, 1915) 1 3 8 Nassarius globosus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) 9 35 6c Nassarius grana (Lamarck, 1822) 48 578 3–3a Nassarius granifer (Kiener, 1834) 3 5 6c Nassarius gruneri (Dunker, 184) 5 11 6a–c Nassarius hirtus (Kiener, 1834) 2 4 6a–c Nassarius incrassatus (Stroem, 1768) 202 4,082 2–3a–b–c Nassarius jacksonianus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) 2 2 6b–6c Nassarius johni (Monteosato, 1899) 1 3 3c Nassarius kiiensis Kira, 1959 1 1 6c Nassarius leptospirus (A. Adams, 1852) 3 8 6–6a–b Nassarius lima (Dyllwin, 1817) 4 8 3a Nassarius limnaeiformis (Dunker, 1847) 3 13 6–6c Nassarius luridus (Gould, 1850) 13 41 6c Nassarius luteostomus (Broderip & Sowerby, 1929) 5 8 14 Nassarius margaritifer (Dunker, 1847) 4 7 6–6a Nassarius mendicus (Gould, 1850) 6 25 13 Nassarius mitralis (A. Adams, 1852) 1 1 6c Nassarius multiplicatus (Schepman, 1911) 1 2 6a Nassarius mutabilis (Linnaeus, 1758) 107 689 3–3a–b Nassarius nigellus (Reeve, 1854) 1 3 6c–8 Nassariu nitidus (Jeffreys, 1867) 48 199 2–3a–b Nassarius nodicinctus (A. Adams, 1852) 1 1 14 Nassarius obsoletus (Say, 1822) 5 15 9 Nassarius olivaceus (Bruguière, 1789) 14 24 6a–b–c Nassarius papillosus (Linnaeus, 1798) 7 7 6a–b–c Nassarius pauperatus (lamarck, 1822) 2 3 8 Nassarius pauperus (Gould, 1850) 1 5 6c Nassarius perpinguis (Hinds, 1844) 3 9 13 Nassarius pfeifferi (Philippi, 1844) 4 11 3b–c

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Table 4. (Cont.)

Species Sm Sp R Nassarius politus (Marrat, 1880) 1 1 6c Nassarius polygonatus (Lamarck, 1822) 13 28 10 Nassarius pullus (Linnaeus, 1758) 12 31 6–6b–c Nassarius pygmaeus (Lamarck, 1822) 63 756 2–3–3a Nassarius pyrrhus (Menke, 1843) 2 7 6c–8 Nassarius quadrasi (Hidalgo, 1904) 2 3 6c Nassarius rainbowae Gili, 2015 1 1 6c Nassarius reeveanus (Dunker, 1847) 5 5 6–6a–c Nassarius reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) 105 407 2–3a–b–c Nassarius rufus (Dunker, 1847) 2 3 6a Nassarius scalaris (A. Adams, 1852) non Borson, 1835 1 1 6a Nassarius semisulcatus (Rousseau, 1854) 7 15 6–6c Nassarius sinusigerus (A. Adams, 1852) 1 3 6c Nassarius siquijorensis (A. Adams, 1852) 3 3 6c–7 Nassarius sordidus (A. Adams, 1852) 1 1 6c Nassarius splendidulus (Dunker, 1846) 3 5 6a Nassarius stolatus (Gemil, 1791) 1 7 6a Nassarius succinctus (A. Adams, 1852) 1 1 6c Nassarius suffatus (Gould, 1850) 6 14 6c Nassarius tiarula (Kiener, 1841) 7 38 13–14 Nassarius tringa (Montrouzier in Sowerby & Montrouzier, 1864) 1 3 6c Nassarius tritoniformis (Kiener, 1834) 1 2 4 Nassarius trivittatus (Say, 1822) 1 4 9 Nassarius unifasciatus (Kiener, 1834) 66 695 3–3a Nassarius variciferus (A. Adams, 1852) 1 2 6c Nassarius vibex (Say, 1822) 7 44 10 Nassarius vitiensis (Hombron & Jacquinot in Rousseau, 1854) 3 5 6a–c Nassarius sp. 1 14 6c

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Since many species are found in more than one region, in annex 6 species are grouped by biogeographical regions to facilitate consultation.

Acknowledgements

I would like to sincerely thank the Museum’s staff for the attention received and, particularly, both Dr. Francesc Uribe, curator of non–arthropod invertebrates, and Dr. Miguel Prieto, documentalist, for their support and courtesy.

References

Bengston, P., 1988. Open nomenclature. Palaeontology, 31(1): 223–227. Cernohorsky, W. O., 1975. The taxonomy of some West American and Atlantic Nassariidae based on their type–specimens. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 12: 121–173. – 1981. Revision of the Australian and New Zealand Tertiary and Recent species of the family Nassariidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Records of the Auckland Institute and Mu- seum, 18: 137–192. – 1984. Systematics of the family Nassariidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 14: 1–356.

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Annex 1. Main bibliography used in the determination of the species. Anexo 1. Principal bibliografía utilizada para la identifcación de las especies.

Abbott, R. T., 1974. American Seashells. (2n Ed.). Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York. Abbott, R. T. & Dance, S. P., 1986. Compendium of seashells. (3th Ed). American Malacologists, Inc. Melburne, Florida. Abbott, R. T. & Zim, H. S., 1963. Sea Shells of the world. A guide to the better–known species. Third printing, Golden Press, New York. Ardovini, R. & Cossignani, T., 2004. West African Seashells. L’Informatore Piceno, Ancona. Bengston, P., 1988. Open nomenclature. Palaeontology, 31(1): 223–227. Briggs, J. C. & Bowen, B. W., 2012. A realignment of marine biogeographic provinces with particular reference to fsh distributions. Journal of Biogeography, 39: 12–30. Bosch, D. T., Dance, S. P., Moolenbeek, R. G. & Oliver, P. G., 1995. Seashells of eastern Arabia. Motivate Publishing, Dubai. Cernohorsky, W. O., 1972. Indo–Pacifc Nassariidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 9: 125–194. – 1975. The taxonomy of some West American and Atlantic Nassariidae based on their type–specimens. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 12: 121–173. – 1981. Revision of the Australian and New Zealand Tertiary and Recent species of the family Nassariidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 18: 137–192. – 1984. Systematics of the family Nassariidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum, 14: 1–356. Cossignani, T. & Ardovini, R., 2011. Malacologia Mediterranea. Atlante delle conchiglie del Mediterraneo. L’Informatore Piceno, Ancona. D’Angello, G. & Gargiullo, S., 1981. Guida alle conchiglie mediterranee. Fabbri Editore, Milano. Dekker, H. & Kool, H. H., 1999. A re–evaluation of the Nassarius albescens (Dunker, 1846) species–grup (Gastropoda: Nassariidae). Vita Marina, 46(1–2): 53–60. Dharma, B., 2005. Recent and fossil Indonesian Seashells. Conchbooks, Germany. Faber, M. J., 2004. Marine Gastropods from ABC Islands and other localities. 2. The Family Nassariidae (Gastropoda: Buccinoidea). Miscellanea Malacologica, 1(1): 7–15. – 2007. Marine Gastropods from ABC Islands and other localities. 17. A note on presumed holotype of Buccinum polygonatum Lamarck, 1822 (Gastropoda: Nas- sariidae). Miscellanea Malacologica, 2(4): 61–62. Forcelli, D. O., 2000. Moluscos Magallánicos. Guia de Moluscos de Patagonia y Sur de Chile. Vázquez Manzzini Editores, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Gabbi, G., 2000. Coquillages. Guide des joyaux de la mer. Éditions Glénat, Grenoble, France. Gili, C., 2015. Two new Nassarius species from the Philippines (Gastropoda: Nassari- idae). Miscellanea Malacologica, 6(6): 81–87. Gofas, S., Moreno, D. & Salas, C. (Coords.). 2011. Moluscos Marinos de Andalucía. Vol 1. Servicio de Publicaciones y Intercambio Científco, Universidad de Málaga. Habe, T., 1964. Shells of the Western Pacifc in color (vol II). Hoikusha Publishing Co. Lt., Osaka, Japan. Kaicher, S. D., 1982. Card catalogue of world–wide shells. Pack 31. Nassariidae, Part I. St. Petersburg, Florida. – 1983. Card catalogue of world–wide shells. Pack 34. Nassariidae, Part II. St. Peters- burg, Florida. – 1985. Card catalogue of world–wide shells. Pack 41. Nassariidae, Part III. St. Pe- tersburg, Florida.

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Annex 1. (Cont.)

Keen, A. M., 1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West America. (2nd Ed.). Stanford University Press. Kool, H. H., 2008. On the identity of Nassarius vitiensis (Hombron & Jacuinot in Rous- seau, 1854), N. rufus (Dunker, 1847), N. kiiensis Kira, 1954, and N. caelatus (A. Adams, 1852) (Gastropoda: Nassariidae). Miscellanea Malacologica, 3(3): 49–59. – 2015. On two frequently 'lumped' and misidentifed species of Nassarius, with the introduction of N. bourbonensis nomen novum (Gastropoda: Nassariidae). Misce- llanea Malacologica, 6(6): 99–105. Kool, H. H. & Dekker, H., 2006. Review of the Nassarius pauper (Gould, 1850) complex (Gastropoda: Nassariidae). Part 1. With the description of four new species from the Indo–West–Pacifc. Visaya, 1(6): 54–75. – 2007. Review of the Nassarius pauper (Gould, 1850) complex (Gastropoda: Nas- sariidae). Part 2. The Western Indian Ocean species, with description of two new species and introducing a nomen novum. Visaya, 2(2): 62–77. Lee, H. G., 2009. Marine Shells of Northen Florida. Jacksonville Shell Club, Inc., Florida. Massemin, D., Lamy, D., Pointier, J. P. & Gargominy, O., 2009. Coquillages et escargots de Guyane. Biotope, Mèze (Collection Parthénope). Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. Moreno, D. & Templado, J., 1994. El complejo de especies Nassarius cuvierii – N. unifasciatus (Gastropoda, Nassariidae) en el SE de España. Iberus, 12(2): 33–47. Poppe, G. T., 2008. Philippine Marine Mollusks. Vol 2. Gastropoda Part 2. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, Germany. Poppe, G. T. & Goto, Y., 1991. European seashells. Vol. I. Polyplacophora, Caudofo- veata, Solenogastra, Gastropoda. Verlag Christa Hemmen, Weisbaden, Germany. Qi, Z., 2004. Seashells of China. China Ocean Press, Beijing. Rios, E., 1994. Seashells of Brazil. (2nd Ed.) Editora da Fundaçao Cidade do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brasil. Robin, A., 2008. Encyclopedia of Marine Gastropods. AFC–Xenophora & Conchbooks. Rolán, E., 2005. Malacological fauna from the Cape Verde Archipelago. Part I. Poly- placophora and Gastropoda. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, Germany. Rolán, E. (Coord.), 2011. Moluscos y conchas marinas de Canarias. ConchBooks, Hackenheim & Emilio Rolán, Vigo. Rolán, E. & Luque, A. A., 1994. Nassarius reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) y Nassarius nitidus (Jeffreys, 1876) (Gastropoda, Nassariidae), dos especies válidas de los mares de Europa. Iberus, 12(2): 59–76. Rosenberg, G., Ponder, W. F., Middelfart, P. U., Gosliner, T. M., Bouchet, P. & Morris, P. J., 2002. Biotic database of Indo–Pacifc marine Mollusks. [on line] Pennsylvania, USA, http://clade.acnatsci.org/obis/ [Accessed on 14 March of 2014]. Rusmore–Villaume, M. L., 2008. Seashells of the Egyptian Red Sea. The American University in Cairo Press, Cairo. Steyn, D. G. & Lussi, M., 1998. Marine shells of South Africa. An Illustreted collector’s guide to beached shells. Ekogilde Publishers, Hartebeespoort, South Africa. Wilson, B., 1994. Australian Marine Shells. Prosobranch Gastropods, Part two (Neo- gastropods). Odyssey Publishing, Kallaroo, Austràlia.

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Annex 2. Biogeographic regions considered in the review collected and modifed from Abbott & Zim (1963), D’Angello & Gargiullo (1981), and Briggs & Bowen (2012). Anexo. Regiones biogeográfcas consideradas en la revisión, tomadas y modifcadas de Abbott & Zim (1963), D’Angello & Gargiullo (1981) y Briggs & Bowen (2012).

Region 1. Arctic: North Atlantic and Pacifc above the parallel 70 N approximately Region 2. Celtic: North Atlantic below the 71 N parallel to the latitude of Normandy Region 3. Lusitanian: the Mediterranean and part of the West Atlantic Province 3a: Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea, Atlantic next to the Strait of Gibraltar Province 3b: Northwest Atlantic from Cape San Vincent (Portugal) to Nor- mandy (English Channel) (including Azores and Madeira) Province 3c: West Atlantic from Rabat (Morocco) to Cape Blanc, including the Canary Islands Region 4. West African: African coast to the border with South Africa, including the archipelago of Cape Verde and Sao Tomé and Principe Islands Region 5. South African: coasts of South Africa, both the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean Region 6. Indo–Pacifc: Pacifc Ocean and Indian Ocean Province 6a: African Coast and Islands of the Indic Ocean to the Red Sea included Province 6b: Arabian Peninsula, Persian Gulf and continental coast of Asia to Thailand Province 6c: Chinese coast to the China Sea, Indonesia, Philippines, northern half of Australia and all the Pacifc Islands until Hawaii Region 7. Japanese: Japanese Islands and eastern coast of Asia (North coast of China and both South and North Korea) Region 8. New Zealand: New Zealand, Tasmania and southern half of Australia Region 9. Carolinian: North–East Atlantic from New Scotland to the northern coasts of Florida (northern half) and North coast of the Gulf of Mexico Region 10. Caribbean: East Atlantic (Bermuda, southern half of Florida, Caribbean and South American coast to the mouth of Rio de la Plata Region 11. Patagonian: South East Atlantic (South American coast to the Valdes Peninsula) Region 12. Oregonian: Pacifc Northwest (from British Columbia to Northern California) Region 13. Californian: West Central Pacifc (entire coast of the California peninsula). Region 14. Panamic: Equatorial Pacifc (coast of Mexico and Central America to borders with Peru) Region 15. Peruvian: Coasts of Peru and Chile to Concepción Region 16. Magallanian: The Southern Cone of South America, from Concepcion, in the Pacifc, up to the Valdes peninsula, in the Atlantic, including the Falkland Islands Region 17. Antarctic: Atlantic and Pacifc above parallel 60 S

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Annex 3. Some cases with uncertain geographic origin. Anexo 3. Algunos casos con origen geográfco incierto.

In several cases, it was diffcult or impossible to determine the source of the sample’s specimens. Next, concrete situations with examples of samples where they were found are detailed.

Inconsistent locality Sample with one or more specimens of a species belonging to one geographical region, indicating on its label a locality of a region where the species is known that does not live there. The MZB 86–0162 sample contains a specimen of Nassarius semisulcatus (Rousseau, 1854), an Indo–pacifc species, while its label indicated Mahon, that is to say, a Mediterranean locality. In such cases, in the review, the reference to the locality remained undetermined although assigning the typical geographic region of the species.

Varied localities of the same region Sample with a single specimen, indicating two different localities on the labels, but both belonging to the same geographical region that is consistent with the common distribution of the species. In such case, the doubt is focused on the specifc locality and not on the original geographical region. For example, the MZB 88–6304 sample comprises a single specimen of Buccinanops moniliferus (Kiener, 1834); on the label of the Serradell Collection it is indicated Rio La Plata and inside the specimen’s aperture there is an additional piece of paper indicating Rio Janeiro. In this review, both localities were included with an interrogative point, however not involving the geographical region.

Mixed localities Sample with several specimens pertaining to the same species and with two labels indicating different type localities; species that were found in both localities. This may be due to the grouping of specimens in a single sample that were identifed initially in different samples. As in the previous case, in the review, the different typical localities are preserved and separated by a sign (+) and assigning them to a single geographic region. For example, the original sample MZB 88–6305 includes 12 specimens of Cyclope neritea (Linnaeus, 1758) and two labels; one specifes Barcelona and the other Cadiz.

Uncertain locality by segregation When a single specimen of an original sample, indicating two or more localities belonging to the same geographical region, was segregated to a new sample for belonging to a different species, its location remains unclear. It was decided to indicate the two or more localities of the original sample with interrogation points. For example, from the original sample MZB 88–6158 with determination Nassa ambigua, with two localities Pineda and Vilassar, a specimen was separated into a new sample MZB 88–6158–B, as Nassarius pygmaeus (Lamrck, 1822) and the localities were indicated with interrogation points (Pineda? Vilassar?).

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Annex 4. Certain cases of segregation and grouping of samples. Anexo 4. Algunos casos de segregación y agrupación de muestras.

The casuistry in this aspect is varied and frequently adding some change in the taxonomic determination of the samples specimens. The following examples are described below.

Sample MZB 88–6057 Containing two shells, there are four labels with different determinations. The earliest were from the Rosals Collection (No 2084 and 2085), the frst with the specifc determination of Nassa bourguignati Loc. And, the second, Nassa poirieri Loc, both from Barcelona. A third latest label, of the Museo de Biología de Barcelona, modifes the determination by assigning the specimens to Nassa reticulata nitida Jfr., and attributing them to No 2085 of the Rosals Collection. A latest typewritten label preserves the last determination of the species, but attributes it to No 2084 of the Rosals Collection. Obviously, the reviewer had gathered the two specimens that Rosals separated, in a single sample considering they belonged to the same species and the same locality. Yet it remained unclear when this grouping occurred. The fact that the two latest labels are attributed to different numbers of the Rosals Collection suggests that, a label was set for each sample initially, modifying only the name of the species and, in a subsequent review were grouped in a single sample, since they had the same specifc determination and both derived from Barcelona, preserving all the labels.

Sample MZB 88–6063 Which included 10 specimens determined as Nassa reticulata (L), the label indicates that they belonged to the collections of Aguilar–Amat (unnumbered) and Rosals (No. 462), without any original label, and from the Mediterranean. Considering the ambiguity of the geographical source, the reviewer may have grouped them in sight they pertained to the same species. The same happened with sample MZB 88–6074 containing 21 specimens, where the latest label indicates species Nassa gayi Kien of Southern America, from the Martorell and Aguilar–Amat collections. There are label fragments of the Bofll collection where it is not possible to identify the locality, and a label of the Museo de Biología de Barcelona which indicated 'Chile'. Most likely, the specimens of the species of the Martorell, Bofll and Aguilar–Amat Collections were grouped into this single sample, since they derived from the same geographic region.

Sample MZB 88–6052 Is the result of grouping the Nassarius corniculus (Olivi, 1792) deriving from two localities, Barcelona and Cadaqués into a single lot, without any indication about which are the specimens of each locality. Both labels of the Rosals Collection corresponded to numbers 470 and 473.

Sample MZB 88–6708 There are three specimens determined as Nassa canaliculata Lam, but containing three labels, one of the Serradell Collection (No. 1510), another of the Martorell Collection, and a latest of the Museo de Biología de Barcelona. As the two previous labels of the original samples indicated the same locality, they were grouped into a single sample.

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Annex 4. (Cont.)

Samples MZB 88–6609 and MZB 88–6611 These two current accession numbers came from the same sample, encoded as 765 for the Chia collection. Original labels were not preserved, but on the labels of the Museo de Biología de Barcelona, shared provenance is clearly identifed. The original lot probably included two varieties of the same species that were sorted into two samples once the Chia collection reached the museum. Thus, the MZB 88–6609 sample contains specimens of Nassa costulata Ren. var. ferussaci whereas specimens of Nassa costulata Ren. var. cuvieri are found in the MZB 88–6611 lot.

Samples MZB 88–6856, MZB 88–6858 and MZB 88–6865 Presented exclusions, groupings and taxonomic evaluations. In sample MZB 88–6856, there are 20 specimens and three labels: one of Serradell Collection No. 1499 (Nassa valliculata Locard), another from the Serradell Collection as well, No. 1500 (Nassa ascanias Brug.) and a third latest label of the Museo de Biología de Barcelona (Nassa incrassata elongata B.D.D.) indicating as original samples those of Serradell Nos. 1498 and 1499. Therefore, the MZB 88–6856 sample was formed from three different samples of the Serradell Collection (numbers 1498, 1499 and 1500). However, in sample MZB 88–6858 with a specimen (Nassa incrassata varicosa B.D.D.) and a label of the Museo de Biología de Barcelona, it is indicated that it derived from the Serradell Collection No. 1498. Thus, this specimen was separated from the others of the same sample of Serradell. On the other hand, the MZB 88–6865 sample included seven specimens (Nassa incrassata Müll.) with label of the Museo de Biología de Barcelona indicating that they derived from sample 1498 of the Serradell Collec- tion. It is obvious that somebody had grouped, subdivided and rearranged samples 1498, 1499 and 1500 of the Serradell collection on evaluating that all the specimens belonged to the same species (considering valliculata and ascanias as synonyms of incrassatus), and they had to be grouped according to the 'variety' of the species; ignoring the fact that the original localities were not the same (Barcelona for 1949 and 1500, and Vilanova i la Geltrú for 1948).

Furthermore, the original samples of the Serradell Collection 1498 and 1499 were subdivided and rearranged in many others, following the 'variety' criterion, as can be seen in the corresponding label of the Museo de Biología de Barcelona: sample MZB 88–6727 contains three specimens of (Nassa incrassata elongata B.D.D.), deriving from 1498 and 1499; the Serradell sample 1498 was subdivided into fve more, the current samples MZB 88–6732 (19 specimens of Nassa incrassata Müll.), MZB 88–6744 (four specimens of Nassa incrassata minor B.D.D.), MZB 88–6761 (three specimens of Nassa incrassata fusca Mts.), MZB 88–6767 (fve specimens of Nassa incrassata fascita Mts.) and MZB 88–6735 (one specimen of Nassa incrassata varicosa B.D.D.); and of the original sample of Serradell 1499, fve specimens were assigned to the current MZB 88–6734 as Nassa incrassata varicose B.D.D.

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Annex 5. Taxonomic modifcations with or without grouping or segregations. Anexo 5. Modifcaciones taxonómicas con o sin agrupaciones o segregaciones.

There are current samples that retain a history of taxonomic changes that may be followed through the original labels, i.e., there was a taxonomic reinterpretation of the sample material, since the text was not literarily transcribed, or something was added. The determination of the species was modifed according to the trends of the moment.

– In some cases, certain errors were produced in the transcription of the original labels, which were usually almost damaged, as in sample MZB 88–6231 where the label indicates Nassa articulata (L.). However, Linnaeus did not describe any Buccinum articulatum; the specimens of the sample corresponded to the species Nassarius reticulatus. – The original sample label MZB88–6071 of the Serradell Collection (No. 1498), indicates only Nassa incrassata Müll. from San Sebastian, and in the latest label of the Museo de Biología de Barcelona, it is indicated Nassa incrassata fasciata Sc. Obviously the reviewer assigned a name of subspecies to the seven specimens of the sample; subspecies that was not considered initially. – In the initial label of sample MZB 88–6592 of the Gros collection, it is indicated Nassa costulata Ren. var. encaustica whereas the label of the Museo de Biología de Barcelona indicates Nassa costulata madeirensis Rve. In such case, the specifc name was preserved but the one of the variety was modifed, giving it the category of subspecies. Likewise, in sample MZB 88–6632 the label of Serradell indicates Nassa ferussaci Payr., whereas, the one of Museo de Biología de Barcelona specifes Nassa costulata ferussaci Payr. This means that the species name was modifed considering the previous name as a subspecies of the new specifc name. – In Sample MZB 88–6634, it was observed labels of two different samples of the Serradell collection, Nassa unifasciata Kiener, with No. 1495, and Nassa Guernei Locard, with No. 1496. The label of the Museo de Biología de Barcelona indicates Nassa costulata encautica Brus. But the typewritten display label specifed the name of Nassa costulata castanea Brs. The author of the label of the Museo de Biología de Barcelona gathered the two samples of the Serradell Collection considering they corresponded to a single species of the same locality, thus assigning them the specifc and subspecifc names that he deemed to be correct. Subsequently, the author of the typewritten label considered that the sample did not correspond to the subspecies or variety indicated on the previous label and modifed it. – In samples MZB 88–6064 belonging to the Samá Collection and MZB 88–6069 belonging to the Bofll Collection, the original labels indicated, respectively, Nassa reticulta (Lin) var. and Nassa nitida Jfr., and the subsequent labels of the Museo de Biología de Barcelona in all the samples indicated Nassa reticulata nitida Jfr. The reviewer modifed the original determinations considering that those specimens should be attributed to the subspecies nítida of the N. reticulatus species.

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Annex 5. (Cont.)

– There are samples with an additional label indicating the name of the person who conducted the taxonomic review. Thus, in sample MZB 88–6680 with original label of the Martorell Collection, and with the material determination as Nassa sp., it was observed another label assigning the specimen to Nassarius siquijorensis A. Ad. with 'Det. Giner' added. A third label, from the Museo de Biología de Barcelona, preserved the specifc determination set by Giner. – In sample MZB 88–6368 with original label Nassa sp., but containing a specimen which does not belong to the Nassariidae family, there is an additional handwritten piece of paper, indicating 'not Nassa'. Moreover, another paper was found with the same script and text in sample MZB 88–6364, although in this case the contents belonged to the Nassariidae family. This suggested taxonomic assessment of the sample’s contents after arriving to the Museum.

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Annex 6. Identifed species grouped by biogeographic regions. Anexo 6. Especies identifcadas agrupadas por regiones biogeográfcas

Celtic region (region 2): 4 species Nassarius incrassatus (Stroem, 1768) Nassariu nitidus (Jeffreys, 1867) Nassarius pygmaeus (Lamarck, 1822) Nassarius reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Lusitanian región (region 3): 20 species Cyclope neritea (Linnaeus, 1758) Cyclope pellucidus Risso, 1826 Nassarius circumcinctus (A. Adams, 1852) Nassarius conspersus (Philippi, 1849) Nassarius coralligenus (Pallary, 1938) Nassarius corniculus (Olivi, 1792) Nassarius cuvierii (Payraudeau, 1826) Nassarius denticulatus (A. Adams, 1852) Nassarius elatus (Gould, 1850) Nassarius gibbosulus (Linnaeus, 1758) Nassarius grana (Lamarck, 1822) Nassarius incrassatus (Stroem, 1768) Nassarius johni (Monteosato, 1899) Nassarius lima (Dyllwin, 1817) Nassarius mutabilis (Linnaeus, 1758) Nassariu nitidus (Jeffreys, 1867) Nassarius pfeifferi (Philippi, 1844) Nassarius pygmaeus (Lamarck, 1822) Nassarius reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Nassarius unifasciatus (Kiener, 1834)

West African region (region 4): 5 species Bullia callosa (Wood, 1828) Bullia miran (Bruguière, 1789) Demoulia nataliae Kilburn, 1972 Nassarius conspersus (Philippi, 1849) Nassarius tritoniformis (Kiener, 1834)

South–African region (region 5): 6 species Bullia callosa (Wood, 1828) Bullia cf. digitalis (Dillwyn, 1817) Bullia laevissima (Gmelin, 1791) Bullia pura Melvill, 1885 Bullia rhodostoma Reeve, 1847 Nassarius capensis (Dunker, 1846)

Indo–Pacifc region (region 6): 70 species Bullia mauritiana Gray, 1839 Bullia melanoides (Deshayes in Belanger, 1832) Bullia rhodostoma Reeve, 1847

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Annex 6. (Cont.)

Bullia tranquebarica (Roeding, 1798) Bullia vittata (Linnaeus, 1767) Hebra corticata (A. Adams, 1852) Hebra horrida (Dunker, 1847) Hebra subspinosa (Llamarck, 1822) Nassarius absconditus Gili, 2015 Nassarius albescens (Dunker, 1846) Nassarius arcularia arcularia (Linnaeus, 1758) Nassarius arcularia plicatus (Roeding, 1798) Nassarius cf. bellulus (A. Adams, 1852) Nassarius bicallosus (E. A. Smith, 1876) Nassarius bimaculosus (A. Adams, 1852) Nassarius burchardi (Dunker in Philippi, 1849) Nassarius callospira (A. Adams, 1852) Nassarius camelus (von Martens, 1897) Nassarius canaliculatus (Lamarck, 1822) Nassarius cinctellus (Gould, 1850) Nassarius concinnus (Powys, 1835) Nassarius conoidalis (Desahayes in Bélanger, 1832) Nassarius coronatus (Bruguière, 1789) Nassarius crenoliratus (A. Adams, 1852) Nassrius deshayesii (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1848) Nassarius cf. dermestinus (Gould, 1860) Nassarius distortus (A. Adams, 1852) Nassarius ecstilbus (Melvill & Standen, 1896) Nassarius elegantissimus Shuto, 1969 non Risso, 1826 Nassarius fenistratus (Marrat, 1877) Nassarius festivus (Powys, 1835) Nassarius fssilabris (A. Adams, 1852) Nassarius gaudiosus (Hinds, 1844) Nassarius glans glans (Linnaeus, 1758) Nassarius globosus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) Nassarius granifer (Kiener, 1834) Nassarius gruneri (Dunker, 184) Nassarius hirtus (Kiener, 1834) Nassarius jacksonianus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) Nassarius kiiensis Kira, 1959 Nassarius leptospirus (A. Adams, 1852) Nassarius limnaeiformis (Dunker, 1847) Nassarius luridus (Gould, 1850) Nassarius margaritifer (Dunker, 1847) Nassarius mitralis (A. Adams, 1852) Nassarius multiplicatus (Schepman, 1911) Nassarius nigellus (Reeve, 1854) Nassarius olivaceus (Bruguière, 1789) Nassarius papillosus (Linnaeus, 1798) Nassarius pauperus (Gould, 1850) Nassarius politus (Marrat, 1880)

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Annex 6. (Cont.)

Nassarius pullus (Linnaeus, 1758) Nassarius pyrrhus (Menke, 1843) Nassarius quadrasi (Hidalgo, 1904) Nassarius rainbowae Gili, 2015 Nassarius reeveanus (Dunker, 1847) Nassarius rufus (Dunker, 1847) Nassarius scalaris (A. Adams, 1852) non Borson, 1835 Nassarius semisulcatus (Rousseau, 1854) Nassarius sinusigerus (A. Adams, 1852) Nassarius siquijorensis (A. Adams, 1852) Nassarius sordidus (A. Adams, 1852) Nassarius splendidulus (Dunker, 1846) Nassarius stolatus (Gemil, 1791) Nassarius succinctus (A. Adams, 1852) Nassarius suffatus (Gould, 1850) Nassarius tringa (Montrouzier in Sowerby & Montrouzier, 1864) Nassarius variciferus (A. Adams, 1852) Nassarius vitiensis (Hombron & Jacquinot in Rousseau, 1854)

Japanese region (region 7): 4 species Nassarius conoidalis (Deshayes in Belanger, 1832) Nassarius coronatus (Bruguière, 1789) Nassarius festivus (Powys, 1835) Nassarius siquijorensis (A. Adams, 1852)

New–Zealand region (region 8): 5 species Nassarius glans glans (Linnaeus, 1758) Nassarius glans particeps (Hedley, 1915) Nassarius nigellus (Reeve, 1854) Nassarius pauperatus (lamarck, 1822) Nassarius pyrrhus (Menke, 1843)

Carolinian region (region 9): 2 species Nassarius obsoletus (Say, 1822) Nassarius trivittatus (Say, 1822)

Caribbean region (region 10): 10 species Buccinanops cochlidium (Kiener, 1834) Buccinanops deforme (King & Broderip, 1832) Buccinanops duartei Klappenbach, 1961 Buccinanops cf. globulosusm (Kiener, 1834) Buccinanops moniliferus (Kiener, 1834) Buccinanops uruguayensis Pilsbry, 1897 Nassarius aff. albus auct., non Say, 1822 Nassarius cf. albus (Say, 1822) Nassarius polygonatus (Lamarck, 1822) Nassarius vibex (Say, 1822)

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Annex 6. (Cont.)

Patagonian region (region 11): 1 species Buccinanops cochlidium (Kiener, 1834)

Oregonian region (region 12): 1 species Nassarius fossatus (Gould, 1850)

Californian region (region 13): 5 species Nassarius brunneostomus (Stearn, 1893) Nassarius fossatus (Gould, 1850) Nassarius mendicus (Gould, 1850) Nassarius perpinguis (Hinds, 1844) Nassarius tiarula (Kiener, 1841)

Panamanian region (region 14): 5 species Nassarius complanatus (Powys, 1835) Nassarius corpulentus (C. B. Adams, 1852) Nassarius luteostomus (Broderip & Sowerby, 1929) Nassarius nodicinctus (A. Adams, 1852) Nassarius tiarula (Kiener, 1841)

Peruvian region (region 15): 4 species Nassarius coppingeri (E. A. Smith, 1881) Nassarius dentifer (Powys, 1835) Nassarius gayii (Kiener, 1834) Nassarius gemmulosus (C. B. Adams, 1852)

Magallanian region (region 16): 2 species Buccinanops cochlidium (Kiener, 1834) Nassarius gayii (Kiener, 1834)